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About the JournalISSN: 2331-2041 Editor-in-chief: Louis Moresi • Editorial Board [email protected]
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Page 1 of 20
HYDROSPHERE | RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sedimentological study of Lake Nasser; Egypt, using integrated improved techniques of core sampling, X-ray diffraction and GIS platformHussien ElKobtan, Mohamed Salem, Karima Attia, Sayed Ahmed and Islam Abou El-Magd
Cogent Geoscience (2016), 2: 1168069
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ElKobtan et al., Cogent Geoscience (2016), 2: 1168069http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23312041.2016.1168069
HYDROSPHERE | RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sedimentological study of Lake Nasser; Egypt, using integrated improved techniques of core sampling, X-ray diffraction and GIS platformHussien ElKobtan1, Mohamed Salem2, Karima Attia3, Sayed Ahmed2 and Islam Abou El-Magd4*
Abstract: Lake Nasser is one of the largest man-made reservoirs, that is located on the Nile River. To understand the sedimentation process of the lake, bottom sediments from the bottom-surface of the lake core samples from the top 1.25 m of the bottom layer were collected. These samples were mechanically analysed in the laboratory. The analysis of statistical parameters of the sediment samples has generally classified the lake into two depositional environments that reflect the sedimentation process; (1) the riverine environment that exist at the entrance of the lake between El-Daka and CC stations, (2) the lacustrine environment that extend along the rest of the lake to the High Aswan Dam. Along the riverine environment, the river processes were the prevailing, which being reflected on the bottom sediments that are nearly free from clay and composed mainly of sand (>87%) mixed with small ratios of silt (<10%). Further downstream to the end of the lake the lacustrine environment is dominat-ing with slow deposition from quite water with bottom sediments free of sand and the bottom sediments composed mainly of clay (>57%). X-ray analysis indicated that montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite are the dominant clay minerals. GIS was used to spatially simulate the bottom sediment distribution at the bottom of the lake.
Subjects: Geology-Earth Sciences; Geomorphology; GIS, Remote Sensing & Cartography; Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
Keywords: sedimentation process; X-ray diffraction; core sampling; grain size analysis; GIS; Lake Nasser
*Corresponding author: Islam Abou El-Magd, Environmental Studies Department, National Authority forRemote Sensing and Space Sciences, 23 Josef Tito St., El-Nozha El-Gedida, P.O. Box 1564 Alf-Maskan, Cairo, EgyptE-mail: [email protected]
Reviewing editor:Xiangming Tang, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Additional information is available at the end of the article
ABOUT THE AUTHORIslam Abou El-Magd is an associate professor working for the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences and acting as the head of the Environmental Studies Department. Abou El-Magd research area of interest is remote sensing and GIS modelling in environmental related issues. Abou El-Magd has obtained his PhD from the School of Civil Engineering and The Environment, University of Southampton, UK where he also worked there for few years. Currently, he is managing few research projects that are directly function remotely sensed data to study the environmental pollution and coastal zone management and climate changes. He is also teaching both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in remote sensing and its environmental applications, within Egyptian universities and the region.
PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENTLakes are important water mass bodies for local livelihoods communities, food security and environmental balance. Lake Nasser is one of the largest man-made lake that support Egypt community in water storage and other socio-economic activities. The lake has huge area that very vulnerable to flooding season that carry water and sediments. This research was undertaken to enable for more understanding of the environmental status of the Lake and the interaction between the lake and the hydrological parameters. For example, the huge amount of sediment that arrives every year to the Lake during the flooding season creates threat on the storage capacity of Lake. Such sediment load also creates changes in the shape of the bottom of the lake and could be extended to the morphology of the lake. This research highlights these issues.
Received: 20 October 2015Accepted: 14 March 2016First Published: 23 March 2016
© 2016 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
Page 2 of 20
Islam Abou El-Magd
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Page 4 of 20
ElKobtan et al., Cogent Geoscience (2016), 2: 1168069http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23312041.2016.1168069
Lake Nasser is located in a complex geological area; therefore, it is underlain and surrounded by a wide variety of lithology like granite, granitoids, gneisses, schists, sandstones, conglomerates and shales. The area is highly affected by structural elements like folds, faults and fractures, which highly controlled the lake path. The lithological variation around the lake body controlled the differentia-tion of the lake into its southern and northern parts around Gomay. The hard basement rocks sur-rounding the lake along the southern part may be responsible for the narrowing of the lake course. However, the softer sedimentary rocks surrounding the lake along the northern part may be respon-sible for the widening of the lake course. Therefore, the changes in the hydro-morphologic features (depth, width and hence, profile area), to a large extent, appear to be litho-structurally controlled.
2. Materials and methodsSome measuring and sampling processes were carried out through two field trips. The first field trip was of two phases covered almost by the lake. The first phase between 1 and 18 December 2006 covered the Egyptian part of the lake, whereas, the second phase between 2 and 14 February 2007 covered the Sudanese part. Through this field trip, the measurements included some bathymetric and hydro-morphologic measurements in addition to some hydrographic (physicochemical) meas-urements. The collected bottom sediments and surface water samples were analysed in the laboratory.
The second field trip was carried out during November 2011 to collect core samples between Latitudes 30°58′31.64″ E & 31°26′25.10″ E and Longitudes 21°27′42.07″ N & 22°10′15.11″ N. The hydro-morphologic and bathymetric measurements were carried out using a combination of GPS
Figure 1. Lake Nasser as appears in its full storage case and the traces of the investigated profiles.
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Page 19 of 20
ElKobtan et al., Cogent Geoscience (2016), 2: 1168069http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23312041.2016.1168069
(1) The riverine environment, located between latitudes 21°01″ 54′and 21°18″57.92′and longi-tudes 30°36″50′and 30°53″ 12.99′. It occupies the first part of the lake where the river pro-cesses are still the dominant mechanism of deposition. The lake is narrow and its morphology is controlled by the geology of geomorphology of the surrounding area enabling for such sedi-mentation process which reflected in the relatively coarse bottom sediment grain size (fine to medium sand) compared with the rest of the lake. With the distance northward as the lake get wider and bigger the grain size of the bottom sediments decreased as the current velocity and the suspended sediments concentration decreased. This created a transitional sedimentation process between the riverine and the lacustrine. The cross-sectional area, pH, TDS and EC in-creased in the same direction.
(2) The lacustrine environment located between latitudes 21°18″57.92′and 23°38″55′and longi-tudes 30°53″12.99′and 32°54″23′. It occupies the larger area of the lake that is more wide and calm. The sedimentation process of this area was sub-categorized into two main parts (Southern and Northern). Along this lacustrine environment, the grain size of the bottom sedi-ments decreased northward as each of the current velocity and suspended sediment concen-tration decreased; whereas, each of the profile area, TDS and EC increased in the same direction. As MdØ gradually elevated compared with MzØ to exceed it by Gomay, the slow deposition from quite water became the prevailing mechanism. Along this part of the lacus-trine environment, as the particle size decreased, the abundance of quartz decreased, feldspar increased, whereas, calcite and clay minerals (montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite) increased.
Along the northern part of the lacustrine environment, the bottom sediments composed mainly of clay size particles, MdØ continued to exceed MzØ and the slow deposition from quite water contin-ued to be the prevailing mechanism. Along this segment of the lacustrine environment, the grain size of the clay particles increased with the increase in each of bottom depth and the total dissolved salts concentration and decreases with the increase in pH. Along this part of the lake, with the in-crease in grain size of the bottom sediments, the abundance of quartz and feldspar increased, whereas, each of the feldspar and clay minerals decreased.
FundingThe authors received no direct funding for this research.
Author detailsHussien ElKobtan1
E-mail: [email protected] Salem2
E-mail: [email protected] Attia3
E-mail: [email protected] Ahmed2
E-mail: [email protected] Abou El-Magd4
E-mail: [email protected] Nile Research Institute, National Water Research Center,
Cairo, Egypt.2 Geology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.3 Water Resources Research Institute, National Water
Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.4 Environmental Studies Department, National Authority for
Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 23 Josef Tito St., El-Nozha El-Gedida, P.O. Box: 1564 Alf-Maskan, Cairo, Egypt.
Citation informationCite this article as: Sedimentological study of Lake Nasser; Egypt, using integrated improved techniques of core sampling, X-ray diffraction and GIS platform, Hussien ElKobtan, Mohamed Salem, Karima Attia, Sayed Ahmed & Islam Abou El-Magd, Cogent Geoscience (2016), 2: 1168069.
Cover imageSource: Authors.
ReferencesAbdel-Aziz, T. M. (1997). Prediction of bed profile in the
longitudinal and transverse directions in Aswan High Dam Reservoir (PhD thesis). Cairo University, Giza.
Abul-Atta, A. A. (1978). Egypt and Nile after the high dam. Cairo: Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation.
Biscaye, P. E. (1965). Mineralogy and sedimentation of Recent Deep Sea clay in Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 76, 803–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[803:MASORD]2.0.CO;2
Bish, D. L., & Reynolds, R. C. (1989). Sample preparation for X-ray diffraction. In D. J. Bish & J. E. Post (Eds.) Modern powder diffraction (Reviews in mineralogy, 20, pp. 73–100). Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America.
Dahab, A. H., & EL-Moattassem, M. (1994). Land forms of High Dam Lake area. International Symposium on River Waterfront Development, Nile Research Institute, C-2-4, Cairo, pp. 129–141.
El-Kobtan, H. M. (2007). Geological studies on the recent sediments of Lake Nasser (Southern Part) as a sign reflecting its evolution (MSc thesis). Benha University, Egypt.
El-Manadely, M. S. (1991). Simulation of sediment transport in the high aswan dam lake (PhD thesis). Cairo University: Giza.
Folk, R. L., & Ward, W. C. (1957). Brazos River Bar: A study of the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 27, 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
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