ABOUT THE COURSE - · PDF fileABOUT THE COURSE Medical Laboratory ... 2.1.4 Examination of Blood Smear - Differential Leucocyte Count Thin blood smear Preparation, staining Counting

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VHSE Curriculum

ABOUT THE COURSE

Medical Laboratory Technology is fast developing along with growingpopulation and technological advancement. It is the most sought jobtitles in the global Health Care System.

Medical Laboratory Technology is a broad area comprising differentdisciplines like Pathology, Hematology, Biochemistry, Cytology,Cytogenetics, Microbiology, Immunology, Virology, Mycology,Parasitology, Molecular biology etc.

In a country like ours, where there is fast and tremendous technologicaladvancement and population growth, the demand and supply oftrained manpower is not at par. Introduction of a Certificate Course inMedical Laboratory Technology at Higher Secondary level is a remedyto this big skill gap in the country.

Medical Laboratory Technology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis ofdiseases. Apart from medical diagnostics, application of MedicalLaboratory Technology extends to the detection of genetic disorders,epidemiology of infectious diseases, detection of metabolic disordersand even to answer unraveled questions in forensic medicine.

The course is designed to provide multi-skilled competent personalsin the field of Medical Laboratory Technology to meet the increasingdemand. On completion of the course, students acquire basic skills ofMedical Laboratory Technology to cater entry level jobs. The coursealso provides inroads for students to undergo higher educationincluding research in disciplines of laboratory medicine.

Subject Approach

MLT Course is one of the best sought courses in the Vocational HigherSecondary stream of education. It comes under the group Allied HealthSciences and is the forefront runner in terms of the higher studies

GOVT. SECTOR• Laboratory

Technician• Lab Technical

Assistant• Laboratory Instructor

PRIVATE SECTOR• Laboratory

Technician• Phlebotomist• Lab Assistant• Laboratory Instructor• Hematology

Technician• Blood Bank

Technician• Clinical Pathology

Technician• Clinical Assistant

SELF EMPLOYMENT• Laboratory Owner• Laboratory

Technician• Reagent

Manufacturer• Diagnostic

distributor

Job Roles

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Medical Laboratory Technology

options as well as employment opportunities. The curriculum of thecourse contains all the important subjects related to laboratory medicinelike Haematology, Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology,Immunohaematology and Blood Banking, Laboratory Management,Microbiology as well as Histo-technology.

The structure of the course is designed in such a way that the firstmodule of First Year Curriculum familiarizes the learners to the basicsof Human Anatomy & Physiology and gives an idea about theimportant parts and features of a Diagnostic Laboratory. The topic alsoenvisages the understanding of proper use and handling of commonLaboratory Equipments and Glassware. A proper know - how aboutBlood, the commonest sample of any laboratory is given as part of theFirst module so the learner have a clear idea about the components,composition and collection of blood. The second module deals with thecommon Hematological investigations done in a laboratory. Thepractical and theoretical exposure obtained during the period makes thelearners competent in the field. The second module also covers the topicBlood Banking which has attained much relevance nowadays due to theregular need for blood transfusions. The module also providesintroduction to the automated machineries and techniques which can beexperienced in the field visits or as part of On the Job Training (OJT).

The laboratories as well as PTCs attached to schools provide ambientatmosphere for attaining perfection in performance for the students. Thecurriculum of VHSE which gives prime importance to practical is furtherskill enhanced with the scheduled 'On the Job Training Programmes'conducted in laboratories both on the government as well as privatesector. The school curriculum is further enriched with introduction ofICT enabled teaching-learning methodologies as well as activityoriented tools like survey, camps, expo etc.

Objectives of the course

On completion of the course, the learners will be able to:• acquire basic knowledge of the structure and function of human

body.• collect and handle clinical specimens properly for performing

investigations.• operate and take care of various laboratory equipment.• perform Hematological, Pathological, Biochemical and

Microbiological diagnostic procedures/techniques.• perform routine blood bank techniques.• perform Phlebotomy.

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VHSE Curriculum

• act as an effective laboratory technician who demonstrateslaboratory ethics and code of conduct.

• give awareness to the public about various health hazards.• establish and run reagent manufacturing units.• act as a distributor of diagnostic kits and reagents.• establish and run a diagnostic laboratory.

Syllabus in Detail

MODULE 1

Anatomy, Physiology and Phlebotomy - 340 periods

Unit Name of Units PeriodsNo.1.1 Basic Anatomy and Physiology 100

1.1.1 Organisational Structure of human body• Familiarisation of cell, Tissue, Organ and Organ

system, Definition & their relationship,Tissue types - Epithelial, Muscular, Connective,Nervous (Name only), Organ system (Name only)

• Familiarisation of common terms - Anatomy,Physiology, Cytology, Histology, Pathology,Anatomical position, Anterior, Posterior, Medial,Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Central & Peripheral

1.1.2 Systemic AnatomySkeletal system- Functions- Bones of Axial & Appendicular skeleton (Name only)- Terms-Cartilages, joints, Osteology, ArthrologyCirculatory System- Cardio vascular system- Difference between artery, vein and capillary- Structure of heart in brief

Chambers, Valves & Blood vessels (Name only)- Systole, Diastole & Cardiac cycle- Measurement of BP and Pulse- ECG-definition and importance- Lymphatic system in brief- Familiarize LymphRespiratory system- Overview (Name of Parts & function)- Types of respiration- Respiratory rate (Definition & Normal value)- Spirometry - Use

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- Vital capacity-Definition & Normal Value- Clinical importance of SputumDigestive system- Overview (Name of Parts & function)- Liver and Pancreas-Importance, Secretions (Name only) & function- Clinical importance of FaecesExcretory system- Modes of excretion (specify names)- Urinary system - Parts and function- Formation of urine (name of steps only)- Normal Constituents of Urine- Clinical importance of UrineNervous system- Name of Parts & function-CNS & PNS- CSF and its Clinical importanceReproductive system- Parts & Function of Male reproductive system- Parts & Function of Female reproductive system- Clinical importance of Seminal FluidEndocrine system- Overview- Mention endocrine glands- Mention Hormones of clinical importance andtheir functions (Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas& Gonads)

1.2 Diagnostic laboratory 1401.2.1 Introduction to Diagnostic laboratory

- Significance of Medical Laboratory Technology- Role of Laboratory- Types of Laboratories- Sections of a Laboratory

1.2.2 Common Laboratory Glass wares & Lab EquipmentsCommon Laboratory Glass wares- Common glass wares and its uses- Cleaning of glass wares- Preparation & use of Chromic acid solutionCommon Laboratory Equipments- Use, parts, working and maintenance of Microscope,Centrifuge, Colorimeter, Chemical Balance, Micropipette& Water bath

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VHSE Curriculum

1.3 Introduction to Blood & Phlebotomy 1051.3.1 Blood

- Introduction - Formation of BloodDefinition of Erythropoiesis, Leucopoiesis &Thrombopoiesis- Composition and functions of blood- Plasma & Formed elements- Plasma-composition- Formed elements RBC, WBC & Platelets- Blood coagulation

• Definition, Name coagulation factors• Major steps• Difference between Plasma & Serum

- Anticoagulants• Definition, common anticoagulants, colour coding

- Preparation of EDTA Anticoagulant bottle1.3.2 Phlebotomy

- Definition- Methods-Capillary puncture, Arterial puncture and Venous puncture- Sites of blood collection-capillary and venous- Requirement, Procedure of capillary & venous blood collection- Precautions for blood collection- Complications during blood collection-hematoma,syncope, Excess bleeding- Pediatric blood collection

1.3.3 Familiarization of Blood cells- Preparation of Thin blood smear- Ideal smear characteristics- Factors affecting smear preparation- Leishman's stain-staining technique- Blood cell types-RBC, WBC, Platelets Identifying Characters & Normal range- Classification of White blood cells- Other staining methods-Fields, Giemsa, Wrights(Name only)

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Syllabus in Detail

MODULE 2

Haematology & Blood banking techniques - 340 periods

Units Name of Units Periods2.1 Haematology 2402.1.1 Introduction to Haematology

- Haematology-Definition- Role of haematological techniques in diagnosis

2.1.2 Hemoglobin estimation- Introduction- Methods- Cyanmethaemoglobin estimation in detail- Clinical significance

2.1.3 Total Cell Count- Introduction- Counting chamber - Improved Neubauer- Total Cell counts-RBC , WBC, Platelet, Absoluteeosinophil

Diluting fluid, procedure, calculation, normal value,clinical significance

- Reticulocyte count - brief description2.1.4 Examination of Blood Smear

- Differential Leucocyte CountThin blood smear Preparation, stainingCounting and reporting

- Peripheral Smear Examination• Abnormal RBC - size, shape, colour• Abnormal WBC - general characteristics of

Immature cells• Platelets - arrangement• Inclusion bodies - RBC, Parasites

2.1.5 Packed cell volume- Methods- Wintrobe's method - procedure, normal value,clinical significance- Red cell indices

• MCV, MCH, MCHC,• Clinical Significance

2.1.6 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)- Methods- Westergren's method - procedure, Normal value,clinical significance

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VHSE Curriculum

- Stages of ESR- Factors affecting ESR- Mention Automated ESR

2.1.7 Test for coagulation- Introduction - relevance, enlist various coagulationtests- Bleeding Time -methods, clinical significance

procedure, Normal value of Duke's method- Clotting Time-methods, clinical significance

procedure, Normal value of Capillary tube method- Prothrombin Time - brief description- APTT - brief description

2.1.8 Automation in Haematology- Introduction - need and advantage- Working principles

light scatter, laser, electrical impedance- Parts of analyser- Reagents - Diluent, Lyse, Rinse- Methodology- Parameters- Familiarization of terms - haemogram, histogram, CBC

2.2 Immunohaematology & Blood Banking Techniques 1002.2.1 Introduction

- Immunohaematology - Definition, Historical Aspects- Blood group antigens & Antibodies- Blood group system ABO & Rh System in detail Other blood group systems - Name only Bombay blood group Inheritance of Blood group- Haemolytic disease of Newborn

2.2.2 Blood Grouping techniques- Cell grouping & Serum grouping- Slide & Tube method - Procedure- Mention Tile method

2.2.3 Blood collection for Transfusion- Transfusion-Definition, Need- Donor, Recipient - Definition- Donor screening

Donor selection criteriaHistory of Donor & Medical examination

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• Blood collection Technique-FamiliarizeBlood bag, Anticoagulants

- Screening tests for Transfusion transmitted diseases- Storage - Blood bank refrigerator- Blood Components

Mention components name & its storage, use2.2.4 Compatibility Testing & Issue of Blood

- Coomb's Test- Direct & Indirect- Cross matching

Major & Minor - mention 3 phases- Issue of Blood- Transfusion reactions - Name only

Learning Outcomes

Module 1

On completion of the module the learner will be able to:1.1 Basic Anatomy & Physiology1.1.1 Identify the basic level of organization of human body1.1.2 Differentiate various medical terminologies & Anatomical

terms1.1.3 Identify the importance of Skeletal system and enumerate the

names of different bones and the terms related1.1.4 Illustrate the structure & function of CVS and to distinguish

between artery, Vein, & Capillary

1.1.5 Collect idea about the working of heart and gain expertise in themeasurement of BP and Pulse

1.1.6 Enumerate the significance of ECG & lymph

1.1.7 Explain the parts and function of Respiratory System and todifferentiate types of respiration

1.1.8 Define Respiration rate & Vital Capacity and to describeSpirometry

1.1.9 Identify the Clinical importance of Sputum examination

1.1.10 Summarize the parts and functions of digestive system

1.1.11 Identify the importance of laboratory examination of faeces inGIT disorders

1.1.12 Recollect the parts of excretory system, parts of urinary system

1.1.13 Discuss about urine formation

1.1.14 Get awareness about normal constituents & Clinical importanceof urine

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VHSE Curriculum

1.1.15 Illustrate parts and functions of nervous system

1.1.16 Differentiate Male & Female reproductive system

1.1.17 Enumerate important endocrine glands and their secretions

1.2 Diagnostic Laboratory

1.2.1 Identify the role of Laboratory in Health Care to categorizevarious types & sections of laboratories

1.2.2 Enumerate different types of Glass wares and to performcleaning of Glass wares

1.2.3 Practice, operation and use of common lab equipments

1.3 Introduction to Blood & Phlebotomy

1.3.1 Differentiate Erythropoiesis, Leucopoiesis & Thrombopoiesis

1.3.2 Acquire the concept of Coagulation and to classifyAnticoagulants

1.3.3 Distinguish different types of Blood Collection vials

1.3.4 Illustrate the sites, devises, methods and precautions andcomplications of blood collection and to perform phlebotomy

1.3.5 Practice thin blood smear preparation and staining

1.3.6 Differentiate different cell components

Module 2

Haematology & Blood banking techniques

2.1. Haematology

On completion of the module the learner will be able to:

2.1.1 Summarize the role of Haematology in diagnosis

2.1.2 Enumerate haemoglobin estimation methods

2.1.3 Practice haemoglobin estimation by cyanmethaemoglobinmethod and evaluate its clinical significance

2.1.4 Identify the importance of haemocytometry and be familiar toImproved Neubauer counting chamber

2.1.5 Differentiate between different cell counts and evaluate theirclinical significance

2.1.6 Practice total RBC and WBC counts

2.1.7 Describe Reticulocyte count

2.1.8 Perform Differential Leucocyte Count

2.1.9 Differentiate normal and abnormal blood cells, able to reportnormal blood picture

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2.1.10 Illustrate the importance of PCV

2.1.11 Perform PCV by Wintrobe's method

2.1.12 Classify different red cell indices and their clinical significance

2.1.13 Enlist the clinical importance of ESR

2.1.14 Perform ESR by Westergren's method

2.1.15 Discuss various coagulation tests used

2.1.16 Identifies explains and practice determination of Bleeding time& Clotting time

2.1.17 Differentiate PT & APTT

2.1.18 Enlist the need and merits of automation in haematology

2.1.19 Describe the basic principle, parts, reagents, operation andreporting of results in a Haematology Analyser

2.1.20 Illustrate the terms Haemogram, CBC etc.

2.2. Imumuno Haematology & Blood banking techniques

2.2.1 Differentiate Blood group Antigens & Antibodies

2.2.2 Classify different sub groups in ABO & Rh Blood group system

2.2.3 Explain the inheritance of Blood group and HDN

2.2.4 Differentiate between different grouping methods and gainexpertise in various blood grouping techniques

2.2.5 Enumerate the significance of transfusion

2.2.6 Differentiate Donor from Recipient and Explain Bloodtransfusion

2.2.7 Illustrate the criteria's and different phases of Donor selection

2.2.8 Describe the blood collection technique

2.2.9 Enumerate the tests done for transfusion transmitted diseases

2.2.10 Identify the features of Blood bank refrigerator

2.2.11 Gets an overview about different blood components andstorage

2.2.12 Illustrate the importance of Coomb's test and its types

2.2.13 Differentiate the technique of Cross matching Major & Minor,and explain its phases

2.2.14 Enlist transfusion reactions

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VHSE Curriculum

Month Name of units Periods

1.1 Basic Anatomy and Physiology 100

June 1.1.1 Organisational Structure of human body 15

June/July 1.1.2 Systemic Anatomy 85

1.2 Diagnostic Laboratory 100

July 1.2.1 Introduction to Diagnostic laboratory 30

1.2.2 Familiarisation of Common Glass waresJuly/August & Laboratory Equipments 70

1.3 Introduction to Blood & Phlebotomy 140

August 1.3.1 Blood 40

September 1.3.2 Phlebotomy 40

October 1.3.3 Familiarization of Blood cells 60

Module - 2Haematology and Blood Banking Techniques

2.1 Haematology 240November 2.1.1 Introduction to Haematology 5

November 2.1.2 Haemoglobin estimation 25

November 2.1.3 Total Cell Count 65

December 2.1.4 Examination of Blood Smear 30

December 2.1.5 Packed cell volume 25

January 2.1.6 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 30

January 2.1.7 Test for coagulation 35

January 2.1.8 Automation in Haematology 25

2.2 Immunohaematology & Blood Banking 100

Jan./Feb. 2.2.1 Introduction 15

February 2.2.2 Blood Grouping techniques 30

February 2.2.3 Blood collection for Transfusion 25

February 2.2.4 Compatibility Testing & Issue of Blood 30

Scheme of Work

Module - 1

Anatomy, Physiology and Phlebotomy

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Module 1 Anatomy, Physiology and Phlebotomy 340 periods

Module 2 Haematology and Blood Banking Techniques 340 periods

Module 3 Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology& Histo-technology 340 periods

Module 4 Diagnostic Microbiology, LaboratoryManagement & Automation 340 periods

Course structure

The curriculum of MLT Course consists of 4 modules of 6 monthsduration.

MODULE 1


UNIT NAME OF UNITS PERIODSNO.


1.2 Familiarisation of a Diagnostic Laboratory 100

1.3 Introduction to Blood, Phlebotomy 140

Total Periods 340

MODULE 2

Haematology & Blood banking - 340 periods


2.1 Haematology 240

2.2 Immunohaematology & Blood Banking Techniques 100

Total Periods 340

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VHSE Curriculum

Class Room Activities• Multi-media presentation• Group Discussion• Interactive Discussion• Debate• Seminar• Assignment• Magazine preparation• Album preparation• Chart preparation• Poster Preparation• Role play• Quiz• Survey• Collection• Model Preparation• Project Preparation• Interaction with Experts• Preparation of Handouts• Reference of Books

Practical Activities• Demonstration• Case study• Hands on experience/Experiment• Survey• Field study• Field visit• Medical Camps• Role Play• Health Awareness Programmes• Health Bulletin Preparation• Socio-drama• Vocational Exhibitions• School PTC

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On the Job Training

OJT enables students to practice their acquired skills in real worksituation and enhance their self esteem. It provides opportunity tofamiliarize with sophisticated equipment and recent methodologies inmedical laboratory technology. A well conducted OJT ensurescompetence of the students among the work force. Communityinvolvement of the OJT contributes to the social and management skillsof the student. The opportunity to interact with highly qualifiedprofessionals of the field inspires the students to higher academicachievements and motivates them to attain professional excellence.

OJT can be provided at• Govt. Medical College Laboratories, laboratories of District, Taluk

Hospitals, Community Health Centers and in Public HealthLaboratories

• Laboratories attached to private hospitals, blood banks andindependent clinical laboratories having standard specifications.

• Laboratories of Co-operative societies, Kudumbasree units etc.

Certification of skills in each module

Module 1 Certificate in Phlebotomy skill.

Module 2 Certificate in Haematology and Blood Banking skills.

Module 3 Certificate in Clinical Biochemistry & ClinicalPathology skills.

Module 4 Certificate in Laboratory Management & DiagnosticMicrobiology skills.

Overview of the Module 1

Curriculum for Medical Laboratory Technology course (MLT) aims toprovide knowledge and skill that make the student a completeprofessional in the subject. The first module of the curriculum includesBasic Anatomy & Physiology, Familiarization of a DiagnosticLaboratory, Phlebotomy techniques and preliminary knowledge aboutblood. The duty of a clinical laboratory is to help in the process ofdiagnosis by the examination of various body fluids. The analysis ofspecimens reveals the abnormal structural and functional status of thebody during diseases. Anatomy and Physiology lessons of the modulehelps the students to gain enough knowledge about the normal structureand function of human body, and to distinguish conditions such asnormal from abnormal or health from ill health.

The role of a diagnostic laboratory in the present scenario of health careis of prime importance due to the increase in diagnostic tools andmethodologies. The second unit of this module is intended to familarise

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VHSE Curriculum

the student with the different types and sections of a laboratory,common laboratory glasswares and lab equipments. The study of theunit gives the student, an insight about the parts and functions of adiagnostic laboratory.

Blood is the most commonly analyzed specimen in a medicallaboratory. Study of phlebotomy helps the student gain knowledge andskill of blood collection. The last unit of the module concludes with afew important aspects about the composition and cellular patterns ofblood and to initiate investigations in haematology.

The remarkable characteristic of the module is the timely blending ofthree fundamental areas of Lab Technology and triggers curiosity in alearner to explore the deeper and wider scope of the subject.

MODULE 1




1.1.1 Organisational Structure of human body 15

1.1.2 Systemic Anatomy 85

1.2 Diagnostic Laboratory 100

1.2.1 Introduction to Diagnostic laboratory 30

1.2.2 Familiarisation of Common Glass wares &Laboratory Equipments 70

1.3 Introduction to Blood & Phlebotomy 140

1.3.1 Blood 40

1.3.2 Phlebotomy 40

1.3.3 Familiarization of Blood cells 60

Total Periods 340

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Rec

ordi

ngQ

uiz

Uni

t N

o. 1

.1 -

Bas

ic A

nato

my

& P

hysi

olog

y

Page - 70

Medical Laboratory Technology D

ETA

ILED

ELE

MEN

TS O

F U

NIT

Idea

s/C

once

pts/

Skill

Lear

ning

Out

com

esSu

gges

ted

Act

iviti

esA

sses

smen

tEx

cret

ory

syst

em•

Mod

es o

f exc

retio

n (s

peci

fy n

ames

)•

Urin

ary

syste

m-M

entio

n p

arts

and

func

tion

•Fo

rmat

ion

of u

rine

(nam

e of

ste

pson

ly)

•N

orm

al C

onsti

tuen

ts of

Urin

e•

Clin

ical

impo

rtanc

e of

Urin

e in

brie

fN

ervo

us

syst

em•

Nam

e of

Par

ts &

fun

ctio

n- C

NS

&PN

S•

CSF

and

its

Clin

ical

im

porta

nce

inbr

ief

Rep

rodu

ctiv

e sy

stem

•Pa

rts

&

Func

tion

of

M

ale

Repr

oduc

tive

syste

m•

Parts

&

Fu

nctio

n of

Fem

ale

Repr

oduc

tive

syste

mEn

docr

ine

syst

em•

Ove

rvie

w•

Endo

crin

e gl

ands

•H

orm

ones

of c

linic

al im

porta

nce a

ndth

eir

func

tions

(Pi

tiuta

ry,

Thyr

oid,

Adr

enal

,Pan

crea

s &

Gon

ads

SKIL

LS

•O

bser

vatio

n•

Des

crim

inat

ion

•D

iffer

entia

tion

•C

hart

Prep

arat

ion

•Co

mpa

rison

•R

ecor

ding

•Cl

assif

ying

•Pe

rfor

man

ce•

Dra

win

g

•R

ecol

lect

the

par

ts of

exc

reto

rysy

stem

, par

ts of

urin

ary

syste

mD

iscus

s abo

ut u

rine

form

atio

n•

Get

aw

aren

ess

abou

t no

rmal

cons

titue

nts

& C

linic

al im

porta

nce

of u

rine

•Ill

ustra

te th

e pa

rts a

nd fu

nctio

ns o

fne

rvou

s sy

stem

•D

iffer

entia

te

mal

e &

Fe

mal

ere

prod

uctiv

e sy

stem

•En

umer

ate

impo

rtant

en

docr

ine

glan

ds a

nd th

eir s

ecre

tions

•Re

call

Prev

ious

Kno

wle

dge

Mul

ti-m

edia

Pre

sent

atio

n•

Dist

ribut

ion

of h

ando

uts &

repo

rtsD

iscus

sion

Cha

rt pr

epar

atio

n

•Re

call

Prev

ious

Kno

wle

dge

•M

ulti-

med

ia P

rese

ntat

ion

•Re

call

Prev

ious

Kno

wle

dge

•M

ulti-

med

ia P

rese

ntat

ion

•D

iscus

sion

•M

ulti-

med

ia p

rese

ntat

ion

•C

hart

prep

arat

ion

•Pa

rtici

patio

n in

disc

ussio

nC

once

ptua

l und

ersta

ndin

g•

Eval

uatio

n of

cha

rt

•Sh

ort n

ote

•Pa

rtici

patio

n in

disc

ussio

n•

Con

cept

ual u

nder

stand

ing

•Q

ualit

y of

cha

rts

Uni

t N

o. 1

.1 -

Bas

ic A

nato

my

& P

hysi

olog

y

Page - 71

VHSE Curriculum

DET

AIL

ED E

LEM

ENTS

OF

UN

IT

Idea

s/C

once

pts/

Skill

Lear

ning

Out

com

esSu

gges

ted

Act

iviti

esA

sses

smen

t

Intr

oduc

tion

•Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Med

ical

Lab

orat

ory

tech

nolo

gy•

Type

s of

Lab

orat

orie

s•

Sect

ions

of a

Lab

orat

ory

SKIL

LS

•A

naly

sing

•Co

mpa

rison

•Co

mm

unic

atio

n•

Dat

a Co

llect

ion

Com

mon

Lab

orat

ory

glas

swar

es &

Equ

ipm

ents

•G

lass

war

es &

its

uses

•Cl

eani

ng o

f G

lass

war

es-

Chro

mic

acid

solu

tion

•Co

mm

on

Labo

rato

ry

Equi

pmen

ts-O

pera

tion,

Use

of

Mic

rosc

ope

Cen

trifu

geCo

lorim

eter

Mic

ropi

pette

Chem

ical

Bal

ance

Wat

er b

ath

SKIL

LS

•O

bser

vatio

n•

Com

posit

ion

•D

iffer

entia

tion

•D

iscrim

inat

ion

•Co

mpa

rison

•Id

entif

y th

e ro

le o

f La

bora

tory

in

Hea

lth

care

an

d to

ca

tego

rize

vario

us

type

s an

d se

ctio

ns

ofla

bora

torie

s

•En

umer

ate

diffe

rent

ty

pes

ofG

lass

war

es an

d to

per

form

clea

ning

of G

lass

war

es

•Pr

actic

e op

erat

ion

&

use

ofco

mm

on la

b eq

uipm

ents

•D

iscus

sion

•Fi

eld

Visi

t•

Role

Pla

y•

Mul

ti-m

edia

pre

sent

atio

n•

Surv

ey

•D

iscus

sion

•D

emon

strat

ion

•Pr

actic

al W

ork

•D

iscus

sion

•D

emon

strat

ion

•Pr

actic

al W

ork

•Pa

rtici

patio

n in

disc

ussio

nC

once

ptua

l Und

ersta

ndin

g•

Eval

uatio

n of

C

harts

&

Ass

ignm

ents

•Su

rvey

rep

orts

•Pa

rtici

patio

n in

disc

ussio

n•

Perfo

rman

ce E

valu

atio

n

•Pa

rtici

patio

n in

disc

ussio

n•

Perfo

rman

ce E

valu

atio

n

Uni

t 1.

2 D

iagn

ostic

Lab

orat

ory

Page - 72


Mod

ule

1 :

DET

AIL

ED E

LEM

ENTS

OF

UN

IT

Idea

s/C

once

pts/

Skill

Lear

ning

Out

com

esSu

gges

ted

Act

iviti

esA

sses

smen

t

Blo

odIn

trodu

ctio

n - f

orm

atio

n of

Blo

odEr

ythr

opoi

esis,

Le

ucop

oies

is,Th

rom

bopo

iesis

- D

efin

ition

onl

y

Com

posit

ion

of b

lood

-Pla

sma,

For

med

elem

ents

Bloo

d co

agul

atio

nD

efin

ition

, Nam

e the

coag

ulat

ion

fact

ors

- Maj

or s

teps

Diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

Plas

ma

& S

erum

Ant

icoa

gula

nts

- D

efin

ition

, c

omm

onan

ticoa

gula

nts,

colo

ur co

ding

Prep

arat

ion

of

EDTA

A

ntic

oagu

lant

bottl

eSK

ILL

SCl

assif

icat

ion

Diff

eren

tiatio

nCo

mpa

rison

Acq

uisit

ion

Pred

ictio

n

•D

iffer

entia

te

Eryt

hrop

oies

is,Le

ucop

oies

is &

Thr

ombo

poie

sis,

•A

cqui

re

the

conc

ept

ofC

ompo

nent

s of b

lood

, Coa

gula

tion

& A

ntic

oagu

lant

s

•D

istin

guish

diff

eren

t typ

es o

f Blo

odCo

llect

ion

vial

s

•A

ssig

nmen

t•

Cha

rt pr

epar

atio

n•

Disc

ussio

n•

Mul

ti-m

edia

pre

sent

atio

n

•D

iscus

sion

•Se

min

ar

•D

emon

strat

ion

•Pr

actic

al

•Pa

rtici

patio

n in

disc

ussio

n•

Qua

lity

of C

harts

&•

Eval

uatio

n of

Ass

ignm

ent

•Q

uesti

onai

re

•Pa

rtici

patio

n

•A

quisi

tion o

f ski

lls

Uni

t :

1.3

INTR

OD

UCT

ION

TO

BLO

OD

& P

HLE

BOTO

MY

Unit Det

ailin

g

Page - 73

VHSE Curriculum

Mod

ule

1 :

DET

AIL

ED E

LEM

ENTS

OF

UN

IT

Idea

s/C

once

pts/

Skill

Lear

ning

Out

com

esSu

gges

ted

Act

iviti

esA

sses

smen

t

Phle

boto

my

•D

efni

tion

•M

etho

ds -

Cap

illar

y, A

rteira

l &V

enou

s•

Site

of C

olle

ctio

n•

Proc

edur

e - C

apill

ary

& V

enou

sPu

nctu

re•

Prec

autio

ns d

urin

g co

llect

ion

ofBl

ood

•Co

mpl

icat

ions

durin

g blo

od co

llect

ion

SKIL

LS

•O

bser

vatio

n•

Acq

uisit

ion

•Co

mm

unic

atio

nFa

mili

ariz

atio

n of

Blo

od c

ells

•Pr

epar

atio

n of

Thi

n bl

ood

smea

r•

Idea

l blo

od s

mea

r ch

arac

teris

tics

•Fa

ctor

s af

fect

ing

smea

r pre

para

tion

•Le

ishm

an st

ain

- sta

inin

g te

chni

que,

•Bl

ood

cell

type

s - R

BC, W

BC,

Plat

elet

s•

Cla

ssifi

catio

n of

Whi

te b

lood

cel

ls.SK

ILL

S•

Obs

erva

tion

•Co

mpa

rison

•D

iffer

entia

tion

•C

hart

Prep

arat

ion

•Ill

ustra

te th

e site

s, de

vise

s, m

etho

dspr

ecau

tions

and

com

plic

atio

ns o

fbl

ood

colle

ctio

n an

d to

per

form

phle

boto

my

•Pr

actic

e th

in

bloo

d sm

ear

prep

arat

ion

and

stain

ing

•D

iffer

entia

te

diffe

rent

ce

llco

mpo

nent

s

•D

emon

strat

ion

•Pr

actic

al W

ork

•D

emon

strat

ion

•Pr

actic

al

•D

emon

strat

ion

•C

hart

prep

arat

ion

•Pe

rform

ance

Eva

luat

ion

•Pe

rform

ance

eva

luat

ion

•Q

ualit

y of

cha

rt gi

ven

-itco

ntai

n id

entif

ying

char

acte

rs o

f blo

od c

ells

Uni

t :

1.3

INTR

OD

UCT

ION

TO

BLO

OD

& P

HLE

BOTO

MY

Unit Det

ailin

g

Page - 74


Practical Activities of Module 11.1 Anatomy, Physiology & Phlebotomy1.2 Basic Anatomy and Physiology

1. Measurement of Blood Pressure and Pulse1.2 Diagnostic Laboratory

1. Familiarisation and use of Common Laboratory Glass wares2. Cleaning of Glass wares3. Preparation & Use of Chromic acid solution4. Use & Care of Compound Microscope5. Use & Care of Colorimeter6. Use & Care of Chemical Balance

1.3 Introduction to Blood & Phlebotomy1. Preparation of Normal saline2. Behaviour of RBCs in Isotonic saline, hypotonic and

hypertonic saline solutions3. Preparation of EDTA Anticoagulant bottles4. Preparation of 3.8% Sodium citrate solution5. Capillary blood collection6. Venous blood collection

1.4 Familiarisation of Blood cells1. Preparation of Thin Blood smear2. Leishman's Staining & Familiarisation of blood Cells

List of expected skills on completion of module 11. Gain precision in measurement of blood pressure and pulse.2. Gain expertise in proper care and use of a compound microscope.3. Acquire knowledge about handling and operation of instruments

like colorimeter, centrifuge and water bath.4. Identify and differentiate the various laboratory glass wares and

how to keep them clean.5. Attain mastery in the art of Phlebotomy.6. Distinguish various blood cells through the study of a stained

blood smear.

Page - 75

VHSE Curriculum

Over view of module II

HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING

The second module of the Curriculum comprises Haematology andimmunohaematology, which are the most practice oriented branchesof laboratory medicine. The haematology laboratory of a healthcaresystem is concerned with the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases ofthe blood . Lab technicians working in a haematology laboratoryperform an array of blood tests that investigate the cellular elements ofblood and also other constituents like haemoglobin. Morphology andphysiology of blood cells are assessed in diseases throughhaemocytometry and Blood smear examination. Practical training in thismodule covers all these basic level of investigations even though bymanual methods. This will provide the learner an opportunity to usestate of the art technology to investigate disease, and use traditionaltechnologies such as manual cell counts and light microscopy .Apartfrom the diagnosis of abnormalities like leukaemia, anaemia,coagulation disorders etc., haematological investigations help in thediagnosis of diseases of other body systems which may not be directlyrelated to blood or bone marrow. Working as a member of a team,technician will be required to use their training to work in a variety ofhealthcare environments. This is achieved through the learning of basicsof blood and lab management in the first module ,Timely arrangedfield visits and thorough 'On the job training programme',

Blood banking, the process of collecting (donation), testing, processing,and storing blood for later use (transfusion), is a cornerstone ofemergency and surgical medicine and ensures the safe use of blood andits components. The limitation to provide rigorous training in bloodbanking is over come by achieving the expected skill through fieldvisits and OJT in this special area.

Page - 76


MODULE 2

Haematology & Blood banking techniques - 340 periods


2.1 Haematology 240

2.1.1 Introduction to Haematology 5

2.1.2 Hemoglobin estimation 25

2.1.3 Total Cell Count 65

2.1.4 Examination of Blood Smear 30

2.1.5 Packed cell volume 25

2.1.6 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 30

2.1.7 Test for coagulation 35

2.1.8 Automation in Haematology 25

2.2 Immunohaematology & Blood Banking 100

2.2.1 Introduction 15

2.2.2 Blood Grouping techniques 30

2.2.2 Blood collection for Transfusion 25

2.2.3 Compatibility Testing & Issue of Blood 30

Total Periods 340

Page - 77

VHSE CurriculumM

odul

e 2

: H

aem

atol

ogy

& B

lood

ban

king

tec

hniq

ues

Idea

s/C

once

pts/

Skill

Lear

ning

Out

com

esSu

gges

ted

Act

iviti

esA

sses

smen

t

Intr

oduc

tion

to H

aem

atol

ogy

•H

aem

atol

ogy

- Def

initi

on•

Rol

e of h

aem

atol

ogic

al te

chni

ques

indi

agno

sisH

emog

lobi

n es

timat

ion

•In

trodu

ctio

n•

Met

hods

•Cy

anm

etha

emog

lobi

n es

timat

ion

inde

tail

•Cl

inic

al si

gnifi

canc

eSK

ILL

S:•

Obs

erva

tion

•Pe

rfor

man

ce•

Com

paris

on•

Repo

rting

Tota

l C

ell

Cou

nts

•In

trodu

ctio

n•

Coun

ting

cham

ber -

Impr

oved

Neu

baue

r•

Tota

l Ce

ll co

unts-

RBC

, WBC

,Pl

atel

et, A

bs.e

osin

ophi

l•

Dilu

ting f

luid

, Pro

cedu

re, c

alcu

latio

n,no

rmal

val

ue, c

linic

alsig

nific

ance

•R

etic

uloc

yte

coun

t- br

ief d

escr

iptio

nSK

ILL

S:•

Obs

erva

tion

•Pe

rfor

man

ce•

Iden

tific

atio

n•

Repo

rting

•C

hart

Prep

arat

ion

•Su

mm

arise

the r

ole o

f Hae

mat

olog

yin

dia

gnos

is

•En

umer

ate

diffe

rent

hae

mog

lobi

nes

timat

ion

met

hods

•Pr

actic

e hae

mog

lobi

n es

timat

ion

bycy

an m

etha

emog

lobi

n m

etho

d an

dev

alua

te it

s clin

ical

sign

ifica

nce

•Id

entif

y

the

impo

rtanc

e of

haem

ocyt

omet

ry

and

fam

iliar

ize

Impr

oved

ne

ubau

er

coun

ting

cham

ber

•D

iffer

entia

te b

etw

een

diffe

rent

cel

lco

unts

and

eval

uate

the

ir cl

inic

alsig

nific

ance

•Pr

actic

e

tota

l RB

C an

d W

BCco

unts

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escr

ibe

Ret

icul

ocyt

e co

unt

•D

iscus

sion

•C

hart

prep

arat

ion

•Pr

actic

als

•O

rgan

ising

Cam

ps

•D

iscus

sion

•D

emon

strat

ion

•C

hart

prep

arat

ion

•A

ssig

nmen

t

•Pr

actic

al

•M

ulti-

med

ia p

rese

ntat

ion

•Pa

rtici

patio

n in

disc

ussio

n

•Pe

rform

ance

eva

luat

ion

•Pa

rtici

patio

n

•Q

uesti

onna

ire

•Pe

rform

ance

eva

luat

ion

Uni

t 2.

1: H

AEM

ATO

LOG

YUnit Det

ailin

g

Page - 78


Mod

ule

2 :

Hae

mat

olog

y &

Blo

od b

anki

ng t

echn

ique

s

Idea

s/C

once

pts/

Skill

Lear

ning

Out

com

esSu

gges

ted

Act

iviti

esA

sses

smen

t

Exam

inat

ion

of B

lood

Sm

ear

•D

iffer

entia

l Leu

cocy

te C

ount

Thin

blo

od sm

ear

prep

arat

ion,

stain

ing,

Cou

ntin

g an

d re

porti

ng•

Perip

hera

l Sm

ear E

xam

inat

ion

- Abn

orm

al R

BC

- siz

e, s

hape

, clo

ur- A

bnor

mal

WBC

- ge

nera

lch

arac

teris

tics

of I

mm

atur

e ce

lls-

Plat

elet

s- a

rrang

emen

t- I

nclu

sion

bodi

es -

RB

C, P

aras

ites

SKIL

LS:

•D

iscrim

inat

ion

•D

iffer

entia

tion

•Re

porti

ngPa

cked

cel

l vo

lum

e•

Met

hods

•W

intro

be's

met

hod

- pro

cedu

re, N

orm

al v

alue

, clin

ical

signi

fican

ce•

Red

cel

l ind

ices

- MCV

, MCH

, MCH

C,- C

linic

al S

igni

fican

ceSK

ILL

S:•

Obs

erva

tion

•Ex

perim

enta

tion

•Co

mpa

rison

•Re

porti

ngEr

ythr

ocyt

e Se

dim

enta

tion

Rat

e(E

SR)

•M

etho

ds•

Stag

es o

f ES

R•

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g ES

R•

Wes

terg

ren'

s m

etho

d- p

roce

dure

, Nor

mal

val

ue, c

linic

alsig

nific

ance

SKIL

LS:

•A

naly

sing

•O

bser

vatio

n•

Diff

eren

tiatio

n•

Repo

rting

•Pe

rform

D

iffer

entia

l Le

ucoc

yte

coun

t•

Diff

eren

tiate

nor

mal

And

abn

orm

albl

ood

cells

, abl

e to

rep

ort

norm

albl

ood

pict

ure

•Ill

ustra

te th

e im

porta

nce

of P

CV

•Pe

rform

PC

V

by

Win

trobe

'sm

etho

d•

Diff

eren

tiate

di

ffere

nt

red

cell

indi

ces

and

expl

ain

thei

r cl

inic

alsig

nific

ance

•En

list t

he cl

inic

al im

porta

nce o

f ESR

•Pe

rform

ES

R by

W

este

rgre

n's

met

hod

•Pr

actic

al•

Dem

onstr

atio

n•

Mul

ti-m

edia

pre

sent

atio

n

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Page - 79

VHSE CurriculumM

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Medical Laboratory Technology M

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Page - 81

VHSE Curriculum

List of Practical Activities of MODULE 2

Haematology& Blood banking techniques

2.1 Haematology1. Estimation of Haemoglobin by Cyanmethaemoglobin method2. Familirisation of Counting Chamber3. Preparation of Tuerk’s Fluid4. Total W.B.C count5. Total R.B.C count6. Platelet count7. Differential Leucocyte Count8. Peripheral smear examination-Demonstration of Abnormal blood

cells & Reporting of Normal blood smear9. Packed cell Volume-Wintrobe’s method10. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate-Westergren’s method11. Bleeding Time method-Duke’s method12. Clotting Time method-Capillary tube method

2.2 Immunohaematology & Blood banking1. ABO Grouping-Slide method2. ABO Grouping-Tube method3. Compatibility testing

List of expected skills on completion of module 2.

The learner is expected to achieve the following skills at the end ofmodule 2.1. Gain expertise in performing various heamatological

investigations2. Be Familiar with haematology analysers and examine the

advantages of automation in haematology3. Gain expertise in performing blood grouping techniques by

different methodologies4. Be Familiar with the procedures, investigations and working of

a blood bank from blood grouping till the issuing of blood

List of Tools, Equipment and materials

Module 11. BP Apparatus 5 no.2. Stethoscope 5 no.3. Laptop 1 no4. LCD Projector 1 no.

Page - 82


5. Models and Chart of organ systems of human body6. Chart showing phlebotomy sites 1 no.7. Multi-media presentations8. Permanent slides of cell, tissues9. Laboratory glassware

Test tube Conical FlaskStandard Flask Measuring CylinderPipettes BeakerFunnel Centrifuge tubeReagent Bottle Dropper bottleWash bottle Glass rodWatch glass

10. Chemical balance 1 no.11. Medical Microscope 12 nos.12. Cedar wood Oil 250 ml13. Centrifuge 1 no14. Micropipette (fixed 1000 micro litre) 1no.15. Micropipette (Variable100-1000 micro litre) 1no.16. Micropipette (Variable 5-50 micro litre) 1no.17. Water bath 1no.18. Needle Destroyer 1no.19. Photoelectric Colorimeter 2 no.20. Cuvette 6 no.21. Bunsen Burner 6 Nos.22. Rubber teets 1 dozen23. Vacutainer tubes (With different anticoagulants) 1/2 dozen24. Disposable Gloves 1 box25. Lancet (1 x 200) 1 box26. Disposable Syringe and needle (5ml) (1 x 100) 1box27. Cotton 1 Roll28. Tourniquet 6 nos.29. Glass slides 5 packets30. Microscopic coverglass 5 packets31. Spreader slide ½ dozen32. Spirit 500 ml33. EDTA powder 500 gm

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VHSE Curriculum

34. Leishman stain (1X250 ml) 2 bottle35. Potassium Dichromate 500 gm36. Con. Sulphuric Acid 500ml37. Distilled Water 5 litre38. Sodium Chloride 500 gm39. Tri Sodium Citrate 500 gm

Module 21. Drabkins Solution with Hb Standard 1000 ml2. Improved Neubauer Counting chamber 6 nos.3. Counting chamber Cover Glass 1 Packet4. RBC diluting fluid 125ml5. Methylene Blue 125ml6. Glacial Acetic acid 500ml7. Distilled Water 5 Litres8. Eosinophil diluting fluid 125ml9. Platelet Diluting fluid 125ml10. Wintrobe’s tube 12 Nos.11. Pasteur pipette 1 Packet12. Westergren’s pipette 12 Nos.13. Westergren’s stand 5 Nos.14. Capillary tube 4 Packet15. Filter paper no.10 6 Packet16. Antisera A,B & D 1 x 10ml each17. White Porcelain Tile 1 No.18. Blood bag- Single, Double & Triple bags 1 No.19. Coomb’s Serum 2ml20. Chart showing Abnormal blood cell 1 No.

21. Chart showing blood Group interpretation 1 no.

Reference books

Module 11. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness by

Kathleen J W Wilson- Churchil Livingstone2. Sear’s Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses by RS Winwood, J L

Smith-ELBS3. Human Physiology by C Chatterjee

Page - 84


4. Review of Medical Physiology by William F Ganong5. Text book of Physiology by SharadaSubramanyam & Dr. K

Madhavankutty6. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology By Praful B Godkar7. Medical Laboratory Technology by Kanai L Mukharjee8. Clincal Diagnosis and Management by laboratory methods Henry

Bernard J Sanford T & Davidson9. Practical Haematology by Dacies and Lewis

Module 21. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology By Praful B Godkar2. Medical Laboratory Technology by Kanai L Mukharjee3. Clinical Dignosis and Lab Management by Henry Bernard J

Sanford T & Davidson4. Practical Haematology by Dacies and Lewis5. Principles and Practice of transfusion Medicine by Dr. R N Makroo6. Text book of Medical Laboratory Technology By Praful B Godkar7. Medical Laboratory Science, Theory and Practical by J Ochei &

Kolhatkar8. Text book of Laboratory Medicine, by V H Talib9. Hand book of Laboratory Technology by Scott

Detailed Unit Analysis

Overview of the Unit

Anatomy and physiology has prime importance in the curriculum ofmedical sciences. The first unit of the first module for MLT curriculumis dedicated to Basic Anatomy & Physiology and offer learning thestructure and function of human body, but not in a much detailed way.Knowledge about the normal structure and function help the student todifferentiate diseased condition from healthy state. Human Anatomyand physiology being a much vast and deeper subject, is difficult to bedealt in a basic programme like VHSE. Hence this unit is designed insuch a way that both the subjects are exposed to the student with lessroom for detailed discussions. In this combined topic, necessaryweightage has been ensured in relevant areas

The unit mainly discusses two aspects. The first part deals with the roleof anatomy and physiology in laboratory technology andfamiliarization of common anatomical terms. This is expected toprovide a new insight about the subject and awareness, how thisknowledge will be beneficial in their profession.

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VHSE Curriculum

During the second part all major body systems are discussed briefly.The knowledge gained earlier by the students about human body willdefinitely make the learning much easier and interesting. More over thecuriosity of learners about human body, Its numerous functions andsystems, maintain the interest of a student till the completion of unit.

List of Expected Skills• Observation• Drawing• Performance• Discrimination• Differentiation• Management• Understanding• Identification• Analysing

Module 1 Unit 1.1 Basic anatomy & Physiology

1.1.1. Chapter 1 Organizational set up of Human body

Concept 1Familiarization of Cell, Tissue, Organ & Organ system

Activity Suggested:Discussion & Multi-media presentationMentor initiates a general discussion after showing a videoclippingPreparation of Chart/Poster/Models

Points to be discussed:Terms - cell, tissue, organNames of various systems of the body

Consolidation:The fundamental unit of life is cellOrganizational set up of living body

Concept 2Familiarization of Common termsAnatomical Position & Anatomical Terms

Activity Suggested:Poster preparation, Chart preparationDiscussion about the different branches of sciences, deals with thestudy of human body and their relevance

Page - 86


Points to be discussed:What is Anatomy, Physiology, Cytology, Histology, Pathology-HistopathologyCommon terms used to locate the position of different organs inthe human body with respect to anatomical position such asanterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superior,inferior.

Consolidation:Understand the different terms used to study the structure ofhuman body.Identifies the location of different organs using terms with respectto anatomical position.

Chapter 2 Systemic Anatomy

Concept 1

Skeletal SystemActivity Suggested:

Recall the previous knowledge & Demonstration using modelsDiscussion about Skeletal system by demonstration of a model ofhuman skeleton

Points to be discussed:System Overview-General function, Familiarization of bones,Osteology, Cartilage & Joints- Arthrology

Consolidation:Different bones of the human body which provide a structuralframe work and helps in movement.Study of bone-OsteologyStudy of Joints-Arthrology

Concept 2Cardiovascular system

Activity Suggested:Illustration & Practical workDiscussion with illustration of Diagram of Heart, demonstrates thetechnique of Blood pressure measurement technique

Points to be discussed:System overview, FunctionDifference between artery, vein and capillaryCardiac cycle

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VHSE Curriculum

Measurement of Blood Pressure & PulseECG-definition and importanceDiscuss about Lymph

Consolidation:Cardio-vascular system consists of central pumping organ Heartand numerous blood vessels to circulate the blood throughvarious parts of the body.Understand the importance of ECG and know about lymph

Assigned activity:Measurement of Blood Pressure & Pulse

Concept 3

Respiratory systemActivity Suggested:

Brain storming & Multimedia presentationMentor started a brain storming session with students about thestructure functions of Respiratory system and conclude with avideo clipping

Points to be discussed:Parts of Respiratory systemWhat is Respiration and its typesWhat do you mean by Respiratory rate & Vital capacityImportance of spirometerClinical importance of Sputum

Consolidation:Mention Respiratory system parts includes nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchi & lungsRespiration - Inspiration & ExpirationKnow Respiratory rate, Vital capacity & spirometerImportance of Lab examination of sputum in respiratorydisorders

Concept 4Digestive system

Activity Suggested:Recall previous knowledge & Multimedia presentation

Points to be discussed:Overview, Name of the parts, Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus,Stomach, Small intestine, Function of Liver and Pancreas

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Clinical importance of faeces examinationConsolidation:

Parts & function of digestive systemTo know about secretions & functions of Liver & PancreasClinical importance o f faecal examination in GIT disorders

Concept 4Excretory system

Activity Suggested:Recall previous knowledge & Multi-media presentation

Points to be discussed:OverviewModes of excretion,Urinary system - parts and functionSteps of urine formationNormal constituents of urine and its clinical importance

Consolidation:Different channels of excretionUrinary system consists of Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder &UrethraNormal constituents of urineClinical importance of urine in screening of kidney disorders

Concept 4Nervous system


Points to be discussed:OverviewName parts of system - CNS & PNSTo know about importance & function of CSF

Consolidation:Nervous system co-ordinates all life activitiesParts of nervous systemFunction and Clinical importance of CSF

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VHSE Curriculum

Concept 4Reproductive system


Points to be discussed:OverviewMention parts of Male Reproductive systemMention parts of Female Reproductive system

Consolidation:The male reproductive system consists of Testis and accessaryorgansStudents gather knowledge about various parts of femalereproductive system

Concept 4Endocrine system

Activity Suggested:Discussion & Chart preparation

Points to be discussed:OverviewMention important endocrine glands such as Pituitary, Thyroid,Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas and GonadsWhat are hormones?Mention major Hormones and their functions

Consolidation:Students get awareness about the position of endocrine glandssuch as Pituitary, Thyroid,Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas and GonadsImportant Hormones and action

Assigned work: Chart preparation

Repository of CE possibilities

Assessment in education is the process by which knowledge, skillattitude and belief is documented. Most popular way of assessment inthe current scenario is conducting examinations, even though pitfalls layin. Establishing pre determined criteria are inevitable to reaching thedesired goals in assessing students. This help the teacher to know whichstudent have in fact achieved the learning intention.

Page - 90


Process assessment

Process assessment is another form of product assessment . Differentmethods of assessment provide the means of ensuring that students areable to demonstrate the range of their abilities in different contexts.Performance Assessment and Personal Communication are one of thecommonest strategies employed for this. Each category has its ownadvantages in assessing different learning outcomes. For example, aselected response assessment task such as a series of multiple-choicequestions, is able to assess mastery in all areas of knowledge but doesnot observe reasoning. Participation in discussion and other class roomactivities ,performance in practicals, answering during interviews aresome of the ways to assess individuals. Preparation, Performance anddata evaluation in project workscan especially account for theperformance dimention.

Portfolio assessment

A portfolio is a collection of student work with a common theme orpurpose. Portfolios are often described as a more authentic means ofassessment than the traditional classroom test. Rather than showing thatthe learner knows what has been taught, the portfolio demonstrates thatthe student can do what has been taught. Different methods ofassessment are useful for different purposes. Portfolio assessment ismost appropriate when learning can be best demonstrated through aproduct. Prepared charts, documented reports, albums, magazines andthe effort and participation in these will be some of the criteria.

Unit assessment

Unit assessment is achieved by conducting academic quiz, multiplechoice/open book exams, personal interviews, unit tests etc.

TE QuestionsOrganisational structure of Human body1. Complete the given chart showing organisational structure of

human body

2. Arrange properlyAnatomy Study of functions of the bodyPhysiology Study of TissuesCytology Study of structure of bodyHistology Study of diseasesPathology Study of Cells

Humanbody

Cell

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VHSE Curriculum

3. Arrange the different organs in the descending order of theirpositiona) Eyesb) Heartc) Braind) Kneee) Navelf) Toeg) Thumbh) Thigh

4. Largest bone in the body is ________.5. Find the Odd one out

a) Anterior, Lateral, Medial,b) Ovary, Fallopian tube, Vas deferens, Uterus

6. Your teacher asked your group to conduct a seminar on BPMeasurement.Prepare a draft paper showing the requirement, procedure andnormal value of the same.

Documents

ABOUT THE COURSE - · PDF fileABOUT THE COURSE Medical Laboratory ... 2.1.4 Examination of Blood Smear - Differential Leucocyte Count Thin blood smear Preparation, staining Counting