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7/25/2019 abnormal psychology paper.docx
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Rhea Andrea F. Uy
BS Psychology 3-1
Perspectives in Psychology
Behaviorist Perspective
Behaviorism is different from most other approaches because they view people (and
animals) as controlled by their environment and specifically that we are the result of
what we have learned from our environment. Behaviorism is concerned with how
environmental factors (called stimuli) affect observable behavior (called the response).
The behaviorist approach proposes two main processes whereby people learn from
their environment: namely classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical
conditioning involves learning by association, and operant conditioning involves learning
from the conseuences of behavior.
Psychodynamic Perspective
!reud believes that events in our childhood can have a significant impact on our
behavior as adults. "e also believed that people have little free will to ma#e choices in
life. $nstead, our behavior is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood
e%periences.
!reud&s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. $t is the original psychodynamic
theory and inspired psychologists such as 'ungand ri#sonto develop their own
psychodynamic theories. !reud&s wor# is vast and he has contributed greatly to
psychology as a discipline.
!reud, the founder of psychoanalysis, e%plained the human mind as li#e an iceberg,
with only a small amount of it being visible, that is our observable behavior, but it is the
unconscious, submerged mind that has the most, underlying influence on our behavior.
!reud used three main methods of accessing the unconscious mind: free association,
dream analysis and slips of the tongue.
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"e believed that the unconscious mind consisted of three components: the id the ego
and the superego. The id contains two main instincts: ros, which is the life instinct,
which involves self*preservation and se% which is fuelled by the libido energy force.
Thanatos is the death instinct, whose energies, because they are less powerful thanthose of ros are channeled away from ourselves and into aggression towards others.
The id and the superego are constantly in conflict with each other, and the ego tries
to resolve the discord. $f this conflict is not resolved, we tend to use defense
mechanismsto reduce our an%iety. Psychoanalysis attempts to help patients resolve
their inner conflicts.
+n aspect of psychoanalysis is !reuds theory of psychose%ual development. $t shows
how early e%periences affect adult personality. timulation of different areas of the body
is important as the child progresses through the important developmental stages.
"umanism
"umanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that emphasi-es the study of the
whole person (#now as holism). "umanistic psychologists loo# at human behavior, not
only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the
behaving.
"umanistic psychologists believe that an individuals behavior is connected to his inner
feelings and self*image. The humanistic perspective centers on the view that each
person is uniue and individual, and has the free will to change at any time in his or her
lives.
The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own
happiness and well*being as humans. e have the innate (i.e. inborn) capacity for self*
actuali-ation, which is our uniue desire to achieve our highest potential as people.
Because of this focus on the person and his or her personal e%periences and sub/ective
perception of the world the humanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for
studying behavior.
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Two of the most influential and enduring theories in humanistic psychology that
emerged in the 0123s and 0143s are those of Carl 5ogersand+braham 6aslow.
Cognitive Psychology
The cognitive perspective is concerned with 7mental8 functions such
asmemory, perception, attentionetc. $t views people as being similar to computers in
the way we process information (e.g. input*process*output). !or e%ample, both human
brains and computers process information, store data and have input an output
procedure.
This had led cognitive psychologists to e%plain that memory comprises of three stages:
encoding (where information is received and attended to), storage (where the
information is retained) and retrieval (where the information is recalled).
$t is an e%tremely scientific approachand typically uses lab e%periments to study human
behavior. The cognitive approach has many applications including cognitive
therapyand eyewitness testimony.
Biopsychological Perspective:
The biological perspective is a broad scientific perspective that assumes that
human behavior and thought processes have a biological basis. Biology includes
investigations into biochemistry of behavior associated with neurotransmitters and
hormones, genetics and heritability, and the psychophysics of sensation and perception.
Physiological psychology, neuroscience, psychoneuroimunology and
psychopharmacology are all part of the biological perspective. Because the biological
perspective relies on scientific methods, its scope of investigation is limited to variables
that can be controlled. 5esearch methods are uantitative and see# to produce findings
that can be replicated and that are generali-able across populations.
Sociocultural Perspective:
The social9cultural perspective in psychology suggests that human behavior is
influenced by social conte%t, environmental cues, social pressures and cultural
influences. +nyone who has attended a football game will recogni-e that human
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behavior is susceptible to influence of the crowd mentality. e are all shaped by the
conte%t of our environment and influenced by the perception of authority in our social
order. ocial psychologists suggest that these forces are very powerful and e%plain a
great deal about the causes of human behavior and thought processes.
Evolutionary Perspective:
The evolutionary perspective e%plains human behavior and thought process as
resulting from evolutionary processes. The underlying assumption of biological evolution
is survival of the species. "uman behavior is understood in the light of the uestion:
how does this behavior result from processes that support the survival of the species
Feinist-poststructural Perspective:
The feminist poststructural perspective arose in response to the observation by
postmodern theorists li#e 6ichel !oucault, that the creators9owners of a theory en/oy
certain advantages that come from organi-ing #nowledge along e%planatory lines.
cience has traditionally been dominated by men and thus the methods and outcomes
of science have benefited men for the most part. But, the feminist perspective goes
beyond a critiue of androcentric practices and suggests that all organi-ed #nowledge
has a political agenda that should be e%amined in the light of all persons rights and
benefits. The poststructural view helps us understand that #nowledge is power and that
the holders of the languages that construct #nowledge are the ones who will have the
choices about how resources are distributed. This political theory of psychology and
#nowledge construction tries to level the playing field and admit the views and voices of
all. The underlying assumption in this view is that diversity is essential for human
survival. $ncumbent upon adherents to this perspective is a commitment to ta#e a stand
on issues they deem important, identify their own epistemological position and biases in
relation to their views and then engage in a process of self*interrogation of their
position.
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!e"ense #echaniss
1. Anticipation
!e"inition: 5ealistically anticipating or planning for future inner
discomfort. The mechanism is goal*directed and implies careful planning
or worrying and premature but realistic affective anticipation of dire and
potentially dreadful outcomes.
E$aple:
%. A""iliation
!e"inition: The individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or
e%ternal stressors by turning to others for help or support.
E$aple: sharing problems with others but does not imply trying to ma#e
someone else responsible for them.
3. Altruis
!e"inition:;sing constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others
to undergo a vicarious e%perience. $t includes benign and constructive
reaction formation.
E$aple:+ self*made millionaire who grew up in poverty sets up acharitable foundation and gains great pleasure from how it helps
others get out of the poverty trap. he receives social accolade and
public recognition for her good deeds, which she carefully and
modestly grateful.
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&. 'uor
!e"inition:;sing comedy to overtly e%press feelings and thoughts without
personal discomfort or immobili-ation and without producing an
unpleasant effect on others. This allows the person to tolerate yet focus on
what is too terrible to be borne.
E$aple:+ persons treatment for cancer ma#es him lose his hair so he
ma#es /o#es about being bald.
(. Sel"-assertion
!e"inition: The individual deals with emotional conflict or stressors by
e%pressing his or her feelings and thoughts directly in a way that is not
coercive or manipulative.
E$aple:+ woman < whose husband was very busy and didn&t have time
for his wife and #ids decided to tal# to her husband about it. he did not
want to play the victim and whine and manipulate her husband about it. By
saying something li#e 7hat have $ done to deserve this8 he also did
not want to blame her husband and accuse him by saying 7=ou haven&t
been giving us time, the #ids are suffering because of you.8
o she decided to be self assertive without being whiny and playing theblame game. he said 7$ haven&t been given the support $ needed, our#ids and $ are being affected by it, let&s tal# and decide about what can bedone about it. hat do you thin# "ow do you feel about it
). Sel"-o*servation
!e"inition: >ealing with stress by reflection on one&s thoughts, feelings,
motivation, and behaviour*and then responding appropriately.
E$aple: ngaging in /ournaling, self*e%ploration, therapy, bibliotherapy,
etc.
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+. Su*liation
!e"inition:;nacceptable emotions are defused by being channeled into
socially acceptable behavior.
E$aple:+ Professor who feels a secret disgust for teaching instead
wor#s more diligently to earn the teaching award.
E$aple:+ person with e%cessive, primitive se%ual drives invests psychic
energy into a well*defined religious value system.
,. Suppression
!e"inition: Consciously or semiconsciously postponing attention to a
conscious impulse or conflict. $ssues may be deliberately cut*off, but they
are not avoided.
E$aple:+n older man has se%ual feelings towards a teenager and
uic#ly suppresses the thought.
E$aple: $ want to #ic# the living ???? out of an idiot at the office.
$nstead, $ smile at them and try to feel sorry for their !reudian plight.
E$aple: $ am about to ta#e a short*cut down an alleyway. There are
some people down there. $ decide to ta#e the longer, but more interesting
route.
. !isplaceent
!e"inition:hifting an emotion or drive cathe%is from one idea or ob/ect to
another that resembles the original in some aspect or uality.
>isplacement permits the symbolic representation of the original idea or
ob/ect by one that is less highly cathected or evo#es less distress.
E$aple: + man may spend the day suffering humiliations at wor# forwhich he cannot retaliate@ then he goes home, discovers that his son has
failed to ta#e out the trash , and on that prete%t gives the son a terribsle
dressing down.
1.!issociation
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!e"inition:Temporarily but drastically modifying a person&s character or
one&s sense of personal identity to avoid emotional stress. !ugue states
and hysterical conversion reactions are common manifestations of
dissociation. + person loses trac# of time or a person and instead finds
another representation of their self in order to continue in the moment.
E$aple: +fter brea#ing up with a lover, a suicidal person is suddenly
unable to recall the periods of time during the time they were together.
11. /ntellectuali0ation
!e"inition: %cessively using intellectual processes to avoid affective
e%pression or e%perience. ;ndue emphasis is focused on the inanimate in
order to avoid intimacy with people, attention is paid to e%ternal reality to
avoid the e%pression of inner feelings, and stress is e%cessively placed onirrelevant details to avoid perceiving the whole.
E$aple:+ person who has /ust been given a terminal medical diagnosis,
instead of e%pressing their sadness and grief, focuses instead on the
details of all possible fruitless medical procedures.
1%./solation o" e""ect
!e"inition: Conflict is defused by separating ideas from affects, thus
retaining an awareness of intellectual or factual aspects but losing touch
with threatening emotions.
E$aple: + biology student sacrifices a laboratory animal, without
worrying about its right to e%istence, uality of life or emotional state.
13.Reaction Foration
!e"inition:;nacceptable thoughts or impulses are contained by adopting
a position that e%presses the direct opposite.
E$aple: + writer who hates some groups of people writes an articleprotesting their unfair treatment by the government.
1&.Repression
!e"inition:!orbidden thoughts and wishes are withheld from conscious
awareness.
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E$aple:+ person&s /ealous desire to murder a rival is denied access to
conscious awareness.
1(.Undoing
!e"inition: ;ndoing is the attempt to ta#e bac# an unconscious behavior
or thought that is unacceptable or hurtful.
E$aple: +fter 5onald reali-ed that he had /ust insulted his significant
other unintentionally, he spent the ne%t hour praising his girlfriend beauty,
charm and intellect.
1).!evaluation
!e"inition:+ttributing unrealistic negative ualities to self or others, as a
means of punishing the self or reducing the impact of the devalued item.
E$aple:The formerly admired Professor who gives you a > on your
term paper is suddenly critici-ed as a terrible teacher.
1+./deali0ation
!e"inition:+ttributing unrealistic positive ualities to self or others.
E$aple:+ student worried about intellectual ability begins to idoli-e a
tutor.
1,.nipotence
!e"inition: +n image of oneself as incredibly powerful, intelligent, or
superior is created to overcome threatening eventualities or feelings.
E$aple: + student facing a difficult final e%am asserts that there is
nothing about the material that he doesn&t #now.
1.!enial
!e"inition:+voiding the awareness of some painful aspect of reality by
negating sensory data. >enial abolishes e%ternal reality.
E$aple: + person who is a functioning alcoholic will often simply deny
having a drin#ing problem, pointing to how well he functions in his /ob and
relationship.
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%.Pro2ection
!e"inition:;nacceptable emotions or personal ualities are disowned by
attributing them to others.
E$aple:+ student attributes his own anger to the professor, and therebycomes to see himself as a persecuted victim.
%1.Rationali0ation
!e"inition:+n e%planation for behavior is constructed after the fact to
/ustify one&s actions in the eyes of self or others.
E$aple: + woman who starts dating a man she really, really li#es is
suddenly dumped by the man for no given reason. he reframes the
situation in her mind with, 7 $ suspected she was a loser all along.8
%%.Autistic "antasy
!e"inition: The tendency to retreat into fantasy in order to resolve inner
and outer conflicts.The individual deals with emotional conflict or internal
or e%ternal stressors by e%cessive daydreaming as a substitute for human
relationships, more effective action, or problem solving.
E$aple:+ 02*year*old boy dreams of being the world chess champion.
"e spends nearly all of his time alone studying the game and won&t
discuss other topics.
%3.Pro2ective /denti"ication
!e"inition:;npleasant feelings and reactions are not only pro/ected onto
others, but also retained in awareness and viewed as a reaction to the
recipient&s behavior.
E$aple:+ student attributes his own anger to the professor but sees his
response as a /ustifiable reaction to persecution.
%&.Splitting
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who uses passive*aggressive method to cope with stresses on them
does this by attac#ing others through passive means. Thus the
aggressive intent is cloa#ed by the passive method. Passive aggression
often appears when a person is as#ed to do something which they want
to avoidfor some reason (such as priority of other wor#). By appearingto agree but not ma#ing any real commitment, they can avoid the action.
E$aple:+n employee who does not li#e a reasonable directive issued
by the boss may delay performing the tas# as a sign of resistance. Then
too, being sullen or otherwise subtly resistance may be the easy response
to such a situation.
%,.!elusional Pro2ection
!e"inition:!ran# delusions about e%ternal reality, usually of a persecutory
nature.
E$aple: + person at a meeting is as#ed to complete a tas# with
which they feel unable to comply. They tal# at great length about it,
discussing how important it is and all the various comple%ities that
would be involved. +t the end of the meeting, they still have not
agreed to do anything.
E$aple: + sales person uses a persuasive sales patter. The
customer agrees that this is /ust what they want, but when it comes to
signing the order, they find reasons why they cannot buy today.
E$aple:+ change manager as#s people to change what they do. They
agree but do not actually do what they agreed to do.
%.Psychotic !istortion
!e"inition:+ gross reshaping of e%ternal reality to meet internal needs.
E$aple: 5eplacing an%iety with /oy and e%citement
3.Psychotic !enial
!e"inition: gross impairment in reality testing.
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E$aple:+ man hears that his wife has been #illed, and yet refuses
to believe it, still setting the table for her and #eeping her clothes and
other accoutrements in the bedroom.
31.Asceticis!e"inition:liminating the pleasurable effects of e%periences. There is a
moral element in assigning values to specific pleasures. +sceticism is
directed against all base pleasures perceived consciously.
E$aple: 6on#s ta#e a vow of silence and give up se%.
3%.'ypochondriasis
!e"inition:%aggerating or overemphasi-ing an illness for the purpose of
evasion and regression. $n hypochondriasis, responsibility can be avoided,
guilt may be circumvented, and instinctual impulses are warded off.
E$aple: + person who has a minor cough may thin# that they have
tuberculosis.
33./ntro2ection
!e"inition: $nternali-ing the ualities of an ob/ect. hen used as adefense, it can obliterate the distinction between the sub/ect and the
ob/ect.
E$aple: $ have to give a presentation but feel scared. $ put on the
hat of +braham incoln and imagine $ am confidently giving an
important address to the nation.
E$aple:+ child is threatened at school. They ta#e on the strong*
defender attributes that they perceive in their father and push away
the bully.
E$aple: + business leader sets high moral standards within the
company. 6any others follow her lead.
3&.Regression
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!e"inition:+ttempting to return to an earlier libidinal phase of functioning
to avoid the tension and conflict evo#ed at the present level of
development. $t reflects the basic tendency to gain instinctual gratification
at a less*developed period.
E$aple: + regressed adult may be reduced to a babbling, helpless
creature who has to be fed and toileted li#e a baby.
3(.Soati0ation
!e"inition: Converting psychic derivatives into bodily symptoms and
tending to react with somatic manifestations.
+. !esoati0ation:$nfantile somatic responses are replaced by thought
and affect.
B. Resoati0ation:The person regresses to somatic forms in the face of
unresolved conflicts.
E$aple: + policeman, who has to be very restricted in his
professional behavior, develops hypertension.
E$aple:+ worried actor develops a twitch.
3).E$ternali0ation
!e"inition: Tending to perceive in the e%ternal world and in e%ternal
ob/ects elements of one&s own personality, including instinctual impulses,
conflicts, moods, attitudes, and styles of thin#ing.
E$aple: The patient is e%tremely argumentative@ instead of recogni-ing
this characteristic in herself, however, she complains about the difficult
personalities of others and views herself as blameless.
3+./nhi*ition
!e"inition:Consciously limiting or renouncing some ego functions, alone
or in combination, to evade an%iety arising out of conflict with instinctual
impulses, the superego, or environmental forces or figures.
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E$aple: + person is conscious of se%ual desire but if finding it
frustrating, decides that all that is really wanted in the relationship is
companionship.
E$aple: + student who originally wanted to be a physician decides to
become a physicians assistant.
3,.Se$uali0ation
!e"inition: ndowing an ob/ect or function with se%ual significance that it
did not previously have or possessed to a smaller degree in order to ward
off an%ieties associated with prohibited impulses or their derivatives.
E$aple: when a person is treated as a se% ob/ect rather than as a whole
person
E$aple: when physical characteristics are considered to be the only
indicator of se%iness
3.4urning against sel"
!e"inition:The ob/ective of a drive, usually aggression, is changed from
another person to the self. $t&s therefore seen freuently in depression and
masochism.
E$aple: Ance upon a time, at a time when $ was not feeling my best, my
daughter, five years old, spilled an entire glass of chocolate mil# in the
living room. $ lashed out at her verbally, telling her she was clumsy and
had to learn to be more careful and how often hadnt $ told her and...well,
you #now. he stood there stiffly with a sort of smoldering loo# in her
eyes, and, of all things, pounded herself on her own head several timesD
&.opartentali0ation
!e"inition:Compartmentali-ation is a lesser form of dissociation, wherein
parts of oneself are separated from awareness of other parts and
behaving as if one had separate sets of values.
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E$aple:+n honest person who cheats on their income ta% return and
#eeps their two value systems distinct and un*integrated while remaining
unconscious of the cognitive dissonance.
&1.opensation
!e"inition: Compensation is a process of psychologically
counterbalancing perceived wea#nesses by emphasi-ing strength in other
arenas.
E$aple:7$ may not #now how to coo#, but $ can sure do the dishesD8
&%.#inii0ation!e"inition:Eot ac#nowledging the significance of one&s behavior. +llows a
person to decrease responsibility for own behavior.
E$aple: hen a person says 7>on&t believe everything my wife tells
you. $ wasn&t so drun# $ couldn&t drive.8
&3.Su*stitution
!e"inition: The replacement of a highly valued, unacceptable, or
unavailable ob/ect by a less valuable, acceptable, or available ob/ect.
E$aple:+ woman wants to marry a man e%actly li#e her dead father and
settles for someone who loo#s a little bit li#e him.
&&.5eepiness and rying
!e"inition: hen people cannot emotionally cope with a situation, one
option is to burst into tears.
=ounger children readily cry. omen are more li#ely to cry than men,
who may get to a point where they want to cry, but cannot.
Crying can appear at different levels of noticeability, from silent tears to
loud and heart*rending sobs.
E$aple: + person hears that one of their wor# pro/ects has been
stopped. They feel li#e crying but hold it in until they get home, where
they burst into tears of frustration and sadness when telling their
partner all about it.
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&(.5ithdra6al!e"inition: ithdrawal is a more severe form of defense. $t entails
removing oneself from events, stimuli, and interactions under the threat ofbeing reminded of painful thoughts and feelings.
E$aple: + person who e%perienced a traumatic relationship with friends
withdraws from her group for fear of being reminded of being left.
&).!istancing
!e"inition: hen people perceive a threat, a common approach is to
distance themselves from it. The same effect happens when they feel
stressed by a current situation.
People may physically move away from a threat. They may also move
away mentally and emotionally. 6ental distancing includes thin#ing less
about the sub/ect, for e%ample by simplifying and stereotyping. motional
distancing includes loosening bondsand can result in the person caring
less.
E$aple: + person having an argument storms out of the room.
(hile this has a significant controlaspect, it also ta#es them away
from the discomfort of conflict).
E$aple: + woman whose husband spends a lot of time at wor#
starts to distance herself by finding other interests and is less often at
home when he returns.
E$aple: + person who is stressed at wor# is absent with illness more
often.
&+.Eotionality
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!e"inition: hen we become stressed or tension is caused, a number of
negative emotions may start to build, including anger,
frustration, fear,/ealousyand so on.
hen we display these emotions it can affect others around us, arousingsimilar or polar feelings. + common social valueis that we should not
distress others, so many people hold the emotion in, bottling up the
stress. This in itself can trigger other coping mechanisms. $t can also
result in e%plosive outbursts as we are unable to contain the emotion
further.
E$aple: Teenagers often cannot contain the emotions caused by
physiological and temporal development. +s a result, they can bevery emotional and can contribute significantly to family problems.
&,.Attac7
!e"inition: The best form of defense is attac# is a common saying and is
also a common action, and when we feel threatened or attac#ed (even
psychologically), we will attac# bac#.
hen a person feels stressed in some way, they may lash out at whoever
is in the way, whether the other person is a real cause or not. They may
also attac# inanimate ob/ects.
E$aple: omeone critici-es me in a discussion. $ angrily critici-e
them bac#.
&.Avoidance
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!e"inition: $n avoidance, we simply find ways of avoiding having to face
uncomfortable situations, things or activities. The discomfort, for
e%ample, may come from unconscious se%ual or aggressive impulses.
+voidance may include removing oneself physically from a situation. $t
may also involve finding ways not to discuss or even thin# about the topic
in uestion.
E$aple: $ disli#e another person at wor#. $ avoid wal#ing past their
des#. hen people tal# about them, $ say nothing.
6y son does not li#e doing homewor#. henever the sub/ect of
school comes up, he changes the topic. "e also avoids loo#ing
directly at me.
(.Sel"-'aring
!e"inition: The person physically deliberately hurts themself in some way or
otherwise puts themselves at high risk of harm.
E$aple:Slapping oneself
Banging one's head against a table
Punching a hard wall
Picking at wounds
Cutting oneself with a knife or sharp object
Burning oneself
Biting oneself
(1.Sy*oli0ation
!e"inition: ymboli-ation is a way of handling inner conflicts by turning
them into distinct symbols.
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well be symbolic and dramatic and it often acts as a communication
about the situation. %treme symptoms may include paralysis, blindness,
deafness, becoming mute or having a sei-ure. esser symptoms include
tiredness, headaches and twitches.
E$aple: + persons arm becomes suddenly paraly-ed after they
have been threatening to hit someone else.
((.Up6ard and do6n6ard social coparisons
!e"inition:+ defensive tendency that is used a means of self*evaluation.
$ndividuals will loo# to another individual or comparison group who are
considered to be worse off in order to dissociate themselves from
perceived similarities and to ma#e themselves feel better about
themselves or their personal situation.
E$aple: $f you compare yourself to your friends and feel that you are
pretty physically fit, you might sign up for a marathon believing that you
have the ability to finish with no problem. hen race day arrives, you
might find yourself surrounded by people who are much more athletic than
you and reali-e that your initial assessment of your abilities was overly
optimistic.
().'uility
!e"inition: + mechanism by which a person, considering their own
defects, has a humble self*opinion.
E$aple:
(+.Eotional sel"-regulation
!e"inition:motional elf*5egulation refers to the processes people use
to modify the type, intensity, duration, or e%pression of various emotions.
E$aple:
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(,.Eotional sel"-su""iciency
!e"inition: Eot being dependent on the validation (approval or
disapproval) of others.
E$aple:
(.#oderation
!e"inition: The process of eliminating or lessening e%tremes and staying
within reasonable limits. $t necessitates self*restraint which is imposed by oneself
on one&s own feelings.
E$aple:
).Apathetic 5ithdra6al
!e"inition:
E$aple:
)1.Bloc7ing
!e"inition: Temporarily or transiently inhibiting thin#ing. +ffects and
impulses may also be involved. Bloc#ing closely resembles repression but
differs in that tension arises when the impulse, affect, or thought isinhibited.
E$aple:)%.ontrolling
!e"inition:+ttempting to manage or regulate events or ob/ects in the
environment to minimi-e an%iety and to resolve inner conflicts.
E$aple:)3.Reversal
!e"inition:5eversal refers mainly to turning love to hate and hate into
love for defensive purposes.
E$aple:)&.Addictive Behavior
!e"inition:
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E$aple:
)(.Repetition opulsion
!e"inition:
E$aple:
)).Eulation
!e"inition:
E$aple:
)+.ynicis
!e"inition:
E$aple:
),.Erotici0ation
!e"inition:
E$aple:
)./ndividualis
!e"inition:
E$aple:
+.Per"ectionis
!e"inition:
E$aple:
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