SCHIZOPHRENIA

SPECTRUM AND OTHER

PSYCHOTIC

DISORDERS

PREPARED BY:

CARDOZA, BLESILDA C.

III- 10 BS PSYCHOLOGY

Key Features That Define the

Psychotic Disorders

Delusions

Hallucinations

Disorganized Thinking (Speech)

Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor

Behavior (Including Catatonia)

Negative Symptoms

Delusions

are fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of

conflicting evidence.

VARIETY OF THEMES

Persecutory Delusions- going to be harmed,

harassed.

Referential Delusions- certain gestures,

comments, environmental cues are directed

to oneself.

Grandiose Delusions- believes that he/she

has exceptional abilities, wealth or fame.

Erotomanic Delusions- believes falsely that

another person is in love with him or her.

Nihilistic Delusions- involve the conviction

that a major catastrophe will occur.

Somatic Delusions- focus on

preoccupations regarding health and organ

function.

Hallucinations

Perception-like

experiences that occur

within an external stimulus.

may occur in any sensory

modality, but auditory

hallucinations are the most

common in Schizophrenia.

Disorganized Thinking (SPEECH)

switch from one topic to

another.

Answers to questions may be

obliquely related.

Speaking in unintelligible

words and sentences.

Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior (INCLUDING CATATONIA)

may manifest itself in a variety of ways,

ranging from childlike “silliness” to

unpredictable agitation.

CATATONIA

Negativism Mutism and Stupor Catatonic

Excitement

Negative Symptoms

Absence or insufficiency of normal

behavior.

Examples are emotional/social

withdrawal, apathy, and poverty of

thought/speech.

SYMPTOMS THAT ARE PROMINENT TO SCHIZOPRENIA

1) Diminished Emotional Expression- reductions in

the expression of emotions in the face,

eye contact, intonation of speech and

movements of the hand, head and face

that normally give an emotional emphasis

to speech.

2) Avolition- decrease in motivated self-

initiated purposeful activities.

3) Alogia – A relative absence of

speech.

4) Anhedonia- Inability to experience

pleasure or engage in pleasurable

activities.

5) Asociality- apparent lack of interest in

social interactions.

DELUSIONAL DISORDER

Diagnostic Criteria Presence of one or more delusions with a

duration of 1 month or longer.

Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not obviously odd or bizarre.

If mood episodes have occurred concurrently with delusions, their total duration has been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods.

The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (drug abuse, medication or a medical condition)

Subtypes Erotomanic Type- another person is in

love with the individual. (e.g., a famous

individual or a superior at work)

Grandiose Type- having some great talent

or insight or of having made some

important discovery.

Jealous Type- sexual partner is being

unfaithful.

Persecutory Type- they are being

subjected to spying, stalking, rumors.

Somatic Type- belief of having some

physical illness or disorder whose nature is

delusionaly absurd.

Prevalence

The lifetime prevalence of delusional

disorder has been estimated at around 0.2

%.

Most frequent subtype is PERSECUTORY

TYPE.

JEALOUS TYPE is most common in males

than in females.

Development and Course

Has a significant familial relationship with

Schizophrenia. Although it can occur in

younger age groups, the condition may be

more prevalent in older individuals.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

presence of one or more of the ff.

symptoms:

a) Delusions

b) Hallucinations

c) Disorganized Speech

d) Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic

Behavior

duration of an episode of the disturbance is

at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with

eventual full return to premorbid level of

Prevalence

In United States, brief psychotic disorder

may account for 9 % of cases of first onset

psychosis.

More common in females than males.

Development and Course

may appear in adolescence or early

adulthood, and onset can occur across the

lifespan, with the average age at onset

being the mid 30s.

For some individuals, the duration of

Psychotic symptoms may be quite brief.

(e.g., a few days)

DIAGNOSTIC CRITIERIA

Two or more of the ff., each present for a

significant portion of time during a 1-month

period. At least one of these must be:

a) Delusions

b) Hallucinations

c) Disorganized Speech

d) Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic

Behavior

e) Negative Symptoms

an episode of the disorder lasts at least 1 month

but less than 6 months. When the diagnosis

must be made without waiting for recover, it

should be qualified as PROVISIONAL.

not attributable to the physiological effects of a

substance.

Prevalence in U.S. and other developed countries , the

incidence is low, possibly fivefold less than

that of schizophrenia.

in some settings Schizophreniform disorder

may be as common as Schizophrenia.

Development and Course

About 1/3 of individuals with an initial

diagnosis of Schizophreniform disorder

recover within the 6-month period and

schizophreniform disorder is their final

diagnosis.

The majority of the remaining 2/3 of individuals

will eventually receive a diagnosis of

Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia

DIAGNOSTIC CRITIERIA

Two or more of the ff., each present for a

significant portion of time during a 1-month period.

a) Delusions

b) Hallucinations

c) Disorganized Speech

d) Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior

e) Negative Symptoms

Significant problems functioning at work or school,

relating to other people, and taking care of oneself.

Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least

6 months.

Not attributable to the physiological effects of a

substance.

If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a

communication disorder of childhood onset, the

additional diagnosis of Schizophrenia is made only if

prominent delusions or hallucinations, In addition to

the other required symptoms of Schizophrenia, are

also present for at least 1 month.

Prevalence

the lifetime prevalence of Schizophrenia

appears to be approximately 0.3 %- 0.7 %.

The sex ratio differs across samples and

populations.

Development and Course

The peek age at onset for the first psychotic

episode is in the early-to-mid 20s for males

and in the late-20s for females.

Children who later receive the diagnosis of

Schizophrenia are more likely to have

experienced nonspecific emotional-behavioral

disturbances and psychopathology.

Thank You!