ABHRAKA BHASMA

Dr. Naveen.K.

2nd MD

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION • SYNONYMS• RASA PANCHAKA• PROPERTIES• TYPES • CLASSIFICATION OF MICA• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION• DHANYABHRAKA NIRMAANA• SHODHANA & MARANA• AMRITHIKARANA• LOUHRITHIKARANA• SATVPAATANA • AMAYIKA PRAYOGA• CLINICAL STUDY• YOGAS

Introduction

Abhraka , Is one among the maharasa,called as mica

Abhra vaikranta maakshikam vimalaadrija sasyakam

Chapalo rasakadcheti jnaatvasto sangrahed rasan

Abhraka is SHUKRA of Devi

Nirukti Abhrati abhryate

Abhragatou dhaatu abhrasya pratika

Its structure resembles to that of a cloud.

SYNONYMS

• ABHRA• AJARA• AMBARA• ANANTAKA• BAHUPATRA• GIRIJA• GIRIJABIJA • GOURITEJA• PITAKA• RASAMULA• SANDHATVANASANAM• SUBHRAM• VAJRA

Rasa panchaka

• Rasa - Kasaya, Madhura• Guna - Snigdha, Laghu• Virya - Sita• Vipaka - Madhura• Prabhava – Rasayana

Dosa Karma• Vata Pittaghna• Akaphakara• Tridosaghna

Properties Goureeteja paramamritam vaatapittakshayagnam

Prajnaabodhi prashamatirujam vrishysmaayushyamgrayam

Balyam snigdham ruchidamkapham deepanam sheetaveeryam

Tath tath yogaihi sakalagadahritdvyoma sootendrabandhi - RRS 2/2

Abhraka which is mined from depth of one raajahasta – 1.25 feet – is said to have the above qualities , which is available on the earth is devoid of essence & useless

Abhram kashaaya madhuram susheetam ayukaram dhaatuvivardhanam cha

Hanyatridosha vrana meha kushta pleehodara granthi visha krimeescha

Rogaan hanti dhridayativapu veeryavriddhi vidhatte taarunyaadhya ramayati shatam yoshitam nityameva Deerghaayushyaan janayati sutaan vikramaisimhatulyan

mrutyobhreetim harati satati sevamaanam mritaabhram- Ayurveda prakaasha

Mritam satvam harenmrityu sarvarogavinaashanam kshayam paandu grahaneekam shvaasam shulam sakaamalam jvaramehaanscha kaasanscha gulmaanpanchavidhaanapi medaagnimudaranyevamarshaamsi vividhaani cha anupaana prayogena sarvaroga hanti cha abhram satvagunaa vaktum shakyate na samaashatai :

- Rasaprakaasha sudhaakara

PRASHASTHA ABHRAKA LAKSHANA

Snigdham prithudalam varnasamyuktam bhaaratoadhikam

Sukhanirmochapatrm cha tadabhram shastameeritam

RRS 2/11

Unctous

With layers

Good coloured

Heavy in wt

Layers are easily seperable

Sevana yogya abhraka bhasma

• Nischandrikam – lustreless

• Mritam – maarita,after maarana karma

Sevana ayogya abhraka bhasma• Chandrasamyuktam – with lustre

Complication- meham mandaanalam chareth

RRS 2/13

TYPES OF ABHRAKA ACCORDING TOVARIOUS PARAMETERS

According to reaction on fire(R.R.S. 2/4 )

According toVarna (A.P.2/91)

According toUdbhava Sthana(R.T. 10/14)

According to colour(R.T. 10/3-4, A.P. 2/92-93,R.P. 7/13)

Pinaka Naga Manduka Vajra

Sveta Rakta Pita Krsna1. Brahmana(Sveta) 2. Ksatriya(Rakta)3. Vaisya(Pita)4. Sudra(Krisna)

1. uttaraseilottha(Uttama) 2. Daksinaseilottha(Madhyama)3. Purvaseilottha(Hina)

Sveta Rakta Pita Krisna

Pinaka Naga Manduka Vajra

Sr. No Variety Sound

produced

Change on fire

Effect if taken

internally

1 Pinaka Chit, Chit sound

Separates the leaves

with specific sound

Mahakustha,

Malabandha,

Mrutyu

2 Naga Whistling sound

Separates the leaves

with specific sound

Bhagandara,

Mandalakust Maha Kustha

3 Manduka Sounds like frog

Jumps in fire Svasa, Apsmara, Mrtyu

4 Vajra No sound

produced

Unchanged Vyadhi-Vardhakya-

Mrtyu Nasaka, Sarva

Rogahara

Types of Mica

1 Muscovite - Potassium Mica [H2KAl3 (SiO4)3]

2. Paragonite - Sodium Mica [H2NaAl3 (SiO4)3]

3. Lepidolite - Lithium Mica [(OH, F)2 KLiAl2 Si3O10]

4. Zinnwaldiet - Lithium iron Mica [(Li2K2Fe2Al4Si7O24]

5. Biotite - Magnesium iron Mica [H2K(Mg,Fe)3 Al(SiO4)3]

6. Phlogopite - Magnesium Mica - usually containing flourine free from iron

[H2KMg3Al (SiO4)3]

7. Lepidomelane - Iron Micas containing ferric iron in large amount (H2K)Fe3(Al, Fe)(SiO4)3]

Physical properties

• Specific gravity (gm/cm³) 2.82• Refractive Index 1.58• Hardness (Moh's Scale) 2.5• pH value 7.7• Softening Point 2800°F

Chemical Composition

• Silica• Aluminia• Potash• Ferric Oxide• Calcium Oxide• Magnesia• Titanium Oxide• Manganese• Sodium Oxide• Phosphorous• Sulphur

Dhaanyabhraka nirmaana

Abhraka is mixed with shaali dhaanya tied in cloth keep in kaanji & do mardana. The resultant powder of abhraka is known as dhaanyabhraka

• Uses (1) To reduce the hardness of Abhraka.(2) To form more fine and standard size to

Abhraka particle to increase the area of exposure.(3) To remove the remaining physical impurities.(4) And also to impose the properties of Amla

Rasa through Kanji on it.

Shodhana

Nirvaapana – heating & dipping for 7 times in kaaji gomutra triphala kwaatha goksheera

Maarana Equal quantity of shodhita abhraka haridra pouded with amalaki tankana swarasa

Subjected to 60 puta

Sinduranibha bhasma procured

Method 2 :

Bhaavana of abhraka with swarasa of

vatamula/ nagavalli/ vasa/ matsyakshi with kathilla/ vataksheera subjected 20 times gaja puta

• Scholars of rasasastra widely vary in their opinion regarding the number of Putas to be given for preparation of Abhraka Bhasma. Acaryas prescribe the Putas ranging from 1 to 1000. (1, 3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 1000) (A.P. 2/106 & R. S. S.), for the preparation of Abhraka Bhasma

Ref Number of puta Therapeutic effect

Ayurveda Prakasa

10-100

100-1000

500

Vyadhinasana

Rasayana

Vajikarana

Br. R. R. S. 18 Puta

36 Puta

54 Puta

Tridosghna Medoghna

Shothaghna

1. Samghatabhedakara - Gomutra, Aja Rakta,

2. Balya + Samghatabhedakara - Asvagandha, Goksura, Vasa, Talamula,Talispatra, Brhati, Agnimanth, Kantakari

3. Balya - Kokilaksa, Asvagandha, Vatakshira, Eranda Mula, Patala,Krsnaparni, Devadaru.

4. Dipana - Agni Mantha, Citraka, Tilaparni, Brhati, Tambul

5. Varnya - Kumari, Vatakshira, Vatakvatha, Lodhra, Patala, Bhrngaraja,Kukkutnakhi, Manjistha, Laksa

6. Visaghna - Tanduliyaka, Kadali, Saliparni, Prsnaparni, Tilaparni, Saptaparna, Sankhapuspi, Triphla, Kakamachi, Musakarni, Bhrngaraja.

7. Kasaghna - Datura, Kasamarda, Talisaptra, Vansa, Arkamula, Arkakshira,Bhadra Mustaka, Brhati, Kadamba, Kantakari

8. Ragakara - Manjisatha, Gangeruki, Bhadramusta, Vatakshira, Haridra

Maarana dravyas

Amrithikarana Materials • Abhraka – 10 parts • Triphala kashaya – 16 parts• Gogritha – 10 partsProcedure Heat all the materials together up to red hot stage is

attained , close & allow to cool the content. Varnahaani -red coloured Bhasma changes to brown or

black one.Advantage Ferroso Ferric Oxide - Fe3O4- oxide is the basic oxide

readily reacting with dilute acids to form corresponding iron salts, this makes it the most absorptive form of iron, which will be digested in Stomach.

Louhrithikarana A process carried out for the regeneration

of Lohita Varna i.e. red colour of Abhraka Bhasma is called Lohitikarana

Procedure Bhasma is given bhaavana with manjishta

kwaatha, give 3 gajaputa to get brick red coloured bhasma

Advantage Thus maximum amount of Iron is converted to

Fe2O3 i.e. Ferric state, inwhich it can be absorbed in the body readily.

Satvapaatana Shodhita abhraka + ¼ tankana Bhaavana with musali svarasa In satvapaatana koshti heated liberate satva

Satva shodhana Satva boiled in kaanji with mixing of shodhaneeya gana

dravyas, later kept in musha heated. After cooling content is mixed agajn with shodhaneeya gana dravya heated & cooled.

Satvamaarana

• Fine powder of abhraka satva is kept in sharaava repeatedly for 7 times.

• Equal quantity of shodhita gandhaka is added , bhaavana of vatamula kashaaya

• 20 gajaputa given in sharaava samputa• Bhaavana of triphala kashaaya followed by 20 varaaha puta

given• Bhasma obtained is given bhaavana with svarasa or kashaaya

of triphala,mundi,bhringaraaja,harithaki,vibhitaki & moolaka respectively.

• Instead of 20 varaaha putas if 100 putas given its called as satvaabhra satvaabhra

Satvabhratkinchidaparam nirvikaaram gunaadhikamSatvabhratkinchidaparam nirvikaaram gunaadhikamGunavajjayate atyartham param deepana paachanamGunavajjayate atyartham param deepana paachanam

RRS 2/44RRS 2/44

AMAYIKA PRAYOGA

Dosage : 1 – 2 ratti (125 – 250 mg)• Abhraka satva bhasma of 1-2 ratti(125 -250 mg) with

trikatu, vidanga & ghee each 1 ratti will eradicate kshaya, paandu, grahani, shoola, kushta.

• Useful in jwara, shvasa, prameha, aruchi, kasa, mandaagni, udara.

• Along with nisha, pippali – prameha• Taken with svarna bhasma – kshaya

• AB, haritaki, ela, guda, sharkara – raktapitta• AB with madhu & triphala – netrya • AB with murva – vrana• AB with bhallataka – tvak dosha• Abhraka bhasma, ashvagandha, nagara ,

pushkara mula, bhaarngi – vata vyadhi • AB with chaturjaata, sita – pittaroga• AB, katphala, trikatu, kshoudra – shleshma roga

natah parataram kinchith jara mrityu vinaashanam

yogaratnakara

CLINICAL STUDY

1) Oza N. H. 1966, The Abhraka Bhasma (21 puta) showed a 38.5% increase in Hb% along with 0.2 million increase in RBC count. when it was administered in the dose of 250 mg thrice daily for fifteen days

2 ) Joshi D., 1973 - 66% relief was reported in the patients of Amlapitta with the treatment of Abhraka Bhasma (20 Puta) administered in the dose of 200 mg/ four times a day for 10 days where as 89% relief was found in the patients of Amlapitta with the treatment of Svetabhraka Bhasma administered in the dose of 500 mg/thrice a day for ten days.

3) Dwivedy G., 1981 - Symptomatic relief in Polyurea (77%) Polydypsia (38%) Turbid urine (24%) Burning sensation of palm and sole (31%) and Impotency (31%) was observed in the patients of Prameha (Diabetes Mellitus) with the treatment of Abhraka Satva Bhasma, when it was administered in the dose of 62.5 mg/twice daily for a period of 15 to 60 days with Trikatu

STUDY ON ABHRAKA BHASMAby

DEEPALI KORDE -RSBK-2003 IPGT&R, JAMNAGAR, GUJARAT

Toxicity study - To evaluate the safety profile

• 1. Group - 10 puti A.B. 11 mg / 200 gm body weight• 2. Group - 20 puti A.B. 11 mg / 200 gm body weight• 3. Group - (Control) Normal feeds No drug given Tap

water

The rats were fed for 43 days and sacrificed on 44th days by cervical dislocation.

EFFECT OF THE 10 PUTI AND 20 PUTI ABHRAKA BHASMAON BODY WEIGHT OF ALBINO RATS, RECORDED

DURING TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY

Body weight gain was observed in all the three groups. The body weight increase was comparatively less in10 puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group in comparison to control where as it is comparatively higher in 20 puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group. However, both these differences were found to be statistically non-significant .

Liver The apparent moderate decrease observed in 10

Puti Abhraka bhasma treated groupand the apparent increase observed in 20 Puti Abhraka Bhasma administered group were found to be statistically non-significant

Kidney

statistically non-significant increase in kidney weight was observed in both the drug treated groups irrespective expression of data either inabsolute or relative form

Heart

statistically not significant decrease in heart weight -irrespective of expression of data in terms of either absolute of relative weights

Spleen The data obtained showed statistically

significant gain in the weight of the spleen when expressed in terms of relative weight in the group treated with 10 Puti Abhraka Bhasma, while the weight gain expressed in terms of absolute weight in the same group was not statistically significant. In the group treated with 20 Puti Abhraka Bhasma statistically non-significant decrease in spleen weight was observed irrespective of the manner in which the data were expressed

Testes Marginal, statistically non-significant increase in

testes is weight was observed in both groups

HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL

Marginal reduction in Hb level in 10 Puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group while

marked reduction was observed in the group treated with 20 Puti Abhraka Bhasma which was statistically highly significant

RBC Administrationof 10 Puti Abhraka Bhasma

did not have any effect on RBC count. In 20 Puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group, an apparent 17.25% but statistically non-significant decrease was observed.

WBC

Test drug administration leads to an apparent moderate but statistically non-significant decrease in total WBC count.

Platelet count

The apparent decrease observed in platelet count in drug treated group, in comparison to control group, was found to be statistically non significant

EFFECT ON SERUM CHOLESTEROL

Administration of 10 Puti Abhraka Bhasma lead to an apparent 19.72%., increase in serum total cholesterol level. An apparent decrease was observed in 20 Puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group

BLOOD UREA Significant elevation in Blood Urea level in 10 puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group in

comparison to control group. In 20 puti Abharaka Bhasma administered group the marginal increase.

EFFECT ON SERUM CREATININE

In 10 Puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group 59.78% increase in serum creatinine level was observed. In 20 Puti Abhraka Bhasma administered group a marginal 3.2% decrease was observed.

EFFECT ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE

The apparent increase observed in serum triglyceride level in test drugs administered groups, in comparison to control group

HDL-CHOLESTEROL

Statistically significant increase was observed in 20 Puti Abhraka Bhasma as compared to control group rats. In 10 puti Abhraka Bhasma treated group only a marginal decrease was observed

SERUM BILIRUBIN

Administration of test drugs lead to an apparent but statistically non-significant decrease in serum bilirubin level

TOTAL PROTEIN

A marginal to moderate, but statistically non- significant, increase in total protein level in serum in drug treated groups in comparison to control group

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

show an apparent marginal to moderate elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase activity, in test drug treated group, in comparison to control group.

SGOT

The apparent moderate increase observed in SGOT activity in test drugs administered groups in comparison to

control group

SGPT

The test drug did not produce any significant effect on SGPT activity.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES

Microscopic Examination

LIVER

In group treated with 10 puti Abhraka Bhasma there was no changes in the cytoarchitechture. In group receiving 20 puti Abhraka Bhasma fatty degenerative changes of moderate intensity was observed.

KIDNEY

Microscopic examination of kidney sections from different groups did not reveal any marked changes in the cytoarchitecture

Lungs

Lung sections from 10 puti Abhraka Bhasma administered group in some rats showed cell infiltration of moderate intensity. In lung sections from group receiving 20 puti Abhraka Bhasma intense inflammatory reactions along with fluid accumulation was observed. The bronchioles were filled with exudates that extended extensively into the associated respiratory acini and peri-bronchiolar alveoli. Further thickening of the alveolar wall was observed with cell infiltration

Heart Scanning of sections of heart obtained from

different group under microscope did not reveal any cytoarchitectural disturbances.

Jejunum Scanning of jejunal sections from different groups

under microscope revealed presence of mild inflammatory changes in the sections from group receiving 10 puti Abhraka Bhasma rats; while the sections from group receiving 20 puti Abhraka Bhasma rats appeared normal

Spleen

Scanning of spleen sections from different groups did not reveal any change in the organ cytoarchitecture except for observation of pigment deposition in one section from group receiving 20 puti Abhraka Bhasma

Testes Scanning of sections of testis from group receiving

10 puti Abhraka Bhasma showed moderate to significant decrease in the spermatogenesis with marked hypertrophy of the interstitial cells.

Brain Scanning of sections of the brain from different

groups did not reveal any significant change in the normal cytoarchitecture.

Chemical analysis

The acid insoluble content in 5th puti Abhraka Bhasma is 36.48% and it decreases steadily with the increase of puta number i.e. 10th, 15th and 20th puta samples, it is 33.7%, 31.00% and 30.36% respectively. While the acid soluble ash content increases with the increase in puta number.

The acid soluble ash portion of the samples were analysed for iron, aluminium, calcium and magnesium content. The iron content in 15th and 20th puti Abhraka Bhasma increases marginally than that of 5th and 10th puti Abhraka Bhasma (20.87% from 19.21%).

There is increase in aluminium and calcium content

of all Abhraka Bhasma samples than that of the Raw Abhraka while 15th and 20th puta shows slight increase in it as compared to 10th puta.

Magnesium content decreases slightly in 5th, 10th

and 20th puti Abhraka Bhasma samples.

The acid solubility of Abhraka Bhasma increases with the increase in the number of puta given

Yogas

Vasanthakusumaakara rasa

Laxmi vilasa rasa

Sameerapannaga

Rasaraja rasa

Gagana parpati

Abhra vatika

Vaata vidhvamsini rasa

Panchaana rasa

Chandrakala rasa

Prabhaakara vati

Gagana sundara rasa

Mritasanjeevani rasa

Ratna garbha potali

Yogendra rasa

Vadavanala rasa

Mehaari rasa

Soothikaabharana rasa

Kaarunya sagara rasa

Praaneshvara rasa