Landslide Disaster Management A case studyVillage Malin Pune

ABHIJEET C GHOLAP DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, NARHE, PUNE, INDIA.

Abhijeet.gholap100@gmail.com

DEEP D MAKADIA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, NARHE, PUNE, INDIA. Deepmakadiya23@gmail.com

Abstract Prevention Is Better Than Cure This proverb itself axis the terminology of the disaster management. The present paper focus on an approache towards the natural disaster with its management and found out the way in order to be prepared, or make our mind built for such activities which can unstable our environment .The disaster cannot be controlled totally, but the plans such as preparedness as the management for the disaster can help us to find the way for our best and approach to save the lives those are lost in such disaster. Malin incident has been studied to understand the natural disaster like landslide by which as a significance, various places were surveyed where such disaster can take place, and various ideas were put forward.

Keywords: Disaster, Landslide, lives, management,

I. DISASTER MANAGEMENT All communities are vulnerable to disasters, both natural and man-made, therefore there is a need to build ourselves or arrange the different terminology in order to face the disasters. Hereby with the aim of reducing this vulnerability and improving disaster responsiveness. So its important to undergo some phenomenon and the important terms of the disaster management.

II. DISASTER Disaster can be defined as disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are often classified as:

I. Natural Disasters

These types of disaster naturally occur in proximity to, and pose a threat to people, structures or economic assets. They are caused by biological, geological, seismic, hydrologic, or meteorological conditions or processes in the natural

environment (e.g., cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami, floods, landslides, and volcanic eruptions).

II. Man-Made Disasters

These are disasters or emergency situations of which the principal, direct causes are identifiable human actions, deliberate or otherwise. Apart from technological disasters this mainly involves situations in which civilian populations suffer casualties, losses of property, basic services and means of livelihood as a result of war, civil strife or other conflicts, or policy implementation. In many cases, people are forced to leave their homes, giving rise to congregations of refugees or externally and/or internally displaced persons as a result of civil strife, an airplane crash, a major fire, oil spill, epidemic, terrorism, etc.

III. NATURAL DISASTER- LANDSLIDE The term landslide refers to the downward movement of masses of rock and soil. Landslides are caused by one or a combination of the following factors: change in slope gradient, increasing the load the land must bear, shocks and vibrations, change in water content, ground water movement, frost action, weathering of shocks, removal or, or changing the type of vegetation covering slopes. Landslide hazard areas occur where the land has certain characteristics which contribute to the risk of the downhill movement of material.

A. Causes A slope greater than 15 percent.

Landslide activity or movement occurred during the

last 10,000 years.

Stream or wave activity which has caused erosion, undercut a bank or cut into a bank to cause the surrounding land to be unstable.

The presence or potential for snow avalanches.

The presence of an alluvial fan which indicates

vulnerability to the flow of debris or sediments.

The presence of impermeable soils, such as silt or

clay, which are mixed with granular soils such as sand and gravel.

Landslides can also be triggered by other natural

hazards such as rains, floods, earthquakes, as well as human-made causes, such as grading, terrain cutting and filling, excessive development, etc. Because the factors affecting landslides can be geophysical or human-made, they can occur in developed areas, undeveloped areas, or any area where the terrain has been altered for roads, houses, utilities, buildings, etc.

IV. MANAGEMENT Disaster management is an enormous task. They are not confined to any particular location, neither do they disappear as quickly as they appear. Therefore, it is imperative that there is proper management to optimize efficiency of planning and response. Due to limited resources, collaborative efforts at the governmental, private and community levels are necessary. This level of collaboration requires a coordinated and organized effort to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and their effects in the shortest Period.

Fig 1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

A.) RESPONSE Initial actions taken as the event takes place. It involves efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief.

B.) RECOVERY Returning the community to normal. Ideally, the affected area should be put in a condition equal to or better than it was before the disaster took place. Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.

C.) MIGITATION Measures put in place to minimize the results from a disaster. Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.

D.) PREPAREDNESS Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.

V. PREPAREDNESS The goal of emergency preparedness programs is to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to respond to any emergency situation through programs that strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of governments, organizations, and communities. These measures can be described as logistical readiness to deal with disasters and can be enhanced by having response mechanisms and procedures, rehearsals, developing long-term and short-term strategies, public education and building early warning systems. Preparedness can also take the form of ensuring that strategic reserves of food, equipment, water, medicines and other essentials are maintained in cases of national or local catastrophes. During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to save lives, minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response operations. Preparedness measures include: Preparedness plans Emergency exercises/training, Warning systems, Emergency communications systems, Evacuations plans and training, Resource inventories, Emergency personnel/contact lists, Mutual aid agreements, Public information/education

Disaster preparedness is defined as a continuous and integrated process involving a wide range of activities and resources from multi-sectorial sources. (Disaster Preparedness Training Programme; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, IFRCRCS, 2005). In order that disaster preparedness is undertaken with rewarding outcomes, those involved in the process must approach it from a mitigative, response, recovery and business continuity perspective. That is, when considering disaster preparedness the phases of emergency management must be looked at carefully.

A.) Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Natural hazards need not be natural disasters. Preventive action is possible, especially when advance knowledge of the nature

and occurrence of such hazards are available to the general public. Human vulnerability is the relative lack of capacity of a person or community to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a hazard. Factors that increase human vulnerability to disasters include rapid urbanization, population growth, and lack of knowledge about how to effectively resist the effects of disasters and poverty. Of all the factors, poverty is perhaps at the root of what makes most people vulnerable to the impact of most hazards. An understanding of human vulnerability provides us with an understanding of the significance of what physical measures should be naturally favored in the various circumstances. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) forms the pillar of disaster preparedness, that is, it forms the action plan to be implemented before, during and after disasters. So, what is risk reduction? The IFRCRCS defines risk reduction as physical measures to reduce the vulnerability and exposure of infrastructure to natural hazards as well and to provide coping and adaptive infrastructure in case of a disaster event. Some DRR recommendations for countries which do not have a robust disaster preparedness plan are: Policy, planning and capacity building in disaster management

Physical prevention; example, building sea-walls against storm surge or flood shelters during flood events

Capacity building at institutional and systemic level in

disaster preparedness The above policy and planning of physical measures designed to reduce risks will have far reaching socio-economic and environmental benefits that will keep the country functioning at all levels; for example the continued provision of food, potable water and health care and at the same time there will be less damage to infrastructure. Examples of DRR measures that countries can adopt into their planning and policy are listed below: Proper planning to mitigate flooding in flood prone areas and alternate infrastructure for the provision of food and potable water.

Provision of raised flood shelters as those constructed

in Bangladesh.

The improvement of water supply systems in rural areas to provide sufficient potable water supply during floods or droughts.

The construction and use of drainage pumps as an

example of strengthening the capacity to cope with floods.

VI. MALIN LANDSLIDE AS A CASE STUDY

A.) MALIN More importantly, the village Malin has been spelt in bold letters in the list of those villages which are ecologically fragile and are needed to be urgently preserved and have no human interference as per a notification issued by the Ministry of Environment & Forests in 2013 under list of State-wise, District-wise and Taluka-wise villages in ESA (Ecologically Sensitive Area). It has been identified by the HLWG (High Level committee of Western Ghats)

Fig 2. Malin Village before Landslide

B.) MALIN LANDSLIDE

The landslide struck and effectively wiped out the village of Malin, located close to Bhimashankar in the western Ghats. It is thought that about 40 houses were buried sadly the timing of the landslide meant that most would have been fully occupied and of course the darkness would have impeded any escape. At Malin, the Government has, as usual, assured all possible assistance, payments to compensate for every life lost with assurance of rehabilitation of the victims. The ensuing debates on whether the disaster was natural or man-made and whether it could have been prevented are seen to naturally fade after generating a lot of heat but hardly any light. The post- mortem studies are more sketchy than scientific and these too end up with piles of reports and papers, which eventually gather dust on the table. The residents of the neighbouring Asane village had sensed the incoming mud avalanche at Malin by the loud noise heard at about 03:00 a.m. There were evidences of howling wind as well, similar to the experience at Malpa. There being no early warning system in place, Malin too did not receive attention until a bus driver encountered the devastated landscape at 07:30 a.m. and the Manchar city

authorities got the news thereafter. NDRF personnel could reach the site only by the afternoon. The district collector reportedly came to know about the incident at 09:00 a.m. Why no attempts were made to prevent abuse of land, educate people on the perceived threat and on the dos and donts, restore ecological stability of the area and disallow non-engineered dressing of the slopes for agriculture? Was it difficult for the Government to keep a tight check on the felling of trees, abuse of land and stone quarrying in the area, especially when landslides have been a common occurrence in this part of the district? Only last year, the neighbouring village of Kolthawadi was hit by a landslide. Whenever landslide disasters strike, we rush to lean on fixed ideas in our minds. It has almost become ritualistic to name rainfall to explain away cataclysmic floods an devastating landslide events without even attempting to understand the slope dynamics. We can understand landslides only by systematic geotechnical, geomorphologic, hydro- geological and seismic characterization of slopes, and study of the environmental impact of urbanization. The question to ask is: Why are scientific investigations in our landslide-prone areas exceptions rather than a rule? The earlier we insist on prevention by taking recourse to scientific investigations, C.) LANDSLIDE CAUSES

Amid a debate over the causes of the landslide that devastated Malin village, 120 km from here in Ambegaon taluka, a preliminary report by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) has pointed to deforestation and levelling of ground for cultivation as the primary reasons.

Relentless rain naturally was the trigger. But the use of heavy machinery to flatten land for agriculture may have aggravated the crumbling of the hilltop. We observed that the slope of the hill was flattened almost halfway, said Ashim Kumar Saha, Head of the Department (Central Region), GSI.

Mr. Saha, who, along with a team of experts, has been surveying the affected area over two days, said cracks were observed on the ground where the soil was washed downhill during the earth slip.

Prima facie, the cracks imply an improper rainwater drainage system. Only a detailed report can tell us what caused the tragedy and only then can we come up with recommendations, he said.

While agreeing that human activity had aggravated the landslide, a city-based geologist, Satish Thigale, marked out prolonged seismic activity in the Western Ghats as a systemic cause.

Over time, seismic vibrations loosen the soft upper layer of the soil in high areas such as Malin which receive heavy rainfall. If, according to reports, there is evidence of land tampering using earthmovers, then the cracks in the soft soil spell doom for inhabitants during an earth slip,

He, however, ruled out the suggestion that a windmill project in Khed, 50 km from the disaster spot, had a direct bearing on the landslide and the project had destroyed the stability of the hills in the area.

Fig 3. Malin After Landslide.

VII. CONCLUSION WITH THE MANAGEMENT. We hereby come to the conclusion that in Pune or other parts of our country. There are many places like Malin where there are chances that the natural disaster like landslide can take place so from the above discussed their points we made a survey study in pune and following points were discussed

A.) SURVEY

A hill in pune called as parvati paytha situated near to the canal on sinhgad road enclosed with the huts and houses, called as Dattawadi have settled with the population around 2000 with the intension to dwell their forever , but as it is laid without the strong foundation, There are chances of landslide to take place especially in the rainy season.

On the other hand there is a construction activity that is going on near to the Dattawadi, where large amount of excavation is done with the help of the high intensity

machines which loosens the soil and increases the chances of landslide.

It is necessary that all the terms related to the landslide are to be determined at the Dattawadi especially PREPAREDNESS should be made in order to prevent the wild destruction at this unit.

Fig 4. Top View Of The Parvati Paytha

VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study for the disaster management made us to perceived

the knowledge about the disaster management, it also made us aware about the natural disaster that can take place in our locality so as to make ourselves prepared for it also made us to learn the different ideas about the management when to and how to use it at the time of the particular situation.

IX.REFERENCES [1] http://www.col.org/vussc [2] Srinivas, H. (2005) Disasters: a quick FAQ. Accessed on 24/01/08 at:

http://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/1-what_is.html [3] Warfield, C. (2005) The Disaster Management Cycle. Accessed on

23/01/08 at: http://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/1-dm_cycle.html [4] ESCAP (1995). Asian and the Pacific Report on Natural Hazards and

Natural Disaster Reduction. Accessed on 14/01/08 at http://www.unescap.org/enrd/water_mineral/disaster/watdis1.htm

[5] Quarantelli, E.L. (1997) Research based criteria for evaluating disaster

planning and managing. Accessed on 14/01/08 at http://www.udel.edu/DRC/preliminary/246.pdf

[6] FEMA emergency management training module 3. Accessed on 23/01/08 at

http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/downloads/is1_Unit3.pdf [7] FEMA Document, Unit 4, Preparedness. Accessed on 23/01/08 at:

http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/downloads/is1_Unit4.pdf

I. disaster management II. DISASTERIII. NATURAL DISASTER- LANDSLIDEA. Causes

IV. management A.) RESPONSEB.) RECOVERYC.) MIGITATION D.) PREPAREDNESS

V. PREPAREDNESSVI. MALIN LANDSLIDE AS A CASE STUDYA.) MALIN

VII. CONCLUSION with the management.IX. References