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ON-LINE RECOGNITION OF DEVELOPING CONTROL CHART PATTERNS
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONTAINING COAL BOTTOM
ASH
ABDULLAH ADEL MOHAMED ABDEEN
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil)
School of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2019
iii
DEDICATION
This project report is dedicated to my father, who taught me that the best kind
of knowledge to have is that which is learned for its own sake. It is also dedicated to
my mother, who taught me that even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done
one step at a time.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with many people, researchers,
academicians, and practitioners. They have contributed towards my understanding and
thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my main thesis
supervisor Dr. Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, for encouragement, guidance,
critics and friendship. I am also very thankful to my previous supervisor Dr.
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya for his guidance, advices and motivation. Without their
continued support and interest, this thesis would not have been the same as presented
here.
I am also indebted to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for funding my
master study.
My fellow postgraduate student should also be recognised for their support.
My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have
provided assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space. I am grateful
to all my family member.
v
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of the concrete
pavement contains several percentages of coal bottom ash (CBA). Many power plants
produce very large quantity of the coal bottom ash as a waste. The way to get rid of
the CBA in very dangerous and could cause hazards to the environment and the
surroundings. As using of coal bottom ash can help in solving environmental problems,
thus this study is to investigate the possibility of using it as a replacement of fine
aggregate in improving the performance of concrete pavement. Concrete specimens
prepared containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of coal bottom ash as a replacement
of fine aggregates. This study performed on compressive strength, Porosity,
permeability, density and skid resistance. It has been found that the compressive
strength decreases with the increase of the coal bottom ash content at early ages. Also,
the percentage of the absorption increases as the percentage of CBA content increase.
Same as the volume of permeable pore spaces (voids), it also increases with the
increase of the CBA content. On the other hand, the density decreases with the increase
of the CBA content. Results also show that the British pendulum number increases
with the increase of content of the CBA.
vi
ABSTRAK
Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji prestasi turapan konkrit yang
mengandungi beberapa peratus sisa arang batu. sisa arang batu yg banyak dihasilkan
sebagai sisa industri. Kaedah pelupusan sisa arang batu di tanah terbuka adalah bahaya
kepada alam sekitar dan masyarakat sekitar. Penggunaan sisa arang batu boleh
membantu dalam menyelesaikan masalah alam sekitar, maka kajian ini adalah untuk
mengkaji kemungkinan menggunakannya sebagai pengganti agregat halus dalam
meningkatkan prestasi turapan konkrit. Spesimen konkrit disediakan mengandungi
0%, 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40% sisa arang batu sebagai pengganti agregat halus. Kajian
ini dilakukan pada kekuatan mampatan, keliangan, kebolehtelapan, kepadatan dan
rintangan tergelincir. Didapati bahawa kekuatan mampatan menurun dengan
peningkatan kandungan abu bawah arang batu pada usia awal. Sama seperti jumlah
ruang liang yang dapat ditapis (lompang), ia juga meningkat dengan peningkatan
kandungan sisa arang batu. Sebaliknya, ketumpatan berkurangan dengan peningkatan
kandungan abu berasaskan arang batu. Keputusan juga menunjukkan bahawa bilangan
pendulum British meningkat dengan peningkatan kandungan sisa arang batu.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION Error! Bookmark not defined.
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1
1.3 Research Goal 2
1.3.1 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH 3
1.3.2 Significant of The Research 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Introduction 4
CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology 15
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Proposed Method 15
3.3 Material Preparation 16
3.3.1 Aggregates 16
3.3.2 Cement 16
3.3.3 Coal Bottom Ash 17
viii
3.3.3.1 Chemical Properties 17
3.3.3.2 Physical properties 18
3.3.4 Sieve Analysis 19
3.4 Concrete Mix Design 22
3.4.1 Mix design procedure are described by the
following steps: 23
3.4.1.1 Stage 1: Determining the Water/
Cement Ratio 23
3.4.1.2 Stage-2: Calculation of the target
mean strength, fm 23
3.4.1.3 Stage-3: Determination of the Free-
Water Content 26
3.4.1.4 Stage-4: Determination of Cement
Content 27
3.4.1.5 Stage 5: Determining the Total
Aggregate Content 27
3.4.1.6 Stage 6: Determining of The Fine
and Coarse Aggregate Contents 29
3.4.2 Procedures of Design Mixing 31
3.4.2.1 Production of Trial Mix Design 31
3.4.2.2 Tests on Trial Mix Design 32
3.5 Performed Tests 35
3.5.1 Compressive Strength Test 35
3.5.2 Density, Absorption and Volume of Voids 37
3.5.3 Skid Resistance 40
3.5.3.1 Levelling the Apparatus 42
3.5.3.2 Testing Procedure 43
3.6 Chapter Summary 44
CHAPTER 4 Results and Discussion 45
4.1 Results in General 45
4.2 Results and discussion 46
4.2.1 Compressive Strength Test 46
4.2.2 Density, Porosity and Permeability 47
ix
4.2.3 Skid Resistance 51
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 54
5.1 Research Outcomes 54
5.2 Contributions to Knowledge 55
5.3 Future Works 55
REFERENCES 56
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
Table 2.1 Physical properties of bottom ash according to different Thermal
Power Plants in India 11
Table 3.1 Number of specimens used in compressive strength test 15
Table 3.2 Sieve analysis for sand and CBA and the finesse modulus 21
Tabe 3.3 Approximate compressive strength (N/mm2) of concrete mixes made
with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 24
Table 3.4 Quantity Calculation for three (100mm) Concrete cubes 35
Table 4.1 results of the compressive strength test in MPa 46
Table 4.2 results and calculations of density, absorption and voids 47
Table 4.3 British Pendulum Number (BPN) for each percentage of CBA 51
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
Figure 2.1 Screening of Coal Bottom Ash 7
Figure 2.2 Finesse modulus of sand and CBA in A S Cadersa study 7
Figure 2.3 Coal Bottom Ash effect on workability 8
Figure 2.4 Effect of bottom ash replacement on plastic density 9
Figure 2.5 Compressive strength with Bottom Ash Content 10
Figure 3.1 The shaker used to perform sieve analysis 20
Figure 3.2 Coal bottom ash is found to be a dark grey material by having
angular particles shapes 21
Figure 3.3 Sieve Analysis of Sand and CBA 22
Figure 3.4 Relationship between standard deviation and characteristic strength.
23
Figure 3.5 Relationship between compressive strength and water/ cement ratio.
25
Figure 3.6 Approximate free-water contents (kg/m3) required to give various
levels of workability. 26
Figure 3.7 Estimated wet density of fully compacted concrete. 28
Figure 3.8 Recommended proportions of fine aggregate according to percentage
passing a 600 μm sieve. 30
Figure 3.9 Some of the prepared specimens 33
Figure 3.10 Concrete mix design form used in the study 34
Figure 3.11 Compressive strength machine used in this study 36
Figure 3.12 Ballance to record the weight of the specimens 38
Figure 3.13 Oven with 110 ± 5 oC 38
Figure 3.14 Placing the specimens in the oven for 24 hours 38
Figure 3.15 Emersion the specimens in water for 48 hours 38
Figure 3.16 British Pendulum Tester 41
Figure 3.17 British Pendulum tester 44
Figure 3.18 Specimens to test the skid resistance 44
xii
Figure 4.1 results of the compressive strength test with different CBA content 47
Figure 4.2 Absorption and Volume of voids 49
Figure 4.3 Density results for every CBA percentages 50
Figure 4.4 relationship between the percentages of CBA and the British
pendulum number 51
Figure 4.5 relationship between the BPN and the car moving speed 52
*
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
RHA - rice husk ash
FA - Fly Ash
MK - metakaolin
SF
LOI
-
-
silica fume
Loss on Ignition
CBA - Coal Bottom Ash
ACAA - American Coal Ash Association
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
BPN - British Pendulum Number
UTM - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A - Mass of oven dried sample in air
B - Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion
C - Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion and
boiling
D - Apparent mass of sample in water after immersion and
boiling
g1 - Bulk density, dry
g2 - Apparent density
ρ - Density of water
Mg - Mega grams
m - meters
kN - Kilo Newton
MPa
D
C
W
-
-
-
-
Mega Pascals
The wet density of concrete
The cement content
The free-water content
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Background
The waste of construction and industry is very dangerous to the environment.
However, many researches have been studying the suitable alternatives for these
wastes. The major problem that is facing the environment and the human being is the
disposal of these kinds of wastes. Disposing these kinds of wastes is the main concerns
and the most focused subjects to insure a safe environment. Coal bottom ash is
considered to be the biggest industrial waste the power plants produce. A study
recently shows that the burning around 3 million to of the coal could produce around
1 million on of the bottom ash. The production of many sorts of energy and many sorts
of materials such as steel and concrete in mainly uses coal. Coal is considered as a
significant source of fuel in Malaysia. Nowadays, fossil fuels become the foremost
basis for energy generation. The demand for fossil fuels has increased due to a high
demand for electricity generation, as well as the consumption of fossil fuels by several
countries such as USA, EU, India, and China.
1.2 Problem Statement
Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate
bonded together with a cement paste that hardens over time. When aggregate is mixed
together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is
easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and
other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable
stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or
superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the
2
wet mix or the finished material. Concrete has been widely used as paving material for
highways, airports, streets, local loads, parking lots, industrial facilities, residential
areas, and among other types of infrastructures. Concrete pavement is one of the oldest
forms of road construction and is still widely used until today. Concrete is the main
component of concrete pavements. Concrete pavement is slightly deflected under
loading because of the high elasticity modulus of the surface course. By varying the
proportions of Portland cement, aggregate, and water, newly mixed concrete
pavements exhibit plastic and malleable properties, whereas hardened pavements
show strong and durable properties. Concrete has been widely used as paving material
for highways, airports, and residential areas, among others. Pozzolanic materials, such
as silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA), metakaolin (MK), blast-furnace lag, and rice husk
ash (RHA) are used to improve the performance and durability of Portland cement
concrete.
Concrete pavement completely depends on flexural strength not as same as
concrete asphalt, so it is critically important to find the replacement optimum
percentage of the coal bottom ash which gives the highest compressive strength and
the other durability factors. Malaysia produces million tons of CBA (coal bottom ash)
as an industrial waste. Reusing this waste instead of disposal as a replacement with the
fine aggregate in concrete in an environmentally friendly option. Through a number of
percentages of coal bottom ash replacements in order to improve the performance and
the durability factors of the concrete pavement is the key issue.
1.3 Research Goal
Research Objectives
This study carried out the investigation of replacing the sand (fine aggregates)
by CBA (coal bottom ash) with the percentages (0% (control mix), 10%, 20%, 30% and
40%) on concrete pavement and determine the optimum replacement. Compressive
3
strength test performed on specimens containing mixes with percentages replacement
mentioned above in the ages of 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, and some other durability aspects
the significantly affects concrete pavement like density, porosity, permeability and
skid resistance.
There are a several numbers of objectives that can be achieved by replacing a
percentage of fine aggregates with CBA (coal bottom ash), this work is focused at the
following objectives:
1) To investigate the properties of the concrete pavement containing coal bottom
ash.
2) To determine the optimum percentage of replacing coal bottom ash in the
concrete pavement.
1.3.1 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
The central question to be examined in this study is to seek the optimum
percentage of replacing the fine aggregates with CBA (coal bottom ash) in the concrete
pavement. Furthermore, to study the performance of the concrete pavement, more
specifically the effects on the compressive strength, density and other durability
aspects that influences the concrete pavement.
1.3.2 Significant of the Research
The environmental issue is a major problem in many countries. They are
seriously taken this problem with technology and enforcement by law to reduce this
pollution. In Malaysia, the way in handling the pollution on coal ash is by using
conventional method which is the waste were stored in manmade ponds. This study
might contribute to solve some of the coal waste problems and reduce the pollution.
56
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