AAF Ingles Aula-01Online ToodMarshall MatProf

7/21/2019 AAF Ingles Aula-01Online ToodMarshall MatProf

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LFGLFG ConcursosConcursosConcursoConcurso parapara::

na stana sta r ut r or ut r oe Auditor Fiscale Auditor Fiscal

dada ReceitaReceita FederalFederalMaterials edited byMaterials edited by

Todd Irwin MarshallTodd Irwin Marshall



Essential Books to StudyEssential Books to Study

Understanding and Using EnglishUnderstanding and Using EnglishGrammarGrammar, Betty, Betty Azar Azar, Longman, Longman

ance anguage rac ceance anguage rac ce,,Michael Vince, MacmillanMichael Vince, Macmillan

!ractical English Usage!ractical English Usage, Michael, Michaelwan, !"#ordwan, !"#ord



Use"ul Sites "or #ocabularyUse"ul Sites "or #ocabulary

www$thesaurus$comwww$thesaurus$com www$wi%ipedia$comwww$wi%ipedia$com

www$the#reedictionary$comwww$the#reedictionary$com

!nline&'ard Copy (ictionaries:!nline&'ard Copy (ictionaries:

) ) !"#ord!"#ord ** MacmillanMacmillan

) ) CambridgeCambridge ** LongmanLongman



Use"ul sitesUse"ul sites"or reading te$ts"or reading te$ts

The +conomistThe +conomist www$economist$comwww$economist$com Business ee% Business ee% www$businesswee%$comwww$businesswee%$com

-ewswee% -ewswee% www$newswee%$comwww$newswee%$com

TimeTime www$time$comwww$time$com The ashington .ostThe ashington .ost www$washingtonpost$comwww$washingtonpost$com

The -ew /or% TimesThe -ew /or% Times www$nytimes$comwww$nytimes$com

The all treet 0ournalThe all treet 0ournal www$ws1$comwww$ws1$com

The TimesThe Times www$thetimes$co$u% www$thetimes$co$u%

C-- & BBCC-- & BBC cnn$comcnn$com & & bbc$combbc$com



Common ThemesCommon Themes orld&2lobal +conomyorld&2lobal +conomy

International -egotiations&Tal%sInternational -egotiations&Tal%s

3oreign Trade3oreign Trade

Brazilian +conomyBrazilian +conomy

5uestions about the +uro and the (ollar5uestions about the +uro and the (ollar

International In6estments and toc% +"changesInternational In6estments and toc% +"changes

3inancial Issues3inancial Issues

In#ormation TechnologyIn#ormation Technology

The 789 orld Cup In BrazilThe 789 orld Cup In Brazil

The 789; !lympics in 4io deThe 789; !lympics in 4io de 00aneiroaneiro



%escri%escriҫҫҫҫҫҫҫҫ&es&es !rinci'ais!rinci'ais

Estratégias de leitura: compreensão geral do texto;

reconhecimento de informa ões

específicas; capacidade de análise e síntese;

inferência e predição;

reconhecimento do vocabulário maisfrequente em textos não literários;

palavras cognatas e falsos cognatos.




Estratégias discursivas: tipo de texto;

função e estrutura discursivas;marcadores de discurso;

elementos de coesão.




Aspectos gramaticais: uso de artigos definidos e indefinidos;

conhecimento dos tem os e modos verbais

uso de preposições

con!unções pronomes e modais;

concord"ncia nominal e verbal; formação e classe de palavras;

relações de coordenação e subordinação;

vo# passiva discurso direto e indireto.



(ain !rinci'les to be Studied(ain !rinci'les to be Studied

Class 9:Class 9:

Main Ideas andMain Ideas and Te"tTe"t 4e#erences4e#erences

4elati6e Clauses4elati6e Clauses

Class 7:Class 7: Verb Tenses Verb Tenses

Modal Verbs & Conditional tatementsModal Verbs & Conditional tatements

Class <:Class <:

(irectly(irectly tatedtated In#ormationIn#ormation

In#erence 5uestionsIn#erence 5uestions




Class )*Class )*

) ) ) ) Identi#ication o# type o# te"tIdenti#ication o# type o# te"t

) ) Association o# 6ocabulary terms Association o# 6ocabulary terms

) ) .ronoun 4e#erence.ronoun 4e#erence ) ) 4elati6e Clauses4elati6e Clauses




Class +* Grammar Re"erencesClass +* Grammar Re"erences

) )

) ) Modal 6erbsModal 6erbs

) ) Conditional tatementsConditional tatements




Class ,*Class ,*(irectly tated In#ormation(irectly tated In#ormation Lin%ing ordsLin%ing ords

.araphrasing.araphrasing

In#erence 5uestionsIn#erence 5uestions True & 3alse =uestionsTrue & 3alse =uestions

.repositions.repositions ) ) in & on & atin & on & at

) ) prepositions with statistics andprepositions with statistics and graphsgraphs

) ) .hrasal.hrasal Verbs & 3i"ed +"pressions Verbs & 3i"ed +"pressions



(ain -deas(ain -deas

(ain ideas(ain ideas o# te"ts can be #ound by simplyo# te"ts can be #ound by simplyreading the #irst sentence o# each paragraphreading the #irst sentence o# each paragraph

and determining what the common sub1ect is$and determining what the common sub1ect is$

StrategyStrategy::4ead the #irst sentence o# each passage and4ead the #irst sentence o# each passage and

choose which option you #eel best describeschoose which option you #eel best describes

the main ideas o# the #ollowing passages$the main ideas o# the #ollowing passages$Then read the entire passage and see i# youThen read the entire passage and see i# you

would change your mind$would change your mind$



(ain -deas(ain -deas!ASSAGE )*!ASSAGE )*

TheThe storystory o# o# thethe motelmotel businessbusiness #rom#rom 9>789>78 toto thethe startstart o# o# orldorldarar IIII inin 9>99>9 isis oneone o# o# uninterrupteduninterrupted growthgrowth$$ MotelsMotels ?the?the termtermcomescomes #rom#rom aa combinationcombination o# o# thethe wordswords motor motor andand hotels hotels @@spreadspread #rom#rom thethe estest andand thethe MidwestMidwest allall thethe wayway toto MaineMaine andand3lorida3lorida$$ TheThe clusteredclustered alonalon transcontinentaltranscontinental hi hwa shi hwa s suchsuch asas

$$$$ 4outes4outes 88 andand ;;;; andand alongalong thethe northnorth**southsouth routesroutes runningrunningupup andand downdown thethe easteast andand westwest coastscoasts ThereThere werewere 9;9;,,888888motelsmotels byby 9><89><8 andand 77,,888888 byby 9>89>8$$ TheThe motelmotel industryindustry waswasoneone o# o# thethe #ew#ew industriesindustries thatthat waswas notnot hurthurt byby thethe (epression(epression o# o# thethe 9><89><8ss$$ InIn #act,#act, theirtheir cheapcheap ratesrates attractedattracted tra6elerstra6elers whowhohadhad 6ery6ery littlelittle moneymoney$$

hat does the passage mainly discusshat does the passage mainly discussa@ 'ow the (epression hurt $$ motelsa@ 'ow the (epression hurt $$ motelsb@ The origin o# the wordb@ The origin o# the word motels motels

c@ Two decades o# growth #or the motel industryc@ Two decades o# growth #or the motel industry



(ain -deas(ain -deas!ASSAGE )*!ASSAGE )*

TheThe storystory o# o# thethe motelmotel businessbusiness #rom#rom 9>789>78 toto thethe startstart o# o# orldorldarar IIII inin 9>99>9 isis oneone o# o# uninterrupteduninterrupted growthgrowth$$ MotelsMotels ?the?the termtermcomescomes #rom#rom aa combinationcombination o# o# thethe wordswords motor motor andand hotels hotels @@spreadspread #rom#rom thethe estest andand thethe MidwestMidwest allall thethe wayway toto MaineMaine andand3lorida3lorida$$ TheThe clusteredclustered alonalon transcontinentaltranscontinental hi hwa shi hwa s suchsuch asas

$$$$ 4outes4outes 88 andand ;;;; andand alongalong thethe northnorth**southsouth routesroutes runningrunningupup andand downdown thethe easteast andand westwest coastscoasts ThereThere werewere 9;9;,,888888motelsmotels byby 9><89><8 andand 77,,888888 byby 9>89>8$$ TheThe motelmotel industryindustry waswasoneone o# o# thethe #ew#ew industriesindustries thatthat waswas notnot hurthurt byby thethe (epression(epression o# o# thethe 9><89><8ss$$ InIn #act,#act, theirtheir cheapcheap ratesrates attractedattracted tra6elerstra6elers whowhohadhad 6ery6ery littlelittle moneymoney$$

hat does the passage mainly discusshat does the passage mainly discussa@ 'ow the (epression hurt $$ motelsa@ 'ow the (epression hurt $$ motelsb@ The origin o# the wordb@ The origin o# the word motels motels

c@ Two decades o# growth #or the motel industryc@ Two decades o# growth #or the motel industry



(ain -deas(ain -deas!ASSAGE +*!ASSAGE +*

An old but still use#ul pro6erb states: DBeware o# oa%, it draws An old but still use#ul pro6erb states: DBeware o# oa%, it drawsthe stro%e$E the stro%e$E This saying is particularly handy duringThis saying is particularly handy duringthunderstorm season$ In general, trees with deep roots that tapthunderstorm season$ In general, trees with deep roots that tapinto groundwater attract more lightning than do trees withinto groundwater attract more lightning than do trees withshallow drier roots$ !a%s are around F8 times more li%el to beshallow drier roots$ !a%s are around F8 times more li%el to be

struc% than beeches$ pruces are nearly as sa#e as beeches$struc% than beeches$ pruces are nearly as sa#e as beeches$.ine are not as sa#e as these two but are still much sa#er than.ine are not as sa#e as these two but are still much sa#er thanoa%s$oa%s$

hat is the authors main pointhat is the authors main point

a@ !ld pro6erbs o#ten contain important truths$a@ !ld pro6erbs o#ten contain important truths$b@ Trees with shallow roots are more li%ely to a6oid lightningb@ Trees with shallow roots are more li%ely to a6oid lightningthan those with deep roots$than those with deep roots$c@ The deeper a trees roots, the sa#er it is during ac@ The deeper a trees roots, the sa#er it is during athunderstormthunderstorm



(ain -deas(ain -deas!ASSAGE +*!ASSAGE +*

An old but still use#ul pro6erb states: DBeware o# oa%, it draws An old but still use#ul pro6erb states: DBeware o# oa%, it drawsthe stro%e$E the stro%e$E This saying is particularly handy duringThis saying is particularly handy duringthunderstorm season$ In general, trees with deep roots that tapthunderstorm season$ In general, trees with deep roots that tapinto groundwater attract more lightning than do trees withinto groundwater attract more lightning than do trees withshallow drier roots$ !a%s are around F8 times more li%el to beshallow drier roots$ !a%s are around F8 times more li%el to be

struc% than beeches$ pruces are nearly as sa#e as beeches$struc% than beeches$ pruces are nearly as sa#e as beeches$.ine are not as sa#e as these two but are still much sa#er than.ine are not as sa#e as these two but are still much sa#er thanoa%s$oa%s$

hat is the authors main pointhat is the authors main point

a@ !ld pro6erbs o#ten contain important truths$a@ !ld pro6erbs o#ten contain important truths$b@ Trees with shallow roots are more li%ely to a6oid lightningb@ Trees with shallow roots are more li%ely to a6oid lightningthan those with deep roots$than those with deep roots$c@ The deeper a trees roots, the sa#er it is during ac@ The deeper a trees roots, the sa#er it is during athunderstormthunderstorm



(ain -deas(ain -deas!ASSAGE ,*!ASSAGE ,*

Almost e6ery #orm o# transportation has gi6en someone the idea Almost e6ery #orm o# transportation has gi6en someone the idea#or a new type o# toy$#or a new type o# toy$ A#ter the Montgol#ier brothers #lew the A#ter the Montgol#ier brothers #lew the#irst balloon, toy balloons became popular playthings$ In the#irst balloon, toy balloons became popular playthings$ In thenineteenth century, soon a#ter railroads and steamboats$ Thenineteenth century, soon a#ter railroads and steamboats$ Thesame held true #or automobiles and air lanes in the earlsame held true #or automobiles and air lanes in the earl

twentieth century$ Toy roc%ets and missiles became popular attwentieth century$ Toy roc%ets and missiles became popular atthe beginning o# the space age, and by the 9><8s, there werethe beginning o# the space age, and by the 9><8s, there weremany di##erent 6ersions o# space shuttle toys$many di##erent 6ersions o# space shuttle toys$

The main idea o# the passage is that:The main idea o# the passage is that:

a@ In6entors ha6e been inspired by toys to build new #orms o#a@ In6entors ha6e been inspired by toys to build new #orms o#transportation$transportation$b@ Toy automobiles and airplanes were 6ery popular in the earlyb@ Toy automobiles and airplanes were 6ery popular in the early9>88s$9>88s$c@ Toy design has o#ten #ollowed de6elopments inc@ Toy design has o#ten #ollowed de6elopments in

transportation$transportation$



(ain -deas(ain -deas!ASSAGE ,*!ASSAGE ,*

Almost e6ery #orm o# transportation has gi6en someone the idea Almost e6ery #orm o# transportation has gi6en someone the idea#or a new type o# toy$#or a new type o# toy$ A#ter the Montgol#ier brothers #lew the A#ter the Montgol#ier brothers #lew the#irst balloon, toy balloons became popular playthings$ In the#irst balloon, toy balloons became popular playthings$ In thenineteenth century, soon a#ter railroads and steamboats$ Thenineteenth century, soon a#ter railroads and steamboats$ Thesame held true #or automobiles and air lanes in the earlsame held true #or automobiles and air lanes in the earl

twentieth century$ Toy roc%ets and missiles became popular attwentieth century$ Toy roc%ets and missiles became popular atthe beginning o# the space age, and by the 9><8s, there werethe beginning o# the space age, and by the 9><8s, there weremany di##erent 6ersions o# space shuttle toys$many di##erent 6ersions o# space shuttle toys$

The main idea o# the passage is that:The main idea o# the passage is that:

a@ In6entors ha6e been inspired by toys to build new #orms o#a@ In6entors ha6e been inspired by toys to build new #orms o#transportation$transportation$b@ Toy automobiles and airplanes were 6ery popular in the earlyb@ Toy automobiles and airplanes were 6ery popular in the early9>88s$9>88s$c@ Toy design has o#ten #ollowed de6elopments inc@ Toy design has o#ten #ollowed de6elopments in

transportation$transportation$



(ain -deas(ain -deas.igh leel o" 'rotectionism /ESAF0 +11+2.igh leel o" 'rotectionism /ESAF0 +11+2

As As aa membermember o# o# thethe outhernouthern ConeCone CommonCommon Mar%etMar%et?M+4C!4@,?M+4C!4@, Argentina Argentina maintainsmaintains relati6elyrelati6ely lowlow tradetrade barriersbarriers

withwith Brazil,Brazil, .araguay,.araguay, andand ruguayruguay butbut appliesapplies aa highhigh tari## tari## ononallall goodsgoods andand ser6icesser6ices comingcoming intointo Argentina Argentina #rom#rom countriescountriesoutsideoutside M+4C!4 M+4C!4$$

BecauseBecause thethe commoncommon e"ternale"ternal tari## tari## raterate isis appliedapplied toto mostmost o# o# ee wor swor s coun r es,coun r es, rgen na srgen na s a6eragea6erage arar ra era e ss $$

percentpercent thisthis year,year, upup #rom#rom GG$$FF percentpercent lastlast yearyear$$ As As aa result,result, itsitstradetrade policypolicy scorescore isis 99 pointpoint worseworse thisthis yearyear$$

7;7;** In the main, the te"t deals withIn the main, the te"t deals with

a@ Argentinas wages and prices$a@ Argentinas wages and prices$b@ Argentinas trade policy$b@ Argentinas trade policy$

c@ .araguays high #iscal de#icit$c@ .araguays high #iscal de#icit$

d@ Brazils #inancial institutions$d@ Brazils #inancial institutions$

e@ Brazils regulation score$e@ Brazils regulation score$



(ain -deas(ain -deas.igh leel o" 'rotectionism /ESAF0 +11+2.igh leel o" 'rotectionism /ESAF0 +11+2

As As aa membermember o# o# thethe outhernouthern ConeCone CommonCommon Mar%etMar%et?M+4C!4@,?M+4C!4@, Argentina Argentina maintainsmaintains relati6elyrelati6ely lowlow tradetrade barriersbarriers

withwith Brazil,Brazil, .araguay,.araguay, andand ruguayruguay butbut appliesapplies aa highhigh tari## tari## ononallall goodsgoods andand ser6icesser6ices comingcoming intointo Argentina Argentina #rom#rom countriescountriesoutsideoutside M+4C!4 M+4C!4$$

BecauseBecause thethe commoncommon e"ternale"ternal tari## tari## raterate isis appliedapplied toto mostmost o# o# ee wor swor s coun r es,coun r es, rgen na srgen na s a6eragea6erage arar ra era e ss $$

percentpercent thisthis year,year, upup #rom#rom GG$$FF percentpercent lastlast yearyear$$ As As aa result,result, itsitstradetrade policypolicy scorescore isis 99 pointpoint worseworse thisthis yearyear$$

7;7;** In the main, the te"t deals withIn the main, the te"t deals with

a@ Argentinas wages and prices$a@ Argentinas wages and prices$b@ Argentinas trade policy$b@ Argentinas trade policy$

c@ .araguays high #iscal de#icit$c@ .araguays high #iscal de#icit$

d@ Brazils #inancial institutions$d@ Brazils #inancial institutions$

e@ Brazils regulation score$e@ Brazils regulation score$



(ain -deas(ain -deasInIn 0une0une thisthis year,year, thethe B4ICs,B4ICs, thethe worldsworlds newestnewest economiceconomicgroupinggrouping,, endedended theirtheir #irst#irst ma1orma1or summitsummit byby callingcalling #or#or aa stablestable,,predictablepredictable andand moremore di6ersi#ieddi6ersi#ied internationalinternational monetarymonetary systemsystem$$

ButBut thethe leadersleaders o# o# Brazil,Brazil, 4ussia,4ussia, IndiaIndia andand China,China, stoppedstopped shortshorto# o# criticisingcriticising thethe worldsworlds dominantdominant currencycurrency,, thethe dollardollar$$ TheThegroupgroup repeatedrepeated callscalls #or#or aa biggerbigger saysay inin thethe globalglobal #inancial#inancialsystemsystem throughthrough greatergreater representationrepresentation atat ma1orma1or institutions,institutions,

suchsuch asas thethe orldorld Ban% Ban%$$ButBut thethe #inal#inal statementstatement issuedissued byby thethe leadersleaders mademade nonore#erencere#erence toto de6elopingde6eloping newnew reser6ereser6e currenciescurrencies toto challengechallengethethe dollar,dollar, whichwhich 4ussia4ussia hadhad calledcalled #or#or atat aa separateseparate e6ente6entearlierearlier inin thethe dayday$$

Analysts Analysts saysay thatthat asas thethe globalglobal recessionrecession bites,bites, thethe #our#our BricBricnationsnations areare showingshowing aa growinggrowing willingnesswillingness toto wor% wor% togethertogether$$!ne!ne e"perte"pert claimedclaimed thethe signi#icancesigni#icance o# o# thethe summitsummit wouldwould bebepoliticalpolitical ratherrather thanthan economiceconomic$$

?+A3,?+A3, Analista Analista TributHrioTributHrio, 788> ource: BBC, 788> ource: BBC -ews 9;&;&8>, adapted@-ews 9;&;&8>, adapted@



Ans3er the "ollo3ing 4uestion Ans3er the "ollo3ing 4uestionaccording to the 'reious te$t5according to the 'reious te$t5

The most suitable headline "or thisThe most suitable headline "or thiste$t 3ould bete$t 3ould be

a@ B4ICs attac% the #alling dollar$a@ B4ICs attac% the #alling dollar$

b@ B4ICs summit ad6ocates #inancial stability$b@ B4ICs summit ad6ocates #inancial stability$c@ +merging nations see% to set up new #inancialc@ +merging nations see% to set up new #inancialunion$union$

d@ B4ICs in disarray o6er #inancial crisis$d@ B4ICs in disarray o6er #inancial crisis$

e@ -ationse@ -ations #a6our#a6our increased powers #or the orldincreased powers #or the orldBan%$Ban%$




The most suitable headline "or thisThe most suitable headline "or thiste$t 3ould bete$t 3ould bea@ B4ICsa@ B4ICs attac% attac% the #alling dollar$the #alling dollar$

?no re#erence Jto challenge the dollar@?no re#erence Jto challenge the dollar@

b@ B4ICs summit ad6ocates #inancial stability$b@ B4ICs summit ad6ocates #inancial stability$

Correct AnswerCorrect Answer::

InIn 0une0une thisthis year,year, thethe B4ICs,B4ICs, thethe worldsworlds newestnewest economiceconomicgrouping,grouping, endedended theirtheir #irst#irst ma1orma1or summitsummit byby callingcalling #or#or aa stable,stable,

predictablepredictable andand moremore di6ersi#ieddi6ersi#ied internationalinternational monetarymonetary systemsystem$$




The most suitable headline "or thisThe most suitable headline "or thiste$t 3ould bete$t 3ould bec@ +merging nationsc@ +merging nations see% to set up new #inancial unionsee% to set up new #inancial union$$

?want more say in the orld Ban%@?want more say in the orld Ban%@d@ B4ICsd@ B4ICs in disarrayin disarray o6er #inancial crisis$o6er #inancial crisis$

?in disarray?in disarray ) ) di6ided&disorder B4ICs see% greaterdi6ided&disorder B4ICs see% greater

unity@unity@e@e@ -ations-ations #a6our#a6our increased powers #or the orld Ban%$increased powers #or the orld Ban%$

?only the B4ICs@?only the B4ICs@




The most suitable headline "or thisThe most suitable headline "or thiste$t 3ould bete$t 3ould be

a@ B4ICs attac% the #alling dollar$a@ B4ICs attac% the #alling dollar$

b@ B4ICs summit ad6ocates #inancial stability$b@ B4ICs summit ad6ocates #inancial stability$c@ +merging nations see% to set up new #inancialc@ +merging nations see% to set up new #inancialunion$union$

d@ B4ICs in disarray o6er #inancial crisis$d@ B4ICs in disarray o6er #inancial crisis$e@ -ationse@ -ations #a6our#a6our increased powers #or the orldincreased powers #or the orldBan%$Ban%$



.al" the nation0 a hundred million citi6ens strong

EVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smoke of western Europe’s industrialisingnations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of politicians, economists and

shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But

in Brazil, the middle class describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit

and ownership of a car or motorbike. According to the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), a

research institute, this means households with a monthly income ranging from 1,064 reais($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002, according to FGV, the proportion of the population that

fits this description has increased from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously notorious for its

extremes, is now a middle-class country.

This social climbing is a feature mainly of the country’s cities, reversing two decades ofstagnation that began at the start of the 1980s. Marcelo Neri of FGV suggests two factors

behind the change. The first is education. The quality of teaching in Brazil’s schools may

still be poor, but those aged 15-21 now spend on average just over three more years studying

than their counterparts did in the early 1990s.

According to the text, Brazilian middle class has

(A) decreased. (D) spread.

(B) dwindled. (E) merged.

(C) suffered.



.al" the nation0 a hundred million citi6ens strong

(…) According to the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), a

research institute, this means households with a monthly income

ranging from 1,064 reais ($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002,

according to FGV, the proportion of the population that fits thisdescription has increased from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously

notorious for its extremes, is now a middle-class country.

This social climbing is a feature mainly of the country’s cities,reversing two decades of stagnation that began at the start of the

1980s.

According to the text, Brazilian middle class has

(A) decreased. (D) spread.

(B) dwindled. (E) merged.

(C) suffered.



-denti"ication o" ty'e o" te$t-denti"ication o" ty'e o" te$t

Identi#yIdenti#y thethe speci#icspeci#ic paragraphparagraph oror sectionsection o# o# thethe te"tte"t thatthat isis re#erredre#erred toto thethe =uestion=uestion andandbasebase youryour answeranswer only only onon thatthat sectionsection$$

ent yent y t et e assoc ateassoc ate wor s termswor s terms romrom t et e=uestion=uestion inin thethe te"tte"t

(etermine(etermine whatwhat isis thethe mainmain topictopic thatthat wouldwould

includeinclude allall o# o# thesethese typestypes o# o# termstermsTheThe ob1ecti6eob1ecti6e isis toto #ocus#ocus youryour reasoningreasoning andand

6ocabulary6ocabulary de#initionsde#initions towardtoward thethe mainmain issuesissues

o# o# thethe te"tte"t itsel# itsel#$$



(ain -dea o" the Te$t(ain -dea o" the Te$tIt is too early to celebrate, but one can at least heave a sigh of relief

after a December jobs report that shows a meaningful acceleration in

employment growth. This morning, the Bureau of Labour Statisticsreleased preliminary numbers on the American labour market in

December, and the news is good. Non-farm employment rose by

200 000 obs for the month. Private em lo ers added 212 000 obs

slightly offset by the continuing decline in government employment.In the 12 months through December, the American economy added

1.9m private-sector jobs—the best performance so far in this

recovery. The unemployment rate dipped again, from 8.7% to 8.5%.

Part of the decline was once again associated with departures from thelabour force, but rising employment accounted for much of the

improvement.

hathat isis thethe te"tte"t mainlymainly aboutabout



(ain -dea o" the Te$t(ain -dea o" the Te$tIt is too early to celebrate, but one can at least heave a sigh of relief

after a December jobs report that shows a meaningful acceleration in

employment growth. This morning, the Bureau of Labour Statisticsreleased preliminary numbers on the American labour market in

December, and the news is good. Non-farm employment rose by

200 000 obs for the month. Private em lo ers added 212 000 obs

slightly offset by the continuing decline in government employment.In the 12 months through December, the American economy added

1.9m private-sector jobs—the best performance so far in this

recovery. The unemployment rate dipped again, from 8.7% to 8.5%.

Part of the decline was once again associated with departures from thelabour force, but rising employment accounted for much of the

improvement.

hathat isis thethe te"tte"t mainlymainly aboutaboutTheThe American American 1obs 1obs mar%etmar%et



(ain -dea o" the Te$t(ain -dea o" the Te$tThe most striking thing about state-owned enterprises

(SOEs) is their sheer collective might in the emerging

world. They make up most of the market capitalisation of China’s and Russia’s stockmarkets and account for 28 of

the emerging world’s 100 biggest companies. True, the

state-owned sector as a whole has been in rapid retreat. Itnow makes up only about a third of China’s and Russia’s

GDP, against almost all of it two decades ago. But this

decline is the result of selective pruning rather than

liberalisation. Governments have been letting go of the

small in order to strengthen their hold over the large.

hathat isis thethe te"tte"t mainlymainly aboutabout



(ain -dea o" the Te$t(ain -dea o" the Te$tThe most striking thing about state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is

their sheer collective might in the emerging world. They make

up most of the market capitalisation of China’s and Russia’sstockmarkets and account for 28 of the emerging world’s 100

biggest companies. True, the state-owned sector as a whole has

een n rap re rea . now ma es up on y a ou a r o

China’s and Russia’s GDP, against almost all of it two decadesago. But this decline is the result of selective pruning rather than

liberalisation. Governments have been letting go of the small in

order to strengthen their hold over the large.

hathat isis thethe te"tte"t mainlymainly aboutabout- State-owned enterprises in the emerging world



(ain -dea o" the Te$t(ain -dea o" the Te$tThe most striking thing about state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is their sheer

collective might in the emerging world. They make up most of the market

capitalisation of China’s and Russia’s stockmarkets and account for 28 of the

emerging world’s 100 biggest companies. True, the state-owned sector as a

whole has been in rapid retreat. It now makes up only about a third of China’s

and Russia’s GDP, against almost all of it two decades ago. But this decline is

.

been letting go of the small in order to strengthen their hold over the large.

hathat isis thethe te"tte"t mainlymainly aboutabouta. State-owned enterprises in the emerging world

b. Emerging world economiesc. Stockmarkets in the emerging world

d. The emerging world’s top 100 companies

e. Governmental regulations in the emerging world

-d ti"i ti " S i"i-d ti"i ti " S i"i



-denti"ication o" S'eci"ic-denti"ication o" S'eci"ic

!aragra'h or Section!aragra'h or SectionSouth Korea banks in rate-rigging investigation

A South Korea inancial regulator has started an investigation into

alleged interest rate rigging b! some o the countr!"s banks. The #airTrade $ommission is looking at possible collusion over setting

certiicates o deposit %$&'( used as a benchmark to set lending rates.

)t ollows the *ibor-ri in scandal involvin +arcla s and ossibl

several other ,K banks.A $& is a wa! o saving with a ied interest rate and maturit! sold b!

banks and circulated in the secondar! market b! brokerages.

#inancial irms beneit rom a high $& rates as man! household loans

are linked to them. The! are reuentl! used to help South Koreansbu! homes. The possible rigging o $& can help latter companies"

inancial health.

The indebtedness o South Koreans has become a particular worr! to

the authorities as the econom! slows.ESA#( Auditor #iscal( 01( Source www.bbc.com2news 3slightl! adapted4

-d ti"i ti " S i"i-d ti"i ti " S i"i




!aragra'h or Section!aragra'h or SectionA South Korea inancial regulator has started an

investigation into alleged interest rate rigging b! some o

the countr!"s banks. The #air Trade $ommission is lookingat possible collusion over setting certiicates o deposit

%$&'( used as a benchmark to set lending rates. )t ollows

the *ibor-rigging scandal involving +arcla!s and possibl!

several other ,K banks.

The opening paragraph suggests that some South Korean banks

ma! have

a' acted dishonestl!.

b' deserved commendation.

c' been unairl! attacked.

d' started an investigation.

e' moved to the ,K.





!aragra'h or Section!aragra'h or SectionA South Korea inancial regulator has started an

investigation into alleged interest rate rigging b! some o

the countr!"s banks. The #air Trade $ommission is lookingat possible collusion over setting certiicates o deposit

%$&'( used as a benchmark to set lending rates. )t ollows

the *ibor-rigging scandal involving +arcla!s and possibl!

several other ,K banks.

The opening paragraph suggests that some South Korean banks

ma! have

a' acted dishonestl!.

b' deserved commendation. %opposite meaning'

c' been unairl! attacked. %evidence points toward wrongdoing'

d' started an investigation. %government( not banks( started investigation'

e' moved to the ,K. %wrong reerence 5 other ,K banks involved'



-denti"ication o" S'eci"ic !aragra'h or Section-denti"ication o" S'eci"ic !aragra'h or Section

Rio+20: reasons to be cheerful) was prett! downhearted then( too. So when ) returned ) went to see 6ichard

Sandbrook( a legendar! environmental activist who co-ounded #riends o the

Earth( and prooundl! inluenced a generation o governments( business leaders

and 7G8s beore he died in 009. Sandbrook made the point that 7G8s alwa!s

scream blue murder because it is their :ob to push governments and that ,7

conerences must disappoint because all views have to be accommodated.

$hange( he said( does not happen in a ew da!s" intense negotiation. )t is a long(

mu e ( cu ura process a canno come rom a mee ng.. ea c ange

comes rom stronger institutions( better public inormation( promises being kept(the echange o views( pressure rom below( and events that make people see the

world dierentl!.ESAF, Auditor Fiscal, 202, Source: The Guardian “ !overt" #atters$, blog- ada%ted

The main aim o the third paragraph is to report on

a' the views o a well-known environmentalist on how change occurs.

b' the ailure o the ,7 to achieve an! signiicant results in 1;;.

c' the lie and work o a late-lamented ,7 environmental activist.

d' he author"s despondent mood in 1;; and the reasons or it.

e' the similarities between the conerence results in 01 and 1;;.




Rio+20: reasons to be cheerful) was prett! downhearted then( too. So when ) returned ) went to see 6ichard

Sandbrook( a legendar! environmental activist who co-ounded #riends o the

Earth( and prooundl! inluenced a generation o governments( business leaders

and 7G8s beore he died in 009. Sandbrook made the point that 7G8s alwa!s

scream blue murder because it is their :ob to push governments and that ,7

conerences must disappoint because all views have to be accommodated.

$hange( he said( does not happen in a ew da!s" intense negotiation. )t is a long(

mu e ( cu ura process a canno come rom a mee ng. ea c ange

comes rom stronger institutions( better public inormation( promises being kept(the echange o views( pressure rom below( and events that make people see the

world dierentl!.ESAF, Auditor Fiscal, 202, Source: The Guardian “ !overt" #atters$, blog- ada%ted

The main aim o the third paragraph is to report on

a' the views o a well-known environmentalist on how change occurs.

b' the ailure o the ,7 to achieve an! signiicant results in 1;;. %ailure o govts'

c' the lie and work o a late-lamented ,7 environmental activist.

d' he author"s despondent mood in 1;; and the reasons or it.

e' the similarities between the conerence results in 01 and 1;;. %paragraph '




ARMENIA tends to feature in the news because of its problems

(history, geography, demography and economics to name but a

few). But a new report says not all is doom and gloom. The

parliamentary elections in May showed significant improvement.Media coverage was more balanced, and the authorities permitted

greater freedom/ of assembly, expression and movement than in

prev ous years. at o es we or t e uture.ESAF, Analista Fiscal, 2012, Source: The Economist print edition June 24, 2012

&uestion <ith regard to the political situation in Armenia( the

opening paragraph o the tet is

a' unnecessaril! pessimistic.b' wildl! enthusiastic.

c' depressingl! rank.

d' remarkabl! despondent.

e' mildl! optimistic.




ARMENIA tends to feature in the news because of its problems

(history, geography, demography and economics to name but a

few). But a new report says not all is doom and gloom. The

parliamentary elections in May showed significant improvement.Media coverage was more balanced, and the authorities permitted

greater freedom/ of assembly, expression and movement than in

prev ous years. at o es we or t e uture.ESAF, Analista Fiscal, 2012, Source: The Economist print edition June 24, 2012

&uestion <ith regard to the political situation in Armenia( the

opening paragraph o the tet is

a' unnecessaril! pessimistic.b' wildl! enthusiastic.

c' depressingl! rank.

d' remarkabl! despondent.

e' mildl! optimistic.



!ronoun Re"erence!ronoun Re"erence!ersonal ad7ecties he0 him0 his0 she0 her0 hers0 it0 its0

they0 them0 their0 theirs

4e#le"i6e pronouns himsel#, hersel#, itsel#, themsel6es

4elati6e pronouns&ad6erbs who, whose, whom, which, that,where when

(emonstrati6e pronouns&ad1ecti6es this, that, these thoseThese may also be used be#ore nounsor noun phrases:this one, that time, these new ideas,those problems

!ther re#erence words some, #ew, any, none, se6eral, both,here, there, most, many, one, ones,another, other, others, the #ormer, thelatterThese may also be used in phrases:ome o# these, se6eral e"amples, etc

Half the nation a h ndred million citi ens strong



Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strongEVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smoke of western Europe’s

industrialising nations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of politicians, economists and shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and

attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But in Brazil, the middle class

describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit and

ownership of a car or motorbike. According to the Fundação Getulio Vargas(FGV), a research institute, this means households with a monthly income

ranging from 1,064 reais ($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002, according to

FGV the ro ortion of the o ulation that fits this descri tion has increased

from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously notorious for its extremes, is now a

middle-class country.

38 The missing word in “those with a job” (line 5) is

(A) shopkeepers.

(B) people.(C) economists.

(D) politicians.

(E) owners.

Half the nation a hundred million citizens strong



Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strongEVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smoke of western Europe’s

industrialising nations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of politicians, economists and shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and

attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But in Brazil, the middle class

describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit and

ownership of a car or motorbike. According to the Fundação Getulio Vargas(FGV), a research institute, this means households with a monthly income

ranging from 1,064 reais ($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002, according to

FGV the ro ortion of the o ulation that fits this descri tion has increased

from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously notorious for its extremes, is now a

middle-class country.

38 The missing word in “those with a job” (line 5) is

(A) shopkeepers. (only one of the group)

(B) people.(C) economists. (only one of the group)

(D) politicians. (only one of the group)

(E) owners.

The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines diplomacy as “(…) the



management of relations between countries (…) art of or skill in dealing

with people; tact (…)”. Indeed it is the art of convincing others to

perceive things your way, or at least to have second thoughts about

theirs. It is the combination of logic and science on the one hand with

the gift of proper language packaging and presentation necessary to

convince others.

The power of language rests on the fact that it contains ideas: and ideas

are, according to Plato, more enduring, indeed more permanent than

matter. Ideas can be suppressed, or go underground but unlike a statue or

any other material things they cannot be shattered. They can only be met

and dealt with by other ideas. Historically it is the magic of words thatbewitched, enthralled and sometimes intoxicated people and led them to

great or mean deeds. The language of diplomacy, often like poetry, has

the ability to move people from mood to mood. Whether demagogy or

whether giving expression to noble ideologies, theories, or even religiouscreeds, ordinary language or that of diplomacy has a momentum and an

inner driving force that is ageless.IRBr, TPS Exam, 2013, Source: K.S. Abu Jaber, Language and Diplomacy. In: J. Kurbalija; H. Slavi

(Eds.) Language and Diplomacy, p. 53. Malta: DiploProjects, 2001.




In relation to the pronouns shown in bold in theIn relation to the pronouns shown in bold in thete"t abo6e, 1udge i# the items below are right ?C@te"t abo6e, 1udge i# the items below are right ?C@or wron + $or wron + $

a@ The pronoun DthatE ?L$9>@ re#ers to DlanguageE ?L$9K@$a@ The pronoun DthatE ?L$9>@ re#ers to DlanguageE ?L$9K@$b@ The pronoun DtheirsE ?L$F@ re#ers to DothersE ?L$<@$b@ The pronoun DtheirsE ?L$F@ re#ers to DothersE ?L$<@$

c@ The pronoun DItE ?L$F@ re#ers to DdiplomacyE ?L$9@$c@ The pronoun DItE ?L$F@ re#ers to DdiplomacyE ?L$9@$

d@ The pronoun DtheyE ?L$99@ re#ers to DIdeasE ?4$98@$d@ The pronoun DtheyE ?L$99@ re#ers to DIdeasE ?4$98@$




In relation to the pronouns shown in bold in theIn relation to the pronouns shown in bold in the

te"t abo6e, 1udge i# the items below are right ?C@te"t abo6e, 1udge i# the items below are right ?C@or wrong ?+@$or wrong ?+@$

D E D E D E D E$ $ $ $ $ $

+: DthatE re#ers to D#orceE, not DlanguageE +: DthatE re#ers to D#orceE, not DlanguageE

b@ The pronoun DtheirsE ?L$F@ re#ers to DothersE ?L$<@$b@ The pronoun DtheirsE ?L$F@ re#ers to DothersE ?L$<@$

+: DtheirsE re#ers to DthingsE ?i$e$ Dother thingsE@+: DtheirsE re#ers to DthingsE ?i$e$ Dother thingsE@

c@ The pronoun DItE ?L$F@ re#ers to DdiplomacyE ?L$9@$c@ The pronoun DItE ?L$F@ re#ers to DdiplomacyE ?L$9@$C: DItE re#ers to the sub1ect o# the pre6ious sentence$C: DItE re#ers to the sub1ect o# the pre6ious sentence$

d@ The pronoun DtheyE ?L$99@ re#ers to DIdeasE ?4$98@$d@ The pronoun DtheyE ?L$99@ re#ers to DIdeasE ?4$98@$

C: DtheyE re#ers to the sub1ect o# the pre6ious sentence$C: DtheyE re#ers to the sub1ect o# the pre6ious sentence$



End o"End o"l ss )l ss )**

!art )!art )



LFG Concursos

.art 7.art 7

G



Grammar

Relative Clauses

Name the 7 most common relative pronouns:Who, whom, whose

ThatWhen

Where

Note: “what” is NOT a relative pronoun; it is a nounclause marker

G



Grammar

Fill in the proper relative pronoun

whose ! who ! whom

"ar#, $$$$$$$$$$ is m# sister, is per%ormin& toni&ht"ar#, $$$$$$$$$$ ' live with, is per%ormin& toni&ht

"ar#, $$$$$$$$$$ %amil# ' live with, is per%ormin&toni&ht

G



Grammar


whose ! who ! whom

"ar#, who is m# sister, is per%ormin& toni&ht

"ar#, whom ' live with, is per%ormin& toni&ht"ar#, whose %amil# ' live with, is per%ormin&

toni&ht

G



Grammar

Fill in the proper relative pronoun an( e!plainwh#

"ar#, who is m# sister, is per%ormin& toni&ht

"ar#, whom ' live with, is per%ormin& toni&ht

"ar#, whose %amil# ' live with, is per%ormin& toni&ht

What is the (i%%erence in the ) uses*

G



Grammar

whose ! who ! whom

"ar#, who is m# sister, is per%ormin&

toni&htwho is a su+ect pronoun an( must come

(irectl# +e%ore a ver+

G



Grammar

whose ! who ! whom"ar#, whom ' live with, is per%ormin&

toni&htwhom is an o+ect pronoun;

whom

is use( in two wa#s:-e%ore a su+ect an( a ver+;

.s the o+ect o% a preposition

Grammar



Grammar

whose ! who ! whom

Two wa#s o% writin& this sentence:

"ar#, whom ' live with, is per%ormin& toni&ht

"ar#, with whom ' live, is per%ormin& toni&ht

Grammar



Grammar

whose ! who ! whom

"ar#, whose %amil# ' live with, is per%ormin&

toni&htwhose is a possessive pronoun an( must

come +e%ore another noun

Grammar



Grammar


which ! that ! in which ! where

e u n& $$$$$$$$$$ ve n as a c s+ein& torn (own

The +uil(in& $$$$$$$$$$ ' live( as a chil( is+ein& torn (own

The /mpire 0tate -uil(in&, $$$$$$$$$$ m#%rien( works, has strict securit# measures %or

visitors

Grammar



Grammar



The +uil(in& $$$$$$$$$$ ' live( in as a

chil( is +ein& torn (own

a in which c at which

+ where ( which

Grammar



Grammar



The +uil(in& $$$$$$$$$$ ' live( in as a



+ where ( which

Grammar



Grammar



The +uil(in& which ' live( in as a chil( is

+ein& torn (own

Grammar



Grammar



The +uil(in& $$$$$$$$$$ ' live( as a chil(

is +ein& torn (own


+ where ( which

Grammar



Grammar



The +uil(in& $$$$$$$$$$ ' live( as a chil(

is +ein& torn (own


+ where ( which

Grammar



Grammar



The +uil(in& in which1where ' live( as a


Grammar



Grammar


Compare an( Contrast the two sentences:

The +uil(in& which1that1 222 ' live( in as achil( is +ein& torn (own

The +uil(in& where1in which ' live( as achil( is +ein& torn (own

Grammar



Grammar


Compare an( Contrast the two sentences:

The +uil(in& which1that1 222 ' live( in as a chil( is +ein&torn (ownWhen the preposition is alrea(# in the sentence, #ou can use

“which” or “that” or leave out the relative pronoun

The +uil(in& where1in which ' live( as a chil( is +ein&

torn (ownWhen the preposition o% the phrasal ver+ is missin& %rom the

sentence, #ou can use “where” or “in which”

Grammar



Grammar



The /mpire 0tate -uil(in&, $$$$$$$$$$ m# %rien(

works, has strict securit# measures %or visitors

a at which c in which+ where ( which

Grammar



Grammar



The /mpire 0tate -uil(in&, $$$$$$$$$$ m# %rien( works, has strictsecurit# measures %or visitors

a at which c in which

+ where ( which

“which” cannot +e use( here +ecause “works” is a phrasalver+ an( nee(s the preposition or un(erstoo( preposition

-oth “work in” an( “work at” are accepta+le here The relative pronoun cannot +e le%t out +ecause the clause

is surroun(e( in commas

Grammar





The /mpire 0tate -uil(in&, at which1in which1

where m# %rien( works, has strict securit# measures

%or visitors

Grammar




Compare an( Contrast the 3 sentences:

The +uil(in& where1in which ' live( as a chil( is +ein&torn (own

The /mpire 0tate -uil(in&, at which1in which1wherem# %rien( works, has strict securit# measures %or

visitors

Wh# is a comma use( in the secon( sentence an( not in the %irst*

Grammar




Compare an( Contrast the 3 sentences:

The +uil(in& where1in which ' live( as a chil( is +ein&

The /mpire 0tate -uil(in&, at which1in which1wherem# %rien( works, has strict securit# measures %orvisitors

Wh# is a comma use( in the secon( sentence an( not in the %irst* First 0entence: 4e%inin& Clause 5necessar# in%ormation6

0econ( 0entence: Non2(e%inin& Clause 5e!tra in%ormation6

Grammar



Relative clauses with Quantifiers:

Consi(er the %ollowin& sentences:

' have two +rothers Both of them live in enns#lvania

'% we oin the two sentences to&ether, what shoul( wechan&e*

' have two +rothers, +oth o% whom live in enns#lvania

When (o we use the relative pronouns whom an( which*

Grammar



Relative clauses with Quantifiers:

Consi(er the %ollowin& sentences:

' have two +rothers Both of them live in enns#lvania

'% we oin the two sentences to&ether, what shoul( we chan&e*

' have two +rothers, +oth o% whom live in enns#lvania

When (o we use the relative pronouns whom an( which* 8se the relative pronoun when the sentences are oine( into one

Whom %or people; Which %or thin&s

Grammar



Reduced Relative Clauses: Consi(er the %ollowin& e!amples:

9 'ts the kin( o% char&e Nike has %ace( which regards its

operations in .sia

3 ast week an activist &roup which is called the National a+or

Committee accuse( Nike o% runnin& virtual slave %actories in

China

) 'n(isputa+l#, there have +een cases in which supervisors a+use(

workers, which include a well2known inci(ent

< Nike su+contractors pai( a+ove su+sistence levels, which

allowed workers to save a portion o% their earnin&s

Grammar



Reduced Relative Clauses:

'n each e!ample, how coul( we re(uce these pronoun uses*

9 which re ar(s: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

3 which is calle(: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ) a6 in which: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

+6 which inclu(e: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

< which allowe(: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Grammar





9 which re&ar(s: re&ar(in&

3 which is calle(: calle() a6 in which: where

+6 which inclu(e: inclu(in&

< which allowe(: allowin&

/!plain the process o% trans%ormation in each e!ample

Grammar





=ow are the %irst two e!amples (i%%erent*

9 which re&ar(s: re&ar(in& 't is an active ver+:

/liminate the relative pronoun; Trans%orm the ver+ into a &erun( 52in&6

3 which is calle(: calle(

't is a passive ver+ /liminate the relative pronoun;

"aintain the past participle o% the ver+

Grammar




'n each e!ample, how coul( we re(uce these pronoun uses*) a6 in which: where

“ ”

Now compare e!amples )+ an( <

Wh# are the# the same %orm*

) +6 which inclu(e: inclu(in&


Grammar





) a6 in which: where 0ame rule as we saw with “which ! that”

Compare e!amples )+ an( <

Wh# are the# the same %orm*

) +6 which inclu(e: inclu(in&


-oth ver+s are in the active voice

-oth ver+s are trans%orme( into the &erun( %orm

Grammar



Join the following sentences:

Three #ears a&o, ' was livin& in the 80

Three #ears a&o, ' &ra(uate( rom colle&e

Grammar




Three #ears a&o, ' was livin& in the 80,

Two options:Three #ears a&o, when ' was livin& in the 80,

' &ra(uate( %rom colle&eThree #ears a&o, when ' &ra(uate( %romcolle&e, ' was livin& in the 80

Grammar




>iena has man# +eauti%ul canals

"an# tourists visit >iena ever# #ear

Grammar




>iena has man# +eauti%ul canals

# u v v # #

Two options:>iena, which has man# +eauti%ul canals, is

visite( +# man# tourists ever# #ear>iena, which is visite( +# man# tourists ever##ear, has man# +eauti%ul canals

Grammar




eter an( aul are musicians at the "arshall

Conservator# The# will +e per ormin& at

the "arshall Conservator# toni&ht

Grammar





the "arshall Conservator# toni&hteter an( aul, who are musicians at the "arshall

Conservator#, will +e per%ormin& toni&ht


Conservator#, where the# will +e per%ormin& toni&ht

Grammar




?aren stu(ies at 'n(iana 8niversit# in

stu(ent population

Grammar




?aren stu(ies at 'n(iana 8niversit# in

stu(ent population

?aren stu(ies at 'n(iana 8niversit# in-loomin&ton, which has a lar&e stu(ent

population



Grammar




-ill @ates is a millionaire an( owns "icroso%t

"icroso%t is a monopol#

-ill @ates, who is +ein& sue( +# the 80 &overnment, is a

millionaire an( owns "icroso%t, which is a monopol#-ill @ates, who is a millionaire an( owns "icroso%t, which

is a monopol#, is +ein& sue( +# the 80 &overnment

=#sterical Nativism

R l Cl ( k W (



Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(sR800/ /.RC/ is the quintessential .riAona Repu+lican =e

wears stars2an(2stripes shirts an( has clips o% Bohn Wa#ne an(

Ronal( Rea&an on his we+site =e loves &uns, his %amil#, his "ormon%aith, his countr# an( the law, 596 $$$$$$$$$$ he en%orce( %or man#

Repu+lican, an( thus not havin& a heart, save( his li%e 536

$$$$$$$$$$ he &ot shot in the chest once -ut his main passion is

ille&al immi&rants, 5)6 $$$$$$$$$$ he calls “inva(ers” =e loathed

them even +e%ore his son 0ean, also a sheri%%s (eput#, &ot shot +#

one -ut now it is personal

9 a whom + that c which ( o% which

=#sterical Nativism

R l i Cl ( i ki W (





Ronal( Rea&an on his we+site =e loves &uns, his %amil#, his "ormon%aith, his countr# an( the law, 596 $$$$$$$$$$ he en%orce( %or man#



ille&al immi&rants, 5)6 $$$$$$$$$$ he calls “inva(ers” =e loathed

them even +e%ore his son 0ean, also a sheri%%s (eput#, &ot shot +#


9 a whom + that c which ( o% which

=#sterical Nativism

R l i Cl ( i ki W (





Ronal( Rea&an on his we+site =e loves &uns, his %amil#, his "ormon%aith, his countr# an( the law, 596 which he en%orce( %or man# #ears



ille&al immi&rants, 5)6 $$$$$$$$$ he calls “inva(ers” =e loathed

them even +e%ore his son 0ean, also a 2sheri%%s (eput#, &ot shot +#


3 a where + when c which ( that

=#sterical Nativism

R l ti Cl ( i ki W (





Ronal( Rea&an on his we+site =e loves &uns, his %amil#, his "ormon%aith, his countr# an( the law, which he en%orce( %or man# #ears as

,

an( thus not havin& a heart, save( his li%e 536 $$$$$$$$$$ he &ot

shot in the chest once -ut his main passion is ille&al immi&rants, 5)6

$$$$$$$$$$ he calls “inva(ers” =e loathed them even +e%ore his

son 0ean, also a 2sheri%%s (eput#, &ot shot +# one -ut now it is

personal

3 a where + when c which ( that

=#sterical Nativism







,

an( thus not havin& a heart, save( his li%e when he &ot shot in the

chest once -ut his main passion is ille&al immi&rants, 5)6



personal

) a who + when c whom ( that

=#sterical Nativism







,

an( thus not havin& a heart, save( his li%e when he &ot shot in the

chest once -ut his main passion is ille&al immi&rants, 5)6



personal

) a who + when c whom ( that

=#sterical Nativism




Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(sR800/ /.RC/ is the quintessential .riAona Repu+lican

=e wears stars2an(2stripes shirts an( has clips o% Bohn

Wa#ne an( Ronal( Rea&an on his we+site =e loves &uns,his %amil#, his "ormon %aith, his countr# an( the law, which

he en%orce( %or man# #ears as (eput# sheri%% o%

"aricopa Count# =e okes that +ein& Repu+lican, an(thus not havin& a heart, save( his li%e when he &ot shot in

the chest once -ut his main passion is ille&al immi&rants,

whom he calls “inva(ers” =e loathed them even +e%orehis son 0ean, also a sheri%%s (eput#, &ot shot +# one -ut

now it is personal

=#sterical Nativism

Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(s



Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(s'lle&al immi&ration is a %e(eral crime "r earces law, 5<6

$$$$$$$$$$, woul( also make it a state crime an( woul(

reuire the police, as oppose( to %e(eral a&ents, to makearrests an( check the immi&ration status o% in(ivi(uals

who look suspicious to them CitiAens 5D6 $$$$$$$$$$ think

their cops are not vigilant enou&h woul( +e encoura&e(to sue their cities or counties, an( no cit# or count# ma#

remain a “sanctuary” where this law is not en%orce(

< a however + +ut c (espite ( even so

=#sterical Nativism




Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(s'lle&al immi&ration is a %e(eral crime "r earces law, 5<6

$$$$$$$$$$, woul( also make it a state crime an( woul(





< a however + +ut c (espite ( even so

=#sterical Nativism




Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(s'lle&al immi&ration is a %e(eral crime "r earces law,

however, woul( also make it a state crime an( woul(





D a who + whom c which ( whose



=#sterical Nativism




Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(s'lle&al immi&ration is a %e(eral crime "r earces

law, however, woul( also make it a state crime an(

woul( reuire the police, as oppose( to %e(eral

,

status o% in(ivi(uals who look suspicious to themCitiAens who think their cops are not vigilant

enou&h woul( +e encoura&e( to sue their cities or

counties, an( no cit# or count# ma# remain a“sanctuary” where this law is not en%orce(

=#sterical Nativism




Relative Clauses an( inkin& Wor(s'n "r earces opinion his law merely “removes thehan(cu%%s” %rom the police an( sheri%%s (eputies so the#

can (o their work To a &reat man# other people,however, it screams racial profiling .riAona is an

,immi&rantsEperhaps a+out hal% a million in the stateE are =ispanic 56$$$$$$$$$$$ else woul( cops suspectan( arrest +ut the +rown ones* /ven .merican atinoswho happen to +e out without their (rivin& licence mi&ht

+e at risk

a which + whom c whose ( what

=#sterical Nativism




'n "r earces opinion his law merely “removes thehan(cu%%s” %rom the police an( sheri%%s (eputies so the#

can (o their work To a &reat man# other people,however, it screams racial profiling .riAona is an

,immi&rantsEperhaps a+out hal% a million in the stateE are =ispanic 56$$$$$$$$$$$ else woul( cops suspectan( arrest +ut the +rown ones* /ven .merican atinoswho happen to +e out without their (rivin& license mi&ht

+e at risk

a which + whom c whose ( what

=#sterical Nativism




'n "r earces opinion his law merely “removes the

han(cu%%s” %rom the police an( sheri%%s (eputies so

the# can (o their work To a &reat man# other

, ,

.riAona is an overwhelmingly white state, an(virtuall# all ille&al immi&rantsEperhaps a+out

hal% a million in the stateEare =ispanic Whom

else woul( cops suspect an( arrest +ut the +rownones* /ven .merican atinos who happen to +e out

without their (rivin& licence mi&ht +e at risk

=#sterical Nativism




“'lle&al is not a race; it is a crime,” "r earce likes to retort .n(man# .riAonans a&ree with him .riAona has +ecome the main

crossin& point %or "e!icans, some o% 576 $$$$$$$$$$ have +rou&ht"e!icos (ru& violence with them . %ew weeks a&o a prominentwhite rancher near the +or(er was kille(, possi+l# +# a smu&&ler or

e&a mm &rant epu cans run r Aona an are now n a state ohysteria

, competin& with one another to (eal mosttoughly

with thethreat /ven .riAonas senior senator, Bohn "cCain, 5G6$$$$$$$$$$ once resiste( demonising ille&al immi&rants +ut is now facing achallen&e in the primaries %or his seat, has come out in %avour o% "rearces law

7 a them + whom c which ( that

=#sterical Nativism





crossin& point %or "e!icans, some o% 576 $$$$$$$$$$ have +rou&ht"e!icos (ru& violence with them . %ew weeks a&o a prominentwhite rancher near the +or(er was kille(, possi+l# +# a smu&&ler or

e&a mm &rant epu cans run r Aona an are now n a state ohysteria, competin& with one another to (eal most toughly with thethreat /ven .riAonas senior senator, Bohn "cCain, 5G6$$$$$$$$$$ once resiste( demonising ille&al immi&rants +ut is now facing achallen&e in the primaries %or his seat, has come out in %avour o% "rearces law

7 a them + whom c which ( that

=#sterical Nativism





crossin& point %or "e!icans, some o% whom have +rou&ht "e!icos(ru& violence with them . %ew weeks a&o a prominent whiterancher near the +or(er was kille(, possi+l# +# a smu&&ler or


G a that + who c whose ( whom

=#sterical Nativism





crossin& point %or "e!icans, some o% whom have +rou&ht "e!icos(ru& violence with them . %ew weeks a&o a prominent whiterancher near the +or(er was kille(, possi+l# +# a smu&&ler or


G a that + who c whose ( whom

=#sterical Nativism


“'ll l i i i i ” " lik



“'lle&al is not a race; it is a crime,” "r earce likes toretort .n( man# .riAonans a&ree with him .riAona has+ecome the main crossin& point %or "e!icans, some o%whom have +rou&ht "e!icos (ru& violence with them .%ew weeks a&o a prominent white rancher near the

or er was e , poss # # a smu&& er or e&a

immi&rant Repu+licans run .riAona an( are now in astate o% hysteria, competin& with one another to (ealmost toughly with the threat /ven .riAonas seniorsenator, Bohn "cCain, who once resiste( demonising

ille&al immi&rants +ut is now facing a challen&e in theprimaries %or his seat, has come out in %avour o% "rearces law

=#sterical Nativism


. + h + l ( l ll



.riAonas atinos, +# contrast, have not mo+ilise( politicall#The# make up )HI o% the states population +ut onl# 93I o%

the electorate .n( man# are %rom %amilies that have +een.merican %or &enerations, no lon&er speak 0panish an( aream+ivalent towar( the new arrivals The# are 5J6 $$$$$$$$$$ ver# (i%%erent %rom atinos in Te!as an( Cali%ornia 4urin& the

9JJHs attempts to turn +ack ille&als at the +or(er complie(with voter initiatives a&ainst un(ocumente( immi&rants inCali%ornia motivate( atinos there to +ecome a political %orce59H6 $$$$$$$$$$$ Repu+licans %ear to cross .riAona,

5996 __________ , ma# still +e a &eneration +ehin(

J a moreover + thou&h c %urther ( thus

=#sterical Nativism


. i i + h +ili ( li i ll




the electorate .n( man# are %rom %amilies that have +een.merican %or &enerations, no lon&er speak 0panish an( aream+ivalent towar( the new arrivals The# are 5J6 __________

ver# (i%%erent %rom atinos in Te!as an( Cali%ornia 4urin& the



J a moreover + thou&h c %urther ( thus

=#sterical Nativism


. i ti + t t h t +ili ( liti ll




the electorate .n( man# are %rom %amilies that have +een.merican %or &enerations, no lon&er speak 0panish an( aream+ivalent towar( the new arrivals The# are thus ver#(i%%erent %rom atinos in Te!as an( Cali%ornia 4urin& the



9H a to which + at which c which ( in that

=#sterical Nativism


. i ti + t t h t +ili ( liti ll







9H a to which + at which c which ( in that



=#sterical Nativism


.riAonas atinos +# contrast have not mo+ilise( politicall#



.riAona s atinos, +# contrast, have not mo+ilise( politicall#The# make up )HI o% the states population +ut onl# 93I o%


9JJHs attempts to turn +ack ille&als at the +or(er complie(with voter initiatives a&ainst un(ocumente( immi&rants inCali%ornia motivate( atinos there to +ecome a political %orcewhich Repu+licans %ear to cross .riAona, 5996 __________ ,

ma# still +e a &eneration +ehin(

99 a in spite o% + thou&h c althou&h ( ust

=#sterical Nativism


.riAonas atinos +# contrast have not mo+ilise(



.riAona s atinos, +# contrast, have not mo+ilise(politicall# The# make up )HI o% the states population

+ut onl# 93I o% the electorate .n( man# are %rom%amilies that have +een .merican %or &enerations, no

arrivals The# are thus ver# (i%%erent %rom atinos in Te!asan( Cali%ornia 4urin& the 9JJHs attempts to turn +ackille&als at the +or(er complie( with voter initiativesa&ainst un(ocumente( immi&rants in Cali%ornia motivate(

atinos there to +ecome a political %orce whichRepu+licans %ear to cross .riAona, thou&h, ma# still +e a&eneration +ehin(

Kuestion %rom 'R-r T0 /!am, 3H9)

Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman



Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman,

Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the

economic recovery might allow the central bank toease its efforts to stimulate the econom . That

includes scaling back its bond buying program

beginning later this year.Question: Determine if the following statement is true or false.

In the sentence “Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman,Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the economic recovery

might allow the central bank to ease its efforts to stimulate the

economy.” the relative pronoun “who” may be replaced by whom in

more formal contexts.


Question: Determine if the following statement is true or false.



Q g f

In the sentence “Their cue came from the Federal

Reserve chairman, Ben Bernanke, who recentlysu ested that the economic recover mi ht allow

the central bank to ease its efforts to stimulate the

economy.” the relative pronoun “who” may be

replaced by whom in more formal contexts.

False: “who” is a subject pronoun and comes directly before a

verb; “whom” is an object pronoun and must come either directly

before a subject and verb or be used as the object of a preposition.






Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the

economic recovery might allow the central bank toease its efforts to stimulate the econom . That

includes scaling back its bond buying program

beginning later this year.Question: Determine if the following statement is true or false.

In the sentence “That includes scaling back its bond buying programbeginning later this year.”, the pronoun “its” refers to “economy”, in

the previous sentence.


Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman, Ben



,

Bernanke, who recently suggested that the economic

recovery might allow the central bank to ease its efforts tostimulate the economy. That includes scaling back its bond

.

Question: Determine if the following statement is true or false.In the sentence “That includes scaling back its bond buying program

beginning later this year.”, the pronoun “its” refers to “economy”, in

the previous sentence.

False: “its” refers to the “central bank”, also known as the “Federal

Reserve” in the US.

Question from !"#$ "nalista #iscal$ %&&'

.nal#sts sa# that as the &lo+al recession +ites, the



%our -ric nations are showin& a &rowin& willin&ness to

work to&ether One e!pert claime( the si&ni%icanceo% the summit woul( +e political rather than

economic 5--C News 911HJ, a(apte(6

One e%%ect o% the &lo+al %inancial crisis, accor(in& to the te!t, will +e to

cause

a6 -raAil, Russia, 'n(ia an( China to +e known as the -R'Cs

+6 a %ra&mentation o% international reserve currenciesc6 increasin& reliance on the (ollar as the reserve currenc#

(6 the -R'Cs to seek closer cooperation as a &roup

e6 a challen&e to the si&ni%icance o% the -R'Cs as a &roup


.nal#sts sa# that as the &lo+al recession +ites, the four



(ric nations are showing a growing willingness to

wor) together* One e!pert claime( the si&ni%icance o%the summit woul( +e political rather than economic

5--C News 911HJ, a(apte(6

One e%%ect o% the &lo+al %inancial crisis, accor(in& to the te!t, will +e to

cause

a6 -raAil, Russia, 'n(ia an( China to +e known as the -R'Cs

+6 a %ra&mentation o% international reserve currenciesc6 increasin& reliance on the (ollar as the reserve currenc#

(6 the -R'Cs to seek closer cooperation as a &roup

e6 a challen&e to the si&ni%icance o% the -R'Cs as a &roup




=ow lon& can the run on the (ollar continue* +ast year,s dollar

l ith it tt d t i i dit i d d



slump$ with its attendant rise in commodity prices$ ended

when the mar)et put paid to it* This time &overnments are

attemptin& to slow it (own -ut it is not, as wi(el# e!pecte(, the

80 &overnment that is (oin& this 'nstea(, the Cana(ian (ollar

(roppe( sharpl# on Tues(a# a%ter the -ank o% Cana(a issue( a

warnin& over the currenc#s recent stren&th0ource: the Financial Times Octo+er 3H2 www%tcom, a(apte(

.ccor(in& to the te!t, last #ear the 80 currenc#

a6 %irst rose, then %ell when commo(it# prices were slashe(

+6 outstrippe( +oth the Cana(ian (ollar an( the -raAilian realc6 remaine( sta+le, (espite %ears o% a market crisis

(6 %irst %ell, then sta+iliAe( a%ter commo(it# prices went up

e6 remaine( una%%ecte( +# the %inancial crisis


5L6 This time &overnments are attemptin& to slow it (own -ut it is

t i( l t ( th 80 t th t i ( i thi



not, as wi(el# e!pecte(, the 80 &overnment that is (oin& this

'nstea(, the Cana(ian (ollar (roppe( sharpl# on Tues(a# a%ter the

-ank o% Cana(a issue( a warnin& over the currenc#s recentstren&th -raAils &overnment went %urther, imposin& capital controls

to stop the real &ainin& at the (ollars e!pense Other countries, it

appears, have more to lose %rom a weak (ollar than the 80 (oes0ource: the Financial Times Octo+er 3H2 www%tcom, a(apte(

Compare( to Cana(a, accor(in& to the te!t, -raAil

a6 showe( more impressive si&ns o% %inancial recover#

+6 intervene( to protect its own currenc#c6 took more (rastic action to stem the %all in the (ollar

(6 &ave sharp warnin& over risin& oil prices

e6 watche( the Cana(ian (ollar rise with mil( optimism


5L6 This time &overnments are attemptin& to slow it (own -ut it is not,

as wi(el# e!pecte( the 80 &overnment that is (oin& this 'nstea( the



as wi(el# e!pecte(, the 80 &overnment that is (oin& this 'nstea(, the

Cana(ian (ollar (roppe( sharpl# on Tues(a# a%ter the -ank o%

Cana(a issue( a warnin& over the currenc#s recent stren&th (ra-il,sgovernment went further, imposin& capital controls to stop the real

&a n n& a e o ar s e!pense er coun r es, appears, ave more

to lose %rom a weak (ollar than the 80 (oes0ource: the Financial Times Octo+er 3H2 www%tcom, a(apte(



+6 intervene( to protect its own currenc#c6 took more (rastic action to stem the %all in the (ollar

(6 &ave sharp warnin& over risin& oil prices



Compare( to Cana(a accor(in& to the te!t -raAil





+6 intervene( to protect its own currenc#

c6 took more (rastic action to stem the %all in the (ollar

(6 &ave sharp warnin& over risin& oil prices5not state(; also, repetition o% voca+ular# out o% conte!t6


5not state(6


erhaps as a result, there was a (a#s pause in the tra(e that has seen

< %



the (ollar hit 9<2month lows while oil, (enominate( in (ollars, +rie%l#

hit MGH a +arrel +e%ore %allin& -raAils imposition o% a 3 per cent ta!

on capital in%lows, to +oth stocks an( +on(s, showe( stron& intent This

move +rou&ht the real, which has risen D<D per cent a&ainst the (ollar

since its na(ir, (own +# )G per cent The -ovespa stock in(e!, which

has triple( since its low, %ell 7D per cent in (ollar terms at one point0ource: the Financial Times Octo+er 3H2 www%tcom, a(apte(

The result o% the new -raAilian ta! on investments was

a6 a rise o% D<DI in the value o% the (ollar

+6 a %all o% 3I on the -raAilian stock marketc6 a (rop o% 7DI in the (ollar a&ainst the real

(6 an increase to MGH in the price o% a +arrel o% oil

e6 a (ecrease o% )GI in the value o% the real


erhaps as a result, there was a (a#s pause in the tra(e that has seen the

( ll hit 9< th l hil il ( i t ( i ( ll + i %l hit MGH



(ollar hit 9<2month lows while oil, (enominate( in (ollars, +rie%l# hit MGH a

+arrel +e%ore %allin& -raAils imposition o% a 3 per cent ta! on capital in%lows,

to +oth stocks an( +on(s, showe( stron& intent This move .rought the real$

which has risen /0*/ per cent against the dollar since its nadir$ down .y

* per cen * e ovespa s oc n e!, w c as r p e s nce s ow, e

per cent in (ollar terms at one point0ource: the Financial Times Octo+er 3H2 www%tcom, a(apte(

The result o% the new -raAilian ta! on investments was

a6 a rise o% D<DI in the value o% the (ollar 5+e%ore the ta!6

+6 a %all o% 3I on the -raAilian stock market 5value o% the ta! itsel%6

c6 a (rop o% 7DI in the (ollar a&ainst the real 5%all in -ovespa6

(6 an increase to MGH in the price o% a +arrel o% oil 5not cause( +# ta!6

e6 a (ecrease o% )GI in the value o% the real



nd of

Class 3:

4art %

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