Program/CourseHORTICULTURE NCII

Unit of CompetencyConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations

Module TitleConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations

INTRODUCTIONThis module contains information, suggested learning activities, instruction and procedure in the conduct of pre-horticultural farm operations. This module consists of three (3) learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains learning activities supported by instruction sheets. Before performing the instruction, the information sheets must be read first. Learning activities and self-check must be answered. To ascertain the competence, the teacher will assess the knowledge and skills acquired such as the preparation of farm tools, farm implements and simple equipment and how to perform routine operations.LEARNING OUTCOMES AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIAThe module, entitled Conduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations has the following learning outcomes and performance criteria:Learning OutcomePerformance Criteria

LO1Prepare tools, farm implements and simple equipment for horticultural operations1.1 Appropriate tools, farm implements and simple equipment are identified and sorted according to its usage1.2 Basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements and equipment is performed in accordance with manufacturers manual1.3 Tools with wear and corrosions are segregated and treated according to maintenance plan and procedures

LO2Prepare and maintain farm facilities2.1 Workplace hazards and environmental implications associated with maintenance procedures are controlled in line with farm requirements 2.2 Maintenance activities are performed to maximize efficiency and effectiveness of facilities2.3 Relevant information with regard to the maintenance activities are identified are noted following standard procedures

LO3Secure tools, farm implements/equipment and facilities3.1 Simple repair and modifications of tools, farm implements/equipment and facilities is conducted following standard procedures3.2 Preventive structures are installed during inclement weather3.3 Basic post-operative checks of tools, farm implements and equipment is conducted in accordance with manufacturers manual3.4 Tools, farm implements and equipment are stored according to approved practices

TECHNICAL TERMS1.Farm tools are things used by the farmers or farm workers to perform or facilitate manual or mechanical work.

2.Farm implement is any device that directly affects the production of agricultural products

3..Simple equipment is machinery used in horticultural operations, especially in vegetable production

4.Plow is a farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seeds and planting

5.Greenhouse is a building or complex in which plants are grown

6.Farm Facilities a place, building or something designed, built, installed that make an action, operation or activity in the farm easier

7.Standard Procedure a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely

8.Safety Practices protocols dealing with safety in connection with occupational safety and health and may vary between industry or sectors

9.Needle stick an accidental juncture of the skin with an unsterilized instrument. Also called needle stick injury

10.Pesticide any substance used to kill or repel or contain in plant or animal life that are considered to be pests

11..Hazard a chance of being injured or harmed

12.Post-operative during, relating to, or denoting the period following a surgical operation

13.Pre-operative denoting, administered in or occurring in the period before a surgical operation

14. Tillage is an agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types such as digging, stirring and overturning.

15.Power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism other than the safely manual labour used with hand tools.

16.Maintenance involves fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing or electrical device should it become out of order or broken

17. Manufacturers manual instructional book or booklet that is supplied with almost all technologically advanced consumer products, the information contained includes: instructions on safety, set up, maintenance, regulatory, trouble shooting and warranty.

Program/CourseHORTICULTURE NCII

Unit of CompetencyConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations

Module TitleConduct Pre-Horticultural Farm Operations

Learning Outcome No. 1Prepare tools, farm implements and simple equipment for horticultural operations

Performance Criteria

1. Appropriate tools, farm implements and simple equipment are identified and sorted according to its usage2. Basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements and equipment is performed in accordance with manufacturers manual

3. Tools with wear and corrosions are segregated and treated according to maintenance plan and proceduresReferences:1.Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Directory. 20062.The Howard Rotavator. 20073.Machinery Manufacturers Secondary Tillage4.Australia Dictionary of Biography Online Edition5.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1 Farm Tools, Farm Implements and Simple Equipment for Horticultural Operations A. Farm ToolsFarm tools, definedFarm tools are things used by the farmers or farm workers to perform or facilitate manual or mechanical work. These are objects used as a means of accomplishing a task or purpose. Farm tools play very important role in horticultural operation. Their availability makes the work much easier and faster. For these tools to be more useful, one must have a good working knowledge of farm tools before using them.Classification of Farm ToolsFarm tools are classified as follows:1. Cutting tools2. Cultivating tools3. Digging tools4. Carpentry tools5. Measuring tools6. Transplanting tools7. Plumbing tools8. Harvesting tools

a. Cutting tools and its usesA knife is used for cutting planting materials and for performing other operations in horticulture

Pruning shearA pruning shear is for cutting branches of planting materials and unnecessary branches of plants

BoloA bolo is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and chopping branches of trees

An axe is used for cutting a bigger size post

b. Cultivating tools and its usesCROW BARA crowbar is used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and stumps

PICK MATTOCKA pick mattock is used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and for pulverizing soil

GRUB HOEA grub-hoe is used for breaking hard topsoil and for pulverizing soil

SpadeSPADEA spade is used for removing trash or soil, digging canals or ditches and mixing soil media.

c. Digging tools and its usesRAKEA rake is used for loosening the soil, light weeding and levelling, removing dead grass from lawns

SHOVELA shovel is used for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials such as soil, coal, gravel and sand

HAND TROWELA trowel is used for digging, smoothing or otherwise, moving around small amount of viscous or particular material

d. Carpentry tools and its usesHAND SAWA hand saw is used to cut pieces of wood into different shapes in order to join the pieces together and carve a wooden object

CHISELA chisel is not just for wood carvers, but it is used to clean out joints and saw cuts

HAMMERThis tool looks roughly like the letter T. Most common uses for hammers are to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal and break apart objects

UTILITY KNIFEA utility knife is used to cleanout mortise joints or scribing wood

e. Measuring tools and its usesTRY SQUAREA try square is used for marking and measuring piece of wood.

TAPE MEASUREA tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It is a common measuring tool with linear measurement markings. It measures around curves or corners.

RULERUsed in building to measure distances or rule straight lines. It is a straightedge which contains calibrated lines to measure distances. Desk rulers are used to measure, to aid in drawing straight lines and as a straight guide for cutting.

PLUMB BOBA plumb bob is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line. This is used to ensure that constructions are plumb or vertical. Plumb bob is used to provide vertical datum lines for the building measurements.

f. Transplanting tools and its usesHAND TROWELIt helps in the transplanting of seedlings, for the application of fertilizer and also for the application of manure to the soil, it helps in loosening vegetable beds, it can also be used for light weeding, sampling or mixing up of soil and digging holes for the planting of seeds.

HAND FORKIt is used in mixing manure into the soil, for breaking the surface of the soil, so that air and water, can pass easily and it is also used for the removal of weeds on the seed bed.

SPADESpade is used for different proposes. It can be used for digging of holes and trenches around us, for leveling the ground, for making seedbeds, ridges, mounds and heaps, transplanting of seedlings like palm oil seedlings, turning the soil and the mixing of manures, light weeding in the farm and at home, mixing of cement and concrete for farm and home structures and the digging of foundations when constructing farm and home buildings.

WATERING CAN

It is used to apply water to crops like seedlings in a nursery and vegetables. It is used in applying liquid fertilizers to crops.

g. Plumbing tools and its usesADJUSTABLE HACK SAW FRAMEIntended to use blades of various lengths, especially those the ends which have been broken off.

PIPE WRENCHA wrench used for turning soft iron pipes and fittings with a rounded surface.

ADJUSTABLE WRENCHUsed to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects

WRENCHAn instrument for exerting a twisting strain, as in turning bolts, nuts, screw-taps, etc.

h. Harvesting tools and its uses

HOEHoes are used in tilling the soil, harvesting of crops like cassava, sweet potato and cocoyam, weeding between the rows of crops, digging of drains, making trenches and foundation of farm houses, and the making of ridges and mounds.

SICKLEHand-held agricultural tool with a variously carved blade typically used for harvesting grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock

SCYTHEIt is an agricultural tool for mowing grass or reaping crops.

B. Farm ImplementsFarm Implement is any device that directly affects the production of agricultural products. It is an article used in a given activity, serving to equip and used in the performance of a task.

PLOWAn agricultural implement used for cutting, lifting, turning over and partly pulverizing the soil.

HARROWAn agricultural implement consisting of many spikes, tines or discs dragged across the soil to turn most light weeds, and scribble into the ground.

C. Simple EquipmentSimple equipment is machinery used in horticultural operations, especially in vegetable production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. Simple equipment needs a highly skilled operator to use.HAND TRACTORThis equipment is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing large area of land

FOUR WHEEL TRACTORThis is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in preparing much bigger area of land.it is a vehicle intended for pushing or pulling something which cannot propel itself and often powering it too. Tractor serves to deliver a high operative effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction.

WATER PUMPWater pump is used to draw irrigation water from a source

KNAPSACK SPRAYERA piece of agricultural equipment used primarily to apply herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers ti agricultural crops.

SELF-CHECK 1.1 A. Matching Type: Match Column A to Column B____1. Pick Mattocka. Used for cutting branches of planting materials and unnecessary branches of plants

____2. Grub-Hoeb. Used for cutting a bigger size post

____3. Sicklec. Used for cutting planting materials and for performing other operations in horticulture

____4. Shoveld. Used for watering seedlings and young plants

____5. Rakee. Used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and for pulverizing soil

____6. Axef. Used for cleaning the ground and leveling the topsoil

____7. Knifeg. Used for removing trash, digging loose soil, moving soil from one place to another and for mixing soil media

____8. Sprayerh. Hand-held agricultural tool with variously carved blade typically used for cutting weeds

____9. Sprinkleri. Used to spray insecticides, foliar fertlizers, fungicides and herbicides

____10. Pruning Shearsj. Used for breaking hard topsoil and for pulverizing soil

B. ENUMERATION1. Give at least 2 examples of: 12 pointsa. Cutting toolsb. Carpentry toolsc. Transplanting toolsd. Plumbing toolse. Harvesting toolsf. Cultivating tools2. Give 3 examples of farm equipment (3 points)

TASK SHEET 1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED FARM TOOLS AND DEMONSTRATING ITS USEFarm Tools: Cutting tools knife, bolo, pruning shear, axe Cultivating tools hand trowel, hand fork Digging tools pick mattock Carpentry tools hammer, sawInstructions:1. Farm tools are placed on the table. These tools include knife, bolo, pruning shear, axe, hand trowel, hand fork, pick mattock, hammer and saw. 2. Cut-outs on the classification of tools such as cutting tool, cultivating tool, digging tool, carpentry tools prepared for the trainees to classify each tool3. Trainees will perform by classifying the farm tools. Farm tools will be classified using the label or the cut-outs4. After classifying, uses of each tool will be tackled by the trainees5. Selected tools will be demonstrated its use, i.e. shovel, pruning shear, hammer, bolo

Information Sheet 1.2 The PlowPLOWIs a farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed in planting.PURPOSE1. To turn over the upper layer of the soil, bringing fresh ingredients to the surface while burying weeds and the remains of the previous crops, allowing them to break down.2. Aerates the soil and allows to hold moisture betterPARTS OF A PLOW

Figure 1. Parts of a plowBeam the part where all the other parts are attached directly or indirectlyMouldboard is the other main part of the plow which turns over the earth previously cut by the courter and the share. It is an extension of the share to the rear.Frog Piece is the part attached to the lower part of the stay. Its first part is called the sole plate. It is the frog that the mouldboard and the share are attached. Share - one of the main parts. It cuts the slice of the earth horizontally and starts turning it over.Landslide is another wearing part bolted to the frog. Its purpose is to prevent wear of the frog end of the story as a result of friction along the furrow wall.TYPES OF PLOW1. MOLDBOARD PLOWA moldboard plow is an ancient plow that is still use in small farms today. It is very efficient. It consists of a single large blade that enters the ground vertically. The plow is pulled through the

ground by horse, ox, human or tractor power. While the blade moves through the earth, it cuts, raises, and turns the soil in one pass. If solid fertilizer is added to the field before it is plowed, the moldboard plow will also incorporate the fertilizer into the soil. 2. REVERSIBLE PLOWReversible plow is another version of the moldboard type of plow. The difference is that this type of plow uses two, four or more blades. This type of plow needs to have the power of a tractor in order to be operated.3. SUB-SOILING PLOWSub-soiling plow is another large plow that will need the power of a tractor for proper use. The purpose of a sub-soiling plow is to break up the ground beneath the top layer of a field. This is necessary because some modern chemicals that are used in farming cause hard crust of soil to form under a field and this has to be broken up in order for plants to grow properly. In addition, drainage is greatly improved by plowing a field with a sub-soiling plow. 4. DISC PLOWDisc plow is used for the initial plowing of brush-covered fields or plowing of dry rock soil. Farmers will sometimes refer to plowing with a disc plow as discing. This plow uses a large concave steel disc to break up the soil. The discs are slightly inclined at a backwards angle, which turn the soil as the ground is broken by the disc.WHEN TO PLOW1. If your soil is not hard, you start plowing during the dry season so that you can start planting as soon as the rains are steady2. On hard soils, we start plowing as soon as the rains have softened the soil. Start plowing on the plots with heavy soils (silt and clay). Once they are very wet, they stick to the mouldboard and make the work difficult.HOW TO PLOW1. The whole area of the plot has to be plowed. 2. Always work the long side of the field so that your furrows are as long as possible. You lose less time by turning round at the end of the field. 3. Always plow across the slope! Plowing down the slope provokes damage by erosion.4. If your field is wider than 30 meters, divide the area to be plowed into plots so as to reduce walking at the ends of the furrow to a minimum.DISADVANTAGES OF PLOWINGRepeated plowing can have negative effects on the soil. The organic matter of the soil decomposes faster. The soil is losing fertility and is more susceptible to erosion. MAINTENANCE OF THE PLOWTo save money and work more effectively, you have to maintain and care for your plow: Check and tighten all bolts and nuts of your plow before starting work Oil your plow especially bolts and nuts every week end Grease your plow wheel regularly Store plow in a dry place to avoid corrosion Dont file the share of your plow too often

SELF-CHECK 1.2 A. Enumeration1-6 Give at least 6 parts of a plow7-10 Name 4 types of plow11-15 Care and maintenance of a plow

B. Fill in the blanks. Select the answer from the choices below and write the answer on the blank.

plowslopecorrosionnegativedry season

1. Always plow across the ______. 2. Store plow in a dry place to avoid _____. 3. Start plowing during the _______4. Repeated plowing can have___effects to the soil.5. ___is a farm implement used in initial cultivation of the soil

Task Sheet 1.2 1. Bring the trainees in the nearby field2. Show one type of plow and let the trainees identify the parts and its functions.3. Demonstrate plowing, and let the trainees perform the task.

Information Sheet 3.1Care and Maintenance of Farm Tools and EquipmentA. Care and Maintenance of Farm Tools1. Prior to use, always inspect farm tools for defects and damage. Check for loose, bent or cracked tool handles, mushroomed tool heads, sprung tool joints or worn teeth. If a hand tool fails the initial inspection, tag the tool clearly as defective and remove it from service.

2. Allow adequate time at the end of each day to clean the farm tools and properly pack for transportation or storage.3. To protect farm tools from rust, use a wire brush occasionally on the metal parts and wipe them down with an oily rag; apply rust resistant paint on metal areas that rarely come into contact with the soil.4. Sharpen tools such as shovels, hoes, and shears or cutters with a file or sharpening stone and use grease or apply lubricant to moving joints; always file away from the tools head on the push stroke only. Sharp tools always work more efficiently.B. Storage of Farm Tools

1. Store tools in a dry, sheltered environment.2. Place tools in a rack for safety and easy access3. Place similar tools close together so workers can easily see the available tools.

C. Care and Maintenance of Farm Equipment

1. One of the most important aspects of maintenance is cleaning. Regular cleaning prevents damage.2. Inspect the implements for wear and damage. 3. Take the time for maintenance and repairs if necessary.4. Replace the parts as they wear out, and making sure all fluids are topped up. 5. Keep everything in good condition helps minimize the collateral damage from an otherwise minor breakdown.SELF-CHECK 3.1Answer with True or False

____1. Farm tools should be stored anywhere in the farm.____2. Regular cleaning prevents damage of farm tools and implements.____3. Farm tools can be placed in a rack or in a tool box.____4. Always inspect farm tools for defects and damage.____5. You can keep different tools close together.

TASK SHEET 3.1

Trainees will be asked to perform the following:

1. Sharpening of tools2. Cleaning of tools3. Lubricating farm tools

Information Sheet 3.2 Safety Precautions, Pre-Operation Check Up and Safety Principles in Using Farm TractorA. Safety Precautions When Using the Farm TractorBefore you decide to let anyone operate the farm tractor, you need to ensure that the individual knows how to operate the machine. Never let anyone operate the tractor without proper training otherwise it might lead to accident. It is vital to follow the safety rule to ensure that the operator is physically fit, trained and qualified to operate the farm tractor. In this way, the trained individual can assist other individuals in operating the machine. Proper demonstration of the procedure is necessary as well as explains how each of the machine operates. On the other hand, after the demonstration, the trainer should allow the new operator to operate the machine. Yet close supervision is required and give instructions when needed. B. Pre-Operation Check-Up for Farm TractorMaintenance InspectionBefore operating the farm tractor see to it to check first if it works well. Keep in mind that there are many factors that alter the safety and reliability of the machine. That is why it is essential to perform pre-operational check-up to ensure safe operation. Keeping the tractor in good working condition can help prevent possible accidents. Ensure always to keep at hand the operating manual. See to it that each operator should read and understand the information written in the manual. By following the operating precautions as well as following the recommendations, accidents will be avoided. Likewise, the operator should wear the appropriate clothing and gears when operating the farm tractor.Safe RefuelingAnother accident that is associated to farm tractor is fire and explosions. Keep in mind that when refueling there is a great risk as you will handle gasoline. As a safety measure, you should never refuel the machine while the engine is running. Otherwise, static electricity would generate a spark and worst lead to fire. To reduce the static electricity, you should drop a mounted wire in the equipment to the ground.C. Basic Tractor Safety Principles

Always wear your seatbelt. Most tractors are equipped with a roll over protection device that is built to protect you if the tractor rolls. A seat belt will save you from getting crushed. Never stand near a spinning PTO. The PTO and connected drive shaft spins with incredible force. Keep clothing and body parts away from the spinning shaft, or risk dismemberment and death. Do not rest arms or hands in the joints of any hydraulic part, or risk dismemberment. Never put your hands inside or around active implements when the tractor is running Turn off tractor if any jamming or other obstructions occur when using PTO driven implements Do not operate tractor on a dangerous slope. Be aware of roll over dangers Always move very slowly when moving heavy loads in the bucket. Driving with a heavy load greatly changes the balance and stability of the tractor. Heavy loads encourage tipping and rolling.

Program/Course: HORTICULTURE NCII

Unit of Competency: CONDUCT PRE-HORTICULTURAL OPERATIONS

Learning Outcome 3: Secure tools, farm implements/equipment and facilities

Performance Criteria:

1. Simple repair and modifications of tools, farm implements, equipment and facilities is conducted following standard procedures

2. Preventive structures are installed during inclement weather

3. Basic post-operative checks of tools, farm implements and equipment is conducted in accordance with manufacturers manual

4. Tools, farm implements and equipment are stored according to approved practices.

References :1.National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2004. The 2001 Report on Adult Agricultural Related Injuries2.National Safety Council, 2005. The Plain Facts About the Agricultural Industry3.Better Health Channel

INFORMATION SHEET 3.3 Farm Safety, Risks and HazardsIntroductionFarming is considered one of the most dangerous occupation in the Philippines. You can reduce the risk of farm injuries and illness at your farm by evaluating the risks and minimizing them. Accidents can be prevented through better farmer education, making sure equipment is well maintained and has adequate safety features, having safety procedures in place, and training every worker and family member about potential dangers. Machinery such as tractors and power tools pose the greatest injury risk in the farm. It caused deaths and disabling injuries in agricultural operations. It is important to be safety conscious when dealing with any job that requires the use of machinery. Statistics show that the majority of machinery-related accidents occur as a result of human negligence. Errors include taking short cuts to save time, failure to read the operators manual, ignoring a warning, improper lack of instruction and failure to follow safety rules.Safety Practices in a Carpentry Shop1. Tools not being used should be always kept at their proper places.2. Make sure that your hands are not in front of sharp edged tools while you are using them.3. Use only sharp tools. A dull tool requires excessive pressure, causing the tool to slip.4. Wooden pieces with nails should never be allowed to remain on the floor.5. Be careful when you are using your thumb as a guide in cross-cutting and ripping.6. Test the sharpness of the cutting edge of chisel on wood and paper but not on your hand.7. Never chisel toward any part of the body.8. Do not use chisels where nails are present.9. Does not use chisel as a screw driver.10. Do not use a saw with a loose handle.11. Do not use a saw on metallic substances12. Do not use mallet to strike nails.13. Do not use plane at the places where a nail is driven in the wood.Precautions to be Observed when Storing Machinery on the Farm1. Buildings where machinery and tools are stored should be located far enough away from structures that house livestock and hay in case of fire2. Fire extinguisher should be located near all fuel pumps and tanks3. Fuel storage tanks should be preferably located below ground. Tanks should be properly vented. The area around the tank should be free of litter, weeds and any fuel spills that could aid in starting or accelerating the spread of a fire. 4. Electrical lines coming into the building should be high enough to allow equipment to pass underneath5. Electrical systems in machine sheds should be sufficient for the power tools and equipment that will require the use of electric current. 6. Electric outlets should be on the three-prong grounded type.7. Machinery storage buildings should not be used to store debris8. Doors on machine sheds should be wide enough for machinery to safely pass through without being caught. Doors also need to pull or slide open and close freely in case of an emergency. 9. Exits should be clearly marked.10. Doors should be lockable to keep out of children and unwanted visitors.11. Floor surfaces should be level and smooth, free of bumps and protruding rocks12. Equipment should be parked so there is enough space for a person to walk completely around it.13. Buildings should have adequate ventilation for starting or running of an engine within the structure. Engines should not be left running inside a building for a prolonged period of time unless the exhaust is properly vented.14. All tools and accessory equipment should be kept picked up and stored in their proper place.15. Keys should always be removed from all equipment and machinery to prevent children or unauthorized people from starting them.16. Do not allow non employees inside the machine shed. Children should never be allowed to plat around or inside the machine shed or on farm machinery itself.

SAFETY TIPS IN OPERATING A MACHINERY

1. Remove watches and jewelry. Roll up sleeves or wear a short-sleeved shirt. Wear a shop coat.2. Always wear safety goggles when operating machines or using compressed air.3. Use machine guards and safety devices.4. Keep machines clear of loose tools.5. Never remove metal chips with your fingers.6. Do not talk while operating a machine.7. Stop the machine if it makes strong noise.8. Clean the machines and the shop after each use.GENERAL SHOP RULES1. All tools must be put away before closing the laboratory at the end of a working session2. Put away all tools upon completion of a task 3. Dont use the floor as a temporary or long-term work surface4. Clean-up metal shavings and small scrap using the shop vacuum and broom5. Always wear appropriate safety gear.SELF-CHECK 3.3Instructions: Answer the following questions1. Name at least 3 devices for your safety in using farm tools and machinery.2. Why is there a need to train the workers before operating a machine?3. What are some of the safety tips in operating a machinery?4. What are some of the safety practices in handling farm tools?TASK SHEET 3.3 If the statement best described YES, put a check; and put a check if the statement best described NO.

StatementYESNO

1. When operating a machine, the operator should not talk.

2. You should always wear an appropriate safety gear when using a machine.

3. It the machine makes strong noise, never stop the machine.

4. All tools should be kept at a proper place.

5. Use only sharp tools.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.4 EFFICIENT KNAPSACK SPRAYER USEIntroductionBest maintenance, calibration and use of knapsack sprayer are critical to the success of any application and will ensure that you get maximum value, effect and safety from the products used. Parts of a Knapsack Sprayer1. Nozzle2. Tank lid3. Pump4. Hose Connections5. Trigger assemblyFour Steps to Good Knapsack SprayingStep 1. Check sprayer with clean water1. Check for damage and leaks2. Check spray pattern3. Check straps4. Clean nozzles and filters5. Clean nozzles with brush6. Repair leaks immediatelya. Fix all leaks before using the sprayerb. Know where leaks are most likely to occurc. Keep spare parts to repair leaksStep 2. Calibrate sprayer output1. Read product label2. Follow calibration instructions3. Fit appropriate nozzle4. Measure swath width5. Adjust water volumes within recommended limits to your specific needs such as stage of crop growthStep 3. Ensure an even and uniform application1. Wear appropriate protective clothing2. Avoid water contamination3. Spray downwind and void drift4. Keep constant heightStep 4.Cleaning of sprayer after use1. Clean sprayer using best field practices2. Clean sprayer inside and out3. Triple rinse4. Avoid contaminating waters sources5. Spray washings back onto cropWays of improving farm spray safety: Use the least toxic pesticide available for effective control of insect, fungus or plant, as the case may be. Ensure only the recommended rate of pesticide is used. Wear protective clothing and equipment as described on the label and MSDS. Prepare only enough chemical for immediate use. Keep a record of each use and the results. Ensure equipment works properly and does not leak. Cover feed and water containers near areas where livestock are grazing; Don't eat, drink or smoke while pouring, mixing or spraying. Don't pour concentrated pesticide into tanks above shoulder height. Avoid working alone if you are using a highly toxic pesticide; or have some form of mobile communication. Methods of Spraying Spray with minimal drift and preferably in low wind conditions. Never spray in high wind conditions. Use mechanical suction to transfer pesticides to spray tank. A vortex system can be used to mix pesticide concentrate with water before filling the spray tank. Prevent nozzles blocking by using correct filters and pesticide formulation. Ensure water and equipment is clean. Clear blocked nozzles by using a soft bristle brush or compressed air. Never suck or blow nozzles to clear them. Clean up Thoroughly clean all spraying and protective equipment, where run-off will not create a hazard or contaminate the environment. Wash work clothing separately from domestic clothing, or use disposable clothing. Wash yourself well after a spray operation. After handling pesticides, wash hands with soap and water before eating, drinking, going to the toilet or smoking. Take precautions Provide a first aid kit that includes a towel, clean clothing, a resuscitation mask for expired air resuscitation, disposable eye wash bottle and eye wash solution, soap, nailbrush, and clear instructions on what to do with this equipment. Keep fresh water close by for washing. Advise someone where you will be working and how long you intend to be gone. Otherwise ensure you have a two-way radio for emergency calls. Have a family member or other person at the farm attend first aid classes. Check the labels, MSDSs or other safe handling guides for your pesticides, to ensure you have the correct antidotes, emergency equipment and facilities required by labels and MSDSs. Stop work immediately and seek medical attention if there is any sign of muscular spasm, blurred vision, excessive saliva or difficulty breathing. Suspect pesticide poisoning with any of these symptoms. If regularly using pesticides, an annual medical examination is recommended before and after the spraying season, and more frequently with some chemicals. For skin contact, wash with soap and water, and rinse with clean water. Remove any contaminated clothing, and seek medical advice. For eye contact, hold eye open under running water for 15 minutes. Seek medical advice.

SELF-CHECK 3.4Enumeration:1-5 Parts of a knapsack sprayer6-9 Four steps to good knapsack spraying10-18 Contents of First Aid Kit19-25 Farm Spray Safety Practices

TASK SHEET 3.4Instructions:1.Demonstrate the calibration of knapsack and determine the application volume2.Demonstrate best spraying practices

Program/Course: HORTICULTURE NCII

Unit of Competency: CONDUCT PRE-HORTICULTURAL OPERATIONS

Learning Outcome 2: Prepare and maintain farm facilities

Performance Criteria:

1.Workplace hazards and environmental implications associated with maintenance procedures are controlled in line with farm requirements 2.Maintenance activities are performed to maximize efficiency and effectiveness of facilities

3. Relevant information with regard to the maintenance activities are identified are noted following standard procedures

References:1.Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia12. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), United States Department of Labor. Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and Fatal Injuries Profiles database queried by industry for Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (GP2AFH), Accessed June 2013.3.Kirkhorn, S.R., Earle-Richardson, G., Banks, R.J., "Ergonomic Risks and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Production Agriculture: Recommendations for Effective Research to Practice."Journal of Agromedicine,15:281-299, 2010.Davis KG,Kotowski SE, "Understanding the ergonomic risk for musculoskeletal disorders in the United States agricultural sector."American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(7):501-511, 2007. Douphrate, D.I., Nonnenmann, M.W., Rosecrance, J.C., "Ergonomics in Industrialized Dairy Operations."Journal of Agromedicine,14:406-412, 2009.4.Nonnenmann, M.W., Anton, D.C., Gerr, F., Yack, H.J., "Dairy Farm Worker Exposure to Awkward Knee Posture During Milking and Feeding Tasks."Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,7:483-489, 2010.5.Cook, K.E., Field, W.E., "Proceedings of the 'Arthritis, Agriculture, and Rural Life: State of the Art Research Practices, and Applications' Conference", West Lafayette, Indiana, May 11-13, 2011.Journal of Agromedicine, 16:311-318, 2011.6.Issa, S., Roberts, M., Field, B., 2012 Summary of Grain Entrapments in the United States. Purdue University.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1 FARM FACILITIESFarm facilities include tool room, greenhouse, lecture room, pump station, storage room and nursery shed. These facilities are described as follows:TOOL ROOM

Atool roomis aroomwheretoolsare stored or, in a factory, a space wheretoolsare made and repaired for use throughout the rest of the factory. In engineering and manufacturing, tool roomactivity is everything related totool-and-die facilities in contrast to production line activity.

GREENHOUSE

Agreenhouseis a building or complex in whichplantsare grown. These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known as acold frame.Commercial glass greenhouses are oftenhigh techproduction facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment like screening installations, heating, cooling, lighting and also may be automatically controlled by a computer to maximize potential growth.A greenhouse is a structural building with different types of covering materials, such as aglassorplasticroof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats up because incoming visible sunshine is absorbed inside the structure. Air warmed by the heat from warmed interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall; the air that is warmed near the ground is prevented from rising indefinitely and flowing away. This is not the same mechanism as the "greenhouse effect".

LECTURE ROOM

Lecture room is a room where lessons take place. It is a classroom where lectures are given.

PUMP STATION

Pump station is a house where pumps are installed and operated.

STORAGE ROOM

Storage room is a room in the farm house where farm supplies, farm products and other farm inputs are stored or kept for security purposes.

NURSERY

A nursery is a place for raising and tending seedlings until they are ready for planting or for sale to other farmers or planters.

SELF CHECK 2.1

Direction: Answer the following question:

1. What do you think are the uses of farm facilities?a. Nurseryb. Greenhousec. Tool Roomd. Lecture Roome. Pump station

TASK SHEET 2.1

Prepare a farm plan and lay-out and label the farm facilities.

INFORMATION 2.2 HAZARDS AND CONTROLS

What Hazards are Agricultural Workers Exposed to?Farmworkers are exposed to numerous safety, health, environmental, biological, and respiratory hazards. These include vehicle rollovers, heat exposure, falls, musculoskeletal injuries, hazardous equipment, grain bins, unsanitary conditions, pesticides, andmany others.VEHICLE HAZARDSInjuries from vehicular incidents are serious and debilitating to farm activities. HEATHeat illness can be deadly. Every year, thousands of workers become sick from exposure to heat, and some even die.These illnesses and deaths are preventable.Workers exposed to hot and humid conditions are at a high risk of heat illness, especially if they are doing heavy work tasks or using bulky protective clothing and equipment. New workers may also be at greater risk than others if they have not built up a tolerance to hot conditions. Employers must take steps to help workers become acclimated.PreventionHeat-related illnesses, while potentially deadly, are easily preventable. When working in hot conditions, remember "WATER, REST, SHADE." Drink water every 15 minutes, even when not thirsty. Wear a hat and light-colored clothing. Rest in the shade. Be sure to watch out for fellow workers and know your location in case you need to call for assistance. Get help right away if there are any signs of illness.LADDERS & FALLSDeaths and injuries from falls remain a major hazard for farmworkers.MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIESWorkers in agricultural operations for both crop and animal production typically use repetitive motions in awkward positions and which can cause musculoskeletal injuries.Ergonomic risk factorsare found in jobs requiring repetitive, forceful, or prolonged exertions of the hands; frequent or heavy lifting, pushing, pulling, or carrying of heavy objects; and prolonged awkward postures. Vibration and cold may intensify these conditions.New technology may reduce some types of ergonomic injuries but increase others. For instance, while dairy farmers have traditionally been at a higher risk for developing osteoarthritis of the knee, more recent research has shown new technology used in milking has resulted in a shift in musculoskeletal disorders to the shoulders, hands and arms.Ergonomic protectionsProper tools, padding to reduce vibration, and fewer activities with high repetition are some methods for reducing musculoskeletal injuries.HAZARDOUS EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERYFarmworkers routinely use knives, hoes, and other cutting tools; work on ladders; or use machinery in their shops. However, these simple tools can be hazardous and have the potential for causing severe injuries when used or maintained improperly. All tools should be maintained in good condition and used according to the manufacturers' instructions. Power toolsmust be properly grounded or double insulated and all guards or shields must be in place.

Farmworkers should wear the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and make sure that clothing has no strings or loose ends that could be caught by machinery. Long hair should be tied back to prevent entanglement. In addition, shops should be well lit and have clear walkways to eliminate slips, trips and falls.GRAIN BINS AND SILOSWhile safety issues surrounding grain bins and silos are sometimes overlooked on farms, they pose many dangers. Farmworkers are exposed to suffocation or engulfment hazards when working with grain bins and silos, as well as grain dust exposures and explosions. Suffocation is a leading cause of death in grain storage bins. Suffocation can occur when a worker becomes buried (engulfed) by grain as they walk on moving grain or attempt to clear grain built up on the inside of a bin. Moving grain acts like "quicksand" and can bury a worker in seconds. "Bridged" grain and vertical piles of stored grain can also collapse unexpectedly if a worker stands on or near it. UNSANITARY CONDITIONSThe lack of drinking water, sanitation facilities and/or handwashing facilities can lead to many health effects. Farmworkers may suffer heat stroke and heat exhaustion from an insufficient intake of potable water, urinary tract infections due to urine retention from inadequate availability of toilets, agrichemical poisoning resulting from lack of handwashing facilities, and infectious and other communicable diseases from microbial and parasitic exposures.PESTICIDES AND OTHER CHEMICALSPesticide exposurePesticides pose risks of short- and long- term illness to farmworkers and their families. Workers who mix, load or apply pesticides (known as pesticide handlers) can be exposed to toxic pesticides due to spills and splashes, defective, missing or inadequate protective equipment, direct spray, or drift. Workers who perform hand labor tasks in areas that have been treated with pesticides face exposure from direct spray, drift or contact with pesticide residues on the crop or soil.Pesticides can present a hazard to applicators, to harvesters reentering a sprayed field, to family members due to take-home contamination, and to rural residents via air, ground water and food. Workers may be exposed to pesticides in a variety of ways, including: working in a field where pesticides have recently been applied; breathing in pesticide "drift" from adjoining or nearby fields; working in a pesticide-treated field without appropriate PPE; eating with pesticide-contaminated hands; eating contaminated fruits and vegetables; and eating in a pesticide-contaminated field. Workers may also be exposed to pesticides if they drink from, wash their hands, or bathe in irrigation canals or holding ponds, where pesticides can accumulate.Two types of workers: Pesticide handlers-- those who mix, load, or apply agricultural pesticides; clean or repair pesticide application equipment; or assist with the application of pesticides in any way. Agricultural workers-- those who perform tasks related to the cultivation and harvesting of plants on farms or in greenhouses, nurseries, or forests. Workers include anyone employed for any type of compensation (including self-employed) doing tasks -- such as carrying nursery stock, repotting plants, or watering -- related to the production of agricultural plants on an agricultural establishment. Workers donotinclude office employees, truck drivers, mechanics, and any others not engaged in handling, cultivation, or harvesting activities.

Hazard CommunicationChemicals must be properly labeled so farmworkers know the identity and hazards of the chemicals they may be exposed to at work.RESPIRATORY DISTRESSRespiratory hazards Respiratory hazards in barns, manure pits, machinery and silos range from acute to chronic air contaminants. Farmworkers' most common respiratory hazards are bioaerosols, such as organic dusts, microorganisms, and endotoxins and chemical toxicants from the breakdown of grain and animal waste. Inorganic dust, from silicates in harvesting and tilling, is prevalent but less significant.Changes to farming mechanisms have both improved working conditions and increased exposure to respiratory hazardsmainly due to the increased density in animal confinement.Respiratory protectionControl of aerosols might include the enclosure and ventilation of tractors, applying moisture to friable material, and respirators.ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS & RELATED HAZARDSZoonoses are infectious diseases common to animals and humans. As new infections evolve, the numbers and types of zoonoses change. The agricultural worker's risk of acquiring a zoonotic infection varies with the type and species of animal and the geographic location.Several Methods to Prevent Zoonotic Infection Personal protective actions and equipment, such as, hand hygiene, the use of appropriate gloves and outer protection, facial and respiratory protection and the tracking of aggressive animals, so that restraints are used when necessary. Environmental infection control, such as cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and equipment, vaccinating healthy animals, isolating diseased animals, disposing of infected tissues or dead animals appropriately and controlling the infestation of pests which can be a carrier of these infections. Worker health, such as vaccinating workers and providing proper training.Several Methods to Prevent Needle stick and Related Injuries Having an approved sharp container, Never removing the needle cap with one's mouth, Avoiding the recapping of needles, Wearing the appropriate personal protection equipment, such as gloves.NOISEThousands of workers every year suffer from preventable hearing loss due to high workplace noise levels, and research has shown that those who live and work on farms have had significantly higher rates of hearing loss than the general population.In fact, farming is among the occupations recognized as having the highest risks for hearing loss.Tractors, forage harvesters, silage blowers, chain saws, skid-steer loaders, grain dryers, squealing pigs and guns are some of the most typical sources of noise on the farm. Studies suggest that lengthy exposure to these high sound levels have resulted in noise-induced

hearing loss to farmworkers of all ages, including teenagers. Hearing loss is not as dramatic nor as sudden as an injury from a tractor overturn or machine entanglement, but it is permanent.Employers can achieve noise reduction in several ways - usually related to the maintenance of the equipment: Worn, loose, or unbalanced machine parts can increase decibel levels during operation. Regular lubrication and parts replacement (bearings, mufflers, silencers, etc.,) reduce friction and lower noise levels. Larger engines that can be operated at lower speeds reduce noise levels, and may even conserve fuel. Vibration isolation pads may be installed under the legs of noisy equipment to reduce noise generated by the equipment vibrating on a cement floor. Newer chainsaws and leaf blowers have flexible mountings to reduce vibration-induced noise as well. Tractor and skid-steers can be purchased with sound reducing cabs and tightly fitted cab doors and windows to reduce how much outside noise reaches the operator. Acoustical materials may be installed on walls and ceilings to enclose sound.In addition, employers may provide workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) but must train them in using the PPE correctly. OTHER HAZARDSFarmworkers may face a number of other hazards due to being outside. Other Biological HazardsThese include vector-borne diseases, venomous wildlife and insects, and poisonous plants. Extreme Cold. Lightning. Ultraviolet Radiation.Confined Space. Besides grain storage, farmworkers face dangers in entering other confined spaces such as: Manure pits. Flat storage buildings. Tanks.Skin Disorders Workers in the agricultural sector are at risk of potentially harmful exposures of the skin. Electrical HazardsElectrical hazards in agriculture range from the dangers of hitting overhead wires when using large equipment to the possibility of hitting underground wires when digging.

SELF-CHECK 2.2

B. True of False

Direction: Write T if the statement is True, and write F if the statement is False.

____ 1. Injuries from vehicular accidents are serious and debilitating to farm activities.____ 2. Workers exposed to hot and humid conditions are at high risk of heat illness.____ 3. All tools should be maintained in good condition and used according to manufacturers Instruction.____4. Shops should be well lit.____ 5. Suffocation is not a cause of death in grain storage bin.____ 6. Farm workers suffer stroke when water is sufficient.____ 7. Zoonoses are infectious diseases common to humans and animals.____ 8. Proper training is not an option to prevent hazards.____ 9. Tractor is one of the sources of noise in the farm.____10. Use of gloves is one of the method to prevent infection.

C. Enumeration

1 3 Biological hazards4 6 Examples of confined spaces7 14 Typical sources of noise in the farm15 18 Methods to prevent zoonotic infection19 20 Respiratory hazards21 22 Preventive practices against heat related illness23 25 Major hazards faced by farm workers

TASK SHEET 2.2

1. Trainees will bring chemicals , read the label and discuss hazards.2. First aid will be demonstrated to the class if the farm worker suffered from heat stroke3. Trainees will demonstrate the proper use of personal protective equipment or PPE.