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Presentation to IDS – Unicef (ROSA) ConferenceIDS, UK
9 June 2014
Agazi Tiumelissan and Alula Pankhurst
Beyond Urban Relocation: Expectations and Concerns of Children and
Caregivers in Four Young Lives Sites in Ethiopia
Session A1: Wellbeing and Multidimensional Poverty Presentation: 4
Outline• Introduction: changing context
• Sites, samples, methods
• Knowledge about relocation plans
• Knowledge of other relocatees
• Expectations about relocation
• Anticipation of changes after relocation
• Conclusion
• Policy implications
IntroductionYoung Lives
• Longitudinal study; four countries
• Quant 4 rounds and qual 4 rounds
• Sub studies: OVC, school survey, child
labour, relocation
• Ethics: anonymity (sites and names)
• Rationale for relocation sub-study
• Two papers and briefs already published
http://www.younglives-ethiopia.org/publi
cations
Changing urban context
• Large-scale urban redevelopment program underway in major Ethiopian cities.
• Removal of ‘slum’ areas
• Making way for government and private investment
• Condominium low cost housing projects in theory for those displaced and low income
• Some in same areas most in suburbs
Some Young Lives urban sites at risk
• Young lives site selection pro-poor criteria
• 2 of the 3 sites in the capital city in areas destined for destruction; 1 in the outskirt
• 1 site in Hawasa, capital of Southern Region likewise
Aims of the study
• Better understanding of context prior to relocation as “baseline” to comprehend changes later
- Home environment - Neighbourhood - Community networks
• Knowledge and views about the relocation
• Concerns, fears, hopes, aspirations• Views about moving to condominiums
Study design
• Four sites in two cities• 3 due for demolition • 1 “control” site in Addis
• Full sample quant survey of Young Lives households and older and younger cohort children
• Qual sub-sample protocols with caregivers and children
• Interviews and discussions with officials, community leaders, caregivers and children
Fieldwork • Carried out February 2012• 12 quant researchers using PDAs• Total 918 quant interviews • in the four sites (over 100 children and
caregivers per site)• 158 qual in-depth interviews (20 children
and caregivers per site)• 28 group discussions with children,
caregivers and community leaders (7 per site)
• Additional interviews with cases already moved to condominiums
Research papers
• 1) Home, neighborhood and support networks.
• 2) Views about prospective move to condominium housing
• 3) Attitudes and aspirations about the impending relocation
Knowledge about relocation plan (1)
Different rationales for relocation
• Urban development
• Investment
• Condominium housing
• Even control site small-scale road and
investment
• Bertukan ‘to make the city clean and green’
‘sold by lease’;
• Mendirin ‘investors’;
• Leku ‘high rise buildings’
Knowledge about relocation plan (2)Information about relocation
• Overall almost 1/2 children and caregivers
heard that the area is due to be demolished
• highest Menderin over 80% for both
• Some heard it from kebele official and others
from different sources (parents, friends, at
school)
• In Bertukan one caregiver heard about it
before 10 years while another heard before
16 years
• In Bertukan registration was going on
regarding type of house ownership and
condition and desired housing
Knowledge about relocation plan (3)Information about relocation
• In Bertukan one girl:
I knew about relocation last Sunday when I read
the letter my mother brought from Kebele after
attending a meeting’.
• In Bertukan one caregiver:
‘People from the Kebele came recently going door
to door asking three groups of questions – about
house ownership, the condition of our houses, and
finally what kind of house we would want, but
they did not say when relocation might happen’.
Resettlement promises…
Resettlement promises
• A little less than half the caregivers said
promises were made
• Promises include: mainly replacement of housing
and monetary compensation,
• less about access to electricity, water, health
care and education
• Those living in rented house or who are debal
(sub-renters) are afraid of the prospect of
relocation
Knowledge about timing of relocation
Timing of relocation• Less than a fifth of caregivers said they know
when relocation happens• About 30% said it would happen after a year• Site differences• Bertukan: skepticism: repeated mention, ongoing
development, area not suitable river• Menderin: expected since local development
stopped, neighbouring areas already destroyed• Leku: less likely as resistance and allegations of land
corruption cases, land for relocation not settled, conflict
• Duba: some for road considered likely soon
Knowledge of other relocated people (1)
Residence of relocated people
• Almost half of the caregivers know other
people who are relocated (high in Bertukan
and Menderin)
• Most said they are living in condominiums in
the outskirts; less in condominiums in same
area
• Others said in kebele housing
• Other options very few (private rental, other
urban areas)
Knowledge of other relocated people (2)
Change of life of relocated people
• >50% of children and about 44% of caregivers
said the change is positive
• Less than a fifth said the change was mainly
positive and negative in some ways.
• Improvement in housing and other services
• But most are not happy over loss or breakup
of social ties and especially work
opportunities in areas in outskirts of city.
Knowledge of other relocated people (3)
Change of life of relocated people
• In Bertukan people relocated due to the
expansion of a primary school, relocated
together in Kebele house, good condition• In Bertukan one older girl:• ‘three families who moved to condominium
housing in the same neighbourhood said ‘they did not like living up in the sky’.
• Older boy• ‘Relocatees unhappy about loss of social ties
but women like being near vegetable market’.
Knowledge of other relocated people (4)
Change of life of relocated people
• In Leku an older boy said: ‘I know families who were relocated due to the construction of a fuel station. They were provided with good houses. But it is very far from town and they have a problem of electricity and water’.
• Other children and caregivers mentioned people
liked the improvement in housing and some of
the services, but not the disruption of social ties
and lack of working opportunities and distance
from the centre.
Anticipation of problems in moving • Finding a place to live, mentioned by more
than half caregivers and children• Cost of moving and practicalities was also
mentioned• Small house, theft, property damage• An older cohort girl in Betukan said We might face difficulties to find a house to live in. Even
when a place is found moving by itself is very tough. If we are given a small house we will face difficulty as we have many things.’
• But another older cohort girl said ‘There will be no problem at all while moving. There
cannot be a greater problem than the current living area.’
• An older cohort boy: ‘Kebele houses in the inner city are good, but on the
outskirts housing is very difficult. A house rented from individuals is worse and we cannot afford it.’
Anticipation of problems in new area (1)
• Adapting to the new area, finding friends and
helpers, establishing relations with neighbours,
finding work in new area
• One elderly caregiver in Bertukan said:
‘though I signed the willingness form to leave the
area, honestly speaking, I would prefer dying
before I leave this neighbourhood at my age.’
• Qual: housing, temporary shelter, infrastructure
and services (esp. in Leku), education, cost of
living, social disarticulation, separation from
family and access to work
Anticipation of problems in new area (2)
Adapting t
o the n
ew ar
ea
Finding f
riends a
nd helpers
Estab
lishing g
ood relati
ons with
neighbours
Finding w
ork nea
r livin
g area
Cost of tr
ansp
ort to prev
ious work
Availa
bility o
f tran
sport
to previous w
ork
Access
to educa
tion
Access
to places
to play
Access
to wate
r
Access
to health
care
0102030405060708090
100
Anticipated problems (children)
BertukanMenderinLeku
Problems
Per c
ent
Anticipation of problems in new area (3)
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Anticipated problems (children)
BertukanMenderinLeku
Problems
Per c
ent
Anticipation of problems in new area (4)
Adapting t
o the n
ew ar
ea
Finding f
riends a
nd helpers
Estab
lishing g
ood relati
ons with
neighbours
Finding w
ork nea
r livin
g area
Cost of tr
ansp
ort to prev
ious work
Availa
bility o
f tran
sport
to previous w
ork
Access
to educa
tion
Access
to wate
r
Access
to health
care
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Anticipated problems (caregivers)
BertukanMenderinLeku
Problems
Per c
ent
Anticipation of problems in new area (5)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Anticipated problems (caregivers)
BertukanMenderin
Problems
Per c
ent
Anticipation of problems in new area (6)
• Transport cost and availability,
• access to education,
• water and health care
• Places to play
• housing, infrastructure and services,
education, cost of living, social disarticulation
and access to work• One caregiver in Bertukan ‘Working conditions are going to be difficult especially
for the poor. Most people here lead a hand to mouth kind of life; they buy something and sell it at a price that is a bit higher. This is the way they survive.’
Anticipation of problems in new area (7)• Another caregiver from the same site said: ‘For
our kind of life, Bertukan is the best. We survive! I don’t think I can survive anywhere else. It would be good if they redevelop this area and put us back here. I do not think that we will have a better life anywhere. Here we have the means, we have something to do. If we go somewhere else and try to come work here, our earnings will be gone for transport.’
• Another caregiver in same site said: ‘Here if we do not have injera, we borrow from our neighbours and we do not sleep on an empty stomach. But if we are moved to a place we do not know with new people, it worries me very much. For me to be relocated to another area, out of Bertukan is like losing my life, dying. People who have been living together should be given the honour to bury each other when they pass away’.
Opportunities in the new area (1)In degree of importance for children and their
caregivers
• Improved sanitation (three-fourth of children
and two-third of caregivers)
• improved housing (three-fourth of children
and a little less than two-third of caregivers)
• Less pollution, better environment for
upbringing children, safer environment/less
crime and improved water access
• Better health facility and better education
• New work opportunity came last
Opportunities in the new area (2)
Impro
ved sanita
tion
Impro
ved housing
Less
pollution
Better enviro
nment for u
pbringing of c
hildre
n
Safer enviro
nment/less
crime
Impro
ved wate
r acce
ss
Better health
facil
ity
Better educa
tion facil
ity
New work opportu
nity0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Opportunities in the new area (children)
Bertukan Menderin Leku
Opportunities
Per c
ent
Opportunities in the new area (3)
Improve
d sanita
tion
Improve
d housing
Less
pollution
Better envir
onment for u
pbringin
g of c
hildren
Safer e
nvironment/l
ess cri
me
Improve
d wate
r acce
ss
Better healt
h facil
ity
Better educa
tion facil
ity
New work
opportunity
0102030405060708090
Opportunities in new area (caregivers)
Bertukan Menderin Leku
Opportunities
Per c
ent
Opportunities in the new area (4)
• One younger cohort girl in Bertukan: ‘The house is going to be clean there will be
good drainage system for liquid waste disposal and there will also be a toilet for each family.
• One care giver in same site said: ‘Although I do not think there will be better
work opportunities than in Bertukan, I will be happy even if I move out of Addis Ababa. There will definitely be clean air, better health and education’.
She added ‘I will be able to raise my children in a better way, in a way I always wanted to, in a place free from addiction. And for me, I will be able to breathe clean air and live longer.’
Aspiration for the future (1)• Most of the children >60% hopeful for
a positive change
• Slightly lower among caregivers >50%
• Higher proportion in Bertukan and
Menderin (the range higher for
caregivers)
• About a fifth said mostly positive and
some negative
Aspiration for the future (2)• An older cohort boy in Bertukan said:
‘If we move to a bigger house, I will get a place to study and maybe even my own room, and I will get better results in school’
• Another older cohort boy in Menderin said that he appreciated the prospect of having his own room to himself.
• A caregiver from Bertukan said: ‘ with improved housing they would not be facing the problems of fleas and other parasites’.
Overall expectation about changes• Environment, sanitation and safety likely to
improve
• Most anticipate improvements
• However, in Leku some more pessimistic
• Housing, sanitation, water and kitchens
improvements
• Concerns with services:
• schooling, health care and transport
Social relations
• Work opportunities
• Views on differential adaptation: age, gender,
disability.
Conclusions (1) • Knowledge about relocation limited
• Expectations to outskirts not the centre
• Lack of clarity and transparency about
timing and process
• Children and caregivers generally
optimistic: cleaner safer environment,
better housing, sanitation
• Concerns: finding a place to live, work
opportunities, social disarticulation
Conclusions (2) • Relocation is welcomed by most though
some especially elderly do not want to
move
• Children and caregivers concerned about
water, education, health services leisure
and places for children to play.
• Availability and cost of transport to
schools and former work places.
• Breakup of social institutions, relations
with neighbours and friends.
Policy implications (1)
• Reserving a given proportion of land
for condominium and alternative
housing
• Housing ownership for all eligible
• Greater transparency in the
planning of urban development
• Carrying out relocated in stages
rather then large scale massive
displacement all at once
Policy implications (2)
• Infrastructure in the new areas:
water, electricity, water, health,
education
• Linkages between housing services
and employment opportunities
• Spaces for kindergarten, space for
children to play, for youth activities,
open and green spaces
Policy implications (3)
• Where relocation is inevitable
looking for ways to move families,
relatives, neighbours and closely
knit groups together
• Planning the process in stages and
informing people for preparation in
good time.
• Involving those likely to be affected
in decision making and rehousing
processes.
Related paper & policy brief
Below are the links to the full paper
and the policy brief respectively. • http
://www.younglives.org.uk/files/working-papers/wp126_beyond-urban-relocation
• http://www.younglives.org.uk/files/policy-papers/beyo
nd-urban-relocation-expectations-and-concerns-of-children-and-caregivers