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8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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GURU NANAK KHALSA
COLLEGE
CLASS : T.Y.BFM
8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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Project On
WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN)
Under the Guidance Of Miss Smita. A
- GROUP MEMBERS
JIGAR GALA
13
RUSHAB
HARIA 17
NIHUL JAIN
20
JAY MEHTA
29
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PRATIK
SINGH 46
ACKOWLEDGEMENT
My sincere thanks to MISS SMITA .Awho offered excellent
support, advice and guidance throughout the project without
which this project would have been incomplete.
I would also like to thank all my professors who shaped my
talent and my abilities throughout my BFM course. Would
like to thanks college principal Dr. Ajit singh, Head of
Department Allan Dsouza.
Not to forget my parents who supported me and was a
source of inspiration.
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SIGNATURE
OF TEACHER
INDEX
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Options
2.1. Circuit Switching
2.2. Paket Switching
2.3. Call Relay
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WIDE AREA NETWORK
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunication network that
covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan,
regional, or national boundaries). Business and government entities
utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, andsuppliers from various geographical locations. In essence this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily
function regardless of location.[1]
This is in contrast withpersonal area networks (PANs), local area
networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), ormetropolitan
area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building,
campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
The textbook definition of a WAN is a computer network spanning regions,
countries, or even the world. However, in terms of the application of computer
networking protocols and concepts, it may be best to view WANs as computer
networking technologies used to transmit data over long distances, and between
different LANs, MANs and other localised computer networking architectures.
This distinction stems from the fact that common LAN technologies operating
at Layer 1/2 (such as the forms of Ethernet or Wifi) are often geared towards
physically localised networks, and thus cannot transmit data over tens, hundreds
or even thousands of miles or kilometres.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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WANs necessarily do not just connect physically disparate LANs. A CAN, for
example, may have a localised backbone of a WAN technology, which connects
different LANs within a campus. This could be to facilitate higher bandwidth
applications, or provide better functionality for users in the CAN.
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that
users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers
in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are
private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an
organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At
each end of the leased line, a routerconnects the LAN on one side with a
second routerwithin the LAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive.
Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit
switching orpacket switching methods. Networkprotocols including TCP/IPdeliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over
SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service
providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important
early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame
Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions ofX.25 are still in use
today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay.
Academic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three
areas: mathematical models, network emulation and network simulation.
Performance improvements are sometimes delivered via wide area file services
orWAN optimization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_over_SONET/SDHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_over_SONET/SDHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_emulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_file_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN_optimizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_over_SONET/SDHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_over_SONET/SDHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_emulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_file_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN_optimization8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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OPTIONS
Options
Descriptions Advantages
Disadvantages
Bandwith-
Range
SampleProtocol
UsedLeasedline
Point-to-Pointconnection betweentwo computers orLocal Area Networks(LANs)
Mostsecure
Expensive PPP, HDLC,SDLC, HNAS
Circuitswitching
A dedicated circuitpath is createdbetween end points.Best example is dialupconnections
LessExpensive
Call Setup 28 - 144kbit/s
PPP, ISDN
Packetswitching
Devices transportpackets via a sharedsingle point-to-point orpoint-to-multipoint linkacross a carrierinternetwork. Variablelength packets aretransmitted overPermanent VirtualCircuits (PVC) or
Switched VirtualCircuits (SVC)
Sharedmediaacross link
X.25Frame-Relay
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HNAS&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_virtual_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched_virtual_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HNAS&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_virtual_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched_virtual_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-Relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-Relay8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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Cellrelay
Similar to packetswitching, but usesfixed length cellsinstead of variablelength packets. Data
is divided into fixed-length cells and thentransported acrossvirtual circuits
Best forsimultaneous useof voiceand data
Overheadcan beconsiderable
ATM
Transmission rates usually range from 1200 bit/s to 24 Mbit/s, although some
connections such as ATM and Leased lines can reach speeds greater than 156
Mbit/s. Typical communication links used in WANs are telephone lines,microwave links & satellite channels.
Recently with the proliferation of low cost ofInternet connectivity many
companies and organizations have turned to VPN to interconnect their
networks, creating a WAN in that way. Companies such as Cisco, New Edge
Networks and Check Point offer solutions to create VPN networks.
Circuit Switching
Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications
networkin which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications
channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The
circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for
the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes
were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.
The defining example of a circuit-switched network is the early analogtelephone network. When a call is made from one telephone to another,
switches within the telephone exchanges create a continuous wire circuit
between the two telephones, for as long as the call lasts.
Circuit switching contrasts withpacket switching which divides the data to be
transmitted intopackets transmitted through the network independently. Packet
switching shares available network bandwidth between multiple communication
sessions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_Pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_nodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_Pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_nodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packet8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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In circuit switching, the bit delay is constant during a connection, as opposed to
packet switching, where packet queues may cause varyingpacket transfer delay.
Each circuit cannot be used by other callers until the circuit is released and a
new connection is set up. Even if no actual communication is taking place, the
channel remains unavailable to other users. Channels that are available for newcalls are said to be idle.
Virtual circuit switching is apacket switching technology that emulates circuit
switching, in the sense that the connection is established before any packets are
transferred, and packets are delivered in order.
While circuit switching is commonly used for connecting voice circuits, the
concept of a dedicated path persisting between two communicating parties or
nodes can be extended to signal content other than voice. Its advantage is that it
provides for continuous transfer without the overhead associated withpacketsmaking maximal use of available bandwidth for that communication. The
disadvantage is inflexibility; the connection and the bandwidth associated with
it are reserved and unavailable for other uses.
Examples of circuit-switched networks
public switched telephone network(PSTN)
ISDN B-channel
Circuit Switched Data (CSD) and High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
(HSCSD) service in cellular systems such as GSM
Datakit
X.21 (Used in the German DATEX-L and Scandinavian DATEX circuit
switched data network)
optical mesh network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_transfer_delayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Circuit-Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datakithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DATEX-L&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DATEX&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mesh_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_transfer_delayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Circuit-Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datakithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DATEX-L&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DATEX&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mesh_network8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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PACKET SWITCHING
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all
transmitted data regardless of content, type, or structure into suitably sized
blocks, called packets. Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate
data streams (sequences of packets) over a shared network. When traversingnetwork adapters, switches, routers and othernetwork nodes, packets are
buffered and queued, resulting in variable delay and throughput depending on
the traffic load in the network.
Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit
switching, a method which sets up a limited number of dedicated connections of
constant bit rate and constant delay between nodes for exclusive use during the
communication session. In case of traffic fees (as opposed to flat rate), for
example in cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized
by a fee per time unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred,
while packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of information.
Two major packet switching modes exist; (1) connectionless packet switching,
also known as datagram switching, and (2) connection-oriented packet
switching, also known as virtual circuit switching. In the first case each packet
includes complete addressing or routing information. The packets are routed
individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. In
the second case a connection is defined and preallocated in each involved node
during a connection phase before any packet is transferred. The packets include
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection-oriented_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection-oriented_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_circuit8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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a connection identifier rather than address information, and are delivered in
order.
Packet mode communication may be utilized with or without intermediate
forwarding nodes (packet switches orrouters). In all packet modecommunication, network resources are managed by statistical multiplexing or
dynamic bandwidth allocation in which a communication channel is effectively
divided into an arbitrary number of logical variable-bit-rate channels or data
streams. Statistical multiplexing, packet switching and otherstore-and-forward
buffering introduces varying latency and throughput in the transmission. Each
logical stream consists of a sequence of packets, which normally are forwarded
by the multiplexers and intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-
in, first-out buffering. Alternatively, the packets may be forwarded according to
some scheduling discipline forfair queuing, traffic shaping or for differentiatedor guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing orleaky bucket.
In case of a shared physical medium, the packets may be delivered according to
some packet-mode multiple access scheme.
Cell relay
In computer networking, cell relay refers to a method ofstatistically multiplexing small
fixed-lengthpackets, called "cells", to transport data between computers or kinds of network
equipment. It is an unreliable,connection-orientedpacket switched data communications
protocol.
Cell relay transmission rates usually are between 56 kbit/s and several gigabits per second.
ATM, a particularly popular form of cell relay, is most commonly used for home DSL
connections, which often runs between 128 kbit/s and 1.544 Mbit/s (DS1), and for high-speed
backbone connections (OC-3 and faster).
Cell relay protocols have neitherflow control norerror correction capability, are information-
content independent, and correspond only to layers one and two of the OSI Reference Model.
Cell relay can be used for delay- and jitter-sensitive traffic such as voice and video.
Cell relay systems break variable-length user packets into groups of fixed-length cells, that
add addressing and verification information. Frame length is fixed in networking hardware,
based on time delay and user packet-length considerations. One user data message may be
segmented over many cells.
Cell relay statems may also carry bitstream-based data such as PDH traffic, by breaking it
into streams of cells, with a lightweight synchronization and clock recovery shim. Thus cell
relay systems may potentially carry any combination of stream-based and packet-based data.
This is a form ofstatistical time division multiplexing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_bandwidth_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-and-forwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_queuinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_shapinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_fair_queuinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_buckethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection-orientedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection--Reference_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiochronous_Digital_Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_time_division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_bandwidth_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-and-forwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_queuinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_shapinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_fair_queuinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_buckethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection-orientedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection--Reference_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiochronous_Digital_Hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_time_division_multiplexing8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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Cell relay is an implementation offast packet-switching technology that is used in
connection-oriented broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN, and its better-
known supporting technology ATM) and connectionless IEEE 802.6 switched multi-megabit
data service (SMDS).
At any time there is information to be transmitted; the switch basically sends the data units.Connections dont have to be negotiated like circuit switching. Channels dont have to be
allocated because channels do not exist in ATM, and on condition that there is an adequate
amount of bandwidth to maintain it, there can be indefinite transmissions over the same
facility.
Cell relay utilizes data cells of a persistent size. Frames are comparable to data packets;
however they contrast from cells in that they may fluctuate in size based on circumstances.
This type of technology is not secure for the reason that its procedures do not support error
handling or data recovery. Per se, all delicate and significant transmissions may perhaps be
transported faster via fixed-sized cells, which are simpler to transmit compared to variable-
sized frames or packets.
Cell relay is extremely reliable for transporting vital data. Switching devices give the precise
method to cells as each endpoint address embedded in a cell. An example of cell relay is
ATM, a prevalent form utilized to transfer a cell with a fixed size of 53 bytes.
Label switching
Label switchingis a technique ofnetworkrelaying to overcome the problems
perceived by traditional IP-table switching (also known as traditional layer 3
hop-by-hop routing[1]). Here, the switching of networkpackets occurs at a lower
level, namely the data link layerrather than the traditional network layer.
Each packet is assigned a label number and the switching takes place after
examination of the label assigned to each packet. The switching is much faster
than IP-routing. New technologies such as Multiprotocol Label Switching
(MPLS) use label switching. The established ATM protocol also uses label
switching at its core.
According to RFC 2475 (An Architecture for Differentiated Services, December
1998): "Examples of the label switching (or virtual circuit) model include
Frame Relay, ATM, and MPLS. In this model path forwarding state and traffic
management orQuality of Service (QoS) state is established for traffic streams
on each hop along a network path. Traffic aggregates of varying granularity are
associated with a label switched path at an ingress node, and packets/cells
within each label switched path are marked with a forwarding label that is used
to look up the next-hop node, the per-hop forwarding behavior, and the
replacement label at each hop. This model permits finer granularity resourceallocation to traffic streams, since label values are not globally significant but
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_Switching#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_protocolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2475http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_Switching#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_protocolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2475http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_Service8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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are only significant on a single link; therefore resources can be reserved for the
aggregate of packets/cells received on a link with a particular label, and the
label switching semantics govern the next-hop selection, allowing a traffic
stream to follow a specially engineered path through the network."
SOME OF THE IMAGES OF WAN
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BIBLOGRAPHY
(1)http://www.nirmalbang.com/home.aspx
(2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wan/home.aspx
(3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wan
http://www.nirmalbang.com/mutual-funds/mutual-fund-http://www.nirmalbang.com/mutual-funds/mutual-fund-http://www.nirmalbang.com/mutual-funds/mutual-fund-8/2/2019 A Wide Area Network
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