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A UNIT SHIFT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISHINDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF ‘BRISINGR’ BY
CHRISTOPHER PAOILINI
Siti Munawaroh
1111026000004
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2017
A UNIT SHIFT ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH INDONESIANTRANSLATION OF ‘BRISINGR’ BY CHRISTOPHER
PAOILINI
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Strata One (S1) Degree
Siti Munawaroh
1111026000004
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2017
i
ABSTRACT
Siti Munawaroh, A Unit Shift Analysis of English Indonesian Translation of“Brisingr” By Christopher Paolini. A Thesis: English Letters Department,Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif HidayatullahJakarta, 2017.
The objective of this research is to find out how the unit shift occurs in the
translation. The theory that used in this research is based on translation shift by
J.C Catford. This research is conducted upon unit analysis, a novel by Christopher
Paolini, Brisingr and its Indonesian Translation by Poppy D. Chusfany. The writer
used the descriptive qualitative method to get the objective of the research, by
reading and comparing both English as the source language and Indonesian as the
target language, then marking and classifying where the unit shift occurs in
translation and explain the occurrence of unit shift in the data analysis. The types
of unit shifts found in the translation of Brisingr are shift from phrase into word,
shift from morpheme into phrase, shift from word into phrase, and shift from
morpheme into word. The writer also explained how a unit shift occurs in the
translation.
Keyword: Translation, Translation Shift, Unit Shift.
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis which entitled A Unit Shift Analysis of English
Indoneasian Translation of “Brisingr”By Christopher Paolini is completely my
own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no
material, previously published or written by another person nor material which to
substantial extent has been accepted for the award or any other degree or diploma
of the university or other institute of higher learning except where due
acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, January 2017
Siti Munawaroh
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful
All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of universe, who has blessed the
writer in completing this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon to the honorable
Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents, who has
brought the world from the darkness into the lightness.
On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to her beloved
parrents (Syamsuri and Mu’minah) her brothers and sisters (Fathurrahmat, Layla,
Mulyadi, Siti Syamsiah, Sri Sofyanti, Dede Rohmanudin and M. Rosiman), and
her three cutest cousins (Barly Yudhistira, Bara Yudhistira, and M. Nijam
Pratama) who have kept , taught, advised and prayed for her success. The writer
also wants to give her gratitude to Mr. M.Agus Suriadi, M.Hum as the writer
advisors for his time, guidance, patience, kindness, contribution in correcting and
helping her in finishing her thesis.
The writer would like to express her appreciation to the following people,
namely:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, the Dean of the Faculty of Adab and
Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;
2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the assistant of Dean of the Faculty of
Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah,
Jakarta;
vi
3. Drs. H. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Mrs.
Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department;
4. All lecturers and the staffs of Faculty of Adab and Humanities;
5. The writer’s beloved besties: Nurul P.A, Uswatun H, Mufida, Rida, Putri
and her roommate thanks for supporting and helping on the process of her
thesis;
6. All the writer’s classmates, senior, and junior in English letters
department, who support the writer during her study.
7. To all people and friends that are not mentioned, also her favorite Korean
Boy Group “EXO”, “Thank you very much”.
May Allah, always bless, protect and gives them more than they given to
the writer. Hopefully this thesis will be advantageous for all people who read it.
Jakarta, January 2017
The Writer
vii
THE LIST OF PICTURES
Picture1. Translation Process by Nida and Taber ............................................ 8
Picture2. Translation Process by Larson.......................................................... 8
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... i
APPROVEMENT .......................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION .......................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION............................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................... v
THE LIST OF PICTURES .......................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION........................................................ 1
A. Background of Research ........................................ 1B. Focus of Research .................................................. 2C. Research Question.................................................. 2D. Objective of Research ............................................ 2E. Significance of Research........................................ 3F. Research Methodology........................................... 3
1. The Method of Research .................................. 32. Instrument of Research .................................... 33. Unit analysis..................................................... 44. Technique of Data Analysis ............................. 4
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................ 5
A. Previous Research .................................................. 5B. Definition of Translation........................................ 6C. Translation Process ................................................ 7D. Translation Shift .................................................... 9
D.1 Level Shift ....................................................... 9D.2 Category Shift ................................................ 10
E. Grammatical Hierarchy.......................................... 13
CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS OF BRISINGR TRANSLATION .......... 18
A. Data Description..................................................... 18B. Data Analysis ........................................................ 19
ix
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................ 30
A. Conclusion ............................................................. 30B. Suggestion .............................................................. 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 31
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Research
Translation is an effective phenomenon in everyday life. The role of the
translator in this activity is importance. In transferring meaning from source
language to target language, the translator faces many problems and to make
amends for these problems the translator uses different strategies. Some of
them do one of the translation procedures between shift and modulation. They
may take into account the cultural aspects of the source language and target
language or a linguistic-based approach proposed as translation shifts by
Catford.
One of the unavoidable phenomena in translation is translation shift. Shifts
are changes that occur during the process of translation from SL to TL. In
contrasting texts in different languages translation shifts are observable
everywhere. Newmark defined shifts (Catford’s term) or transposition (Vinay
and Darbelnet) as “a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar
from SL to TL”.1
Shifts are first introduced by Catford (1965) as 'departures from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL'.2 He presented
two main types of translation shifts: Level shifts and category shifts. Category
1 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (London: Prentice Hall, 1987), p. 852 J.C Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation (London: Oxford University Press,1965), p. 73
2
shifts are divided into four subgroups: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts
and intra system shift. However, to avoid the excessive discussion of category
shift, the shift becoming the main focus in this research is unit shift. Unit shift
simply defined as change of rank. It is about departure from formal
correspondence wherein the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the
source language (SL) is a unit at a dissimilar rank in the target language (TL).
For instance, adjective in the SL is translated into a clause in the TL.
The source data in this research is the novel of Brisingr. The source
language (SL) of the novel is English and the target language (TL) is Bahasa
Indonesian.
B. Focus of Research
Based on the background, this research will be focused on the unit shift in
English Indonesian translation. The analysis of the unit shift in this research is
focused on a novel by Christopher Paolini Brisingr.
C. Research Question
From the background of study above, the problem of the analysis of this
research can be stated below
1. What types of unit shifts applied in the novel Brisingr?
2. How the unit shifts occur in the novel Brisingr?
D. Objective of Research
Based on the research question above, the objectives of this research are:
a) To find out the types of unit shifts that applied in the novel Brisingr.
b) To explain how the unit shifts occurred in the novel Brisingr.
3
E. Significance of Research
The writer hopes this research can be a reference for the readers, especially
for students of translation who will do the research about translation shift
especially the unit shift. And, adding knowledge about translation criticism in
literature translation or novel.
F. Research Methodology
The writer analyzes the data using qualitative descriptive method. First, the
writer reads the original novel and compared it to the translation. Then the
writer marks the data where a unit in SL text is different unit in TL text, and
the last the writer collects and classifies the data. The writer also intends to
explain the occurrence of unit shift in the data analysis using related theories
and approaches.
1. Method of Research
The method in this research is qualitative descriptive research,
where the writer tries to explain the data found in the unit analysis base on
Catford’s theory.
2. Instrument of Research
The instrument of this qualitative research is the writer herself by
analyzing the patterns of unit shift in the novel. The research is
accomplished through the steps as follows:
a) Reading the SL and TL text which would be analyzed.
b) Comparing the source language text and the target language
text.
4
c) Seeking/searching for the data where the unit shifts occurs.
d) Collecting and classifying the data.
e) Classifying the factors that cause each unit shift to occur.
3. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is a novel written by
Christopher Paolini, under the title Brisingr and was published on 2008.
The Brisingr was the third book in the novel collection by Christopher
Paolini.
4. Technique of Data Analysis
The writer analyzes the data by using descriptive analysis
technique. The writer collects the data from English version and
Indonesian version and then compared to find out the types of unit shift
used and the occurrence of unit shift the translation.
5
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
To conduct this research, the writer considers three previous researches to
support this research. The first research comes from Akbari, entitled structural
shifts in translation of children’s literature. The researcher’s intention is to
focus upon the types of structural shifts in literary translation from English into
Persian and their significant role in compensation and explication of meaning.
This research concludes that the occurrence of structural shifts affect the
translator’s awareness of structural discrepancies between the SL and TL. In
this case, structural shifts which result from re-arrangement, addition,
omission, change of sentence tense can be defined as problem-solving
strategies adopted consciously by translators of literary texts, may minimize
the inevitable loss of meaning, through explication and compensation when
replacing a text from English into Persian.1
The second research from Suhaila, entitled ‘A Unit Shift Analysis of
English Indonesian Translation of “the Tale of Three Brothers” by J. K.
Rowling’. The writer focused the research to find out the unit shift in English-
Indonesian Translation and the factors that caused or affected each unit shift.
The theory used by the research is J. C. Catford Theory. The method of the
research is qualitative descriptive method. The patterns of unit shift found in
1 Monireh Akbari, “Structural Shifts in Translation of Children’s Literature,” MacrothinkInstitute International Journal of Linguistics, II (June, 2012)
6
the translation are shifts from morpheme to word, shift from word to phrase,
shift from phrase to word, shift from phrase to clause, shift from clause to
word, shift from clause to phrase, and shift from clause to sentence. The writer
also classified the factors that caused or affected each unit shift in the unit
analysis, whether because of lexical aspects or grammatical aspects.2
The last research is entitled The Equivalence and Shift in the Persian
Translation of English Complex Sentence with wh-Subordinate Clauses. The
purpose of this research is to find the types of equivalence and shifts in the
Persian translation of English complex sentences with wh-subordinate clauses.
The research found that the Persian translation involves structure shifts, unit
shifts, rank shifts and intra- system shifts. The results of this research indicated
that in Persian translation, the shifts occur more than the equivalence, with the
percentage of 86.25% and the equivalence with the percentage of 13.75%
based on 160 data.3
B. Definition of Translation
There are some definitions of translation, according to Newmark, he said
that translation is a craft in the attempt to replace a written message and /or
statement in one language by the same message and /or statement in another
language.4 Sayogie said that translation is the attempt of transferring the
2 Suhaila, A Unit Shift Analysis of English Indonesian Translation of “the Tale of ThreeBrothers” by J. K. Rowling. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2010.3 Parissa Farrokh, “The Equivalence And Shift in the Persian Translation of EnglishComplex Sentence with wh-Subordinate Clauses,” English Language And LiteratureStudies, II (December, 2011)4 Peter Newmark, op. cit. p.7
7
message in one language into other language, and not changing a text of one
language into other.5 Larson stated that translation is basically a change of
form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the words,
phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc. which are spoken or written.6
These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. Another
opinion said that translation is an operation performed on languages: a process
of substituting a text in one language for a text in other.7 The translation also
can be defined of the replacement textual material in one language by the
equivalent textual material in other language.8
According to those definitions, it could be said that translation is the
activity of transferring one language into other language without losing the
message of the Source Language (SL).
C. Translation Process
Larson say when translating a text, the aim of the translator is an idiomatic
translation making each effort to communicate their meaning of the source
language (SL) text into the natural form of the receptor language. In addition,
he says that translation is concerned with a lexicon study, grammatical
structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the SL text, which
is analyzed to determine its meaning. The discovered meaning is then re-
5 Frans Sayogie, Teori Dan Praktik Penerjemahan Inggris- Indonesia (TangerangSelatan: Trans Pustaka, 2014) p. 66 Mildred Larson, Meaning Based Translation (Lanham, Maryland: University Press ofAmerica, 1984) p. 47 J.C Catford, op. cit. p 18 Ibid., p 20
8
expressed using grammatical structure and the lexicon that are appropriate in
the Target language and its cultural context.9 Take a look the picture below:
SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Picture 1: Translation process stated by Mildred Larson
Another explanation about translation process is from Nida and Taber.
Take a look the picture below:
Picture 2: Translation Process stated by Nida and Taber.
The picture showed that there are three steps in translation process:
analysis, transfer, and restructuring. In the analysis, in which the surface
structure is analyzed in terms of grammatical relationships also the meanings
of the word and combinations of the word. Transfer in which the analyzed
material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to
9 Mildred Larson, op. cit. p. 3
Text to betranslated
MEANING
Discover the meaning
Translationnnn
Re-express the meaning
9
language B, and the last restructuring in which the transferred material is
retructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor
language.10
D. Translation Shift
Translation shift is one of the translation procedures that proposed by
Catford. According to him shifts are departure from formal correspondence in
the process of going from the SL to the TL.11 Besides that, Newmark said that
transposition or translation shift (Catford’s term) is a translation procedure
involving a change in grammar from SL to TL.12
From those definitions, could be said that translation shift is a change of
form or grammar from source language to target language. There are two types
of translation shifts, are level shift and category shift.
D.1 Level shifts
Level shift means that SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation
equivalent at a different level.13
Level shift intended here is the shift from the level of grammar to lexis or vice
versa. The shift from Grammar to Lexis is the example of shift in the linguistic
level. For example:
SL: John had eaten.
TL: John telah makan.
10 Kardimin, Pintar Menerjemah-Wawasan Teoritik dan Praktek, (Yogyakarta: PustakaBelajar, 2013) p.1711 J.C Catford, op. cit p. 7312 Peter Newmark, op. cit p. 8513 J.C Catford, loc. cit.
10
The form of ‘had eaten (had + past participle)’ is grammatical form in
English, which indicates a period that continues until now or to indicates a
recent happening, while its translation in Indonesian is using ‘telah’, which is a
lexical form.
D.2 Category Shift
Category shift are departures from formal correspondence that involve
structure shift, class shift, unit shift, intra- system shift.
Category shifts refer to unbounded and rank-bound translation. The firstbeing approximately ‘normal’ or ‘free’ translation in which SL-TLequivalences is set up at whatever rank is appropriate. Usually, but not always,there is a sentence- sentence equivalent, but in the course of a text,equivalences may shift up and down the rank scale, often being established atrank lower than the sentence.14
From the explanation above, can be concluded that category shift is refer
to unbounded and rank- bound translation. That means the rank between the SL
and TL was setting up at any rank that appropriate. Could be said on this kind
of shift the freedom in translating a text highly preferred.
According to Catford, there are four fundamental categories of linguistic
theory, unit, structure, class, and system, and these categories can be shifted in
the translation process.
D.2.1 Unit-shift
Unit shift means change of rank that is departure from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank
14 Ibid., p. 75
11
in the Source Language (SL) is a unit at a different rank in the Target
Language (TL).15
Example of unit shift is as follows:
SL: Clever girl
TL: Dia gadis yang pandai
Clever girl in source language is a phrase and translated into dia
gadis yang pandai as clause, since it has a subject (dia) and a predicate
(yang). The change of group in the Source Language (SL) to sentence
in the Target Language (TL) is called Unit Shift.
D.2.2 Structure Shift
The most frequent category shift that occurs in translation is
structure shift. It occurs at all rank in translation. Structure shift is shift
that occurs in the structure or arrangement of a sentence or a clause,
sometimes also found in group.16 Structure shifts is indicated by a
situation when there are two languages which have different element of
structure. Besides, the source language and target language should have
formal correspondence.
Examples:
SL: I wash myself.
S V O
TL: Saya mandi
S P
15 Ibid., p. 7916 Ibid., p. 6
12
In the example above, it can be found that the source language has
different structure of sentence level and phrase level with the target
language. In the example, the source language has sentence structure I
(S), wash (V) and myself (O). Its translation has different sentence
structure in the target language, that is saya (S) and mandi (P). From its
translation, it can be seen that one element that is object myself in the
source language is not translated in target language.
D.2.3 Class-Shifts
Class means a grouping of members of unit in terms of the way in
which they operate in the structure of the unit next above in the rank
scale. Class shift occur when the translation equivalent of a source
language item is a member of a different class from the original item.
For example:
SL: medical student (adj+ noun)
TL: mahasiswa kedokteran (noun+ noun)
In the example above, the word medical in the Source Language
(SL) is an adjective, while it’s translated (kedokteran) is a noun. Here,
the translation equivalent has different class from the original item.
D.2.4 Intra-System Shift
Intra- system shift occurs internally, within a system; that is for
those cases where Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL)
process system which approximately correspond formally as to their
13
constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-
corresponding term in the Target Language system.17
Example
SL: a pair of scissors
N (plural)
TL: sebuah gunting
N (singular)
It is obviously seen from the example above that though we have a
corresponding plural form of “scissors” (e.g. through repetition of the
word “gunting” in Bahasa Indonesia), system in Bahasa Indonesia
needs the use of the singular form of “a pair”.
E. Grammatical Hierarchy
In the point of translation above, the writer has explained about unit shift,
as the part of category shift. Unit itself means a stretch of language which is the
carrier of a pattern of a particular kind.
In English grammar, we have five units, sentence, clause, group, word, and
morpheme. The largest or highest on the rank is the sentence. The smallest or
the lowest on the rank scale is morpheme. Between these, in descending order,
are the clause, the group and the word. By placing these in this order on the
rank scale, we mean that every sentence consists of one or more than one
17 Ibid., p. 80
14
clause, every clause of one or more than one group, every group of one or more
than one word, and every word of one or more than one morpheme.18
Indonesian language has also five units of grammar, morfem (morpheme),
kata (word), frasa (phrase/group), klausa (clause), and kalimat (sentence). The
study of grammatical hierarchy started to be applied in Indonesian linguistics
study about years 1960-1970s.19
1) Morpheme
Morpheme is the smallest meaning unit of a language which cannot
be subdivided into smaller meaningful unit.20 There are two kinds of
morpheme, bound and free. A free morpheme is on that can be uttered
alone with meaning. A bound morpheme, unlike the free, cannot be uttered
alone with meaning.21 In Indonesian language, free morpheme is called
‘morfem bebas’, and bound morpheme is called ‘morfem terikat’.22
Morpheme like dis-, trans-, and un-, are never words but always
part of words. Such morphemes, as also pre (as in preheat, predetermine)
and bi (bipolar, bivalve), occurs only before other morphemes and called
prefix.23
18 Ibid., p.819 Harimurti Kridalaksana, Struktur, Kategori, dan Fungsi Sintaksis(Jakarta: universitaskatolik Indonesia atmajaya, 2002), p.2120 W. Nelson Francis, The English Language An Introduction (New York: W. W. Norton& Company, Inc., 1965), p. 11321 Norman C. Stageberg, An Introductory English Grammar (New York: Holt, Rinehartand Winston,), p. 95-9722 Lamuddin Finoza, Komposisi Bahasa Indonesia (Jakarta: Diksi Insan Mulia, 2009),p.8023 Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language (New York:Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998), p. 71
15
In Indonesian language there are prefix as men- (as in menabung,
menulis), be- (as in belajar, berlari), and so on.
Other morphemes occur only as suffixes following other
morphemes. In English, there are some suffix morphemes: -er (as in
singer, writer, reader, and performer), -ist (as in pianist, novelist), and –ly
(as in manly, friendly), to mention only few.
2) Word
In English Language, words can be considered as the smallest
elements that have distinctive meanings. Base on their use and functions,
words are categorized into several types or parts of speech.
3) Phrase
Group (phrase) means a group of words which do not have a finite
verb. Phrase forms a part of a sentence. In some cases, phrase is a group of
words containing a certain meaning if they are used together. There are
five kinds of phrase, namely noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase,
verb phrase.
3.1) Noun phrase
A noun phrase consists of a noun and all the words and word
groups that belong with the noun and cluster around. The noun itself is
called the head and the other words and word groups are modifiers of the
noun.24 A simple example is the word house in: the white house.
24 Norman C. Stageberg, op.cit. p.185
16
Commonly, a noun phrase has at least one modifier of the head, a
determiner, as in: a dog barks and the dogs are barking. Determiners like a
and the are the most common first element in noun phrases.
3.2) Adjective phrase
Adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun.
For example, adjective phrase in English language: he carried a sword
stained with blood. Stained with blood here explains the noun ‘sword’.
Example of adjective phrase in Indonesian language: Amalia memetik
manga yang bellum matang (yang belum matang explains the noun
‘mangga’).
3.3) Adverb phrase
Adverb phrase is a group of words which gives an additional detail
about the meaning of a verb or an adjective or another adverb. Example of
adverb phrase in English: Lisa said goodbye to her mother before stepping
into the class, ‘before stepping into the class’ explains the verb ‘said
goodbye’.
3.4 Verb Phrase
Verb phrase is a special kind of construction made up of a main
verb and certain other elements from a list of auxiliaries. For example, in
the sentence: the dog should not have chased the wheels of my car, should
not have chased is a verb phrase.
17
4) Clause
Clause is a part of a sentence with its own subject and verb. There
are two main types: independent clause (main clause), dependent clause
(subordinate clause). The first is an independent clause is a clause that can
stand alone. It contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete
thought in both context and meaning. In simple sentence there is a subject,
verb and complete thought. The second is a dependent clause (subordinate
clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone. It depends on another clause to
make it a complete sentence. A dependent clause starts with a subordinate
conjunction. A subordinate conjunction is a word that joins ideas together
and shows the relation shift between ideas.
5) Sentence
A group of word that expresses a complete idea or thought is called
a sentence. There are four sentence types namely: declarative sentence,
imperative sentence, exclamatory sentence, and interrogative sentence.
18
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS OF BRISINGR NOVEL TRANSLATION
A. Data Description
In the previous chapter, the writer has explained the theory of translation
shift, especially unit shifts and also the unit itself. In this chapter, the writer is
going to clarify more on the research findings about how the unit shifts occur
in the unit analysis.
The unit analysis in this research is a novel written by Chistopher Paolini
under the title brisingr and its Indonesian translation. It was translated into the
same title by Poppy D. Chusfany. Brisingr is the third novel in the novel
collections by Christopher Paolini. This novel was published by Random
House Publishing in 2008 and the translation was published by Gramedia in
2009.
After comparing and examining both Source Language (SL) and the
Target language (TL), the writer collected and classified the data where some
of unit in SL are shifted to different unit in TL.
The writer found 3 shifts from phrase into word, 1 data from morpheme
into word, 1 data from morpheme into phrase, and 9 data from word into
phrase.
The details of the data found are as follows:
a. Phrase into word
Stretched out ;; tengkurap
Swathed in ;; berpakaian
19
Scooped up ;; mengumpulkan
b. Morpheme into word
Smartest ;; paling cerdik
Toughest ;; paling tangguh
Meanest ;; paling kejam
c. Morpheme into phrase
Unspoken ;; tak diucapkan
d. Word into phrase
Unreachable ;; tidak teraih
Invisible ;; tak kasatmata
Cheer up ;; jangan murung begitu
Gutted ;; membuang isi perut
Landscape ;; daerah sekitar mereka
Squatting;; sambil berjongkok
Rang ;; mengguncang lonceng
Cover ;; tempat persembunyian
Comforted ;; merasa lebih tenang
B. Data Analysis
The writer is going to analyze how the unit shifts occurred in the
translation. In this research, the writer found 16 data that will be analyzed.
20
Data 1
SL: To his left, Eragon heard the steady breathing of his cousin, Roran,
who was stretched out beside him. (P. 16)
TL: di sebelah kirinya, Eragon mendengar suara nafas teratur sepupunya,
Roran, yang tengkurap di sebelahnya. (p.19)
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as phrase into
word. As we can see that the word stretched out is a verb phrase and translated
into tengkurap is a verb. This shift happens because the phrase stretched out in
the Source Language can be represented using a single word tengkurap in the
Target Language. It is also done to keep the meaning constant, so that the
messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.
Data 2
SL: Behind the priests trudged a line of young men swathed in gold cloth.
(P.16)
TL: Dibelakang para pendeta, dalam dua barisan, melangkah beberapa
pemuda berpakaian emas. (p. 20)
The shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as phrase into word.
The verb phrase swathed in in the Source Language is translated into
berpakaian as a verb in the Target Language. The verb phrase “swathed in”
from Advance English Dictionary means “wrap in swaddling clothes” while it
is translated into “berpakaian” according to KBBI which means “mengenakan
21
pakaian (wearing a clothes or dress up).” Even the unit shift occurs in this
translation, but they refer to related concept and have equal meaning.
Data 3
SL: by unspoken consent, Eragon and Roran crawled backward down
from the crest of the low hill they were hiding behind. (p. 21)
TL: dengan kesepakatan yang tak diucapkan, Eragon dan Roran
merangkak turun kembali dari puncak bukit rendah yang mereka
jadikan tempat persembunyian. (p. 28)
From the data above, the unit shift that occurs is categorized as morpheme
into phrase. The morpheme of un-spoken in source language is translated into
tak diucapkan as an adjective phrase in target language. This shift happens to
keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed naturally and
communicatively.
Data 4
SL: He snapped his fingers twice to wake Roran and then scooped up his
blankets and knotted them into a tight bundle. (P. 41)
TL: Ia menjentikkan jemari dua kali untuk membangunkan Roran
kemudian mengumpulkan selimut dan mengikat semua jadi
buntalan erat. (p. 58)
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as phrase into
word. The word scooped up in the Source Language as a phrase and it’s
22
translated into mengumpulkan as a verb in the Target Language. It is done to
keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed naturally and
communicatively.
Data 5
SL: ‘The smartest, the toughest, and the meanest,’ you said. (p. 133)
TL: ‘paling cerdik, paling tangguh, dan paling kejam,’ Katamu. (p.
204)
The data above is categorized into unit shift. The indicator could be seen
as morpheme into word. The words smartest, toughest, and meanest are the
superlatives forms of the words smart, tough, and mean. The superlative are
formed by adding suffix –est to the words (smart +est), (tough +est), and
(mean +est). Since this suffix makes superlative forms, then the third of these
words have meaning ‘the most’; the most smart, the most tough, and the most
mean.
In Indonesian structure, there is no suffix that has the same function as the
suffix –est in English, but there is prefix ‘ter-’ which is in the same unit with
suffix –est: morpheme (bound). Prefix ter- is also used and added to a word to
make superlative form or meaning. For example, the words: highest/tertinggi
(ter + tinggi), biggest/ terbesar (ter + besar), etc.
However, not all words that cannot be combined with prefix ter-. For
example, benar (true): ter+ benar, bahagia (happy): ter + bahagia, etc (hasan,
1988: 188). Thus, instead of using a bound morpheme which is inappropriate
23
for some words, the word paling is used to show the superlative form and
meaning. This word also means the most just like suffix –est and can be
combined with any word to show superlative meaning. For example: paling +
benar (truest), paling + bahagia (happiest), etc.
In this case, the words smartest, toughest, and meanest in the data are
uncommon to be translated into “terpintar (ter + pintar)”, “tertangguh (ter +
tangguh)”, and “terkejam (ter + kejam). So that’s why those words are
translated into paling pintar, paling tangguh, and paling kejam. Rather than
using prefix ter-, it is more equivalent for using suffix –est which is still at the
same unit.
Data 6
SL: The gigantic mountains pressed close on either side, oppressive with
their bulk, and the sky was a distant, unreachable strip of sea blue,
the highest sky Eragon had ever seen. (p. 239)
TL: Gunung-gunung raksasa mengimpit di kedua sisinya, ukurannya yang
besar terasa menekan, dan langit tampak jauh sekali, goresan biru
tidak teraih, langit tertinggi yang pernah dilihat Eragon. (p. 456)
The shift that occurs in the data above is unit shift categorized as word into
phrase. The word unreachable in the source language has a different rank with
its translation in the target language. It is target language. So, the departure
happens from a word to a phrase. This shift happens because the word
unreachable in the source language cannot be represented by a single word in
24
the target language. So, the nearest meaning of that word is the adjective
phrase tidak teraih. The translator also attempts to keep the meaning constant
so that the message can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.
Data 7
SL: He moved slightly, and the werelight mimicked his motion, as if
connected to him by an invisible pole. (p.26)
TL: Eragon bergerak sedikit, dan lingkaran cahaya itu mengikuti
gerakannya, seolah tersambung dengan tubuhnya oleh tongkat tak
kasatmata. (p. 36)
The unit shift occurs in the data above is categorized as word into phrase.
The word invisible in the Source Language as a noun and it is translated into
tak kasatmata as an adjective phrase in the Target Language. It is done to keep
the meaning constant, so that messages can be conveyed naturally.
Data 8
SL: “cheer up!” said Roran. (p. 35)
TL: “jangan murung begitu!” kata Roran. (p.49)
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to
phrase. The word cheer up as an interjection in Source Language is translated
into jangan murung begitu as a phrase in Target Language. The unit shift
occurs here is to keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be
conveyed naturally.
25
Data 9
SL: He gutted, skinned, and otherwise cleaned the lizards and rodent,
burying the offal deep enough to hide it from scavengers. (p. 69)
TL: Dia membuang isi perut, menguliti, dan membersihkan kedua kadal
serta hewan pengerat, mengubur bagian tubuh yang tidak bisa
dimakan itu dalam-dalam agar tidak mengundang pemakan bangkai.
(p. 100)
The unit shift in the data above is categorized as word to phrase. The word
gutted is the verb in Source Language and it translated into membuang isi perut
as a verb phrase in Target Language. It is done to keep the meaning constant,
so that the message can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.
Data 10
SL: Roran covered himself with his shield and squinted at his saddle as a
pure white light, bright as the noonday sun, illuminated the
landscape. (p. 257)
TL: Roran menutupi tubuh dengan perisai dan menyipitkan mata sambil
menatap pelananya ketika cahaya putih bersih, seterang matahari pada
tengah hari, menerangi daerah sekitar mereka. (p. 492)
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word into
phrase. The word landscape as a noun in Source Language is translated into
daerah sekitar mereka as a noun phrase in Target Language. This shift happens
because the translator tries to make a translation understandable by the readers,
26
and also to keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed
naturally and communicatively.
Data 11
SL: Squatting, they placed the drums between their knees and struck up a
furious beat, their hands were sooty smudges in the air. (P. 88)
TL: Sambil berjongkok, mereka meletakan gendang- gendang itu di antar
lutut mereka lalu menggebuk keras-keras, begitu cepat sehingga
tangan mereka tampak bagaikan benda hitam buram di udara. (P. 132)
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to
phrase. The word squatting as a verb in Source Language is translated into
sambil berjongkok as a Verb phrase in Target Language. This is happens
because the translator tries to keep the meaning constant, so that the message
can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.
Data 12
SL: …rang for Farica and ordered her to bring a meal. (p. 129)
TL: …mengguncang lonceng untuk memanggil Farica dan
memerintahkannya untuk membawakan makanan. (p. 199)
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to
phrase. The word rang in Source Language is a verb, and it is translated into
mengguncang lonceng as a verb phrase in Target Language. This shift happens
27
because the translator attempts to keep the meaning constant, so that the
message from the source language can be conveyed naturally.
Data 13
SL: the only cover close to Eragon was a small thicket of junifer trees. (p.
105)
TL: satu- satunya tempat persembunyian di dekat Eragon adalah
sekelompok kecil pohon cemara Junifer. (p. 160)
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to
phrase. The word cover as a noun in Source Language is translated into tempat
persembunyian as a noun phrase in Target Language. This shift happens
because the translator attempts to keep the meaning constant, so that the
message of source language can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.
If only the translator not shifting that word, the translation will not be
understandable by the readers.
Data 14
SL: Comforted, Eragon gazed into the void between the stars and slowed
his breathing as he drifted into the trance that had replaced sleep for
him. (p. 40)
TL: Merasa lebih tenang, Eragon menatap kegelapan di antara bintang-
bintang dan melemahkan napas samoai ia mengalir menuju trance
yang menggantikan tidur baginya. (p. 57)
28
The unit shift that occurs in the data above is categorized as word to
phrase. The word comforted as an adjective in source language is translated
into merasa lebih tenang as an adjective phrase in target language. This is
happen because the word comforted in the source language is cannot be
translated into a word in the target language. That’s why the translator
translated it into phrase because she tries to make the translation readable by
the readers and also is done to keep the meaning so that the message can be
conveyed naturally and communicatively.
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
From this research, the writer concludes that the translator does the
translation shift in translating the text. After analyzing the unit analysis, all the
kind of translation shifts is occurred but the most frequent shift in the unit
analysis is unit shift. The result of the data analysis found are the unit shift that
categorized as morpheme into word, morpheme into phrase, word into phrase,
and phrase into word.
In translating a text, the translator uses the communicative translation,
because the unit analysis is a fantasy novel which the target reader is all age,
she tries to keep the meaning constant, so that the message can be conveyed
naturally and communicatively.
B. Suggestions
The writer would like to suggest that in doing any translation, the most
important thing is to keep the meaning of the message of the source language
remains the same when it is translated into target language, because the
divergence in cultural background of the two languages, a translator may not
find the best equivalent with similar form or unit in the target language, then
shift of form must be conducted.
Sometimes, change of shift of form or the structure need to be managed in
order to convey the message in a way that is acceptable in the target language.
This shift may also be conducted to keep the aesthetic value of a text,
30
especially in literary text. Nevertheless, as long as this shift does not change
the meaning of the text, even make it more acceptable, then this can be used in
the translation process.
31
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Akbari, Monireh. “Structural Shifts in Translation of Children’s Literature.”Macrothink Institute International Journal of Linguistics, vol. 4. No. 2.June. 2012: 576-594
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Farokh, Parisa. “The Equivalence and Shift in the Persian Translation of EnglishComplex Sentence with wh-Subordinate Clauses. “English Languageand Literature Studies” vol. I. no. 2. Dec. 2011: 74-81