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[VNSGU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY] Vol.5. No. 1, July, 2016 134 - 153 ,ISSN : 0975-5446

A Survey on Issues and Challenges of Web Service Development,

Composition, Discovery

SHAH Tejas R.

M.Sc. (I.T.) Programme,

Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat

[email protected]

PATEL S. V. Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat.

[email protected]

Abstract

In SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) based application implementation, Web Service (WS)

development is one of the outstanding and upcoming area. For web service discovery and

composition, developed and refined approaches have been established. It is extremely

advantageous to give applicable, appropriate web service to the consumer based on their

preferences, constraints, context with high precision, accuracy and at the right time. Many

researchers and practitioners have observed issues and challenges in web service development

specific to web service discovery and composition separately but nowhere both these issues and

challenges have been dealt together. This paper provides an insight of unresolved issues and

challenges investigated by researchers in the field of web service development specifically in

composing and discovering appropriate web services.

Keywords: Service Oriented Architecture, Web service, Web Service Development, Web Service

Discovery, Web Service Composition

1. Introduction

The Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) has appeared as a significant distributed computing

paradigm to support rapid, low-cost development of distributed applications in heterogeneous

environments. SOA establishes an architectural model that allows services to be published,

discovered, and consumed by applications or other services, the goal of which is to realize loosely

coupled, platform-independent profound area of distributed computing [1]. A Web service is

essentially a semantically well-defined abstraction of a set of computational or physical activities

involving a number of resources, intended to fulfill a consumer requirement. A more formal

definition provided by IBM is that Web services are ‘‘a new breed of Web application, and they are

self contained, self-describing, modular applications that can be published, located and invoked

across the Web’’. The service discovery and composition are the key challenges for SOA and web

services development. By composing multiple atomic or composite services into more capable and

powerful enterprise applications, the true capacity of SOA can be achieved. The service

composition and discovery enormously reduces the cost and risks of building new business

applications by reusing the Web service.

VNSGU Journal of Science and Technology – V 5(1) - 2016 - 135

The aim of this paper is to survey the existing techniques, methods, research prototypes, and

standards on service discovery and composition. Although Web services composition has been

heavily investigated, several issues related to dependability, ubiquity, personalization, among

others, still need to be addressed. These challenges are pertinent to several innovative computing

paradigm such as SOA, cloud computing, social computing, and Internet of Things. If these

problems are not taken care of, it might hamper the adoption of the method successfully and may

have negative consequences like missed schedule and overrun budget for Service Oriented

applications. The study reveals that there is a wide possibility for developing new approaches and

techniques in web service development to determine problems observed in various composition

and discovery approaches.

The remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, some of the important

approaches and prototypes of web services composition and discovery have been reviewed. Section

III examines the survey of issues and challenges of web service development, composition and

discovery. Section IV provides the summary of applicability of various problems and challenges to

web service development. The concluding section offer remarks on the paper.

2. Review of Web Service Composition and Discovery Approaches

1.1 Web Service Composition Approaches

The interaction between web services can be done with 2 standardized ways: Service Orchestration

and Service Choreography in service composition. According to composition time, service

composition could be categorized into static or dynamic. In a static composition, the aggregation of

services takes place at design time. In dynamic composition service components determined and

replaced during runtime. Dynamic Web services composition requires the execution system to

support automatic discovery, selection, and binding of service components. The manual service

composition uses BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) to compose services with human

involvement. Automatic service composition typically exploits the semantic web and AI planning

techniques.

The web services composition and their classification survey have been published in [2,3,4,5,6].

The number of available web services composition approaches based on simple classification such

as manual vs. automated and static vs. dynamic has been reviewed in [2]. In [3], the authors discuss

composition methods according to the level of automation, and [4,5,6] focuses on different

standards of web service composition. The article of sheng et al. in [7] gives the exhaustive idea

and analysis of existing major techniques, research prototypes, and standards on Web services

composition. This work also identifies open and unresolved research challenges in this area.

In this section we present some of web service composition languages, platforms, approaches,

prototypes and strategies based on automatic and semi-automatic composition view. Table 1

highlights the key points of semi-automated and automated service composition views.

Table 1 Web Service Composition Approaches

Category Approach/

Prototype

Key Points

Semi-

automated

Service

eFlow [8] Platform for specifying, enacting and monitoring composite

services for business process, dynamic service selection,

conversation


Composition Self-Serv

[9]

compoSing wEb accessibLe inFormation and buSiness

sERVices: dynamic and peer-to-peer provisioning of

composite Web services, three types of services: elementary

services and composite services, and service communities

WISE [10] Workflow based Internet Services: software platform for

process based business-to-business electronic commerce.

three service layers: database services, process services, and

interface services, specify processes via a process definition

tool named StructWare

ServiceGlo

be [11]

Lightweight, distributed, and extensible service platform,

present new techniques for Web service execution and

deployment in dynamic environments, two approaches:

dynamic service selection and the dispatcher service

Berardi et

al. [12]

Web services are portrayed by Roman Model, exporting

behavioral features by using finite transition systems,

synthesized in a ‘‘just-in-time’’

SOA4ALL

[13]

Service Oriented Architectures for All: Provide the power,

elasticity and ease for a wider uptake of SOA, automated

service discovery, mediation and composition of RESTful

and SOAP-based services

METEOR-

S [14]

Managing End To End OpeRation for semantic Web:

workflow management system with SOA and semantic

Web services, The Specification, Annotation, the Dynamic

Configuration and the Process Adaptation.

Fujii et al.

[15]

A semantic-based, context-aware composition of request

from a natural language. Component service Model with

semantics (CosMoS), component runtime environment

(CoRE), and semantic graph-based services composition

(SeGSeC)

SeSCo [16] Seamless Services Composition Services composition

mechanism in pervasive environments. Utilizes an event-

oriented middleware platform, called Pervasive Information

Communities Organization (PICO)

AO4BPEL

[17]

Aspect-Oriented for BPEL: Extension of BPEL with aspect-

oriented workflow features and provides cross-cutting

concern such as logging, auditing, security, and dynamic

adaptation of web services composition at runtime

SCENE

[18]

Services Composition ExecutioN Environment: Service

Centric System Engineering (SeCSE) project, methods,

tools and a platform for service engineering. Extension of

BPEL language with rule engine drools

Skogan et

al. [19]

Uses UML Activity diagrams to model service

compositions. The UML diagrams are then used to generate

executable BPEL processes using XSLT transformations

Rao et

el.[20]

Mixed initiative framework for semantic web service

discovery(WSD) and composition, but allowing user

intervention in key decisions, reasoning on OWL ontologies

with GraphPlan algorithm

Semi- Zeng et al.

[21]

The formulation of service composition as a goal-directed

planning problem that takes three inputs: a set of domain


automated

Service

Composition

specific service composition rules , a description of a

business goal, devising ontology with forward and

backward chaining

IRS-III [22] The proposed model complements the WSMO orchestration

in IRS-III, a framework for Semantic Web Services based

on WSMO specification. A tool based on the above model

that supports a user-guided interactive composition

approach

Automated

Service

Composition

FUSION

[23]

Framework for service portals:, Transform user

specification(sbstract requirements with GUI form) to

optimized execution plan in Web Services Execution

Specification Language (WSESL)

SWORD

[24]

Set of tools that allows developers to quickly compose

existing web services to realize new composite Web

services, No WSDL and OWL-S but ER model to specify

web services

Mcllraith et

al. [25]

Address automated composition and its execution for the

semantic Web. Adapt and extend GOLOG a logic

programming language built on top of the situation

calculus, to enable processes generic, customizable and

usable in the context of the Web

McDermott

et al. [26]

Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) is extended

to formalize Web services, and Estimated-regression (a

planning technique) planners are applied to implement

automated services composition

ASTRO

[27]

A services composition framework, based on the concept of

‘‘Planning as Model Checking’’,ASTRO toolset, consisting

of WS-gen, WS-mon, WS-console and WS-animator, to

support automated services composition, monitoring and

execution

OWLS-

Xplan [28]

An artificial intelligence planner called Xplan is applied to

generate the services composition plan, which takes as input

the PDDL descriptions of OWL-S services and a planning

query

Majithia et

al. [29]

Automatically construct a service composition schema from

a high-level objective , abstract workflow generator,

matchmaking algorithm

Automated

Service

Composition

PAWS [30] framework focusing on adaptation and flexibility of service

compositions modeled as business processes, BPEL with

SLA and self-healing capacity

Brogi and

Corfini [31]

Service Aggregation Matchmaking (SAM), To discover

service compositions, or create when no suitable

composition for a given request is found. The model used to

represent services in Consume-Produce-Read (CPR) Nets

Jonathan

Lee et al.

[32]

SOAP and non-SOAP, OSGi services WS compositions,

Extending BPEL engine

PORSCE II

[33]

An integrated system that performs automatic semantic web

service

composition exploiting AI techniques, specifically planning


UML

Colombo

model [34]

Modelling web services with support of Colombo model,

Avoid difficulty in low level and complex detail of

Colombo service composition algorithm

Approaches to the automated Web service composition problem have been astonishingly diverse

and offer different interpretations of what should be addressed in a composition approach. They

also vary on the degree of automation involved in the process ranging from semi-automated to fully

automated composition process.

1.2 Web Service Discovery Approaches

The Web Service discovery is the process of finding the most suitable and appropriate service that

satisfies the customer’s request with his preferences, constraints. A number of approaches,

methods, prototypes have been proposed in service discovery. According to Mohebbi [35], there

are three different views for discovering services, namely architectural view, automation view, and

matchmaking view. This section focus on the matchmaking view which is further divided into

semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. The authors in [36] reviewed web service

discovery with two categories: Web Service discovery based on decentralized approach and

centralized approach. Dong et al. in [37] concise six technical aspects from the past literature and

analyzed the typical semantic Web Services matchmakers.

This section is not considering the keyword based searching, as it offers limited, irrelevant

discovery in the world of semantic web. Although the plenty of approaches found, only few of

them are included with two major categories: semantic based service discovery and context-aware

service discovery. Table 2 highlights the key points of semantic based (ontology based) and

context-aware service composition views.

Table 2 Web Service Discovery Approaches

Category Approach/

Prototype

Key Points

Semantic

based

Discovery

approach

(Use of

Ontology)

Fenza et al.

[38]

A hybrid non-logic-based approach that combines an agent-

based paradigm and a fuzzy model for SWS matchmaking in

the centralized environment

Paliwal [39] Non-explicit semantic service description, Clustering

Approach of offline UDDI for functional level service

categorization

SWSDOM[40] Framework of Semantic Web Service Discovery based on

Ontology Mapping (SWSDOM), Obtaining similarity by

aggregating linguistic similarity, structural similarity and

instance similarity.

Wang et

el.[41]

Pre-processes user preferences’ cluster, User receives

demanded services quickly and enhancing performance of

unmixed semantic UDDI

Yousefipour et

al.[42]

QoS(Quality of Service) aware framework based on broker,

Service monitoring by agent and report collection of QoS real

time values of WS

Sajib et al.

[43]

Improving provider’s domain ontology with social learning

approach, Discovery of more relevant services with

consumer’s concept contributions


Themis-S.[44] Themis-S, prototype of an ontology based natural language

service discovery engine, Using WordNet as general purpose

ontology, outperforming syntactic information retrieval

models

SAWSDL–

iMatcher [45]

Designed a hybrid and adaptive service matchmaker,

Enabling user-customizable SAWSDL services retrieval.

Supports multiple matching strategies for service discovery

on the basis of service description

OPOSSUM

[46]

A search engine, Object–Procedure–Semantics Unified

Matching (OPOSSUM), for semantically retrieving and

indexing Web services from the Internet. A crawler- retrieval

of SWS by comparing the I/O parameters and generating an

index

Titan [47] A Web service search engine Titan: A System for Effective

Web Service Discovery, Web service clustering and tag

recommendation

Calado et al.

[48]

Semantic web service discovery with similarity metrics,

Direct and indirect matching

Semantic

based

Discovery

approach

(Use of

Ontology)

Hatzi et al.

[49]

WESS

Web Service Search Engine, A Specialized Search Engine for

Web Service Discovery- WESS, targeted to discover and

retrieve web service descriptions-directed crawling

QoS-based

Discovery [50]

QoS-based Discovery and Ranking of Web Services, optimal

matching dimensionless matrix to evaluate the best candidate

services

Context-

Aware

Discovery

Approach

Stefan et

al.[51]

Conceptual situation spaces aligned to established semantic

web service standards. Situation characteristics as members

in geometrical vector spaces, Applied to E-learning and E-

business domain

Xiao et al. [52] Context modelling approach which can dynamically handle

various context types and values, Based on relation among

context, suggestion of service from user

Liu et al.[53] Fuzzy rough set theory based context-aware dynamic service

matchmaking, Users’ satisfaction in pervasive environment

Toninelli et

al.[54]

User-centric semantic service discovery with middleware

AIDAS, Context-awareness based on metadata of

user,device,service profile to provide tailored views on

services of interest.

It can be analysed from the above table that semantic based service discovery minimizes the

manual intervention and automatically discover web services dynamically. We can also enhance

the web service development process by using ontology and annotations. Context-aware discovery

provides key insights to help consumer in the ubiquitous and pervasive environment.

3. Issues and Challenges of Web Service Development, Composition and Discovery

3.1 Common Issues and Challenges of Web Service Development

The service oriented software development is an emerging and fast-growing research area. Many

researchers have contributed to solve the issues present is web service development, this area still


needs continuous attention. This session discusses the common issues and challenges which are

found in web service development environment

3.1.1 Lack of appropriate RE method

The Service Oriented Computing paradigm is lack of appropriate and widely acceptable RE

(Requirement Engineering) techniques. The inherent gap between specification and service

oriented description of the method has affected the other SOC activities like service discovery and

composition [55][56]. Currently services are described by description languages like Web Service

Description Language (WSDL), but service orientation needs its own RE activities, since a service

described in terms of operations and bindings may not be enough to specify the desired goals and

domain assumptions of stakeholders [57].

3.1.2 Refinement of Specifications after Service Discovery

The service discovery can be easily done with the help of UDDI, but Service Oriented Software

Development (SOSD) should comprise of automated dynamic service discovery with high level

language support which can also focus on inclusion service refinement.

To improve the completeness of requirement specifications, iterative discovery process is required

[58], which can accommodate modified specifications. From the consumer’s side, specification

refinement progress leads towards iterative discovery based on changed specifications.

3.1.3 Innovation and Creativity in Service Specification

To give required services to the consumers, SOSD requires new ideas, innovations in discovery

and management of services. The service provider has to promptly update the service according to

the market demand and competition. The service provider can conduct brainstorming techniques

and workshops to make tangential reference for creative thinking in service development [59].

3.1.4 Customer Acceptance on Service Change

The consumer’s requirements appear progressively while using service in practice. It is a

challenging task to manage the evolved services because shallow changes are localized but deep

changes on services may have cascading effect on the other enterprise services or business partner

services [60]. There should be redesign and redeployment of the services when consumer’s

specifications will evolve over time. The customer acceptance is highly preferable before

deploying the service to its final stage.

3.1.5 Clustering of Services as per Requirement

The web services can be grouped together according to their respective domain and area. The

services can be assigned to a desired category with the help of clustering process. This process will

reduce the searching and discovery time and increases the domain knowledge of the stakeholder.

The SOSD requires a excellent knowledge management strategy for clustering of services [61].

3.1.6 Identifying Business Process at Service Design

Business processes of the organization can be easily converted into services. Identification process

of services by their business goals and intentions is a challenging task. Majority of the current


service description methods fail in describing business processes in detail [62]. The developed web

services should conform to the business requirements.

3.1.7 Inadequate Web Service Management

The WS architecture should have the proper monitoring and management of the existing and

published web services. The architecture should provide the optimized and configured environment

where services must configure themselves automatically (Self-configuring), can be easily discover,

diagnose and malfunctions and anomalies in the system [63]. It should support the policy based

corrections (Self-healing) and also offer the self protecting and self optimizing feature. The

inadequate management of web services poses new issues of adaptability and interoperability.

3.1.8 Service Governance

The web services are designed and used by different business enterprises whose business processes

are framed across organizational boundaries. They should manage web services as per the

standards and compliances. Service governance is a challenge issue, as services must meet the

functional and QoS objectives with given context of the business unit. [63]

3.1.9 No Universal Registry

There was no consensus regarding ownership of the root UDDI registries. Public registries that

were run by IBM, Microsoft, SAP have been no longer available currently [64]. It is difficult to

check the performance, scalability and statistical gathering of data due to non-existence of

universal registry for web services.

3.1.10 UDDI: Storing Limited Attributes

UDDI is not innately design to store and publish QoS requirements of the web services. In addition

UDDI allows search facility on limited attributes of the service like Service name, key Reference

[65]. This problem makes it critical to store run-time parameters like performance, availability,

throughput of the web services.

3.1.11 WSDL: Not Designed for NFR

WSDL is inherently designed to give functional aspects of web service like Service Type, Ports,

Port type and binding parameters [66, 67]. It is not designed for considering Non functional aspects

of the WS, which makes it difficult to store Quality of Service (QoS) parameters like availability,

reliability, throughput, price etc.

3.1.12 Adequate Level of QoS

Different set of QoS metrics can be applied at run-time as well as design-time. The configuration of

web service can change during run time. Besides, applications built on web services should provide

features like required performance, reduced costs, faster response time to consumer; effective

resource usage and throughput to service providers [68]. By inserting QoS properties at adequate

level at run time supports the dynamism of application and satisfy the provider and consumer of

service.

3.2 Issues and Challenges of Web Service Composition


Moreover, the rapid rise of new computing paradigms such as cloud computing, social computing,

and Web of Things also presents compounded challenges in this area [69]. In [7] Sheng et al.

discovered the open issues and presented the overview on prototypes, open platform for service

compositions. In this section, we identify several challenges on services composition.

3.2.1 Composition Correctness

The verification of the compositional correctness is missing in most of the approaches of service

composition. In order to verify the correctness, compositional specifications have to be modelled

into mathematical formalisms like pi-calculus, process algebra such that the composition process

can include deadlock detection and consistency feature. The easier way is to include compositional

correctness features in the composition algorithm itself [70,71].

3.2.2 Transactional Support

Due to the innate autonomy and divergent capabilities of web services, maintaining the transaction

support is challenging task. The service composition requires an advanced transactional

management for reliable, consistent and recoverable composition process. Very few approaches

like WebTransact [72] appear to be better than others since transactional model is supported

[70,71].

3.2.3 Dependable Service Composition

The reliable and dependable services composition remains a significant challenge [73,74]. The

service developers should able to check the soundness and completeness of compositions to

identify the problems at early stages of composition specifically for mission critical applications.

Web services from different domain and organization may have varying constraints and features.

The composition process should include domain knowledge, constraints, preferences, and policies

to solve domain dependency [75].

3.2.4 Adaptable and Autonomous Service Composition

The today’s web environment demands more adaptable and flexible service composition approach.

Autonomous services composition is a promising research effort to increase self-configuring, self-

optimizing, self-healing, and self-adapting features in composition [7,76]. The Web services from

different enterprises are often incompatible and require service mediation to handle adapts the

service efficiently [77].

3.2.5 Service Composition in Pervasive Environment

The profusion of ubiquitous, interconnected computing devices made web services available to

mobile users [78,79]. Composing services across several mobile devices in such an environment

presents fresh challenges like addressing context awareness, heterogeneity and contingencies of

devices, personalization requirement of users. The ubiquitous and mobile devices running in

pervasive environment are usually resource constraint, special considerations are necessary for the

efficiency and performance of composite services

3.2.6 Composing SOAP, non-SOAP and non-web services

To invoke and compose a combination of SOAP, non-SOAP, and non-web services into a

composite process is difficult one. There are two major exertions: one is how to invoke and


compose heterogeneous web services with diverse protocols and content types, and how to

integrate non-web services in composition process. This issue can be resolved with extended BPEL

engine with adapters [32].

3.2.7 Dynamicity in AI Planning based Composition

The generated AI plan produces the static composition schema without exploring the run-time

composition. It is challenging to explore how dynamic composition at run-time via re planning can

be applied to planning techniques that support most of the features, such as planning as model

checking [80].

3.2.8 Business-driven Automated Composition

The business process can be mapped to the web service. SOA applications should form the

business logic at the abstraction level. The integration and composition process should be carried

out in such a manner that automatically includes the business requirement and processes [63].

3.2.9 Non-uniformity between Services

The web services are of different formats for exchanging data over the web. In addition, domain

specific concepts lead to the non-uniformity in publishing data to the registries [81,82]. However to

make all the services uniform is not feasible, heterogeneity and non-uniformity may cause

immense problem while scavenging web services.

3.3 Issues and Challenges of Web Service Discovery

There are plenty of sub approaches invented for syntactical, semantic and context aware web

service discovery. Finding most suitable and relevant web services has obstacles in the path of

discovery process. Some of the issues are resolved with the objective of enhancing the process, but

new challenges are evolving as increase of web services and usage is countless. This session

review some the critical issues and challenges concern to web service discovery.

3.3.1 Efficiency of Matchmaking Model

The matchmaking model works as the coordinating agent to match services against all published

web services in the registry. The user’s request and matchmaking model are highly interrelated and

dependent and requires the design of matchmaking algorithm. The matchmaking system ought to

support input- output through the repository and enable features of service browsing, modification

and cancellation [83]. The service matchmaker shall automatically detect the language and type of

parameters for describing the request and finds an appropriate service matching strategy. The

SAWSDL-iMatcher [84] allows user to select matchmaking strategy from request parameters.

3.3.2 Formal Request Language for WSD

The service requesters should describe their requirements in an unambiguous and machine-

interpretable form. There should be the pre processing of request. The semantic annotations are

added in DARPA, Web Ontology Language or other semantic markup language. Apart from the

advantages of semantic web service discovery, the user’s request mapping with the ontology

demands development of formal request language [63]. A web service request language (WSRL) is

presented in [85] for web-service interaction based on planning and constraint satisfaction.

3.3.3 Intimate Knowledge of Semantic Web Services and Ontology


Some of the web service discovery methods are describing the user request in languages like OWS-

S, WSMO, or WSDL-S. The user should have the intimate knowledge of semantic web service

description and implementation [86]. To specify a web request, the user should have the familiarity

and knowledge of ontology [87]. The manual annotation process requires skills in ontology

engineering which is a quite elevated requirement for regular consumers.

3.3.4 Handling Heterogeneity of Ontology

In open and dynamic environment, different ontologies are developed for sharing the knowledge.

Moreover, service providers and requesters may have a different understanding of shared

knowledge. The ontologies used for annotating the same services and request may surface this

problem [88]. The ontology mapping techniques are required to provide coordination between

different ontology [86]. However, Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO) is exception to

provide mediator-centric solution to this problem.

3.3.5 Irrelevant Service Retrieval

Although the keyword based syntactic service discovery gives less burden on service providers, it

is notoriously prone to low precision and imperfect recall [89]. Many completely irrelevant items

can include the query’s keywords, leading to low precision and results in irrelevant services. The

approach should have the process based queries or deductive approach to offer relevant and

appropriate service retrieval.

3.3.6 Imprecise Discovery Mechanism

If the similarity of two service descriptions is simply and syntactically measured by comparing

their .wsdl documents (structure of the service: service name, operation name, input parameters,

output parameters), the result of service discovery likely to be imprecise or even erroneous due to

lacking semantic support. The syntax based service discovery faces this imprecise discovery

problem [90].

3.3.7 Index-based Mechanism in Matchmaking

In real web environment, where heterogeneous and dynamics services are registered in numerous

geographically dispersed and non-interrelated service registries, index-based web service discovery

mechanism is preferable [37]. The GoogleTM

find services automatically by using crawlers.

However, very less attention is given in the area of index-based SWS discovery.

3.3.8 Design of Specialized Web Service Search Engine

The global UDDI registries are no longer available and discovery through conventional, general

purpose search engines does not yield satisfactory results based on keyword search. Searching WS

descriptions from typical search engines has many disadvantages like lack of annotation and tag,

No provision of search parameter specification, lack of NFR search and vast amount of irrelevant

results. For these reasons, specific purpose efficient search engine should be designed. The work

presented in [49] concerns the design of search engine for web service descriptions, both semantic

(OWL-S and SAWSDL) and non-semantic (WSDL).

3.3.9 Binding of Correct Web Service Version


The web service discovery algorithm must be able to handle multiple versions of the web services

present in the registry. By adopting the incremental model, the basic attributes describing the

service like port, port types and binding will not change. But the underlying web method

implementations may change [82]. The matchmaking algorithm must be able to bind the correct

and latest version of web service.

4. Summary and Analysis of the Survey

Every Web Service composition and discovery method is having its own strength and weakness

and developed with objective of composing and giving right services at the consumer’s desk. After

the analysis and observation of the survey, an applicability table (Table 3) is created which maps

the challenges and issues to web service development and interlink it. Issues and challenges are

categorized as per their applicability with phases of service development. The comment in the cell

shows the reason for its inclusion. The symbols of the applicability are:

√ - Applicable, ⌐ - Partially Applicable, ≠ - Not Applicable

Table 3 Issues and Challenges in WS development, WS discovery, WS composition

No. Issues and

Challenges

Web Service

Development

Web Service

Composition

Web Service

Discovery

Inter

dependency

of

Composition

and Discovery

1 Lack of

appropriate RE

technique

√ Gap of

specification

of requirement

and service

oriented

description

√

Composition

as per the

proper

Requirement

s

√ Discovery

of WS from

specified

requirements

√ Impact on

both the

processes

2 Refinement of

specification after

service discovery

√ ≠

√ Iterative

discovery

process with

refinement

⌐

3 Innovation and

Creativity in

Service

Specification

√ Quickly

updating

service as per

the market

requirement

√ √ √

4 Customer

Acceptance on

Service Change

√ Affect

overall service

dev.

√ √ Reduces

search time

⌐

5 Clustering of

Service as per

Requirement

√ √ √ Faster

discovery of

clustered

service set

⌐ Service set

to transferred

in composition

6 Inadequate Web

Service

Management

√ Monitoring

and

management

√ ⌐ √


7 Service

Governance

√ √

Compliances

required

√

Compliances

required

≠

8 No Universal

Registry

√ Requires

universal and

public

repositories

⌐ √ Discovery

from UDDI

√

9 UDDI: Storing

limited attributes

of service

√ √ √ Discovery

with desired

attributes

√

10 WSDL not

designed for NFR

√ √ √ ⌐

11 Composition

Correctness

⌐ √

Specification

with

mathematical

model

⌐ ⌐

12 Transactional

Support

√ Overall

transaction

effect

√ Interaction

amongst

services

requires

transaction

support

⌐ ⌐

13 Dependable

Service

Composition

⌐ √

Dependency

on services

fetched from

different

domains and

organizations

⌐ ⌐

14 Adaptable and

Autonomous

Service

Composition

√ √ Self-

configuring,

Self-

optimizing,

Self-healing

⌐ ⌐ Adaptable

for

composition

15 Service

Composition in

Pervasive

Environment

√ Web

services

application for

pervasive

system

√ Context-

awareness,

contingencie

s and

heterogeneity

support

⌐ ≠

16 Composing

SOAP, non-

SOAP and non-

Web Services

⌐ √ Composing

combinations

of SOAP,

non-SOAP

and non WS

≠ √

17 Dynamicity in AI

planning based ⌐ √ Run time

re-planning

⌐ √


composition

18 Business-driven

automated

composition

√ √ √ √ Discovery

and

composition

should be

business aware

19 Index-based

mechanism in

matchmaking

√ √ √ Service

discovery

through

indexing

√

20 Adequate Level

of QoS

√ QoS metrics

implementatio

n

√ Security,

privacy,

performance,

throughput

while

composing

√ Security,

privacy,

performance,

throughput

while

discovering

√

21 Efficiency of

matchmaking

model

√ Makes WS

development

more fruitful

√ √

Matchmakin

g algorithm

for discovery

⌐

22 Formal Request

Language for

WSD

√ Use of

request

language in

development

√ √ √ Accurate

discovery and

composition

with service

request

language

23 Intimate

knowledge of

Semantic WS and

Ontology

⌐ √ √ Semantic

based WS

discovery

√

24 Irrelevant Service

Retrieval

√ √ √ √

25 Handling

Heterogeneity of

Ontology

⌐ ⌐ √ Applicable

to semantic

WSD

⌐

26 Imprecise

discovery

mechanism

⌐ ≠ √ Syntax

based

discovery

⌐ Required

syntax and

semantic based

WS discovery

27 Design of

Specialized WS

search engine

√ Search

engine with

UDDI,

Crawling

features

√ √ √

28 Non-uniformity

between services

√ √

Interoperabili

ty

√ √

29 Binding of correct

web service

version

√ √ Updating

version when

existing WS

√ √


changes

√ Applicable ⌐ Partially Applicable ≠ Not Applicable

5. Conclusion

After observing the existing trends in web services discovery and composition development,

certain issues still remain unsolved. There is an increasing need to develop service discovery and

composition methods after resolving the challenges and issues present in the world of web services

development. This scrupulous survey would help academician and researchers to get a strong

foothold on the realm of service composition and discovery and problems associated with it. The

major analysed challenges like design of specialized search engine for WS discovery; business

context and QoS aware discovery and composition; composing non-SOAP and non-web services

with scalability and adaptability will enhance the service-based development benefiting service

consumer and provider.

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