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A SURVEY OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE
POLLUTANTSOF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS
NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
(NYSERDA) is a public benefit corporation created in 1975 by the
New York State Legislature. NYSERDA’s responsibilities
include:
• Conducting a multifaceted energy and environmental research and
development program to meet New York State’s diverse economic
needs.
• Administering the New York Energy $martSM program, a Statewide
public benefit R&D, energy efficiency, and environmental
protection program.
• Making energy more affordable for residential and low-income
households.
• Helping industries, schools, hospitals, municipalities,
not-for-profits, and the residential sector, including low-income
residents, implement energy-efficiency measures.
• Providing objective, credible, and useful energy analysis and
planning to guide decisions made by major energy stakeholders in
the private and public sectors.
• Managing the Western New York Nuclear Service Center at West
Valley, including: (1) overseeing the State’s interests and share
of costs at the West Valley Demonstration Project, a federal/State
radioac- tive waste clean-up effort, and (2) managing wastes and
maintaining facilities at the shut-down State- Licensed Disposal
Area.
• Coordinating the State’s activities on energy emergencies and
nuclear regulatory matters, and monitoring low-level radioactive
waste generation and management in the State.
• Financing energy-related projects, reducing costs for
ratepayers.
NYSERDA administers the New York Energy $martSM program, which is
designed to support certain public benefit programs during the
transition to a more competitive electricity market. More than
2,700 projects in more than 30 programs are funded by a charge on
the electricity transmitted and distributed by the State’s
investor-owned utilities. The New York Energy $martSM program
provides energy efficiency services, including those directed at
the low-income sector, research and development, and environmental
protection activities.
NYSERDA derives its basic research revenues from an assessment on
the intrastate sales of New York State’s investor-owned electric
and gas utilities, and voluntary annual contributions by the New
York Power Authority and the Long Island Power Authority.
Additional research dollars come from limited corporate funds. Some
400 NYSERDA research projects help the State’s businesses and
municipalities with their energy and environmental problems. Since
1990, NYSERDA has successfully developed and brought into use more
than 141 innovative, energy-efficient, and environmentally
beneficial products, processes, and services. These contributions
to the State’s economic growth and environmental protection are
made at a cost of about $.70 per New York resident per year.
Federally funded, the Energy Efficiency Services program is working
with more than 540 businesses, schools, and municipalities to
identify existing technologies and equipment to reduce their energy
costs.
For more information, contact the Communications unit, NYSERDA, 17
Columbia Circle, Albany, New York 12203-6399; toll-free
1-866-NYSERDA, locally (518) 862-1090, ext. 3250; or on the web at
www.nyserda.org
STATE OF NEW YORK ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY George
E. Pataki Vincent A. DeIorio, Esq., Chairman Governor
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• Buildings End-Use Energy Efficiency •
Industrial/Agricultural/Water End-Use Energy Efficiency • Renewable
Energy • Environmentally-Preferred Advanced Generation •
Energy-Related Environmental Research • Strategic Energy
Research.
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1.0 Introduction
1.1. Background
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5.0 Organic Compound Monitors
5.1. Fixed Site Monitors
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Population of MSA/CMSA1
Required Site Type
Minimum Carbonyl Compounds Sampling Frequency2
Less than 500,000 (1) A or C - (2) A or C D or F
500,000 to 1,000,000 (1) A or C - (2) B E (3) A or C -
1,000,000 to 2,000,000 (1) A or C - (2) B E (3) A or C -
0RUHWKDQ $RU& % ( $RU& $RU&
1Whichever area is larger. 2Frequency requirements are as
follows:
A = Eight 3-hour samples every third day and one additional 24-hour
sample every sixth day during the monitoring period. B = Eight
3-hour samples every day during the monitoring period and one
additional 24-hour sample every sixth day year-
round. C = Eight 3-hour samples on the 5 peak O3 days plus each
previous day, eight 3-hour samples every sixth day and one
additional 24-hour sample every sixth day during the monitoring
period. D = Eight 3-hour samples every third day during the
monitoring period. E = Eight 3-hour samples on the 5 peak O3 days
plus each previous day and eight 3-hour samples every sixth day
during the
monitoring period. F = Eight 3-hour samples on the 5 peak O3 days
plus each previous day, eight 3-hour samples every sixth day and
one
additional 24-hour sample every sixth day during the monitoring
period.
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Table 3. Air Toxics of the Greatest Potential Concern
acetaldehyde coke oven emissions mercury compounds acrolein 1,
3-dichloropropene methylene chloride acrylonitrile diesel
particulate matter nickel compounds arsenic compounds ethylene
dibromide perchloroethylene benzene ethylene dichloride
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) beryllium compounds ethylene oxide
polycyclic organic matter (POM)* 1, 3-butadiene formaldehyde
propylene dichloride cadmium compounds hexachlorobenzene quinoline
carbon tetrachloride hydrazine 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane
chloroform lead compounds trichloroethylene chromium compounds
manganese compounds vinyl chloride *Also represented as 7-PAH
Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Table 4. Suppliers for Passive Sampling Badges
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; ; 9HU\9RODWLOH92&V ; ; ; (WK\OHQH2[LGH ; ; ; *OXWDUDOGHK\GH ;
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Table 5. Organic Compounds Determined with Passive Badges and
Typical Detection Limits Based on an 8-hour Sample.
CAS No. Chemical Name Det. Limit (ppm)
CAS No. Chemical Name Det. Limit (ppm)
141-79-7 Mesityl oxide 0.075 67-64-1 Acetone 0.1 109-86-4
Methoxyethanol
(Me Cellosolve) 0.3 75-05-8 Acetonitrile 0.2
110-49-6 Methoxyethyl acetate (MeCSAc)
0.1 107-13-1 Acrylonitrile 0.1
96-33-3 Methyl acrylate 0.1 107-18-6 Allyl alcohol 0.1 67-56-1
Methyl alcohol
(methanol) 0.3 107-5-1 Allyl chloride 0.8
71-55-6 Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-TCA)
108-87-2 Methyl cyclohexane 0.05 71-43-2 Benzene 0.05 78-93-3
Methyl ethyl ketone
(2-butanone) 0.1 106-99-0 Butadiene 0.1
107-31-3 Methyl formate 0.3 71-36-3 Butanol 0.1 110-12-3 Methyl
isoamyl ketone 0.1 75-65-0 Butanol 0.1 108-11-2 Methyl
isobutyl
carbinol 0.1 78-92-2 Butanol (sec-butyl alcohol) 0.1
108-10-1 Methyl isobutyl ketone (hexone)
0.1 111-76-2 Butoxyethanol (Butyl Cellosolve)
0.1
80-62-6 Methyl methacrylate 0.1 123-86-4 Butyl acetate 0.1 107-87-9
Methyl propyl ketone
(2-pentanone) 0.1 540-88-5 Butyl acetate 0.1
109-87-5 Methylal (dimethoxymethane)
108-87-2 Methylcyclohexane 0.05 1634-04-4 Butyl methyl ether (MTBE)
0.8 75-09-2 Methylene-chloride 0.3 56-23-5 Carbon tetrachloride 0.2
91-20-3 Naphthalene 0.3 108-90-7 Chlorobenzene 0.05 111-84-2 Nonane
0.04 74-97-5 Chlorobromomethane 0.3 111-65-9 Octane 0.04 67-66-3
Chloroform 0.2 109-66-0 Pentane 0.1 126-99-8 Chloroprene 0.7
127-18-4 Perchloroethylene
(PCE) 0.1 98-82-8 Cumene 0.3
108-65-6 Prop. Glycol.; methyl ether acetate
0.1 110-82-7 Cyclohexane 0.1
109-60-4 Propyl acetate 0.1 108-93-0 Cyclohexanol 0.05 71-23-8
Propyl alcohol 0.2 108-94-1 Cyclohexanone 0.05 106-94-5 Propyl
bromide 1.5 123-42-2 Diacetone alcohol 0.1 78-87-5 Propylene
dichloride 0.1 1717-00-6 Dichloro-1-fluoroethane
(HCFC141b) 0.25
0.2 75-71-8 Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC12)
Table 5 (cont’d). Organic Compounds Determined with Passive Badges
and Typical Detection Limits Based on an 8-hour Sample.
CAS No. Chemical Name Det. Limit (ppm)
CAS No. Chemical Name Det. Limit (ppm)
100-42-5 Styrene 0.04 107-06-2 Dichloroethane (EDC) 0.1 540-59-0
Dichloroethylene 1 76-11-9 Tetrachloro-2,2-
difluoroethane 0.5
76-14-2 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC114)
0.2
(Cellosolve) 0.1 76-13-1 Trichlorotrifluoroethane
0.04
141-78-6 Ethyl acetate 0.1 108-05-4 Vinyl acetate 0.1 140-88-5
Ethyl acrylate 0.1 593-60-2 Vinyl bromide 0.1 64-17-5 Ethyl alcohol
(ethanol) 0.5 75-01-4 Vinyl chloride 0.1 60-29-7 Ethyl ether 0.1
75-35-4 Vinylidene Chloride
(1,1 DCE) 0.1
dimethyl ether 0.8 76-22-2 Camphor 0.05
75-69-4 Fluorotrichloromethane (CFC11)
amyl ketone) 0.1 106-46-7 Dichlorobenzene 0.05
110-54-3 Hexane 0.4 95-50-1 Dichlorobenzene 0.4 591-78-6 Hexanone
(MBK) 0.1 111-44-4 Dichloroethyl ether 0.1 123-92-2 Isoamyl acetate
0.1 77-73-6 Dicyclopentadiene 0.1 123-51-3 Isoamyl alcohol 0.1
108-83-8 Diisobutylketone 0.1 110-19-0 Isobutyl acetate 0.1
34590-94-8 Dipropylene Glycol Methyl
Ether 1
78-83-1 Isobutyl alcohol 0.1 78-59-1 Isophorone 0.05 108-21-4
Isopropyl acetate 0.1 4016-14-2 Isopropyl glycidyl ether
(IGE) 0.1
67-63-0 Isopropyl alcohol 0.25 98-83-9 Methyl styrene 0.04 108-20-3
Isopropyl ether 0.1 101-84-8 Phenyl ether 0.1 5989-27-5
Limonene
(as dipentene) 0.1 25013-15-4 Vinyl toluene
(methyl styrene) 0.04
6.1. Strategy for Air Monitoring
6.1.1. Ambient Impacts of Power Plant Siting
6.1.1.1. Emissions
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8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
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9.0 References
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Vendor Address Web Address
n/a
www.afcintl.com/
www.aircuity.com
www.assaytech.com/
www.bgiusa.com/
www.ecochem.biz
www.gcind.com
General Oceanics, Inc. 295 N.W. 163rd Street Miami, FL 33169
www.generaloceanics.com
K & M Environmental, Inc. 2421 Bowland Pkwy # 102 Virginia
Beach, VA 23454
www.kandmenvironmental.com
Met One Instruments 1600 Washington Blvd Grants Pass, OR
97526
www.metone.com/
www.msanet.com/
MSP Corporation 5910 Rice Creek Parkway Suite 300 Shoreview, MN
55126
www.mspcorporation.com/
www.neutronicsinc.com
www.ogawausa.com
www.opsis.se
I-1
www.particle.com/
www.pmeasuring.com/
PAX Analytics, Inc. 227 West Leyden Rd. Colrain, MA 01340
www.paxana.com
Quest Technologies, Inc. 1060 Corporate Center Drive Oconomowoc WI,
53066
www.quest-technologies.com
www.rkiinstruments.com
www.rpco.com/
SKC Inc. 863 Valley View Road Eighty Four, PA 15330
www.skcinc.com/
Tekran Inc. 132 Railside Road, Unit 1 Toronto, Ontario M3A 1A3
Canada
216.36.224.163/
www.thermoandersen.com/
www.thermoei.com/
www.transducertech.com/
www.tsi.com
URG Corporation 116 S. Merritt Mill Road Chapel Hill, NC
27516
www.urgcorp.com/
I-2
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&RQWLQXRXV3HUVRQDO3DUWLFOH0RQLWRUV
Summary of Monitoring Instruments
The following sheets describe a number of air quality monitoring
systems. In order to provide some relative information on the
nature of these instruments, this Appendix includes information on
cost, portability, whether or not the equipment is capable of
producing results on-site, and the degree of complexity of the
instrument’s QA procedures.
Cost (I, M, E) I Inexpensive (<$1000 each) M Moderate cost
($1000 to < $10,000 each)
M/E Cost around $10,000 each E Expensive (>$10,000 each)
VE Very Expensive (>$50,000) Portability L Light (can be easily
carried as a personal monitor)
M Moderate (can be carried by a normal healthy worker) H Heavy (may
need multiple people or special equipment to move)
Off-Site Work? Y Instrument produces a sample that requires
additional analysis away from the sampling site
N Produces results on-site QA Complexity C Complex (requires
multiple steps for calibration and/or complicated procedures
to
provide adequate quality assurance) S Simple (relatively easy
process to assure the quality of the results)
II-1
Instrument Manufacturer Model Description Cost Portability Off-Site
QA Complexity Type (I,M,E) (L, M, H) Work? (C or S) Mass,
Integrated
Rupprecht & Patashnick
M M Y S
M M Y S
Thermo Andersen
RAAS2.5 100
Dichotomous Sequential Air Sampler Sequential Speciation Sampler
High Volume Cascade Impactor Stage 1: large particles (>10 µm
diameter); Stage 2: coarse particles (2.5 to 10 µm diameter); Stage
3: fine particles (1 to 2.5 µm diameter); Stage 4: accumulation
mode (0.1 to 1 µm diameter) Manual FRM sampler for PM2.5
M
E
M
M
M
M
M
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
S
S
S
S
M M Y S
PQ100
PQ2000
Manual sampler for FRM PM10 or TSP sampling Manual FRM sampler for
PM2.5
M
M
M
M
Y
Y
S
S
II-2
Chemical Constituents, Integrated
Met One SASS Five channel speciation E M Y S network sampler
Rupprecht & 2300 Sequential 4 or 12 channel E M Y S Patashnick
speciation network sampler,
In its 4-channel configuration, the sampler is usually set up to
operate all four flow paths during a single interval. It can also
be operated as a sequential sampler with 2 groups of 2 channels or
4 groups of 1 channel. The 12-channel configuration provides
additional sequential sampling capabilities with its expanded
number of channels. Its 12 flow channels can be grouped as of 3
groups of 4 channels, 3 groups of 3 channels, 6 groups of 2
channels, or 12 groups of 1 channel.
Thermo Andersen RAAS2.5 400 Six-channel speciation E M Y S network
sampler
II-3
URG Corporation Versatile Air Dual channel, three flows, E M Y S
Pollutant collects two fine particle Sampler samples simultaneously
and (VAPS) one coarse particle sample
URG Corporation URG-2000-01J Weekly Air Particulate E M Y S
Sampler, 8 channels, capable of viewing and programming eight
on/off settings for different sampling time periods; System can be
left unattended for up to eight sampling periods; Internals are
interchangeable (filter packs, annular denuders and poly-urethane
foams (PUFs)
URG Corporation URG-2000-01K Dual Sequential Fine E M Y S Particle
Sampler, manual 4-channel speciation network sampler
URG Corporation URG-3000DB Manual sampler that E M Y S measures the
gas phase semi-volatile organic and condensed phase organic
compounds; Provides the true phase distribution of the semi-voltaic
organic compounds
II-4
Instrument Manufacturer Model Description Cost Portability Off-Site
QA Complexity Type (I,M,E) (L, M, H) Work? (C or S) Continuous
Mass
Rupprecht & Patashnick
1400a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) monitor,
PM2.5 or PM10;
E M N S
Rupprecht & Patashnick
SES normally operated at 50ºC TEOM with drier in the inlet stream
to remove water and
E M N S
Rupprecht & Patashnick
8500 permit 30ºC operation Differential system using a cooled
filter to provide estimate of volatile and non-
E M N S
E M N S
Thermo Andersen BETA Y2K Continuous Ambient E M N S Particulate
Monitors using beta gauge principle; TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and
PM1.0;
Met One BAM1020
Beta Attenuation Monitor, E M N S PM2.5
TSI, Inc 3935 Electrical Low-Pressure E M N S
Opsis SM200
impactor, 30 nm to 10 mm, 12 stages Beta Attenuation Monitor for
TSP, PM10 or PM2.5
E M N S
II-5
Continuous Size TSI Inc 3935 Electrical Low-Pressure E M N S
Impactor (ELPI). 30 nm to 10 mm, 12 stages. ELPI combines the
accuracy of impactor size classification and rapidity of electrical
detection for the same device. A precisely known charge given to
the particles in the charger is measured in real time with very
sensitive multichannel electrometers as the particle impacts the
collection plate.
Nephelometers Radiance Research 908 1 wavelength, integrating M M N
S
nephelometer TSI 3551 1 wavelength, integrating M M N S
nephelometer TSI 3563 3
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