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A STUDY ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SARAWAK
CLEMENT JEREMY AK JOSEPH JULIAN
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2004
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan
fk
BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS
Judul: A Study on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Sarawak
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2000 - 2004
Saya CLEMENT JEREMY AK JOSEPH JULIAN
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan
dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis
daripada penulis.
3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka.
4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar
yang dipersetujui kelak.
5. * Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
6. ** Sila tandakan (√ )
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
√ TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: 21 Kpg. Sudat, Jln. Kung Phin,
Penrissen,93250 Kuching, Jethro Henry Adam
( Nama Penyelia ) Sarawak.
Tarikh: Tarikh:
CATATAN * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
** Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/
organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan
sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
Pks/2000
The Following Final Year Project:
Title: A STUDY ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SARAWAK
Name of the author: CLEMENT JEREMY AK JOSEPH JULIAN
Matrix number: 5923
was read and certified by:
______________________ ______________
Jethro Henry Adam Date
(Supervisor)
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the author would like to express deepest gratitude to his
supervisor, Mr. Jethro Henry Adam, who has given a lot of supervision, advice and
encouragement thus completing this final year project. The author also would like to give
special thanks to Dr. Law Puong Ling with the guidance and help that enable the final year
project run smoothly. Not forgetting also, thank you to Head of Landfill Operations in
Kuching Integrated Waste Management Park at Mambong, Mr. James Bilong and to Mr. Lim
Kaa Kwan from MBKS. Without their hardworking and point of idea this final year project
will not be as good as now. The author also wanted to give thanks to Trienekens (Sarawak)
Sdn. Bhd., Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan (MBKS), Natural Resources and
Environmental Board (NREB), Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU) and Majlis
Perbandaran Padawan (MPP) for their support in making this final year project is working
great. Last but not least, the author would like to give thanks to his mother and sister that has
given him enormous encouragement and never ending support in completing this project. Not
forgetting also best thanks to Ms. Naomi, with her greatest help in finishing this final year
project. Lastly, my friends that also shared concern, point of view and advises with the author
in making success of the project. Thank you all.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
ABSTRACT xi
ABSRTRAK xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Solid Waste Management 1
1.2 Solid Waste Disposal System 2
1.3 Objective 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Solid Waste 6
2.1.1 Sources of Solid Waste 6
2.1.2 Types of Solid Waste 8
2.1.3 Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) 9
2.1.4 Sources of Municipal Solid Waste 9
2.2 Solid Waste Management 10
2.2.1 Objectives of Solid Waste Management 10
2.2.2 Functional Elements of a Waste Management System 11
2.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management 15
2.3.1 Basic requirement 15
2.3.2 Hierarchy of integrated solid waste management 15
iii
2.4 Landfill as Solid Waste Disposal 17
2.4.1 Definition of Terms 17
2.4.2 Overview of Landfill Planning, Design, and Operation 19
2.4.3 Landfilling methods 20
2.4.4 Landfill siting considerations 22
2.5 Landfill Gases
2.5.1 Introduction 23
2.5.2 Composition and characteristic in landfill gas 23
2.5.3 Principal landfill gas constituents 24
2.6 Leachate in Landfill
2.6.1 Introduction 25
2.6.2 Composition of leachate 25
2.6.3 Control of leachate in landfills 26
2.6.4 Leachate treatment and Disposal 27
2.7 Advantages of landfill 28
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project proposal 30
3.2 Case study of Municipal Solid Waste in Sarawak 30
3.3 Layout and preliminary design of landfill 31
3.3.1 Layout of a landfill site 32
3.3.2 Types of wastes that must be handled 32
3.3.3 The need for a convenience transfer station 33
3.3.4 Estimation of landfill capacity 33
3.3.5 Evaluation of the geology and hydrogeology of the site 34
iv
3.3.6 Selection of leachate management facilities 35
3.3.7 Selection of landfill gas facilities 35
3.3.8 Layout of surface drainage facilities 35
3.3.9 Aesthetic design considerations 36
3.3.10 Determination of equipment required 36
CHAPTER 4 DATA ACQUISITION, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS
AND SANITARY LANDFILL DESIGN
4.1 Population and Household 37
4.1.2 Population density 37
4.1.3 Population dynamics 38
4.2 Waste Generation
4.2.1 Residential sector 39
4.2.1.1 Description of Residential Sector 39
4.2.1.2 Waste Amounts 40
4.2.1.3 Waste Fractions 42
4.2.2 Commercial sector
4.2.2.1 Delineating the Commercial Sector 42
4.2.2.2 Waste amounts 43
4.2.2.3 Waste Fractions 44
4.2.3 Institutional sector
4.2.3.1 Description of the Institutional Sector 46
4.2.3.2 Waste Amounts 46
4.2.3.3 Waste compositions 47
4.2.4 Construction and Demolition sites
4.2.4.1 Description of construction and demolition sites 47
v
4.2.4.2 Waste Amounts 48
4.2.4.3 Aggregated estimates 50
4.2.4.4 Waste fractions 50
4.2.5 Special waste
4.2.5.1 Definition of special waste 51
4.2.5.2 Aggregate Amount of Special Waste 51
4.2.6 Industry sector
4.2.6.1 Delineating the Industry Sector 53
4.2.6.2 Estimating Solid Waste Amounts 53
4.3 Discussion on Waste Flow 53
4.4 Waste Collection and Transportation 56
4.5 Landfill for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal
4.5.1 General 56
4.5.2 Matang landfill 56
4.5.3 New Sanitary Landfill at Mambong
4.5.3.1 Introduction 59
4.5.3.2 Layout of Project Site 60
4.5.3.3Report on the design of the sanitary landfill 60
4.6 Alternative design of Sanitary Landfill
4.6.1 Design of Sanitary landfill for MSW 66
4.6.2 Leachate and gas landfill 76
4.6.3 Liners 76
4.6.4 Design of leachate Collection facilities 80
4.6.5 Landfill Gas Collection and Use 82
vi
4.6.6 Landfill Cap 84
4.6.7 Equipment 85
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
5.1.1 Responsibilities in Solid Waste Management 86
5.1.2 Local MSW Situation 86
5.1.3 Waste Disposal 88
5.1.4 Alternative landfill design 89
5.2 Recommendation 90
REFERENCES 93
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1
The Location of Matang Dump Site
Appendix 2
Layout of Kuching Integrated Waste Management Park at Mambong
Appendix 3
Leachate Treament Process
Appendix 4
Photos (Kuching Integrated Waste Management Park)
Appendix 5
Photos ( Matang Landfill)
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
2.1 Functional elements in a solid waste management system 14
2.2 Solid waste management hierarchy 15
2.3 Definition sketch for landfill operations and processes 20
2.4 Commonly used landfilling methods 22
4.1 Population development in Kuching District from 1980-2000
and estimated population projection towards 2020. 38
4.2 Analysis of the composition of residual waste from residential
areas (by weight) 42
4.3 Composition of collected residual waste from commercial areas 44
4.4 Composition of special waste in Kuching (excluding agricultural waste) 53
4.5 (a), (b)
Construction on cut and fill works, excavation and cell preparation 62
4.6 (a), (b)
Installation of Trisoplast 63
4.7 (a), (b), (c)
A layer of non-woven fabric is placed an top of the trisoplast 63
4.8 (a), (b), (c)
Installation of perforated leachate collection pipes 64
4.9 (a), (b), (c)
Construction of leachate retention ponds 65
4.10 (a), (b), (c)
Leachate water treatment plant 66
4.11 Compacted volume of solid waste 70
4.12 Area of municipal solid waste compacted in 0.3m spread 71
4.13 Schematic diagram of sanitary landfill stack of three cells 72
4.14 Length of sides 73
4.15 Volume of soil separating cell 73
viii
4.16 Design components of a landfill 76
4.17 Examples of liner systems in municipal solid waste landfills. 78
4.18 Leachate collection system with graded terraces; pictorial view and
detail of typical leachate collection pipe 80
4.19 Typical leachate collection system using multiple leachate collection
pipes; pictorial view and detail of typical leachate collection pipes 81
4.20 Typical vertical gas well 83
4.21 Schematic of a recommended top slope cap 85
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES DESCRIPTION PAGE
2.1 Sources of solid wastes within a community 7
2.2 Classification of Municipal Solid Waste ` 8
2.3 General Sources of Municipal Solid Waste 10
2.4 Typical constituents found in MSW landfill gas 24
2.5 Molecular weight, density, and specific weight of gases
found in sanitary landfill at standard conditions (00c, 1 atm) 25
2.6 Sanitary landfill leachate composition. 26
2.7 Summary of Leachate Treatmant options 27
4.1 Estimate of the amount of residential (household) waste
generated in Kuching district in 2001 41
4.2 Commercial waste registered at the Matang dump site in Kuching 43
4.3 Composition of residual waste disposal by the workshops and
garages in Kuching district 45
4.4 Waste generation by the institutional sector 46
4.5 Division of waste from institutional sector 47
4.6 Estimation of Construction & Demolition waste amount
based on EIAs submitted 49
4.7 Estimation of Construction & Demolition waste generation
based on different methods 50
4.8 Kuching – construction waste fractions by weight 50
4.9 Estimated amount of special waste generated in Kuching District 51
4.10 Actual industrial waste registered at the Matang Dumpsite 54
4.11 Registered numbers of truckloads at the Matang landfill 58
4.12 Waste registered at Matang landfill since 1999 59
4.13 Amount of waste landfilled at the Matang dump site in comparison
to total amount generated (2001) 60
4.14 Projection of total population in Kuching (2000-2020) 67
x
4.15 Compaction ratios 68
4.16 Composition of municipal solid waste in Kuching 69
4.17 Total value of ratios 69
4.18 Guidelines for construction of Vertical Gas Collection Systems 84
xi
ABSTRACT
Waste has become the main by-products of everyday living in Sarawak. Waste
generation and composition are strongly related to the regional socio-economic conditions and
also the amount of population in every district in Sarawak. Socio-economic factors that enable
an increase in the standards of living of the regional economy will influence the per capita
rate of waste generation and the composition of waste generated. The per capita waste
generation may generally increase concurrently with increased standards of living. According
to a Natural Resources and Environmental Board (NREB) research, the total amount of solid
waste generated that a single person generated a day is estimated an average of 0.67 kg of
waste a day in Sarawak. Kuching is the most densely populated district in Sarawak and
estimated to grow at a steady rate approximately 2% per year. Municipal Solid Waste
management in Kuching District is primarily the responsibility of the local authorities (LA).
Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU), Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Sealatan (MBKS) and
Majlis Perbandaran Padawan (MPP) responsible in the study of solid waste for their
administrative area while Trienekens Sdn. Bhd is the private sector that responsible for
disposing, studying and collecting solid waste in Kuching. Results from the increase volume
of solid waste in Kuching, the local authorities have conducted a sanitary landfill system as a
solid waste disposal.The legal facility that is available for disposal of solid waste within the
Kuching city boundaries is the Matang dump site and Kuching Integrated Waste Management
Park at Mambong. From the data acquisition, an alternative design of sanitary landfill will be
produced. All the data are collected from Trienekens Sdn. Bhd, DBKU, MBKS, MPP, NREB
and DOS. The data required for alternative design of a sanitary landfill are population of
people in Kuching, propose design life of a landfill, total municipal solid waste generated in
Kuching and amount of municipal solid waste generated by a single person per day.
xii
ABSTRAK
Sisa pepejal merupakan produk utama yang dihasilkan oleh setiap individu yang
menetap di Sarawak. Peningkatan jumlah sisa pepejal dan juga komposisi sisa pepejal di
Sarawak adalah berkait rapat dengan keadaan sosio-ekonomi dan juga jumlah populasi di
setiap daerah. Keadaan sosio-ekonomi yang mampu meningkatkan taraf hidup akan
mempengaruhi penghasilan sisa pepejal setiap hari. Dari hasil kajian oleh Natural Resources
and Environmental Board , jumlah sisa pepejal yang dihasilkan oleh setiap individu di
Sarawak ialah 0.67 kg setiap hari. Dianggarkan bahawa, populasi di daerah Kuching
merupakan yang paling padat berbanding dengan daerah-daerah lain dan dianggarkan
meningkat 2% setiap tahun. Pihak berkuasa tempatan merupakan pihak yang
bertanggungjawab terhadap pengurusan sisa pepejal di Kuching. Dewan Bandaraya Kuching
Utara (DBKU), Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Sealatan (MBKS) and Majlis Perbandaran
Padawan (MPP) merupakan pihak yang bertanggungjawab terhadap melakukan kajian
terhadap sisa pepejal di kawasan yang telah ditetapkan manakala Trienekens Sdn. Bhd.
merupakan pihak swasta yang mengendalikan pelupusan, kajian dan juga pengumpulan sisa
pepejal di Kuching. Dengan peningkatan jumlah sisa pepejal di Kuching, pihak berkuasa
tempatan telah melakukan kaedah sistem kambusan tanah untuk pelupusan sisa pepejal di
tapak pembuangan sampah. Tempat pelupusan sampah yang sedia ada di Kuching adalah
tapak pelupusan sampah di Matang dan “Kuching Integrated Waste Management Park” yang
baru siap dibina di Mambong. Hasil daripada pengumpulan data, satu rekabentuk bagi kaedah
kambusan tanah akan dihasilkan sebagai rekabentuk alternatif. Semua data adalah diperolehi
daripada pihak Trienekens Sdn. Bhd, DBKU, MBKS, MPP, NREB and DOS. Data yang
dikehendaki untuk melaksanakan satu rekabentuk alternatif untuk kaedah kambusan tanah
ialah populasi penduduk di daerah Kuching, jumlah keseluruhan sisa pepejal yang terhasil di
daerah Kuching dan juga jumlah sisa pepejal yang dihasilkan oleh seorang individu dalam
sehari.
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Solid Waste Management
Management can be defined as the judicious use of means to achieve an end. Solid
waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner
that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive
to public attitudes. In its scope, solid waste management includes all administrative, financial,
legal, planning, and engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid such
fields as political science, city and regional planning, geography, economics, public health,
sociology, demography, communications, and conservation, as well as engineering and
materials science
In society that is producing ever increasing amounts of solid waste, the identification
of appropriate methods of waste management become increasingly important. The disposition
or re-use of solid waste materials can offer a variety issues, the environmental and social
impacts of the waste management must be considered when designing socially optimal waste
management strategies.
The waste management process has a number of stages. The volume and toxicity of
ways can be reduced at source through more effective design, manufacture and packaging of
products. Waste volume can also be reduced through recycling and waste transformation,
where material is converted either into other product or into energy via combustion or
collection of combustible biogas. Any remaining material must be disposed of in landfill sites.
2
Integrated Solid Waste Management systems attempt to manage society’s waste in a way that
meets public health issues, while at the same time operating within budgetary constraints and
satisfying a growing body of regulation.
From economic perspective, optimal solid waste management systems would be those
that ensure that society gains the maximum benefit from the disposal of its waste. Key health
and safety objectives must always be met by any waste management strategy; however,
alternative approaches may be available that satisfy these objectives. Once these key
objectives have been met, the choice of management strategy should be determined by
maximizing the ratio of societal benefits to management costs. Thus management strategies
may need to address to public concerns about the externalities that surround waste
management and the need for the sustainable use of resources.
Options which, at the same time as satisfying legal requirements, minimize the impact
on landscape produce least disruption (i.e. noise, litter and odour) and support sustainable
resource use may maximize benefits. Such options may also involve the greatest coats. The
determination of strategies that provide the highest net benefits to society should ensure
optimal waste management.
1.2 Solid Waste Disposal System
Disposal completes the solid waste management chronological cycle. Sometimes a
type of physical processing or salvaging may precede disposal, but in the majority of cases,
refuse is disposed of directly.
There are two basic methods of disposal: sanitary landfilling and incineration.
However, only landfilling is a complete and final means. Incineration perhaps more properly
termed a waste volume reduction technique, for regardless of the operational efficiency of any
3
incinerator, total combustion can never be achieved and some residue will remain requiring
disposal.
Composting is a process which has been used to dispose of the organic portion of solid
waste, but it has proven to be economical.
In Sarawak, the common and widely used method for solid waste disposal is
landfilling. This is because, landfilling stands alone as the only waste disposal method that
can deal with all materials and in Sarawak , there are many kinds of solid waste that are
produce due to large population. Landfilling is also considered the simplest and in many areas
the cheapest, of disposal methods.
At presents, the MBKS and DBKU municipal solid wastes are being dumped onto
Matang Dumping Site while Natural Resources and Environmental Board Sarawak (NREB) is
a sector that carry out monitoring and enforcement at all site projects. According to NREB,
there are 45 existing dumping grounds in Sarawak and a total of 40 (approx. 75% of total)
throughout the 9 divisions were visited by the NREB. The total area designated for dumping
of municipal solid waste (MSW) is about 200 acres (or 80 Hectares) and about 370,000 metric
tonnes of solid wastes are disposed at these dump sites annually. Based on the study
conducted, it is estimated that a single person generates an average of 0.67 kg of waste a day
in Sarawak. Based on this estimation, Sarawak with a population of approximately 2 million
will generates around 511,000 metric tonnes annually. Thus, it can be clearly seen that only
about 72% of solid waste generated are collected and the rest are disposed into river, buried in
backyard, burned etc. as they are either not covered by the collection route or disposed
illegally.
Trienekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. Is a private sector that responsible for management
of municipal solid waste in Kuching, Sarawak. Trienekens (Sarawak) Sdn Bhd was
4
incorporated on the 8 June 1999 as the operating company and company appointed by
Sarawak Wastes Management Sdn. Bhd. to develop, implement and operate the Integrated
Solid Wastes Management System (ISWMS) in Sarawak.
Kuching Integrated Waste Management Park situated at Mambong is the first
integrated waste management and disposal facility of highest international standard in the
South East Asia region, this park will contribute significantly towards the elevation of the
people's standard of living and attracting foreign investments into the State.
The facility was designed and planned by Trienekens' team of engineers. Applying the
experiences garnered from similar projects in other parts of the world and taking into account
the specific conditions in Sarawak, a unique customized concept was developed to suit the
requirements and conditions from environmental standards to climatic impact.
Built to international standards and in full compliance with the environmental
protection regulations outlined by the Department of Environment and the respective local
environmental agencies, as well as Trienekens own standards for a safe, environmentally
friendly and professional operation, the state-of-the-art waste disposal park incorporates the
following features; sanitary landfill for municipal solid wastes, secure landfill for scheduled
and hazardous wastes, hazardous wastes incinerator and all necessary auxiliary facilities.
5
1.3 Objective
Nowadays, people all over the world are concerned about pollution that happens
everywhere. Extra efforts and serious actions to protect this world from being polluted or least
to reduce the potential of pollution have been taken. Several regulations and acts had been set
up to support the effort. The objective of this project is to collect data and analysis on
municipal solid waste in Kuching, Sarawak and to learn more about the management and
design on Matang landfill and Kuching Integrated Waste Management Park at Mambong.
From the data and information that had been collected, an alternative design of a sanitary
landfill as a municipal solid waste disposal system will be evaluated.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE
Solid waste is any unwanted solid material that is no more needed and rejected by the
society. They are said to have negative economic value which suggests that they are not worth
the cost and effort involved in recycling and are cheaper to throw away than to recover
2.1.1 Sources of Solid Wastes
According to Tchobanoglous et al. (1993), knowledge of the sources and types of solid
wastes, along with data on the composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and
operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes.
Sources of solid wastes in a community are, in general, related to land use and zoning.
Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories are
useful:
Residential
Commercial and Institutional
Construction and Demolition
Municipal services
Treatment plant sites
Industrial and Agricultural
Typical waste generation facilities, activities or locations associated with each of these
sources are reported in Table 2.1
7
Table 2.1 Sources of solid wastes within a community (Tchobanoglous et al.
1993)
Source Typical facilities, activities, or
locations where wastes are
generated
Types of solid wastes
Residential Single family and multifamily
detached dwellings, low-,
medium-, and high rise
apartments, etc.
Food wastes, paper, cardboard,
plastics, textiles, leather, yard
wastes, wood, glass, tin cans,
aluminum, other metals, ashes,
street leaves, special wastes
(including bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods, yard
wastes collected separately,
batteries, oil and tires), household
hazardous wastes
Commercial Stores, restaurants, markets, office
buildings, hotels, motels, print
shops, service stations, auto repair
shops, etc.
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood,
food waste, glass, metals, special
wastes (see above), hazardous
wastes, etc.
Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, As above in commercial
Construction and
demolition
New construction sites, razing of
buildings, broken pavement
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Municipal services
(excluding
treatment
facilities)
Street cleaning, landscaping, catch
basin cleaning, parks and beaches,
other recreational
areas
Special wastes, rubbish, street
sweepings, landscape and tree
trimmings, catch basin debris,
general wastes from parks,
beaches, and recreational areas
Treatment plant
sites; municipal
incinerators
Water, wastewater, industrial
treatment processes, etc.
Treatment plant wastes,
principally composed of residual
sludge
Municipal solid
waste
All the above All the above
Industrial Construction, fabrication, light
and heavy manufacturing,
chemical plants, etc.
Industrial process wastes, scrap
materials, etc. Non-industrial
wastes including food wastes,
rubbish, ashes, demolition and
construction wastes, special
wastes, hazardous wastes
Agricultural Field and row crops, orchards,
dairies, farms, etc.
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural
wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes
In this project, only municipal solid waste (MSW) will be discussed since it is the
source that produces the most solid waste in this country.
8
2.1.2 Types of Solid Waste
According to Rimberg (1975), municipal solid waste is generally classified into six
categories. These six categories are food wastes, rubbish, ashes and residues, demolition and
construction wastes, special wastes and treatment plant wastes. The descriptions of these
wastes are given the Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Classification of Municipal Solid Waste (Rimberg, 1975).
Component Description of waste
Food wastes The animal, fruit, or vegetable residues (also called garbage) result
from the handling, preparation, cooking and eating of foods. Because
food wastes are putrescible, they will decompose rapidly, especially
in warm weather.
Rubbish Rubbish is any combustible and non-combustible solid wastes,
excluding food wastes or other putrescible materials. Typically
combustible rubbish consists of materials such as paper, cardboard,
plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and garden
trimmings. Non-combustible rubbish consists of items such as glass,
crockery, tin cans, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, dirt, and
construction wastes.
Ashes and
residues
Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke and other
combustible wastes are called ashes and residues. Residues from
power plants normally composed of fine, powdery materials, cinders,
clinkers and small amounts of burned and partially burned materials.
Demolition and
construction
wastes
Wastes from razed buildings and other structures are classified as
demolition wastes. Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and
repairing of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings and
similar structures are classified as construction wastes. These wastes
may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, plaster, lumber, shingles,
plumbing, heating, and electrical parts.
Special wastes Wastes such as street sweepings, roadside litter, catch basin debris,
dead animals, and abandoned vehicles are classified as special
wastes.
Treatment plant
wastes
The solid and semisolid wastes from water, wastewater, and
industrial-waste treatment facilities are included in this classification.
9
2.1.3 Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
The term Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generally used to describe most of the
non-hazardous solid waste from city, town or village that requires a routine or a periodic
collection and transport to a processing or disposal site. Sources of MSW include private
homes, commercial establishments and institutions such as schools, as well as industrial
facilities. However, MSW does not include industrial process wastes, construction and
demolition debris, sewage sludge, mining wastes or agricultural wastes.
MSW comprises two types of materials: refuse and thrash. Refuse includes garbage
and rubbish. Garbage contains putrescible or highly decomposable food waste, such as
vegetable and meat scraps. Rubbish contains mostly dry, non-putrescible material, such as
glass, rubber, metal cans, and slowly decomposable or combustible material such as paper,
textiles or wood objects. Actually, less than 10 percent of refuse is garbage; most of it is
rubbish. Thrash includes bulky waste materials that are generally require special handling and
is therefore not collected on a routine basis. An old mattress, television or refrigerator is
examples of thrash items (Nathanson, 1997).
2.1.4 Sources of Municipal Solid Waste
Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) categorized general sources of municipal solid wastes as
follows (Refer to Table 2.3):
