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l
A STUDY OF THE ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION
OF AMORPHOUS MATERIALS IN
MARINE SOILS OF EASTERN CANADA
BING WU WANG
GC'otechllical Hescarch Centre
D('I>,l! 1 Illt'Ilt. of Civil Engineering and Appliecl l\'1echanics
Mc Gill University
l\Iolltreal, QlIebcc, Canada
SC'ptcmher 21, 1990
1\ 11\('si:-, :-'lIblllitt(·d 10 tl)(' Fc\clllty of Gradllate Studies and Research in parti?.! flilfilment
ot t IH' 1 <'q Il il ('IlH'1l t tOI' t Il<' De)!,l ('(' of DoLtor of Philosophy
To My Wife Shao-chin
A Study of the Role and Contribution of Alnorphous
Materials in Marine Soils of Eastern Canada
Ily
Bing Wu Wang
Ahstract,
Only in recent years, have the presence and significance of arnorpholl~ mal<'nal\)('( 0111<'
recognized in sensitive soils, cspecially in marine-dcposlted Qllchcc Chcllllpl'lI11 St'il (Ia\'"
Due to the presence of this material, S0111e soil propclt,)('S, e g. ~(,lniti\'lty ùlHI \\',d!'1 hohlJllg
capaclty, can be slgl1lficantly mflucn(ed llowever, ils pl(,Cl~e raie') élie' stdlllllcl(',lJ
This thesls fir5t at tempü. to charactcrize arnorpholl s m,tt('j ial w) th r<'sp('( t toi t,~ 1)('1-
formance in the marinc soiis flOm an engineering vicwpoint, by ~ci<·ctillg .tilt! t('~llJlg ~()III('
marine soils sampled III East Canada. Oll the basls of ar.l1\lda'lt III fOI III itl. 1011 ohtcllll<'c! 1'1 (JIll
both present and prC'vio\l5 stl1die~, some property correlatIOns witl! arnOl phOll~ Il1<ltPII,lh <lit'
revealee! In OIder to determinc the precIse' l'OIes of the amorpholls TllcÜCI),d wlth I('~l)('ct
to its quantitative and, espeCially, compositlOnal effcds Oll soil propel ti('s ùIlt! \w!ta\ luI,
laboratory-synthesizee! amorphous matenaJs were employed alld rnixed lespe( t ivdy \VIt lt
laboratory illitic soil and kaolinite clay. The éUllùrphous material conteIlt illld (OIIlP()~lt 1011,
as weIl as the clay rrllnerci.l composition and soil conditIOn, such a,> the pli d!HI \\,,11,('1 COII
tent, are controlled in order to simulate the actual cllvlronm{,lltdJ ~ltUàtI(Jll TIIf' ~(,(olld
concern of thl::' study is to dcvelop a bcttf'l' undel!:>tandmg of partiel!' 1Il1('r,lctlllll bpt \\,('('11
clay and amorphous mate! ial complexes anJ the lTlCChallisIll of !:>oJl pel fOI Illd Il ( ('. Thl.., W.t"
done using physical and physlco-cheIllical te')ts, su ch as surfau' arc a and callOIl ('X( !t'lllg;<'
-:apacity measurements.
The study shows that ~oil properttes and bcha\'lOr arc Ilot only cOlltlOll(·d IJy ! Ill'
quantity, but also hy the composition or type of amorpholl~ IlIàÜ'l'Iitk '1 Il<' lIl,l~~ l,ltlO.
defined as Fe203/(Ff'20J + Si02) !Il umb of rnctS~, can be u,>C'd il" il Ihu,U!W!('! 10 (v,d
uate the eITcet of amorphous composition By challglIlg thp Illd"''' 1 al lU, WltH II III cff('( t
changes th(' compositlOll, !'Iod plOpCI tics/heha\'ior cali be alLen'cl It 1" ..,ho\\'1l ! Il,!t ..,IW,l!
strength, cOIl!:>isteIlcy llImts and suctlOIl ail illcrease' \Vltlt illl IW!('cI'>!' III ,1Il1()(p!tOll'" (Ollkll!.
but vary with ma')" r,tlJO ~laXlIl1Urn sheaI stn'ngth ,1I1d IIlilllIllllIll «)Jl'ii ... te[j( \. 1 III lit... dIld
suction are observee! for solis with amorphous I1l;üenal compo'iC'd at ,L CIItl<.t1 Ill,t"'" "tll()
of 0.40. The st udy aisa ind ie ates t ha t sad propCI tics al C (jlgili flcall tl)' 1 <'1ctlC'd t () tlw '-,uJ!""
s.
acidlty falkallTllty (pli), duC' directly to the pH dependency of surface ch<\lrges of amorphous
,>(JIHI Dartlclc~
The basIc Illcchanism that governs the soil's performance arises pl 'marily from tlH'
very actIve surface characteristics, i.e. the large surface area and high St 1 face charge, of
th(' étmorphous matenal complex The roles played by HlIs special soil cor. ,tituent can be
gCIIeralJzcd in two functions: water holdIng capacity and bondm.J5 action. \\ hile the large
~llrfacc area necessitates a flse In the soil's water holding capability, the hlgh :' \li face charge
C'nhances the bondlllg action in-between clay particles. Slgnificant cation '"ridglllg and
hydrogell bond mg, and strong elcctro-static attractive force establisbed in tiF' silica-iron
arnorpllOll~ compl('J.., e'ipeclally at the mass ratio 0.40, contribute to the high Shb",r strength
ob~erV('d in the sod.
The Idboratory-prepared soil samples showed a good behavioral simulation to the
natural manne sods in East Canada and, hence, a much clearer pictur~ for understanding
the sensitivity of such soils as Queber; Champlain Sea clays, as weil as the general sail
problems rdatee! to the raIes played by the amorphous materials, is achleved.
Il
Etude du rôle et de la contribution des nlatériaux
amorphes dans les sols manns de l'Est cl u Canada
pal
Bin~ V/u Wang
R J ,
csnnw
Ce n'e",t que depuis quelques anne('s seulement qll(, la P[(':'('II«' et lïlllpO[lall( (' dll
md.ténau anll\rphc dan!:> les sols ~c!l"ltif!'> !lC SOIl( reconnlle.." et ce pal tICldl('[ ('11[('111 d,Ill" 1(,,,
dépôts Indflnc, d'argile de Id mel de Chclmpldill au Québ('(' LI PH:"'('Il< t' dt' t t' 1lI<1lt'll<lll
amorphe peut gI,wdenwllt Influencer IP" propflc',tés ct 1(' comportemenl d(' «'rlcUll'" ~()I~,
tels que la sensltivlté ct la capacité ùe rc.tentioll d'PclU l."lalgn: ~O[l 11II1'0[(éUlCC" rlUc 1111 1()lc'
précis n'a été a tt 1'1 hué il. cc lllatén cil! (lIllOrphe
Le but de reUf' thèse consIste premièrement a caractériser \(' T!l,L!t"llclll ,\l1101 pll!' ,,('1011
ses performances géotechnIques dan;, un sol argileux c!'orglne ma[lIIt', tel (pit' tIOll\'(: d,Ill'"
l'Est du Canada CCCI est accomoll en laboratoiIC dans df'c, COllC!JtIOIlC, (Ollt 1 <"J1(;t,.., (t' /!,
pH, contenu d'eau, compositIon mlll~raie de l'argde, conteIl\l et compo"ltloll d\l 11I<lt(:II.l1I
amOl phe) afin de :31Illl1lel le.., conditIOn,> envJronnemcntal('~ eXI.,tante:, Le l1letl ("11<111 ,tlIlOI
phe (syn théusé ell laboratOl re) a donc (~té mélangé SOI t il un ~ol i IIlt Hplt', SOI t et Il Il ~()I
kaolinitiqu(' dans le but d'exarmner ses rôles qUélntltéltIf~ f't quallt,ltlf~ dan.., II' «J1l1poltt
ment de cc~ sols composItes ~(' ::,econd hut de ccU(' thè"p \'1<;(' le d(;\'('I0I'!l(,lllf'lIt <1'1111('
medleure compréhenSIOn de l'mtéractlOn entre l'argik et le~ WllIpIeX(-:-' (](. IlJ,llt"II,UIX ,,!Ilnl
phes de même que Jes méCéll1lsmes de performance de:, sol" Pmll ,d !1'1I1dl (' (C' IJlI! dt':-
tests physiques et physico-cl1lr1llques (e g mesure d'aire de surface, CclPélCJtt; <l't:( hallgt' d('
catIOns (CEe) de l'argile) ont été executés
Les résulats obtenu:; montrcnt qu'en plu:; dt:' la quantlt(", 1,1 LOlllP0..,ltlon dll lIMt (:lldll
amorphe III fi ucnce les propnétés et le corn port('men t d'un sol La pro[>ort IOll d(' 111,[ ~"'(',
définie pell' FC20,d(Fe'203 + SI02) en Ulllté de masse, peut (~tI(' \ltilI,,(;(' «()!I11I)(' p;u,un('II('
pOUl évaluei l'effet de Id compOSItion amorphe En ch,ll1ge,lIlt la pfOjJOI( IOll d(' Illet "C,(', 1'1
par conséqucnt 1,1 compositIon, les pIOprIété~/comportcment du c,oljH'll\,('ft! ('lIt' ,dU"I(:" L,[
force de CisaIllement, la IUl1lte de conslstencf' ITllllirnun f't Id C,1l< < Ion iiugll}('lItent 1()IC,qlH' 1(,
contenu amorphe ,wgmente, mai" p('uvent \'ari('r selon la proportloll dl' IIld""'(' Lor"q1il' l,t
proportIon de masse est de valeur 0,40, ce:, trOl'i propnp(,i,.., attclgllellt Inll v<tkul llJ,lXllll,t!('
Les résultats mdiquent de pl us q He les proprIétés son t rehi'es au pli d Il <'01, (' qUI ('c,t ri \lI'
III
dm'dcllwIlt ;t la dépf'ndanc(' df'~ charg{'~ de surfaces des particules amorphes sobde.
Le mécaIllsllle il la base de la performance cl 'un sol déppnd des caractéristiques de la
o,UIfcl«' ctct IV(' 1 e l'r:'Jf(' d" o,urfclcc imnwIlsP ct haute charge de surfùce du matéliau amorphe.
L('~ r()l('.., tle~ lIla((~naux amorphes peuvent être résullll'~ comme' suit. capacité' de rétentIOn
~ et l'actlOIl de I!,lI<;Oll AflIl d'obtenir une augmentation clf' la capacité de rétention
d'cali, une élire' dl' SUdilCC' tl('" large l'st nécpssalre, entramant une au:~mentation de l'action
de Jlétl~()n l'litre ko, partlndes d'argile La grande forcC' (1<' cisaillempnt cbser\'ée dans ces sol",
IOlsqu(' la ploportion dt' Illasse est de valeur 0,40, est attnbuable aux liaisons hydroeène ct
rlllX for< ('~ élcrtro-..,tail<!u(H, d 'rtttraction dans le compkxe amorphe
l hw mPllIC'ur compr('hC'~IOIl de la scnsitivlté des sols a été obtenue par la simulation,
('II lal)(jlé1tolll', des ronclitlOIl':; ob"cr\'éf's dans les sols maIlns df' l'Est du Canada De plus,
(1Ilf'lqlH's asp('ds du rôle Joué par les maténaux amorphes clans les sols en général ont été
("( lai rCI~
IV
Acknow ledgements
• DI H :\ Yong, \\ïlllàl11 Scott Prof('ssor üf Civil Ellglll('('llllg alld :\pplJ('d !'.lt'clla!ll(~,
McGill University fOI Ill'" IlllC('a~lIl~ gUIdance tllJolIgllOUI tlm ... tueI} tlllcl ,d ... u lUI
hl ... clllIedl 1('\'1('\\' of the ll1élnUscnpt,
• DI C, S. I~ml alld Ih ~I Oht:'>ubo for tll('ir usdul dd\ ICt' l!l t Ill' (,,1I11t'1 phtl'-(' u[ t hl'"
st \ldy;
• Dr. S. 1\1 Rao for bis helpful comments and suggest 1\'(' dl"'CII',~IOI\~,
• I\lr L l\1 Weber for hi~ hclpful discusslOIls,
• ;"1r. L P Tou&lgnant and ~11 S. DesJardills for thelI help 111 jlJ('pdrlllg tll<' fl('!l(b
abstract of the thesl~;
• The :\àtural Science and EnglIlcermg Rescarch CouDed of Callcl(lél (\SEH('). [(JI tll<'
Grant-Ill-Aid of Research tü Dr. R. r\ Yong for &upport of titi" "ttldy, ,wei
• l\ly family, espcClally!TI} \Vife !\irs. Shao-chin Lee Wallg. for tllt'lI 10\'1', ('II( ourag('IlH'lIt
and understandlllg.
v
Contents
Abstract
Résumé
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Symbols
List of A bbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introd uction
1 1 Statenwnt of the Problcm
l:! Scopc and Objf'ctm' of the Thesis Study
1:3 OrgaIlization of the Thcsis
2 Experimentation
:! 1 Cel1t'rctl
.).) Sods ,U1d Synthe~lz(·d Amorphous Materials
~ ~ 1 Natulal dnd Laboratory Soils
VI
1I1
v
VI
XI
X 111
XV
XIX
1
1
5
ï
9
9
9
9
2.2 2 Synth0>izpc! All1orpholl~ !\Iat{'ll<d~
'2 3 Chara( tenzatioll uf ~at tiraI ~'iclflnt' Sod. Labordtory Sp('( 1 Il \t'II'" .llld s\ 11\ IJ('
s'zed Amorpholl" 1\1atl'l':al"
2.:3 1 MIDPralogy and CornposltlOlI
Il
l:!
1 :!
~.:3 ~ Ba~l, C('otec!ll11cal alld Physico-dl<'ll1Ic,d l'IO!>t'rtÎt'''' éllld ('hctl,l( \t'll"tll'" H,
2 4 ExpenmcIlt al ~1et hoel Phdoc;oph:- alld PlOC <'d li n'
'2·1 1 Stlld:- of :'\at Ilr,t! Soli ·.!ll
~.4 2 Control of ExpC'rITlH'lltal Inpllt Dat<l (111(1 S,lIllpl!' Pr('(l,ll dt 1011 . .!()
2 ~.:3 ExpcIIIllt'ntal Progrétl1l .)~ - )
2 1 A Effcct of Aglll!!;
2.1 5 TcstlIIg PW( ('dure
3 Experimental Results, Analyses and Discussions 31
~~ 1 Ccncral
3 2 RC'ilI1b from :\atllral ~larillc SOlI., :r2
:~ 2 1 Gf'otf'chI1lcal Engllleenng Ac;pf'ct
:32.2 PhYSlco-cherlllca! Propel tics
:L3 Hcsults t'rom Laboratory-preparcd Samplc:-, II
3.3 1 O\'ervic,," of the re!>ulb . Il
3.3 2 Test SCrI(,~ A - Geotcehnlca! EnglIlecrlIlg :\ "I)('C h
3 ~L2 1 Illttlr Silty Clay \\'Ith Adrlllx('d AIllOrpho\!" ~Ltt('lldl
:l :3 :2.1 1 C'onsl"tt'I1cy Ll/lllb,
:3 3 :2 1:2 Shear Strcngth Chal detcI IstIC~.
33'2 1 3 Tlllxotroplc strellgth ratIo charclct PI'!',t l( ". ,Il Sod water r('tf'nt 1011 and VO!lIl1\(, (hangC' C bell dC t ('1-
71
:l 3.2 2 Kao!lIllte clay wltb dUnIlX(,d ,ullorpholl<" Il1clteIl,d
3 3.3 Test Series B - Physlco-ehcrmcal PIOI)('rtj(~ alld Bf'bcl\'lOl
VII
:~ :J :~ 1 Speclfi( surface area g~
3 3 :~ ~ C'cülon and anton C'xchange capaclt)' (CEe and AEC) 9.1
:~ J:~:I Zeta potentlal (Zp) 104
:~ :~ :1 1 B1I1gharn yield stress (B1'S) lOi
:~ :~ :1 .) Infrared spcctroIlJ('tnc study . 110
:~.;~ :~ (j H(,sl1lt~ of scaIlntng clcctro-mlcro~coplc (SEÎ\1) study 115
:~:j:1 Î X-ra.' DIffractIOn (XRD) Analysls 125
:!·I ('0111p,lfIS0n uf Hesulh betwecn \'atural and Laboratory Clay Soils 123
:\ ·1 1 OVCf\WW 125
:1 1 2 Gc()t('chnlcal Engmeenng Properties
:\·1'1 SlIrftH'(> ChCllIl"tly and Bondlllg ActIon
4 Amorphous-Clay Interactions 138
1 1 (;CIH'I al 13S
·1 2 Structure of amorphol1'> complex . 138
1:1 Smfac(' ~trl1ctlllc of clay mtncral~ 140
1 1 Po~<,t1)k Int('Icictlon<, b(>t\\'een Clays and Amorphous Complex 141
1:, F,tll1l( Arrangement. , 14.5
5 COllclusions and Suggestions for l<ùrther Studies 151
,., 1 ('ollclmlom , , , . 151
~l 1 1 GeIleral StatcTTlcnts 151
,S I:! SUlllIllary of ExpenmentaI Results 1,54
,) 1 2 1 GeotechIllcaI EnglIleermg Aspect 154
[) 1,22 Surfdce Propertlcs and CharacteristIcs 156
,rI 1.:1 Amorphotls-c1ay mteractlon study , 159
:, 2 COlltributlon~ to kno\\'ledge 160
:1 J SuggestlOIl" for fmtllel study 162
viiI
-
,~
1 , Bibliography 163
A Literature Review HW
A 1 l'vlarine soil and ils sensitivity IG!!
A.2 Amorphous material and ItS relatlOlI to propcrtie!'l alld behet\'!L'l of Ea~t ('alla.-
dlan marine soils ..... . 171
A 2 1 Chemical composition of amorphous rna.tenal 171
A 2.2 Origins of amorphou~ mat criais
A.2 3 Geotechnical and phy:>ico-chemical role~ of arnorphous rnat~n(ds 17~
B Detailed Description of Testing Facilities 175
Rl Geotechnical engineering property tests
B 1 l COllsistency liIlllts
B.1.2 Shear strcngth measurement 17.1
B.l 3 Sensitivityand thixotropic strength ratio dctermmatlOn 17<i
B 1.4 Sail water retcntion and volume change rne?<;urcmcnt 17(i
B.1.4.1 Sample preparatIOn for soil suctiOll test. 17fi
B.1.4.2 Apparatus for the soil suctlOn test 17(i
13 1.4 3 Volume change m('aSUICment 17S
B 2 Physlco-chenllcal Property Tests 17:-;
B.2.1 Speclfic surface area determmation 17:-;
B.2.2 Cation exchange capaclty and exchangcable catlOm 179
8.2.3 Anion exchange capacity . 17~)
8.2.4 Zeta potential rneasurement 180
B 2.5 Vlscosity and Bmgham ylCld stress detcrrmnatlOIl 180
B.2.6 Infrared spectrometry study .. It>l
B.2.7 Scanmng electron microscopie (SEM) study 181
B.2.8 X-ray diffraction analysis . IKL
IX
.. B.2.9 Soil plI rncasurement ........ . ... 182
C Amorphous Material Determination and Laboratory Synthesizing Pro-
cess 183
(:.1 G<'Ilcral
C.2 Amorphous material determination
C.:3 Identification of arnorphous material by the pH-dependent dissolution tech
nIque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... .
CA Composition of arnorphous rnaterials
C.f) Preparation of synthesized amorphous materials
C.G Visu al descriptions of synthesized amorphous material .
D Additional Test Results from Natural Soils
D.I GelY'ral
D.~ Sand, Silt and (;lay Content
0.:3 Carbonate Content .....
D 4 OrganiC' Content - H20 2 Oxidation Technique
D}') Total Soluble Salts .............. .
x
183
183
184
185
185
187
188
188
191
191
. 192
. 192
List of Symbols
enl centimetl'e
em 3 cubic centirnctre
Cc Coefficient of curvature (D50/ DIO.D60)
Ctl Uniformity coefficient (DGo/DJO)
DIO Diameter at 10% passing
D30 Diametel' at 30% passing
050 Diamet~r at 50% passing
DGO Diameter at 60% passing
e.g. exemph gratla
9 gram
I.e. id est
ka inverse of double layer thlckness multiphed by particle radiu'i
kPa kilo-newton pel' square metre
/11 Molarity
m rnetre
mL millIlitle
mm mIllImetre
m2 square rnetre
fL711 micrometre
m.eq milli-equivalent
m V millivolt
N Normality
P Pressure
Pc Pre-consolJdation pl'{'~sure
pF logarithmic value of \Vatel' head in centinwtre
pH -loglO[H+]
pSt pound pel' square inch
XI
~ r correlation coefficient
~ St SCllsitivity
V Volume
VI viscosity of suspending fluid
1) 1 elcdrophorctlc mobihty
W Water content
w wcight
\,yl Liquid limit
\Vp Plastic limit
Zp Zeta potentlal
oc Temperature in degrees Celsius
x times
&' and
ex percentage
t dIelectric constant of suspendine liquid
0 angular dcgrec
Il mIcron
cP zeta potential in esu
Xli
1
List of Abbreviations
AAS
A.l~.('.
A~l (A.~I.)
ASCE
ASTI\-I
Hil
B Y.S. CH
C.E C.
Cont.
COlll 'cl
EDTA
EGl\IE
EPS
ESA FI.
Il-B
lEP
IH
IS (I.S.)
LI (L.I.)
L L.
Mn 1'\1\ (~.h: )
\\.S (' D.
Pl.
P.L.
Atollli( ,\bsolptioll SpcctI'OphOtOIlI<'!c'1'
l\nioll Exchallge Capacity
AIlIOlpholl~ l\IaLf'rial
:\lIIclican Socidy of Civil E\lgil)(,(,I~
.\I1lf'ri( an <'ocif'ty for Tc,>ting ,1I1d ~Ld('1 ial..,
BOl f'-hoI0
Billgham Yield Stl<'SS
('cl! ion Bridging
Cat ion Exchallg(' Capacity
COlltillllally
Cont illllCd
ct ltyklj('d ia minct\'trdacctic
Ethylen(' Glycol l\'lono-ethyl Ether
Ell\'irol1lll<'lltal Plot,ection Service (("Illadd)
Ekct.l o-~1 al i (' A tt l'aet JOI!
Flo\\' Ind(':-:
11\ drogC'1l Bonding
I..,o-('h 1 rie P()i lit
1 \1 !l'(\l ('C!
lliit il Sot!
LIC)llidity Indc',
Liqllid Lilllit
:\lass ILlIlo
I\' a-I\,lOli\l i t C'
NC'gat\vc Surlau' ('hàrpp Ikll'1ity
PJ,\:-,ticity Index
Plastic Lilllit
Xlii
PSCD
SE\I
S:-)
SSA
'l'S [{
1 JII&.,t
VW
\\'B
X[{D
PO"I t i \'(' SIII fa< (' (:harg(' })(>Ilsit.y
IklllOld('d
Scallllilll!, l':kct rOll Mi( rOf>cope
SIl<'c\J' Stl<'llg1.h
Specifie SlJl'facp Arca
Tlllxot IOpÎC St r<'llgth Ratio
1 r Il d u., t 1lJ' h('J
vall d('1 \V(\al~
\V,ll ('1 BrÎdgÎ Ilg
X-I <ij' Diffrdctioll
XI\'
List of Figures
No.
2.1
2.2
23
32.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
Caption
Organization of the thesis st udy
XRD patterns of natural dnd laboratory sods
XRD patterns of amorphous malcflals and adrnIxtur(>~ wlth
laboratory c1ays
Schematic presentation of samplc preparatlOlI
DIstrIbution of amorphous material quantlty and COIllposltlon
with depth for sorne Quebec Champlain Sea clays
Variation of amorphous mass ratio with depth
RelatlOl1ship between sensltivity and amorphoU'S conLent for
marine soils at Eastern CaIlada
RelatlOnship between conslstenc,)' IUTlIts and amorpholls contellt
for sorne marine sods of Eastern Canada
3.2.5 Sorne physico-chemical properties of East Canadiall m,Hlne
soils in relation to amorphoLls content
3.3.1 A summary of results highlighting the effeds of amOl pholl~
mateflal (content and compositIOn) on sorne phy"jcal
properties of illitic soil
3.3.2 Surface area and cation excbange capaclly of dht le ~oIl
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
plus arnorphous material, and thclr relatIOns to plrtstlcity illdex
and shear strength, respectively
Consistency limits of illitic sod aclmixed wlth amorpholl~ mate) i.lI
Plasticlty IIldcx and flow index of illitie SOli adrTIlxe<l
witl! amorphous matcflal
Effects of amorphous content and mass rùtio 011 (OIl'>I~t('rl< y
lirnits of illitlC soil
xv
:3
1 1
21
12
:!.:i fi Plaslluly IIldex versus arnorphous content for sorne marine
wib ltJ Eastefll Canada
:~ :3 7 1{(·latloll,>hlp betwPclI plastiClty index and mass ratio for
St Alban clay of Quebec
:l :11-) AgiIlg ('frect on wnslstenry lirrllb of illitie soil
:J :1.9 Aging cffcct on conslstcncy limits of IS + AM - quantitative
cl Ifrercnc(' of amorphous rnaterial
:3 :1 j 0 Aging effect on conslstency limIts of IS + AM - compositlOnal
diffcICrl< e of arnorphom rnatenal
:3.:1. j 1 Aglllg dr('ct on consistency limlts of amorphous material
:3.:{ 12 Effed of plI 0 conslstency limits of illitic soil, amorphous
mater ial and their adl1lixture
:!.:u:~ Shear strength development in Illitic soil, amorphous material
and thelr adrmxtures
:3:3 1·1 Shear strength verS1\S mass ratio during aging process - IS + AM
:1 :L Ll Errert of pH on shear strength of IS. AM and t heir admixture
:3 :3.lfi TllIxotroplc strength ratio (TSR) of IS, AM and their admlxtures
relative to the aging effect
~.3.17 Tlllxutropic strength ratio versus mass ratio during the aging process -
IS + AM
~.;J.1S \Vatel' holdll1g capabIlity characteflStics of rllitlc soil and
arnorphous mater lai
:3 :3 19 Volume change characteflSt ics of dhtlc soil and amorphous material
durlllg suctiOll tests
:3 :3.:W Soil \Vater holding capabdlty characteristics of IS + AM
- quantItative cffect of AM
:1 :3 :21 Soil \Va ter holdlTlg capabihty characteristics of IS + AM
- composltional effcct of AM
:3 3.:2:2 Effect of amorphous material on water holding capability of IS + AM
-~ qUdntltativp (a &: b) and compositional (e & d), during
52
53
55
57
58
59
62
65
67
69
75
76
79
81
dchydlatlon proccss 82
:3 :3.~:1 VoluIlle change characteristics of IS and its admlxture wlth AM during
sud Ion proCl'SS - quantitative cffect of AM 84
~J 3.2·1 \'olurIl(, change charactenstics of IS + AM during suction process
- ~ composltlOIlal effcct of AM 86
XVI
..
3.3.25 Effect of amorphous quantity (a & bl and ('ompo~itioIl (c &.: d) on
compressibility characleristics of IS + AM dunng dchydration prore~~ Bi
3.3.26 Influence of amorphous compositIOn 'a) and quantit)' (b) OII
consistency limlts of kaoiImtc clay
3.3.27 Shear strcngth development III Na-kctOllIllte and Ils adrll1xtUJcs \\'Ith
AM showing quantitative and compositlOnal cffeds of Al\l
3.3.28 Specific surface area of amorphous material and Ils admixture~
with clays
3.3.29 Effect of agmg on surface area of AM and its admlxt.urcs wlth (Iays
3.3.30 Cation exchange capacity of amorphous material and its
ad mixtures \VIth clays
3,3 31 NegatIve surface charge densJty of amorphous matcflal anel its
admlxtures with c1ays
3.3.32 Amon exchange capacity and positIve surface cLuge dellsity
of amorphous matenal and admlxtUlcs Wlth llhu, ~od
3.3.33 Effect of agmg on catIon exchange capaclty of anwrphou<; IJJctteri,d
and Its admixtures with clays
33.34 Presentation of surface charges relatIve to lEP
3.3.35 Zeta potentlal and Iso-elcctJ ic point of amorpholls matenaL
laboratory solls and thelf admixture~
3.336 Bingham j'Idd stress of amorpholls mateIlal and Its admixtulf''' \Vith
!ll
!lî
10l
lU.!
10;)
1 (l(,
clays 1 ()!!
33.37 Infrared Spcctld of amorphotls matenal and Its admixture:, with dcly:-' III
3.3 38 SE1\'1 rnlCIO- photogl'aphs of amorphous matenal comple'\es WILl! nv.:-'-' 1 <lt 10
3.3.38
:3.3 39
33.39
3 3.40
3.341
3.3.42
of 0 (a); 0.10 (b),
(cont'd) - mass ratIo of 0.40 (c); and l (d)
SEM micro-photographs of IS (a) and IS + Ai\l (13
o la (b);
(cont 'dl - Jl1clSS ratlO of 0 ·10 (c. -- unclisturbed; and cl -- f('lIIo1de,!)
SEM mlcro-photograph of IS/O 40/15% sarnplc at plI G.5
SEM mirro-photographs of kaohnite (a); and its adnllxtllr{, wlth A!\1
(b. - 0.40/ L1%)
XHD rrsulb of sclrcted samplcs agcd for two years
3.3.43 RelatlOn~hip between sensitivity and remold('d and undistur bec!
shear strength for sorne marine soils of Edstcrn Canadd
XVII
IIG
II Î
Il !l
LW
:J :J 44 RclatIOnshlp between sensItivity and mass ratio for
marine soils at Eastern Canada
33,45 Rcl,üionship hetwcen sensitlvity and liquldity index for
sorne marine soils of Eastern Canada
3.346 Liquldity mdex vs remolded shear strength for sorne
marIne 50ils ill Ectst Canada
:1 :j 47 Conslstency lirruts vs mass ratio of amorphous materials
for sorne marine soils of Eastern Canada
:U 48 Some physico-chemical properties vs mass ratio of amorphous
matenal for some marine soils of Eastern Canada
:J 3.49 Rclationship between zeta potential <,.nd sensitivity for
marine soils in East Canada
4.1 Schcmatic representation of molecular structure of silica-iron
mlxed amorphous eomplex
4 2
4 4
A 1
13.1
Cl
Dl
Dl
Dlagrammatic sketches of tetrahedral (a) and octahedral sheet (b)
at clay mineraI surface5
Illustration of clay-amorphous silica-iron complex interactions
- bonding mechanisms
Hypothetical representation of soil-amorphous fabnes
Sedlmentary basins and seleeted sites
Vallous apparat uses used for soil suction measurement
Determination of amorphous matenal by the pH-dependent
dissolutIOn technique
Experimental results of Quebec St Maurice Champlain Sea clay
(cont 'd)
XVIll
129
131
132
133
135
137
139
142
143 147
170
177
186
189
190
i
List of Tables
No
2 1
2.2
2.3
Caption
l'vlincralogical and chernlcal composition of soils and arnorphouc; IIl.l\('\1,t!..,
Basic geotechnical and physico-chemical propcrtie<; of soib and syllt h('slzt'd
arnorphous rnatenals
Details of sam pIc set-up
li
l~
:!l
3.2 1 Classification of sensltlvlty :r, 3.3.1 lnfrared study results of sod samples - show mg peak frequell(,)' and lIltt'lI:-'lty Il'J
3.3.2 Characteristic infrared bands of various functional glOllp" C\I(,OllIlt(·I(·d Il:~
XIX
,
Cllapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Statement of the Problem
SI'II'dll\l' '-uil" 1'11'''('111 1I1dll\ Pluhll'Ill" lu l!,('uI('clllllC,li C'llgllH'el:-', ,1"> thl'\' (,.lll 1)(' (''\tl('Ilwly
plUIW III "luI'l' Llilllll' ( '1 d\\ lou!' 1 ~)(,~) dlld I.lIJd"ltdC':-. (Ld Ho< Il<'Pe, 1 !)i 1: BC'1l1 Il'} dlld SIl1,l!-
1(·\,I'l.'\I) Il:1',,1' 1 l ",l.',I'tlW" dJ(' 0111'11 (clll",('d !J,\ lt'tlogl<,,, ... IOIl dlld gld\ll,tlioll,!1 1('lliOldillg,
\\llltll Ildll"lullll IIi(' "IJllllllu d \h(ull ...... ltlllj Defillllig ... oil :-'C'Il"'lli\llj cl"> 111(' latin of Il''>
1llldl"lllIll('d ,,111'llgIII lu II-. 1('lllOld:'d ... 11('llglh ('j'('l'zaghl. !~)I:n, il <lpp<'dl" Ih,lI th(' illitiai
1)(111<1" dllt! !Hllldliig 11\('<II"II}-'II1 ... I)('I\\"I'('1I ,,011 palllll<,'>, whl(h (olllldJllt<' éllld ]>dlticipc\ll' ill
]lI IJtI li ( Ill,!!, "Ilil III1t'gllly \1 (' 1I1l(!J .... IIII!)('t! ,,>oil le"i:-.l,lIl«' 10 de!OI Illcll 1011). 11('('<1 c1<'''>CliptlOlI
dlld <lldldl 1('II/dIHIIl lOI ]llopel pledl<llOIl {JI ])('If'ollllclIJ(' of ">IICh ">0":-' :'\1111](,1011'" :-.tlldi('~
Il.1\1·11('('11 dll('( t(·t! IlI\\dld" tll(' 111\e ... llgctIIOIl (JI tlw brt .... i< 1ll('(hdlll~1l1~ of .... cn .... itl\·ity ill lIlél-
1111<' "'(ld ... \lllullg tlll' Illclll\ far tOI .... Ih,d ,lfre( t. Ill(' ~(,Il""ltl\·itj or IIldlill(, d('po~ih in Ea .... 1<' 1 Il
(',lIlddd (1 1'1('1 tu I,\l!, \ 1), cl ... "'1111111',lliz('c! hy QlIigley (1980), élIllOlphollS mat(,l'i(l! hd~
h('('11 "'P"I IIid1<-d to pl.lj d loi!' of 1)()Il(IIII,!!,/«'lIwlltation (Loi~('11e ct al., 1971; Sallgl('Y, 1972)
,lIld tu (lIIlI 1 Jllllle III 1 1'<1 II< Ill)!, ~0I1 ~('Il"lti\'lty (Yon{'. ct al , 1979a).
\11 .1111111 piIOII'" Illdkll,t1 i ... delill(,c! as 1 Il(' vel y-fpl(' graiItccl inorganic lIlatcrial pl'cs('nt
III t Ill' "1,,1',, "!Illd plld"'(' \\'llhoul cl defillite (1,\:-.tc1lhw .,tludllie. Thu~, this matclialla(ks
IUllg 1 dll!!,(' (li dl'I dlld IWII( ('. (dllilut 1)(' idelll died ily X-Iay difl'Iact 1011 (XI1D) III (ontJa~t.,
tlll' (1\,,1.111111(' 111.\1('lldl .... ('\hlbit IOllg-ldllg<' oldC'1 dlld, t1}('r('l)y, hav(' ddillit<, l11olC'cular
'1111(1111(· ... 1\('«'''..,.11\' lUI l<lc'IlIIfi(dIIUII Ihlollgh XHn IcdllliqllC'S. /\lthollgh the use of t.he
tl'iiii ""(1111 1 \ "t,t1IIIl(," IdllJ('r t"dll tlJ(' (ollllllonly used krill "aIllOlphollS" ha:-, 1)('('11 rccoll1-
11I('Ilt!('d (I~dd('\. 1 !)i<J l. t Il(' 1<'1 III c\lllorpholl<; 1" If't(lincd in t.his study as d cOl1vent.ional and
III( hl"'ll l' tl'llll
The presence of arnorphous matcnal as a constituent of St'Il~ltl\'1' Ill.Hlll(· "oil" wa" tir"t
speculated by Conlon (1966) and QUlglcy (1968), and was [;Ü<"l collfirnH'd hy LOl:idlt, ct ctl
(1971) and Sangrey (1972) Amorphou:-. matcfla! I~ gC!lel dlly bclIl'\'ed t () hl' ,\ \\'(',ll ht'llll.L',
product derived primarily from parent rmncr,t!s, sucl! d~ ùIllplllbol('~ (p,III1111I,lIly h011l
blende) and feldspar (Sangrey, EJi2, lI('nclcr~hot and Ctr:-.oIl, 197b, ,Ult! l Oll~ 1'1 ,t! , 1 !IKU)
By performing laboratory tests l , one can detPrIllIW' the ,tlllOllnt ,md COllljlU"lt IUII of clll\O\
phous material lB a lepr~::.entativc sOli sélmph~, QlIéllltltèl.tlVt' aild COlllPll"lll<lIl,1! clll,dy~('''',
carried ouI hy McKyes et al (19ï4), Hendcr~hot and C'an,oIl (197X), lUIlg et ,Li (1!17!Ja)
and Local et al (198,1), rcvcalf,d that amorpholl'" m,tlcl [il 1 (,lll ()CCllp~' 7 :!'l lX, hy w('lght
of sorne representatlvf' sample::. For many of thc mdflJl(' (Idy:' ~t lld1<'d III E<l~I('1 Il (~,lIt.Ld,l,
amorphous matenals \Vere fouwl to he composed IIlcliIlI \' of t hn'(' COlllpOllt'lll.., 2 (Yong pt
al., 1979a; Locat et al., 108·1) - amolphous sIlica, 11011 and edl\IIl1llél Thl'~t' (OIlljlOIWIlU, <11('
believed to eXI'it III the chemlcal forms of hydroxid('~ and/or OXI<!(''',
The f:>ignificance of amorphouf:> matf-l'lal" rc\,ltlW' 1,0 tilt' projJertle:-. eUH! \H'ha\'IO( 0\
Eastern Canadlan manne sotl~ bf'ccl.me recoglllzed III the eaIly 1 !liO\ SOIlH' drol h II" V('
been made to addre~~ the problem'i COIlCt'fIllllg the cOIlI 1 IblltlOll of dTIlOlp!lOl!" m,tI('II,Li:.. Il!
these sensitJ\'(~-to-qllIck sOIb (A more dctddcd lIteratult' !('vlew I~ prt':"C'lItt'd III APPt'IldlX
A)
The speculation of bondmgj cementatlOll of arnorphous matcnal 1)(,( W('('11 ..,od P,II (1
cles arose based on thc folloWII1g obser\'atIOn~, Usmg EOTA (ethyle[\('thall\\Ilt'ldltld«'tl()
acid as a leachmg solutIOn to dIssolve amorphou~ mateflal, LOI~('IJt. ,'1 c11 (1 <Ii 1) IIl/'c!
sured decrC'ases !Il strcngth and apparent pre-collsolidatlon pl(,~"llr('. <lldl IIlCIC.!"'(''i III Iht'
deforrnation at maximum slwar stress Thl'se r('''\Ilt~ \\'('re tak('Il <1<; "lIOIlg ('VleI('Il( (' 1 Il,lI
amorpholls matenal plaYl'd a "({,IlH'IltlI~" roll' III :"l'I1Sltl\'(' so!!" Il (clll 1Jt', III Lu l, <lI !!;1H'd
that dunng EOTA aCld \eachlllg, other matenals. not ~\lI1ply amol pilo\l:,. ,i1(' \\1\ ()I\'pc! '-.1Il( ('
pore salimty can hardi)' be plcservf'd a'i the f'xtrctctloll 1" Ilot "'[)l'cdl! III (JI 1)('( \VOl <1 ....
the change 1Il propertl(,~ bcfOIe and after lertclllIlg mct~ Ilot 1l('('(''''~ilrIly hl' ctltlïbult'd lI!
amorphous matellal. blll other factors a~ well {:slng nwch,1I1lC,d le..,t f()r "h(',11 ... tl('II!!;tll
and chemlcal allcl.ly!:>ls for arnorpholls milleu,d, 'l'aIl!!; et al (1!J79,1.) r('\'(',lIl'<I Ihat tilt' Ilct...,I(
mechaI1lsm of s('n~ltl\lt\' lI1 sorne marIIle tllttlc-chlOIltlc dq)()"lh of L1SI('11l (',t!l,ul.t l,lll IH'
tlctccd to the rol(' pla.\t'd by the alllOI pholl.., miltefldl '1 he lt'dIlCt,d '-.(·Il'illJ\'lty f(JI tlt('''f' hl!!;h
amOlphous content sOlb arl~e" mamly fIOIll the IIlLl('.l~('d I(,Illl!t.~kd "I)('cl! ,treIlgth wlth
increaslIlg arnount of amorphou'-. matter Thl' role play('d hy the partl( IlIM (Oll..,tlt 11<'111
1 Appendlx C lntroduce~ vanOIl'i methods for the deterll1l11atlon of aJllorphou<., I/l,llf'rl,d COIIU'lIt
20the:- components may also CXIst but 111 low quantltle<" rder (Cl Apr){'ndl\ r
2
•
al1l0rphOllS matenal may be po~tulat('d In terms of:
1. The extrcmely 11Igh water holdlflg capacity of the amorphous material, which con
tnbut.('~ tü the 11Igh remolded shear strength, and
~ '1'1)(' bond., established by the amorphous material, which might never be completely
brokcll through manuell 1 emoldlflg. especially those established wlthin the soil fabric
lllll ts (I.e TlllCro- bOIld~), lTlay also generate a high remolded shear strength.
IIOWPVC1, the 1 clat IOnslIi p bet \V<'cn II ndlst lIrbed shedr strength and amorphous material is
~till vague Furtherrnore, one may even consider what would occur to the sensitivity of
those sods colltaiIlwg lo\\' quantlty of amorphous mateflal, e.g. less than 10%.
The concept of natural bonds/cementation of amorphous materials seems to provide
d leasonable explanatIOn of the properties observed in Canadian marine sensitive sods, as
indicated vIa gcotechIllcal testing (Sangley, 1972, Haynes and Quigley, 1976; Bentley and
SlIlalley, 19iK 8.:. 198·1. Qlllgley. 1980 & 1983, Locat et al, 1984, Torrance, 1987) However, a
detelÎlc>d study of the eXdct mcchaIllsm responsible for the bonclIng/cementation ha:'> not yet
becIl fully cOIldudeJ In general, Jt has been thought that the amorphous matel ial would
plecipltate onto ~urfaces and Joints of soil partIcles and, hence, cement them together There
1<; éll! ()1)\'IOll~ lad .. of undelstandll1g on the issue of hO\\I the amorphous material bonds are
l'~t ablIshed. dnd what type> of interactIve forces are involved In the bondmg development.
Amol phou~ material wa:'> found to influence other engineering properties of sods than
~en:'ltlVlty f\h!\abb (1979) and Locat et al (1984) revealed that there is a relationship
bet \\'('('!1 sud plastlclt,\' and amorphous matenal content Despite the fact that McNabb
('lIlployed cUl ,dl\lvlal type of sod which IS dlfferent from marine deposits, clearer influence
of alllOI phOll~ matenal's composItIOn on the soil plasticity lemains to be seen.
A"'''(l( lat IOn of eHI10rphom matcnal wIth soIl partlcles, or distribution of amorphous
I1\cltel'ldl III ~Oll lllcl~~. uSlially assumes a great sigmficance as it may directly mftuence soil
propeltw~ ('oatlll~ of amorphous material partIcles onto surfaces of such pnmary mineraIs
,l~ qU,il t 2, hOI Il blende and fcldspar, was suggested based on the findmg that removal of
,tlllOl phuu.., llldtf'l'l,d'i t'nh(lnce~ the X-ray peak intensJty of these mineraIs (McKyes et al.,
197·1. l'un,!!, <lIld Setln. 1977) StUJIC.., of amolphous-(lay associatIOns were mamly con
dllt tee! flom the \ H>wpomt of sod sCIence and little mfor:natlOn IS available with regard to
the Illtf'rc\ctlOll l)('t\\,(-,(,11 the aIllorphous complex and manne sensitive clay mineraIs, e.g. il
lIte ,1Ile! chhmll' Though amorphous material coating was specuiated on clay mmerals, the
3
mechanism of adsorption or interaction between the clay and amOlphous malcrial complC'x
still remains unclear In studying the interaction betwœn kaolinitc and amnrpholls iron,
synthesized material was used in an effort. to avold potcntial problems a5soclaU·d with ll~i!lg
a complex natural soil system (Greenland, 1975, SeIch and Joncs, 198·1) Th(' lIlCCh<Lllislll of
adsorption (coating) of the positivcly-chàrgcd amorphous Iron hydroxide 01 femhydritt· by
the negatively-charged fdces of kaolinitc, later demonslratecl by Yonp; and Ohtsubo (19~G),
is attributed to the eledro-static attractIon It W?,S also shown that the adsOI ptlOll 01
coating depends slgl1lficantly on the plI environrnent due to the pII-depclldem (val iablc')
surface charges of ferrihydrite COllOlds, as reported prevlOusly by Parb (19GÎ) ,wd (;1('(,11-
land (1975) Permanent adsorptIOn occurrcd w hen pli rcachcd:3 S LIlul,tr p 1l-(I,~jH'llCl('llt
characteristtcs were also observed for the electro-ktneiic potcntial and I3inghelnl yield str('ss
It was further rccognized that amorphous iron is capable of holding a large a1l101111 t of wa.t.f'l
due to its large surface arecl (Wang, 1984). In an attempt to appreciatc the f'fft'ds of lllIX('cI
amorphous silica-ilon hydroxide on sorne engineering properties of primar)' mlllel al~, YOIlI!;
et al. (1980) performed a series of tests ustng syntheslzed amorphou<; m,ttenals mix<'d with
ground quartz and feldspar, respectIVely Their study shows t hdt soil plopcrtJ('s may !w III
fluenced by both the amount and composition, i.e. type, of amorphous IY'atellab. The 1l1,W,
ratio, defined as the amount of amorphous iron dividcd by the sum of arnorpl!ollé> IrOll ,wei
silica, can be ui>ed to account for the effects of amorphous compositIon, The (oml~t('l\cy
limits were found to be lflcreased with an increase in the mass ratio, while s!war é>trf'lIglh
and suctlOn \Vele lowered However, the tlend of vanation for thesc propcltle.,> III t1lf' 1l1a~..,
ratio range of 0 2 to 0 5, which represents the value range measured for the natllral ~eI\Sltlv('
soils (see Chapter 3), was not clear, especially for the llquid lirnib
In general engineering practlce, one would probably lihf' to lOI\~ld(,1 the IllfllWIIC('
of the amount and composItion of amorphous matcflf1h, 011 tbe ,,!tort/long terrIl ~tilhtl,
ity performance of soils More specifically, iocal envlronrnental and weathcl mg actlviti(''>,
f:uch as leachlP..g (dissolution) and oXldation effects, can result lI1 the (llteration of II1lfwl,d
constltuents, and/or productIOn of various kinds of arnorphou~ rnatenah Thu!'1, tfWI(' 1'>
obviously a need to inve&tJgate the subsequent change in the soil's j>lopertlc,> and lH'h,lVIOr.
In view of the above, the problcms under study can be definecl throllgb tlw followlllg
standpoints.
1. Amorphous materials do exist III ahundance in the manne soil" depo!'1ited in Ea~telll
Canada Sorne soil properties have eVldcntly shown dependence on the pn"'('llf f'
of amorphous materials However, the ovcrall contflbutlOn of arnorphOlI'> rna!'('rtal"
4
tu properties and bchavior of the marine soils has not been systematically studied.
More importantly, analyses of the fundamental interactive rnechanisms between clay
particles and the amorphous mo,~erial comp!ex, whic:h govern soil performance, have
bccll sornewhat meagcr.
2. Mo'>! of prcvlous stu(iIes employed a general extracting procedure to remove amor
pholls matcriaI from the naturaI soils and inferred the role of the amorphous materials
from t.he oLscrved changes in propert.ies. However, such a mode of study couId include
contributioll~ from variatIOn in other parameters, such as pore salinity. Furthermore,
a~ the extI,lctlOll rncthod i'J not spcclfie, it would extract amorphous Iron, alumina
alld SOITlC ~llIca, and even carbonate and organic matters. Therefore, the exact infor
matIon as to whieh amorphous component or matenal rnfiuences the soil propertIes
was not c1ear. Moreover, studies are lacking on the variation of clay properties with
varying amount and compositIon of amorphous materials, which is Important for a
dynamie natural soil system.
3 Amorphous materials have a large surface are a and exhibit variable surface charges.
Bccause of these factors, amorphous materials are very sensitive to a change in geo
environment, sucl! as pH, pore fiuid chemistry, mechaI1lcal disturbance, and can hence
slgnifieantly affect the soil's physical and physlco-cherrucal properties, such as wa
tel' holding capacity, cation! anion exchange capaeity, surface potentiaI and attrac
tive!repuIsive fOIccs, soil fabric. Thus, proper management and use of those soils
require sound knowledge and understanding of the nature and properties of amor
phous materials
Tlm tlwslS study, as part of an analysis on the overall contribution of amorphous
lllell{'n,ds !u c1dy sarl propertles and beha\'IOr, is initiated to further the investigation of the
precise roles of amorphous material in controlling the performance of Eastern Canada ma
rine wils, and, thcreby, address the general problems concerning what amorphous materials
!'eally do III soils, and how they do It
1.2 Scope and Objective of the Thesis Study
lIaving dcfined the problems, the general scope of this thesIs study is to achieve a fuller
lI11derstanding and ta provlde a more satlsfaetory expianatioll of the properties and behavior
l'xclcised by the presence of amorphous materials. The specifie objective is:
5
to investigate and, thereby, determine the fundamental interactive mechanisms
between clay particles and amorphous material, which contribute to the per
formance of marine soils of Eastern Canada.
To do this, one lleech to systcmatlcally siudy the interactIOns of alI\O! pllo\ls llIatl'll,ds
and soil particles, as reflected by the resultélllt plopertip$ and lwhavior. lIS111g .t l ont wllcd
laboratory sail, wlth and wlthout partlclpatlOll of amorpholls matpliab
The following tasks describe in detail the step-by-step procedu\(' tü acllll've th<' thesl"
objective:
Review the literature dnd summarize the available data, and then fine! out thc' Illls<;illg
information regarding the characterif'tics of amorphous rnatcrial and it.s IdatlOlls (0
soil 's properties and behavior;
2. Sele.::t natural sensitive soils and determine their composition and the possihl(· influ
ences of arnorphous materials on sorne rnea:'>ured mcchanical and slIrfarp plOperti('s.
in ordel to provide additJOnal information for the design of a rompo'iitioll-(,()Iltrol!ed
laboratory soil system wherè amorphous materials form pal t of dl(' <'yéo(('Ill;
3. DeSign thc soil system based on the avadable information obl<iined hOlli tilt' natlll ct!
soils, which slmulatcs the natmal sod condItIOn and whosC' JI1divlduéll C()l1lpOIl(,llt~ Célll
be rigolOus!) contl'olled and subjected to propel' scrutlIl)' To ohtalll :'>ll( Il cl syst('II\,
un-bonded lahol'atory soils must be employed and controlled, with dllel withoul tlj('
participatIOn of amorphous components;
4. Conduct a series of experiments on this composltion-contlOlled ~uIl sv~t(,lIl 1 (j !'(.
veal the influences (espeCially the presence of bonding) of ctlTlorphüu!-l l11atcllétls Oll
such basic geotechmcal and physico-chemical parametcrs a'i consistell( y lillllt'i, :-,!t('éll
strength, surface area and catlOn exchangc capacity, in relatioll to the' <jllctntity ,wd
composition of amorpholls matcriah; and finally
5. Elucldate the fundamental lfllCld.ctl\'C. espeually bondlllg, lllCc!J,lfll<,m" betwet'Il clay
particles and amorphous compounds by analyzlllg and intelprctmg th(' l('st rcsllib
obtained from the natural andlaboratory soils, and use them to underc;land the 1'01<'
and contrihutlon of amorphous material JI1 sensitive sode.,
The objective of this study clf'Arly ha,> a slg!1lficallCe \VIth rcgalCl to \)J"Ocll\('1l1Tlg OllP",
knowledge of the propcrties and behavior of not on!y sensitive clay::., out po::.<,ihly other typ(',>
6
-------
of soils Influcnced by amorphous malerials. A greater understanding of the development of
basic soil structural (fabrJ(') units and, hencc, the overall stability of the soil mass relative
to the presence of amorphous constituent, is expected
1.3 Organization of the Thesis
The f)J('scnt study is structured to coyer the main areas as outlined in the flow diagram
shoWII 111 FigUI (' 1 The the~is consists of five chapters and four appendices, described as
foJJows.
Chapter 1 - AIl introductory chapter which presents the statement of the problems, the
objective and the scope of this study;
Chapter 2 - A description of the experimental work, properties and compositIOn of the
sods and matenals used, as well as the methodology and philosophy of the testing
procedure;
Chapter 3 - Test results obtained from both natural and laboratory soils and discussion
of these wlth regard to the physi-::al and physico-chemical properties and behavior
observed;
Chapter 4 - A summary of clay-amorphous interactive mechanisms investigated, and a
proposed model of soil structural arrangement;
Chapter 5 - A presentation of conel usive statements, contribution of the thesis to original
knowledge, together with sorne recommended further studies.
Bibliography
Appendix A - A brIcf revicw of literature;
Appendix B - Detailed descriptions of testing facilîties;
Appendix C -- Amorphous materîal determination and laboratory synthesizing process;
Appendix D - Additional test results of natural St. Maurice soil.
7
Chapter 2
Experimentation
2.1 General
In this chaptcr, the selection of a natural marine soil is made when taking into consid
eration Ite; representativity of the quick clay cIass. Whereas, the use of laboratory soils,
adrI1lxed with synthcsized amorphùus material, is justified on the basis of their similarity
to the actual geo-environment. Basic properties and characteristics of the proposed soils
and synthCblzed arnorphous matcnals are also presented, followed by a descrIption of the
expclllnentai mctbod and philosophy. The expenmental programs presented are composed
of two serie~ - A. basIc gcotech7l1cal engin eerzng propertzes and B: surface phys?co-chenucal
p/'Ol'crtu:s General descriptiùns of each indivldual test are given with respect to its purpose
and scope of investigation. The testmg procedure is explained at the end of this cbapter.
lIowever, more detailcd descriptlOlls of tbe testing facilitles arc presented in Appendix B.
Il is also advised that thls chapter should be rcad in conJunction with Appendices C and
\) to obtain mor<> complete informatIOn on experimentatlOn.
2.2 Soils and Synthesized Amorphous Materials
2.2.1 Natural and Laboratory Soils
Two sOUlces of ~ùd., have Lecn chosen:
• A. Natural soil
A nat ural Iflorganic sensitive-to-quick clay soil from St Maurice at Shawinigan, Que
bec, Cl typical Champlain Sca clay !Il Eastern Canada, was used. This soil was chosen
9
1
based on the finding by Locat et al (1981) that low clI1l01 phous maknal LOIl t <'Il t and, yd,
relatively high sensitivit.y have been mCdsured The site is located ahout ll\id-\\'a~ \H't Wl'l'Il
Montreal and Quebec CIty SOli samplcs \Vere obtalned llsillg il SIj('lb~ t lib!' ",lIllplt'l \"
far as i t was possi ble tü cstablish, t hc sample<, \Vere Il Ild ist li dH'd ,lIld 1 <'pl l'sent ,III \'1' of llIIt',
fairly homogcncou:, soil stratum, The samplcs WCIl' takt'Il fWIll dIlft'ft'IlI bOII'holl'~ ,\llt!
at depths of 3-10 m Irl thc sarne area Followmg Ill-SItu \\'dX-Sl'<'l1Il\g, Ihl' ~.\ll\pl('~ \\'1'11'
transported and stored in a hUlTlId room, whcrt> a ('(mst,lItt tt'Il1]Wlùt Ur<' or :>;)0(' ,llId 100%
relative hurnldity are rnamtamed, till rCddy to u~t' Selcctcd t('<,I,,>, bot II p;t'olt't hIlIC,t1 ,IIlt!
phYSKo-chcmlcal, were performed III order to compleIl1ent Titsk 2 of th(' 1.11(';'1" oh Jl'( 11\'('
described earlier. Sorne of the prüpertics and charactcJlstics of the Sailli MallI J( l' {I<I\ tilt'
presented In a later sectIOn, \Vith more details glven In Appcndix n
• B. Laboratory soils
In order to fulfil Task 3, i,e, - ta establish a soil system which sitn\llatc;, t.he nat\lld\
soil situation and whose indivldual components can be rigorously cont.rolled alld suhi('( It'd
ta propel' scrutiny, laboratory-prepared soil sampI es \Vere obtained by !1J)XlIlg t'(lr~ Ill/-', <111<111-
ti ties and proportions of laboratory synthesized amorphous mal ('fiais (sil ie ,t-lt 011 Illlxl'd
hydroxides) respectively with two laboratory specimens - ilhtic soil and kao!lllIl(' C!,lY,
descri bed as follows:
L Illitic soil (rS);
This soil, sometimes called Domtar Sealboncl silty clay, COI1ll';, fi U!Tl Uw plll v('lw'cl
Canadian old marine shale (Ordovician sedimcntary rock) - a major '>OUl«' 1IIcd,('II,t!
of the Champlain Sea clay (QUlgley, 19S4). and }WllCC 1" t'X[)(,( \e<! lu bd\t' ~IIlltldl
rnineralogical characteristics to the marinl' deposlted clay'> A<, weiL IL 1" (Olllllw!u,dly
availablt> and C<ln provide il common gl,JUnd fOl composlLIOIl<tl (onl 101 dlpl IWIJ( t'
a cornpanson for aIl samplcs, whercas LlJt' sarnplcd nat.ul,d ::'011" ,U(' 1'/''-,\11(1<'<1 III
both quantlt)' and homogcneity, wllIch plOduccs difTiculty III e1lll1ltlittlllg 1I1l1J('«'~!1(lly
cornplexity when intcrpretmg re!'ults
Beanng ID minci the abo\'c bencfits, the ililtic silty clay, [>n',>cnl III tll<' fOl Il) of cl
powder (purchased from Ci1nada Brick Company, Ontario), wa" ll~ed 1 III oughollt 1.11I!1
study,
2, Kaolinite clay;
10
'10 pl()\'lc!(' "ddlt IOilnl illrOllll,ltioll with I('SP('ct 1.0 the illflllence of alllOlphollS mél
t (·II,d.., 011 ot 11<'1 t VI)(' (J! (Icly lIlill<'l'als, kaolillit,(, clay W,t~ select(,cl for t Il<' followillg
1 (·d"'()ll'"
(d) Illill('1 ,dogl( ,d ~illlpli( It.Yi
(1)) \\'1'11-kllo\\'11 chale\( 1('1 i..,t,ics; ,tIId
'l'II<' 1 \'1)(' o! ]""IOIII,ile l'Id\' t1~('d \\'d~ th(' Ilydritf' PX obtailled flom the Gcorgia Kaolill
('Olllpdll\'.l'S,\ '1'1)(' clay, III th(' rOI III of il POWdCl, \Vas tl('élÎ,ec! \\'Ith l\'aCI solutioll
to 1('1110\'(' 'lp('cr!1< edlv dd'.OII)('d altllllllllllll spccic~. III palt.lcular, this lIyclrit(' PX
kd()111111 (' Ilcl.., lllcllllly cl ~r1t-p:tl t i( 1(· sizc gradatiolJ which is silllil,u' 101 hat of tlle lIat.ural
:-('11"111 \(' :-0"..,
2.2.2 Synthesized Amorphous Materials
SIIl( (' cl IIdt III ,Ji cllllOlpholl.., mat ('Il,d \\'cI:- 1101 r(,iHlily cl\'ailclble for Il)(> pUI ])OS(, of t his st lIely,
I.Ji)()lcllol\ PI('Pdl('c! cl!lI()lphou.., Illcllc'lial.., h,HI 1.0 he introduccd III oldcr to ll1ailJtaili
d~ ~illlpl(', \('1 1(·Pl(''lC'IILI1I\'C'. d "'y~I<'1ll cI:- po~~ibl(', ollly two compollC'lIts wele IIsC'e!, i,('
dlllOl piIOII" ..,"ICd cille! IllllI Thi" I~ I)('catl~<' t.!w!'>C' t\\'o (,OlllpOIl(,llt~ hcl\'(' l>e('1J found to be
pl<'dOlllilldlJt III Ill<' dllJ<Hpholl.., phcl..,(' of Illcllly marille' clay.., III Eclo.,lelli ('allada (~JrK\'<'s,
t'I ,d .. !!)ï 1: YOIl!!, <'1 ,d . 1!)ïDcl; Li. I!)~!)). TIIf' al\lll1J11a compollC'll!. \\'d~ !lOt. studiecl at
Ihc' jll<''-,('1I1 11I1)(·I)('(dll..,(· II 1l~II,dl'y ('xlsb ill cl low quantity cl~ tUIlIjMI<'d \\ll,h ..,ili<a <lnd
II()]I III dddlll()II. dll "fI('( II\(' I.d){)ldIOlY lIlC'clll!> to I1lclint.clill lb 101lg-tC'11ll ~tabillt.y ill t.he
dlllOlpholl" ,,1.11(' Il,,,, 1101 !J<'I'II (O\lllel (('!oo" ct cll,I~)(j!)).
III \ 1('\\ 01 1 III' Id( 1 Illdl dlllUI plwu') ..,i!t( cl alld 11011 élie diffelcnt. III plOp<'1 ty cllHI cont ri-
11Iit 1011 lu "ot! pt'llullllclll«' (YOII).!, ('1 ,t! I~)ï<)b ,,\: 1\)1)0), il. woule! 1)(' lI'-,l'flll to filld a llH'clll~ to
1 dL\' 1111 () It (011111 1 II<' ('Ikc t of (OIlIP(hlt iOIl (JI t~ pC' of Rlllorpho\l'-, IlldlCI ial. 'l'hl' 111(\!->!'> ratIo,
d<'iill<'d cl" Ill<' IdllU 01 dllllJlIlli of cllllorpholl:-' lion tc' Ihe ',\I111 cllllOllllt of Iron clnd silita ill
t Il<' !Ollll \d u\I<I('" ,lIlt! III Illlil~ of I1ld""', 1.(' [F<'/)j(I"<,/)\ -1- SIO:,d], is Illtroduced TitI!'>,
.\ III""" I,tlill \,dl1<' ()I () illdicdl('.., thdl Ill<' dlllOlphOll.., l1lcllcll,t!I'" "olcly (OlllP0'-;('c! ofsilHël.
\\ IWlt·d.., .1 \,dll(' (lI (1 III Illlplw.., IOJ)' 11011 (01 (iO/'(, "di( a) 0« Upylllg tll<' total alllolphollS
ph .. ,,(·. dlld "0 !(Jllh Il hd" 1)('1'11 l\ïHJltl'd Ih,tI chclllgillg the lll,h~ lcltio, wlll(h ill cffecl
\ 11.1 Il).!,(·'' 1 lit' (Ollljl()"lt I()II 01 typl' u! dlllorpholl.., matel ials, cali challge 1 11<' ~oii plopcrties
( 'I\llig ('1 ,d . 1 <)~{))
II
111 01<1('1 (l) "'yll(I)('~iz(' dlllOlphOIl"i ~dlld ,\lUlllOl! h~dl()\ldl''' . .1" \\1'11 .1" 1 hl'll 1111\11111'"
of \'i11yillg C()lll!>U"itioll. tl)(' Pl('(IPII<ttlulI ('(htll<\Il(' d(,\l'Iu!>l't! h~ 11l'IIllllUlI ,\lIt! '1'1,\11 \ IIdl
Ail (1 ~J()()) 'Vd.., l'llIplu)l'd, '!'O yil'\d il pll'dpII'rlllllwt! 1llc1":- 1 dl IlJ. pl 1'( ,dl tll.t! l'd \ U]llllj('" pl
F('CI 1 h11 2() (0 l),-) ,\1) dllt! :'\d2SiO! <JI Ii) (00;) .\1) Il'l'Il' !lll\('t! ,,101\ 1\' ill " Iw"k('I, TIlt'
plI of (Ill' Illlxed soltltlOI1'" \\',I~ h!l)lIght to S il)' ,\(ldlll!!, ('1111<'1 ddll1l'd !I('I IJl \,,011 \\llh
,!',('lltk ..,t III 1111-', 1'01" \\'(\'k. III Ihl' CcI..,('.., \\'111'1(' the lIl,I~" IcltlO ('qll,t!" () (JI 1. 1()III'''Plllldlll~',
respect J\'cly (0 pllll' <lI!lO! pholl.., ~ili( ,1 01 plll\' 11'011, 011" t Il<' Ph ,ldPI..,( \1\('1\! 1\ ,1" \1('11''':-<11 \'
FOl!OWIllg OIW \\'('('k or gell( 1(' ~(1l1 ing. \\'Ill'Il (1)(' cl 11101 phOll.., lIldl ('II,d lldt! l!,1 U\\ JI ,,"IlI( WIll Il
lal'ge il! péllticle ~izc \\'Ithollt lwing C1ys1.alll/('(1. fill('llllg ,lIld \\"..,llill!!, \\'Itll dl..,ldll,d \1'cll!'1
\v('le aJt.C'l'lldtecl 10 [('IllO\'(' 1'1('(' Scllt il! ! Il<' ~1l"p(,l!..,ion TIII!-o PIO( ('..,.., \1',,<., Il'I}('cll('d tllll Il t 1\1'
NaCI COllCi'I!!l'cll 1011 \\'cl.., IO\\,(,I'C'd 10 10-'1 1\[ 'l'Il(' ,lIl\ol'pllOlIS IJl,tll'II,1l thl\<., oht.\II\I'd \\',1.., ill
the lorm 01 cl gd and W,I'" Il,>('<1 wit hout !willg dl )('d, :\ 1ll0l (' d(,t ,ul(,t! ..,\ lit h( ..,illll!!, /lI II( ('dllll'
i~ gl\'('11 in r\pP('IHli-x C,
2.3 Characterization of Natural Marine Soil, Laborat ory Specimens and Synthesized Amorphous Materials
2.3.1 Mineralogy and Composition
Followillg the '>dlllp!l' PI('j>dliltiuII d('sCI ibn! ill .\pP('Il<h ... B illld Il..,illg d SI('IIIl'lI'" !)-)()() clppd
J'éltllS wilh (:\11\0 lcH!idtion. lllill<'I,do!-',itcll ,IIl,d~':-('", \V('I!' llldr!C fOI Ihe Il,ttlll.t1 St \1<1\111«'
dély. lélboJ',\loly 1l1itlt :-oil "nel k,lOlillitc' (1.\\. cllHI th(' <.,~ lltlll'''Ii'I'd dIlIOlph()l\'" Illdlt'II,J!<"
'l'hl' !'('!-olllts of (}rI' X-la} dllll,l( tlOIl (:-~H])) !l,1111'1I1'" fOI tll<' St \1.""1«' (1.1\ (\() 7) ,III<!
IclbOIaloly lLI\'.., .11(' pl(''''('III('d III FIg, :! l, \\'Ij('rt'd~ l1H)<.,(' o! 1 1 Il' dllllllplllJII" 1Il,t1('II,t!<., cllld
tlteir cl cl Il Il \ 1 111('''' \l'itll (1.1\.., dll' III FIl!, :Z:2 \'()Il' 111,t! 1 Iii' \:H]) 1('''ldh o! tll!' dIIIOlph()\I..,
mat.clial" \\'('1<' ohtalll('d to plO\'id(' (OIl!illl\,\tIOl\ u! tll(' IIUII-( I\..,tél]lllll!\ IJI 11lt' 111,d('llcll
FII'..,t o! ,dl. Il1l1tlt ""lltl,\Ilt~ III Ill(' Illlllt'I,dogJ(,I! «()IIlpO<"ltlllll 1" <"('('IIII('I\ln'lI litt' Il,1111
J'cd s(,Il~lti\'(' ..,otl c1lltl t Ill' I,Jlll)ldtol \ illit IC :-oilt\ (Icl,\'. \'-l IlIdll .lIed IJ\ 1 II(' \\{ J) Ih'! 1"1 Il''', I,ul h
soils cil(' (OII1P0"'('c! lllclil\h- u! ql\,ll\Z ,\lIt! 1(·I<I"'p,\I cl'" PIIIIl"I\ 111111('1,11..,. dlH\ 11111(' dlld (hl()
1 il(' ".., (l.\\ 1I111]('I,d.., It 1'" \\ UI t II Illl'1l1 IOIlIlI!!, j !tdt I}[(' IIIII]('I,dogy cllld (tlllli'lI<.,11 1011 dlll()lI/-'.
\',IIIO\l~ IlIdlill<' "oib d('P(hlt('d III \0:,1..,1 ('dllddcl \\('11' (Olllpdldhll' 10 ('dell ollJ('1 cI( «(Jldlll!!, I(J
QlIlgky (l!lSll) ,lIld Lo(.\t ('\ ,t! (l!lKI) Pl('(I"'(' qlldIlIILtll\('III11I('I,t!(JI2,IC.t! cllld!\'I'" 1'0 \('"
d,menlt, e"'p('(icdly fOl tlte I\,ltlll'al",olh, ILI'-l('d UI\ \11<' III!OIIlI,l!llJlI O!)tclllWd !IOlll Ll)(,1! ('1
l~
<l41U11°B)! ________ ~
d41111 ----____ __
• >, Q) (tl +-l..-l
CIl U
N
o .......
o N
rn ..-1 'r-i 0 rn >, ~ 0 +-l (tl ~ 0
.0 (tl
..-1
"0 c:: <0
.-1 C"I .-<
(tl ~ ;::l +-l (tl c::
4-4 0
rn c:: ~ (lJ +-l +-l (tl 0.
Cl C>::: X
,.....;
N
00 'r-i ~
Kaolinlte + Amorphous
at mass ratlo of 0.40
IlU tlC soil +
Amorphous (15%)
at mass ratIO
of 0.25
Amorphous at j VarlOUS mass
ratIOS (t'IR)
(l) ~ M
U ,....;
ct1 U
(15%)
(l) ~ .-1 c::
-.-1 ,....; 0 CIl
:::.:::
1 1 N ~ 1-< CIl ::l 0-
1\ li) ..c: u
<li ~ .-1 c::
-..-1 <li ,....; ~
0 -.-1 CO ,....;
:::.::: ,....;
1 H
1 1
(l) ~ ..-1 1-< 0
,....; .c:: U
MR = V.l
HR=O.~~ 0
HR = 0.4
MR = 0.54
HR = 1
30 20 10 2 2e
FIg. 2.2 XRD patterns of amorphous materl~ls and admlxtures ~Ith laborator~ s011s.
14
•
,.1 (l(jxl). (Id\'" III 111(' St. ~r.lIl/ie(' (Shawinigan) cll'ea hav(' :l2-,12% plagioclaf>('; lÎ-24%
(jll<11 1 z, Il Ui() 11l1( J()( IIIIC'. 11 17ex hornblende; only 0-,' % carbonate and arollnd 0% illite.
'II\(' Il](''''''111('11]('111 of (J 7 101 (ij{ (<II bonale (1 ('f(,1 ln Appelldix D) by il\(' !>H'st>nl. st.lldy for
1111' SI ~LIIII j( (' (lei}'''' "'('C' Il 1:-' 1(1)(' in dgl('('Jl}(,Ilt. wit.h thos(' rOllnd by Locet!. ct al (1981). FOI
1111' dlllj( :--oil (i)olllle11 S("tlhond), Qlliglcy (1981), who Ilsc'd il combiIlilt.ion of qllclntitative
X'I Il,\' dtflt cI( 11011 ,lIld (IWllli( al élllaly~(':-., obtcllIled the following appronmatc composition:
lOI pl 1111<11 \' 1IIIIII'I,t!:-.. qllrll 1/' :lO(/{. feld"Pdl Jj{; cal bOll a 1,(' 7 !)%; and fOl cl<ly lllilH'rals,
tilt 11' 1( ) (Ic. ('Iii () 1 1 il' 1 1 j{ 1 1 1" (' v i d (' Il t é\ 1:-'0 f IO III 1 h (' X -1 d~' cl i rf 1 a ( 1 i 0 Il pal t ('1 Il sin ri g.
~ 1 dllcl ~ ~ 1 h,tI dlill' i" 1 II<' prl'dOlllillelnt millci allll'(,"l'llt in thc ilht ie soi\.
lI\'dlitl' PX f,liow:-. il:, typlCal X-Iay diffraction pattc1'Ilf>, whcreùs the
i11l101 piIOIl ... lll/d('ria!.... \rllying 1'10111 (j to 1 in ma:,s riltio. have no Sigll of Clystallization. In
0111l'1 \\ III <1..,. 1 1 II' X H J) peel k- f Il'e plJ('nolllCllOIl lias characl eri zcd t hl' na t III C of t he a 1l10rphou s
:-, Il 1,',1 eli J( ('.
A ... ('XI)('( Ie'd. III<' cHllllixturc':, of amorphollf, 1ll,lü'lials \Vith kaolinitc and illitic soil
1('''1)('( 11\('h' :--1111\\' 110 ,tllC'l,l!lOll of XIlD peak location" of velliollS crystallinc' minerais ill
(Olllpdll:--Oli \\'Itlt tItO!-l(' 1)('1'011' cldditioll of alllOI phous cOlllplcx. :\lorc specifically, ùddition
or dlllOlpllOII!-l Illdll'llallll'ltll('!, cltang,C'!-l the cr,\':-.talline composition nOI fOllll" a ne\\' :-.pecies
or 111I1I('I,Ii., \\'lt It 1 Il<' ('Ia~ " 110\\'('\'('1'. for titI' illitic :,oil-amorpllolls lllatcriai acllllixturc,
tll(' P('<I" llll<'ll..,ity of "Olll(' 11Iilt<'!'etl:, i~ IccluCC'd to a ccrtalll extellt. clll(, plObably to thc
dlllOI plloll'" llld 1 ('Il ,t! (oa t i llg. ac( 01 cl i ng to :\lckye:, cl al (! ~n1 ) J)('ta i ll'd d l:-,clIs~ion will be
lllil<1(' latn 011 III Se( (ioll J,:3.:3. :\!Ol'{'()\'CI, :,onw f,tlldics (c.g. Cdstllche et a!., 19(1) ha\'('
!-lhO\\'1l t hrll all1()1 pilou" JlOII It\ dlO\ldc may g!'adually tJansfollll ll1to il, Cly~taIJillf' f,ubst.allce
1lC'lllalil(' ,\!Id 101 guC'lliltC' UpOll ,lgillg ulldC'!' ll('utralconditlOlls. Tltll~, titI' XHD tC'cllIlique
1'" Il:-.('<1 10 lll()llitoi IlII\ plugll'''''I\'(' tldll'ifolll1ùtioll of rl1l10rpholl'i cornplcx 1I1to Cly~tallil1('
lll<ll !<'I dUIIllg elglllg t(':-.I Illg
Plt~:-'J( 0-( l\I'llU( ,d clllc\lysl':' indici1tC' tltat the natmal St. Matllicc clays ha\'(' diffclent
dlllOlllll:-. or Olgdlll( IIldtfr'l~ Id;lging flom 1.1 to F) :3%. dctect.ecl by th\" hyclropcroxide ox
id,\lloll klillll(JlI(, (.Jd(k!-Ioll. !9(7). IIO\\'('\w, t1l<'I(' i~ only tlet(C alTlOllnt. of thelll!Hèscnt
III (II<' illill( .,ill \ (Id\' ln dddit 1011, illllorphOII" cOll1poUllds havI' also hC(,1l 1llC'i1S111ed llsing,
S('g,d(,ll\ (I%K) t('dllllljlI<' 'l'hl' St. ~L\1111C(' (Iel)':' h(\\'c vdrylllg alllOllllb and LOlllj)o:-.ition
or dllllllphUlh Illdll'li,d .... dt>Pl'lldl1lg 011 Ihl' deplh, cl" wdl a~ t.lJ(' lucatioll (1('1'('1' 1.0 SC«iOll
:1 ~ ,llId .\pp('lldl~ ])) Tlj(' dlille ... 011 "llOWS ail ,\lllOUlit 01':2 1% for aIllolphollS silicé\,:3 G%
fOI t !t(, iluil ,\lIt! ! 1 j{, loI' ,11H01 phous aluillilld, which make up to a total of arnorpholls
1'011 11' Il 1 (i ~(i{ (\\ 1\\) :'\oi<' t hal It is difficlllt to idpntify alld hCllce, isolctlf' the effcct of
15
this illit inl alllOI pholl~ 1Il,IIt'rial pJ( .. .,t'lIt, ~1I1('(' 1('1110\'<11 of 1 Il<' <111101 pho\l'" (Ol1lpOlll'lll ... 1)\
~c1ecti\'(, dissollltioll tt'ChlllqlH' Illa)' C<l1l~(, all<'l,lIioll of pOl<' !lllid t!tellll ... tl\ dIlt! 111<11t'lld\
cOII~tItll('lll~, rI~ ~tal('d ('alliel ill (:hrlptel 1 III otlH'r \\'ol'd~, Ill<' (h.lllgl' III ... uil ploPI'll\' dl'
telllli!H'e! l){'fo((' aIld edtt'l' Il Il/o/'al 01 alllO! pllolls llIelt('II,l! (clIlIIOI 1)(' ..,011'" ,t! 1 1 illllll·d 101 Il!'
COllt rdJlI t iOIl of t Il(' ,1l11()rph()l1~ 11I,t! ('lia b TlwJ('ful (" t Il!' 1 Il fi lit 'lIt (' of d \lIOI P 11011" Il Ici t l'II .d ...
can \)(' hest J('\'C'akd brl~ed on the (oIllIMri..,oIl of ~011 prop('llw.., IwfOI(' clIld clfln ([ddlllOII Il!
the é\1ll01 ph()\1~ ('OIll[)()IH'lIb NOII('tl}('lC's~, di~sollltioll 1 ('(IIIlI<I'H'''' .11<' Il~t·rlll .lIld IIllP()ltdllt
in that they permit exalllillcltio\1 of lllill('!ïet! I<'lllO\C'd, ('\('11 lhollgh tll!' 1('( 1111i'pl!' dU(· ... 1l()1
\1C'«'s'ii11'i:y I>IC".,('I'\'(' ~Itll<'r the III a tt'l'l cl 1 f('IllO\'ed ur Ill(' ~oil ~.Illlplc~ 'l'Il(' ... holtIUIlIIII).', 01
tll(' geltelal di..,..,ollllioll (e<llIliqllcs "",Cc! 1'01 ddcIlllllletlioll of (1I110Ipl](Jll~ 1I1.1I('II.d (Ulllt'Ill
cl\(' acknowlcdgC'd, Ileme, tll(' quantitatIve valllC''> gi\Cll C\J'(' to IH' 1.J!\('IlI11 (Ollt('\t \\'Ilh Ih(·
l11<'thod u~('(L c1lld aIl' ll~eflll only ill l<'lm.., of cllC'latiH' (,olllpclrisoll of (on('t'lltl,1I1011 uf Ill\'
\'dIIOll~ COII..,t II lI(,lIt~,.
The cdtioll COII(('lllratioIl (~olllhie and e,changeahle) ill t!w pOle flllld, I('plcl«'d Il\' tilt'
~lh'C'r-thiollI('cI (Olllpkx (Chh,ibra ct al.. IflÎ,')). WrlS (IPtelll1ill<'d llc,illg aIl alulllic ,t!I..,orptltlll
spcctrollwter .\~ (''>:!>ected, mo..,t \',t!lles of CilllOIl COll('('lItral iOIl ill t Il(' \l,II III ,d St :\1.1:1I1( ('
clay e\l(' c()llIpal ilile \\ II h t hoc.,c' III 1 h!' illiu( ~Oll, <,,('('pl fOI calc III III Tht' ItIp,h('1 ('Ollt ('1111 cl
tlOIl 01 (alcillill ill tll<' illttic ..,otl CclII 1)(· C\plclllwd I,y th(' pl('~('llt(' of (cll\'oll.ill· 111111('ld\""
..,1\(11 a.., c,t!tlte (ld('1 (CI I,\e, :2.1), ",Iu(h IIld\' IC!ccl..,C -.0111<' of IllI'lI (,"(111111 (',1111111'" 1I1HlII
dl~::.oll\t Ion. TIlt' kaolinit(' ,lIle! ..,~ III !JI,..,i/(,d all101 phol\~ Illcll('1 i,t!.., hcl\(, cl )!,I (',II ('1' ..,()(lllllIl «()Il
t(,llt than 01 he! cal ion~. tllI(' (I(',irl~ tu t!te .Hborl)('d "'Odlllll1 ~P('Clt'~, \\'11lt'h (OlIIei \loI 1,,·
\\'as!tcd off b)' distillC'd \\'eltC! during the ~yntl\('!>izing pIOC(,~S
The llIill('I'c1lo)!,Îc.d ,\Ild c!H'llli( al (,olllp()~it I()II of 1 Il(' ..,()il~ ,lIIei cllIl()1 pholl'" 111.11 ('1 l,il..,
Ilsee! in t he ~t Ildy ,l\'(' ~1ll11111dl izec! III Tahl(' ~ 1
2.3.2 Basic Geotechnical and Physico-chelnical Propertics and Characteristics
Telbk :2.~ pl(',>ellt~ 1 Il(' test I('SIlIt... 01 ,>O\l\(' IlC\..,l< geolc( hlll<.iI .\1 \(1 phy ... lCO-( hC'IIll< ,d (llOp
cltiC'~ fOl bot!t soil.., cllle! cilllOlpllOll~ IJJcI('IJ,t! ... The \\'cllel (oIltenl, cOII~i..,I(·Il<y 11\1111-.. tllHI
grain sizc dl~lllh\ltl()l1 \\'('1(' det('llIlIIlC'c! 11..,lllg tll(' AST\I st.lIlClc1ld lll<'lht,d.., ,1'" ..,t,l1('d III
Tcl,ble 2.:2. Note tht' h\c!lollwl<'1' te"t (Ollie! Ilot 1)(' p<,!fO\IllC'd 10 tll<' clIIIO/pIIOII'" 111,111'11
clis (plesC'lIt III tll<' 1'01111 o! ppl) IW(.lll..,(' t.!t('J tend to flU«lll.t!(' ,tllllo"t 111l/llI'dldteh ,dtel
blclldillg. Tlli~ IS dllC' 10 fil<' ..,tlOIlg ,dtl'ac!J\'(' l'o!<e,> I<''>ldlllg Oll III(' '>llllcl«''-> or cll1l0lpholl..,
cOlllplex, \\'Ilich bOl\d~ t hl' (ollold'i to)!,C't hel Fil 1 t.h('\', Ill<' dddit 1011 01 dhlH'I'>11l1l, cI)!,I'ld rlld
](j
,
Table 2.1 Mlneraloglcal and chemical composltion of sOlls and amorphous materlals
Ste. t-laurice Illitic Sodlum Amorphous materlal Compositlon
clays 5011 kaollnlte at varlOUS mass ratl0 2 of
0 0.10 0.25 0.40 0.54 1
Quartz Quartz
Feldspar Feldspar
Crystalline Calcite Calote none
mineraIs Hornblende
Il li te Illite Kaolinite
Chlorite Chlorite
Si02 2.8 - 5.1 2.1 trace 100 90 75 60 1 46 0 Amorphous Fe203 2.7 - 3.1 3.6 nil 0 10 25 40 54 100 content 1 A1203 0.7 - 1.5 1.1 nil none (%) Total 6.2 -10.4 6.8 trace 100
Organlc content (%) 2.1 - 5.3 0.2 none none
K+ 5.6 - 15.4 2.8 0.4 - 18.8 6.8 4.4 1.2 -CatIon Na+ 3.0 - 55.9 8.4 12.0 - 148.0 184.0 215.6 204.0 -Concentration3 Ca+-r 9.3 - 40.4 65.5 3.6 - 21.2 13.2 23.2 17.2 -(meq/l00g) Mg++ 0.7 - 11.7 3.2 0.1 - 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.6 -
1
Notes: 1. Determlned by Segalen's (1968) technlque for soils. 2. Mass ratio = Fe203/(Fe203+ Sl02). 3. Catl0n concentration = soluble + exchangeable.
17
L __ ••
.'.
Table 2.2 Baslc geotechnical and phYSLco-chemlcal propertles of soils and synthesized amorphous materials.
ASTM Salnt Ilhtic Sodium Synthesized amorphous material (fresh) at
Properties Test # Maurice Sol1 Kaolinlte Varlou5 mass ratlos of
(1986 ) c1ays 0 0.10 0.25 0.40 0.54 1
"As is"water content (%) D2216-80 25.4-65.5 0.8 0.4 1680.1 1541. 6 918.0 '1S:30.0 '+02.6 732.1
>. Liquid limit (%) 22.1-54.0 34.0 33.9 847.6 770.2 451.3 180.1 214.8 364.5 u c::: CIl (l) J,J Plastlc limlt (%) 15.2-19.9 21.4 27.4 402.2 355.0 186.3 112.5 123.1 219.0 J,J r-i CIl E Plastlcity D4318-84 6.:r-36.0 12.6 6.5 445.4 415.2 264.6 67.6 91.7 145.5 ·ri ·ri Index (%) C/J ,....., c:: Flow Index 6.3- 7.2 6.0 5.8 580.0 528.6 136.4 20.2 54.2 179.9 8
D50 - .l1m 1.5- 4.5 5.0 4.1 - - - - - -D422-63
c:: DlO - lIm 0.3- 1.0 0.4 0.8 - - - - - -ri (l)
C6 co N 8.2-21.2 20.3 6.9 - - - - - -J...o r-! (.? CIl
C2 0.7- 2.6 3.1 0.5 - - - - - -c
pH (pH U,llts) - 7.4-- 8.6 7.9 5.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Speclflc surface 3).3-57.6 88.8 55.4 786.1 730.3 639.7 498.8 564.9 677 .0 area (mJjg) -
Catlon exchange 1
1 7.~18.0 16.0 6.1 54.9 61.5 71.2 82.0 63.4 8.0 capaclty (meq/100g) 1 -
j
~otes: 1. Cu Unlformlty coefflclent (D60/D10). ,
Cc CoefflClent of curvature (D30/D10 'D60)'
18
!loI \VOl k \\'('11 dll(' pel Il,'1):'' 10 Il)(' (Ol\IItf>r-reaction of the variably charg('cl stll·fac('s of amor
piIOII" 111,11('II,d\ pell t Je Jco" (r('fc'r to SectiolJ 3.:3,:3). The infOllllcition O!l the patticle siz(' of
clllllll plIolI" 111,11('1 let!" W,I" obtclillcd Viel specific SUI face mcasurc11Icnt, dcsC'l ihcc\ laler. The
pli \,t1IJ('~ \\'('IC' IllC'eI~lIl(,clusillg él pli lI1('tCI' ~ote that tlte plI of a samplc is ll1<'asUled at
cl \\,,11('1 (IIIlc'lIt ('(pliIl 10 [\Vp + Llx(WI \Vp)]. Wh('Ie LI (liquidity Index l ) is c!tosell t.o
1)(' 1 ~!i ("'('t' I(J(JI 1101(') 'l'Il<' :..pecifi(' slllfau' éllt'a values \Vere Ilwasurecl using the cthylcne
gly<oIJllollodlt,v1 eth('J (EGT\'IE) IC'tcntioll techllique (Eltantawy and Arnold, 1973). The
(,11 iOIl ('XI Ildll)!/, (dPcl( Ily \\'cI~ d('(elll1incc! at a pH of 7 \Vith the ~ilver-thiollI'ea ('omplex as
d (,11 i()11 1 ('plcl( illg clg<'llt, cl'" descri!wc! hy Chhabra et al. (19ï5), Dctailed descriptions of
1 lIt' ,tlIO\'(' t (,,,t Illet hod" aI(' giv('IJ in Appendix B.
[1 i.., lIo1!'t1 l'IOIl1 'l'cl hl!' :'?,2 that tilt' St-l\Iaurice sensitive c1ays posscss diffcr<:llt pl'Operty
\'altlt':.. t1('IH'lltllng ri gel 1 Il Oll tll(' depth and location, Note that 1l10~t of t.he values shown wcre
d<,1 ('111111 \l'ri 1 ('( l'lit Iy ellHI lwnc(' may oe sligh tly diffcrcnt from thosc sclpct.i\'cly measurcd
1)j'ltJlt' ('ulIlpal'ilig 1 Il<' PIOP('I ties dnd characteristics of the Iliitic soil with those of the
Ildllll,t1 St. T\J.lIllic(' cl(I\~, the' sllnil,llity is qllite dear. l\fole spccifically, the physical
dlld p!I""I(O-c!I('Jllicdl paJ'alll<'t(,l~ of t1lP ilhtic soil are eitlwr fell into or q\lite close to the
Idll.l!,(' \',t111(':-' 01 tll<' n,lIl1l',t! St. :\Iaul'ice clclys. This agalIl confirms the: f('asibility of u~ing
t !I(, dlit l< :-.oil él'i a (Ollt 1'01 :-.oil to :..illlUlatc> the ll1arine soib ill East Canada, l3a~ed on
tilt' (1l1l~I:-.t('IH~ Illllit~. III<':-'t' "oib CclIi be cla%ified as 11l0rgnnlc clays of 101/' p/w:;/icdy (CL)
d( ('01 di IIg t () 11lC' (>1,1:-' 1 l( i ty (!tart 1)1 ()p()~ed origi nally hy Casa grande ( El 18). T!te synthesizcd
dlllolpltUl1.., Illdlcll,t! (olllplt'xc:-, !tel\(' \'élrying \éducs of cOlisistcn('y hmits dcpciiding on the
111<1"':-' 1,11 lU TitIS ('ail he Olhel'\'cd, fOI example, in the vast dIfferen('(' ll1 the liqllid limit
\dltl<'~ III <I<,1,lil, the Itqllid 11Illlt dl'Op'i fI o III S 17670 to 180.1 % cllld then climbs considerably
tu :Hi l ,~ï{ cl" Ill<' Illcl"S IdtlO of clll1olphou<, cOlllple\:cs \'drics [rom 0 to 0 10 ilIld t1WIl to 1.
:\ (Iiti( ,II pOlllt ('\i~h cil tht' tllil":-' /,11,10 of 0·10 al, which, a miflllTlIlm \cllllt' of liqllid lilllits
1:-' () h"('l \ <,cl SI lIldcll (Il cl J'clct ('1 l~ 1 1 ( :.. ('clll he SC('Il fOI Othe'I ('()mistency pl opert ics ~I\(, h ,t~ t Il!'
(llhl il lillllt.., '1'11(' (()II"'I-.I('II< ~ PIOI)('I ti('~ o!J..,('rved are a( tually (,Ollt JOIl('d bv th!' SUI f<te!'
cil ('cl III tilt' cl Il ItJl pilOU", 11Idt('II,t!,,_ ~1I1('('.1 Iclrg<' sUlface éllCcL llcces"itclt(',> cl lIigh \\,,11('1 holding
(d(l.!( il,\ ,JI (OII"'I-.tcll<.\ lillllt, :\.., ,,( ('Il in Table 2,~, tllC' slIl'facc alca of nll10rphOlls Ill<lt('ricd!>
\ ,II 1<''' III t Il<' "tllll<' IlI,lIlll<'1 cl" t II<' COlblStC'llcy limits. :\IOIe sperifi(etlly, a minimlllll value of
"Ill LII (' .II <',1 i:-. rnllllc! ,1I~o .II t Il<' Illc\~!'> 1 at io ut 0 10, correspollding to the minimum VclJUC (l
(OII"'I"t('II(,\ lillllt", llot\(cd ('clllI('1
l'I'h,' lI'lllI .lIld \.1111,' of Ilqlll(lIly I\ltl('\ ar!' ,'\( 111'1\ ,'I! Il''''.( III 1 hl' ,t IIdy il;, a means of control for d""'IIlIlIlIIl).!. Ih,'IIIIII.1I \\.ll<'r <01111'1\1 ,llId "t'II mg ouI 11lt' Illlll,ll ~II' If ,1 r<'Ilg;1h Ihollgh It carnes the ongmal dl'lilllll'\11 \\! (\\ \\'p)/(\\ 1 \\'p). \\'h"I,' \\' = \\.,I,'r t<JlIl<'lI! \\ l' "L"!I( 1111111, and \\'1 = hqllld linll!
1
A llH'élllS 101' estimai iOll of 1 he crr('cI ive pari ide' ~izt' of t IJ(' dIlH)('pIIOU" 111<11<'1 i{"~ (,\II
he oht.lillcd by Illclkillg 1I:"(, of Ih(' liq\lld lilllit and the s\llf,\« élIC,l, ~III(,(' hulh Pcll,\IIWftol:"
l'dlc'ct, tlte partiek sizC' (ltaract('ri~t!(:., !\[o!(' specilie al!y, 1 11t' \',duC':., of hquid li!lli( dit' l'OUlU!
in th(' rilllg,e of 180 to 8.10% cllld t llo:,C' 01 ~llrr,l('e' c\lC,1 ill (1)(' 1 dllge ni ;)()() (() ,tlll'\ 1 ~ll()
m 2 / 9 TI)('~(' Illgh 1I1111l1H'IS, ",hell t'olllpc\wd \Vil Il (ho~<' of (Il(' ~od=, t<".,It'11. "ll!.!,!.!,('''( (: .11 111<'
synt!J('sizec! dlllOlpllOll" Illcîlellal cOll1pkx('~ ,II(' cOll1pn,,('d ul \'('1\ lill(' (Il 1I111c1 lilll' ,1.',1<1111<'<1
particlcs(colloicl'.,) It i" Imlll<'lllotJ«'dth,lI tIICcatloll(''.(llall/!,I'(dPd1It\ 01 tl\(,cllll()lpllllll~
Illatcriab is maxillllz('c! al Ill<' lIla~<; rai io 01 0.10., ét 1)('IIéH 10111 ]11"1 oppo"Jt(' t() 1 hdl uf ~1I11.1< ('
arca., Cl'., S('CII III Table :2 1 Th(' JlH'('hc\llhlll~ Iwhilld 1 II(' ('>'PI'IIIll<'nLd pl\(,ll()llH'llOIl <11('
ill\'efltigal<'d rlllcl c1i"cll!>scd III Chaptcr 3, III hrid., éI hlgh IlI'g,tll\'(' ~UtlclC(' Che1lg" d('Il"ilY,
!CSUJtlllg prohably flOIll ail isoll1orpholls SlIb~tJtlllioJ) of Si ily FI'. 1'., :'P('clIl.lkd 10 1)(' 1 Il<'
callse of hlgh (,11 iOIl (''\:( hélllgC' capelcity of alIlorpho\l" tnellC'1 iet! compos('d ,II 1 1)(' Illcl~:" 1 et! JO
of 0 -10,
2.4
2.4.1
Experimental Method, Philosophy and Procedure
Study of N aturai Soil
Ali CX[H'lilll<'IlUd 11l\'('~t Ig,cîlioll \\',1" madl' ill ordel' to llllclcl!'>talld III<' [>1(1)('1 1 Il'~ ,IIICI 1)('
ha\'ioUl' 01 IIdt1ll'allllillllll' ~oils th,t! Illcly po~"ibly [)(' cOlltlOlhl Il)' dIlHlIJ>holl:-' 111,111'11<11\
participatioll. At lil"l. ~om(' bd:,ic gcolechnic,d ,Ille! physi(o-ch('!lIi(cd PIUj>('lli(,'., \\'('1(' dl'
terminee!. \\'hich was lollowed by dll identificatioll of alllOl ph()l1~ Illdl('l ial. Il 1" hop('c1 111,d
SOIl1C (Oll'C'Jrltioll:-; l)('t\\,(,(,11 the PlOp('lti('~ cmd the cllllOlpholl" Illa1<'llcîl:-. lllc1\ 1)(' 1('\,(,,11(,<1
In additioll., the l'l':,lllh oblaillcd l'tom the llelt tlldl !:>oil \\'('J(' ll~('d cl'" cl 11'1'('1'('(1( (' rOI '.,1'1(,( 1 illg
and dc~igllll1g thl' Jabol,dOl)' Cl.î~ -cllllol'phou:-. !>yslelll
2.4.2 Control of Experimental Input Data and Sample Preparation
:\I(d~illg li"/' or Ihe I\\'O Irlhol'atory Cld)'~., i,('. illitic .:;ot! ,uld lIy(1I Itl' PX \.;,lOlllIltl' (1,1\ . .t
"CrI('" ul ~dlllpJt.S léUI he llîcHk followillg 1 Il<' cldditioll of t II<' ~) lIllw:-.izl'<! clIIlO! pho11'., lll,d ('II,t!
compl('xl''., Talll(' 1:l shO\\''., (Il<' dl'tc\ils 01 c.;rllllplC' pre'IMI dt 1011 rllld 1 Il<' 11'1(,\ allt ,,>('1 i(,,, 01
tc'sts
'l'II<' cldllll:-..illg PIO( ('dlll(' I('quired cl (',II('fld ('0111 l'Cl 1 (Jf tlll' tldd('t! 1[11.1111 ity cllld 1 (1111
:.W
Table 2.3 DetaIls of sample set-up - -
Type of Admlxed Mass ratio of admlxed
Soils Test l amorphous amorphous mater laI pH values
content (%)
Natural A, B Varying from Varying from varying from mann2 6 - 24% 0.25 - 0.50 7 - 9 soils
Illitlc A 0,0.1,0.25,0.40,0.54,1 6.5, 8.0, 9.5
0, 5, 15, 25 sail B 0, O. 1, 0 .25, 0.40, 1 2, 4, 6, 8, 9.5
Kaolinite A 0, 5, 15, 25 0,0.1,0.25,0.40,0.54,1 8.0
clay B 0, 15 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.40, 1 2, 4, 6, 8, 9.5
Notes: 1. Test Series A: Basic geotechnical engineering parameters.
Test Series B: Physico-chemical test for particle interaction study.
2. The data shown for the natural so11s was experimentally determineà from the present
study and/or from the literature.
21
position of the amOI phous lllat,C'l'i(d, as w('11 ct~ the' pH .llld pore !'-,dillit.\ of t Il!' lIdllli\.1 III('~
The illit.ial Hoil r01ldit ions, {'.g. w,l!.er contC'nt, shear si r('n~1 h, Wt'\'(' ,tl"o (oll"id('I('d
Quantity and C0l11position: Bolh quantit)' (l1lrl COlllP()~iti()11 of Ill(' <HllIli\.('d ,llll\)rpllllll:
ilia tcri<d S W<'l'C decided aCCOI di np, 1,0 the ('X p<'ri lllent.al d,tI,1 1 ('cpi \'('d ftolll 1, h(' llid 111 ,t! IlIMIIH'
soils. Tbus, cl r1o!'-e -,illllliailon to the actu(d soil pllvirOllll)('lll mav 1)(' ohlailH'd Il)' "'Il( h cl
controllcd laboratOl V soil system l\lolt> specifkally, th<, illllOl'phou:- 11I,t! ('II(d ('01111'111 III 1 h('
natl1ra.l :-,oils hél~ b(,(,ll fOl1l1d 1,0 \'ary [rom 7 to 21%, Wh('!('rIS the 1l1<1"S 1(1!IO!'>, 1('pn,:,('lItlll)!,
the compositioll of alTlOI phous m(ttel ial, have \'alt!('~ val yillg 1l1rlillly fi Olll O,~!i t () 0 rIO
A ('COI di 11 gly. t he de ... 19l1f'd \'(tllI(''' of t II<' cl h oV<' t wo \ a rI a b les il ,1 V(' 1101 ollk CO\'I'I ('d 1 Il(' 1 .1111-',( 'S,
but ha\'e abo cxpalldcd thclll to illcluc\l' \,(dllc.., véllyillp" frulll O(/{, (110 rldmixed rllllOI plloll!'»
to 2.5% fOI the alllolphollS COlltCllt and, flolll 0 (pure éllllorpholl~ ..,ih(cI) ln 1 (pIII(' II()\I) fUI
tl1<' \1W% l'dt io. A pMI iCllldl lllr1S~ l'rlUO valll<' of 0.10 \\'d~ (ho"'('11 h('(',lll"'(' Il i" III 1 II!' IlIlddl('
of thl' 1I<II,lIl,,1 rdllg<' of O.2!i - 0.,)0, but e\,('11 11101(' ill1poltantly ~OllH' 1>1(1)('ltll''' Il,\\(, 1It'('1I
lloticcd 10 alter arollnd titis Illcl"S 1'(1110 \';-l1u<, (Yong e't ,t! 1 c)80).
Il should be llV'lltiOJwd th<lt S('gc1lcll's (1%8) IlIdltod (11I\'0h'i1lp, 8 1 11 Ile!'> X :\' 1j('1
and 05 .v KaOn altel1lélte \\'ashing~) for c!f'ü'llllillatlOll of alllOrpltoll!'- llldl('li,d ill ... oil ... I~
t.he Illost ('ffic1f'llt llwthod. In ((Jlllpclri~Oll \\'Ith bolh .Jd(boll'S (.J<lc\.;..,Oll d1lt! \I<'!tld. Iq~)~)
Illethod (t t<'rltill,!!, ..,;-l111pl(, \\'Itlt a cittaie-dithiollll<' 1('d,!1,('1It) r\lld I\il\\'dl'~ (l~liÎ) 11I('II,ud
(u~illg ail o\.ali( d,Id ,Illd ultlC\-\ 1011'1 Itght). 'l'hi ... C()IHlu"ioll \\.1" d(,1 i\(·d 011 Il\(' IJcl"i" (Jf
PXpf'riIlH'lllal findillg" (onduct('d 011 both Bcltmal and laborator~' ..,oil:, \\ If h "110\\'11 éllllOlllll!'>
alld comj>o"itioll of rlllloJ'[lholl~ I1lrll(,liah (\'Oll~ and \\'all~. 19!)()). :\ d<'1ail('d di ... ( 11 ...... IOI! I~
gi\,(,ll ill Appf'ndix C.
Control of pH: The (onllol of :,oil pli Wd" (oll"td('\('d to 1)(' Illlpoltdltl dl\(' f() II\(' Lut
that t1w !->1I11.1('e ('hal',!!,('~ of c\11l0IpltOIl'i lIldl('li,d:-- \'rlry with plI '1IId, I\!'II( ('. "ut! PIO!>I·lfi(,..,
rliid b('hrl\IOlll (clll 1)(' clttltlmt('d. tu cl Irllgc (',t('lIt, 10 III<' il( Idit.'rIdk,dllllfy III oldel t(J
anticiprlt!' tlt(, IldhJ('lIc(' or pli 011 tlt(· !>1'lfOllll,\l\(t' (Jf ~(Jlk 11lt' p/l \,dlt., ... \\('1(' ~(,l(,( I(·d I(J
hl' G .5,80 cliid D) Th('~(' <,,,!cct('d pli \,1II1(,!'> ({J\'('r Ill<' lIH'd"llll'd pli <ld!d Idlli!,lll)!, 1)('1\\'('('11
Î dJ\eI 9 fOI St .\L1IllJ«(' C'It,Il11pLIIJ\ Se,\ ciel)'''' ,\~ \\,('IL tll<' Idllg(' 1.., 1\ Pl( ctl flll III!' 11I"11I1('
s('JJ~ili\(, ~oil~ (('polt<,c1 ill tl\(' Itt('lrllllJ'(,. III ..,0111<' (rI"'C"', ('.p, II\(' ;l,1'1<l j>OI('ltll,d JJI('cl"III(·IJJ('III.
the pH 1 <1lJg<' Wil~ ('\('11 ('\.tellc!('d fOl tll<' ... Indy of "'\11'1',1(' PI()p('lfi('~ rUld 1J('11<l\I(JIII oltl\!'
~oil-elJllorpl\Ot1s ddllli:...IIII('~. rh(· Ilii c\djll ... llllellt wa'> Illade ll"'lllg dtlllkd \1('1 (JI ",,0\1
•
Control of pore salinity: To ('Il'>lIrC a IIlinimal illfluence of pore salinity on the properties
of ..,oJ!", di..,t dled \\'ill,('J' Wil" tlsed 1 hroughout the tests.
Control of initial strength: In order to be able to compare the strcngt.h property of
"dl ((III:' :,oil "alllpk~ 011 t he S,tille basis, control of initial soil strength is esscntial. It \Vas
1111!l0.,..,illle ln Il''(' th(' "c1IlH' Wdt,er content as fi common criterion to control the initidl
(Olldlll<lIl lOI ..,1 I<'d 1 :,l.!clIgtl! !)('CdIlS(' of tire drastic difference in soil status. More cl f'arl y,
tlJ(' Ilqllld Illlllt VdIW:' f'rolll ,t1H)\It, :~;J% for the laboratory cl cl ys ta nearly 8,50% for the
dlllOI pllOll'i "di( éI (re'fer to Table 2.2). Thus, at a water content of 100%, for eXdmplc, the
il lit i( .,011 ()[ kaolillll<' hd.., alr('ady beCO!lH' a liquid, wlwrcas the' amorphous lll<lt('['ials are
..,tdl ill il '-<Ilid "tate. '1'0 ('OIIlI)('II"al<> fOl this, thc initial :,trcngth had to be contlOlled at t1lf'
Sdll)(' V,tlll<" hut Il)(' l!lit Icd \\'al('1 (ontcnt, \Vas difl'crellt alllong variou') sillllples. Thus, the
..,dlll<' IIl1ti,d relllold('d ..,Il<'dr :,tll'ngth was obtaincc\ by scttillg t1)(' walt'r COlltcot ai Cl, vdluc
l<'levilllt tu liqllidi1y illdl'x of l.~f) [i (', \V = \Vp + 1.2!Sx(WI - \Vp)] -- a situation where
t 1)(' \\'<11<'1 (OIlI,('1l1 i., .,Iight Iv hip,Il<'1 t hall the bquid limit. By dOlllg :-'0, the devclopment of
tllixotl'opl< ..,1J('ill "tll'llgth, dll(' to tlH' ('I[ccl, of amorp l1011s matcnals. can be quantificd. It
sllul1ld 1)(' <I,lIlfied thill tif(' (Oll«'pt of ll<juidity inckx was dCli\'cd originally from Ilatural
"oil.., lu ('\édllcll<' the ..,o!l\ "Lllu:, 110\\'('\'('1, t11<' tenn llqu/(Ii/!) I/Idc.r ll~cd t1110Ilghout this
"t 11(1\' hd" 1)('('11 (''\t('Il(I<o<l 10 ("\( IIl..,i\'('ly élnol1ll11odaic the u~c for the bborcltOly soib solely
lOI 1 II<' l'Ill PU"'(' {If d('~( 1 i!lIng tllC' lllitl,ll ~clmplc\ status on th(' sal1lc cOIlccpt.ual bél,>is, Thus,
t Il<' l('dcl('l ,,11()llId k('('p il1 11lIIld t hcd t Il<' (OIl('Cpt of liqllidity ind('x llscd latel on ill the thc::.is
1'" "'OIlW\\ hdt IllOclilil'd,
Sample prcparat.ion anù experÏInental program: To pOl'ilay the proccdUl'c in which
t Il!' '>011 ~.Il11pl(,.., dl!' PII'P,\I('(I, d ..,c!wllléltic (hagram is showlI ill Fig. 2.3. The cxperimcntdl
pl ()gl <1111. \\ Illch (oll..,i..,l.., 01 hot h g('ot('chlllcal and phy:,ico-chell1lcal plOperty testillg, is
dl''>(liIH'd III Se(tiOIl:! I:L
N <\ming alld Ilumbering of s<pllples: To distingui::.h and identify cach soil sample, il
Ildl 1 1 Ill.!.!, <lllcl Ill1111!H'llllg ,>,\'"t('lll hd" 1)('('11 adopted as follows'
Sod / ~IH 1 AM / plI
\\hl'II" Soli 1'" ('rlh!'1 :\S (llallll',d 1l1dlill<' soil) 01 IS (Illitic soil) or NK (Na-kaoliIlitc), MIt
i~ nId"''> l,li 10 u! clIllOlp!JOll.., IlldU'li,lI; AM is alllorphous (Olitellt (%); élnd plI is soil plI .
Laboratory soils:
- Illitic soil
- Kaolmite
( powder ) .. Necessary treatment
e.g. N aCI washing of
kaolinite
!pH adjustment
Synthcsizcd amorphons rnatcl'ials
-pH = 8.0
( gel)
Mixed under quantitative and
compositional contlOl
( paste )
1 pH adJusted to desired values 1
l Equilibrating for minimum 24 hoUI's J
,..----__ -il Experimental program If--____ ---.
1 Test Series A 1
}~
Study of aging effects
( splectcd t~~t~ )
1 Test Series BI }~
Fig. 2.3 Schematic presentatIOn of sarnple prep,u atlOll.
24
)
l'(JI ("dillpl\', 1 Il(' "<'qIWII( (' IS/O ,10/1,1/6,:) dC'IlOtc,:-; <t soil specimen that is composcd of
dliti( "or! wit Il ddIIlIX<'d dlllOl pIr011S Illat.cried of 0,10 in mass ratlO and 15% in cont.ent, and
I~ 1111,(,<1 ,d il pli of Cl.) FOI t Ilo~(' ~pCCillWIIS \Vith no indicated plI, a plI of 8 is assumcd
l,y d('!dlrlt
2.4.3 Experimental Program
11.1\ illg pl (']Jdl(,<! tht' ~dlllJlI('~ followllIg the aforementioned specifications, two different t.est
~('II<''' \\('I( (Olld11(!cd 011 lite ~oil speci\llC'ns. The descriptions of the expenmental facilitics
cll(~ deLlr!('d ill Appl'Ildlx B,
TIr(' !ollo\\'llIg i~ a gell('lal C'xplanation of the experinwnts <wei their purposcs l1l the
pl ('')('111 ~t 11(1),
• T(·~ t S('ri('s A: Engineering aspects of some soil properties affected by
addit.ion of amorphous materials
Consist.(,llcy limit.s; 'l'Ire liqllld and pla!'.t ie limits, detcl milled by the stal\(lill'd Illet holl
<111<1 dppdl'étl11S d(',,( 1 r1)('d hy ASTI\I d!'!'>ignation (01318-84), al(' very basic gl'otechllical
jldldlll<'i<'I" 11"('" ill ('lIglll('('lillg jJI"ctIC(' III addition, they pIOvidc informatloll on the !'>oil\
\\dl('1 Iloldlllg ('lf)dhilily dlld 111(' IIIt<'ra(, ive fOlles of the soil :,ystCIl1.
S)war stl·engt.h; (':,illg 1 II(' S\\'t'dish fall-cone test (ft" It is ~inlplc, handy and Icaddy
d\,lIl.d)I('). tll<' 11111111<11<' .,11<',,1 "tll'lIgth \\'él" obtaincd. The rnall1 reason of uf>ing thi~ tcch
Ill/l'\(' is 1)('( ,\11,,(' t II(' jlll'l>,II('<1 ~()il "<impies are not fully compacted ,mcl are qlllte soft, with
.\ <11'\' <1('11"11\ 1.l1I,l!,llIg 1)('1\\'('('11 () (iO alld 1.:3.'1/CII1 3 I\'otc thitt. tlJ(':-,(' dell~ity v,ducs éll(,
«)IIIj),\lrl)I(· \\'1111 1110"e 01 III!' IIdllll,tI "or!" t('!'>led The !'>hccU' "tlC'lIgth I~ a dll'cet indicat.ioll
o! ~()rll('''I"ldll«'ih()lldIIlp) "tl<'llp,tll ell',dill!'>t ddOllllatIOll clIId IS a v('ry ill1portallt p<u,Illl('t('1'
III ('llgIIl('('IIIIg <I('''I,l',ll
Hut Il Illld",1 III !Jet! dIld ('('llIuld('c! !'>heéll strellgt.h" w('re ohtailwd ll"lllg the rail-COll('
1(,(11111(1'((' Sod :-'('11"111\11,\ \\'.1" Ill<'lI (cd( ul.t!('d cl:-' the latio or UIH!J:-,llIlbed ~1J('dI' strl'lIgth
tu 1 II<' It'Illol<l('d TIlt' "('11"11 i\ II~ '" cl 111<'.1"111(' of the d('( 1('cI~(' of a ~oil'~ I(,SI~t élllC(' to
dl,,1 III h.lll( ('. dlld IWII( ('.I( (Ullllh !Ol 1 II<' !'>oil\ ill"t<ihllIty. FOI th!' labol,IIOly-pl<,pe\le<l ~P('(
Illlt'lI". III<' '1\11<11"11111)('<1' "hl'dl "llI'lIgth 11Ifr.ls thl' thi,otlOplC :-.11<'<11' Slll'lIgth, Thel'dol('.
Iht' IItI\oIIOj>H :-.lll'lIgllt ldtlO (l'SH), d('fill('d as th!' IcltlO of thixotlOpH SIHeU ~tl<'llgth to
the initial !'clllolded sl!c>al stl'<'Ilgth (r..litchell, 19ï(i), is adoptt'd illstl'cld 01 tht' (llllll11Oldy
uscd ~cllsitl\'ity. Thll~, tll<' ri sn is a !llC<lSlIl'(' of il SOl\'::' c,tpctbiltty to !!,ain sltt'lI~lh \lpOIl
ag,tng.
Soil water retentioll and volume change characteristicsj l j::.illl!, t Il<' 1 OIl\'I'ut i01l,1!
!:ioI! sm·tion t('~t illg Pl()( ('dlllc with an auglll<'ntatl0n 10 in! I\ld(' vol\lllle (h,lnp,l' 1111',\"\111'1111'111.
both wal('l' hohllllp, (',lPcH'itv of Ihe ~oillllc\~~ ,lIld (Olllpll's::.ihility 01 sud :--tlllct.ll\(· (cllI 1)1'
chctra(/elized al, tlll' ~dll1f' tilllc. 'l'hl' wil':-- Welt!'!' holdlllg Iclp,!inl!h i".\ fllllctlOlI 01 tlll'
pal ticle si;!,l' illld :olt 1 fclcC' fOlc('s, wlti( Il is l!'fll'ct,!'d in tll<' :ouil \\'.\kl "\lI 11011 1('1.11 iOJJ:--!JI[I'"
IIo\\'cw!', tll{' COllll)l'('"sdJillt.y i:o cl fUllction of tll<' stlwllllai hondlllg ::.lll'n~I.tIl. wllilh i"
rcf!cdec! in th(' soil \'O!\I11\(, "lIet ion rdéltiollShl})~ Tlu'n'fon'. tll\' pn'S('lI(,(' of ,111101 pllolJ"
lllate!l,t! bOlld" (ail b(' 1 (·\'C'<ll('<I .
• Test Series 13: Physico-chemical tests for particle interaction st.udy
Specifie surface are a (SSA) determinatiollj The l'thyl<'III' I!,ly<u1 11111IlIWII!\,1 dhl'I (JI
EC:-"IE (E1Ll1llcl\I'~ cll"J .\lllold. 197:n Wcl'> \1'>('d fol' SSA dctellllill,l1iull \Vdh il kllowl(·dl-',(·
of the SU!lclC(' <l1('<1 dl' cl "ad "clI1Jpl('. il 1.., PO:-,,>t!l!l' to ('\"t1lld\(> t hl' '\\c1ILtll!litv 01 t!Je ('l('dlt>
"taticcl!l\' (hcll,!!,et! :oo!Jt! '>lllf.l«, lUI 11lt' ,UIlOlphol!" !lI,tlelia! 10 ((l,l! Ult. Ol!t' (,Ill ,t!..,o (lhldlll
~Ollll' Ill..,i!!,hl il\lu III<' 1\\('-11\ 1><11 \ \( k "liA' v,d\lt' SSi\ 1" diH'lIly llIlkt'd tu 1 Ill' "o!l\ \\'dkl
holding capclhdlty. d" \\ (,II cl'> tu 1 Il!' t olt<,I,>II'1l1 \ Illnib
Cation exchange capacity (CEe) determination; tT"IIIi!, tIlt' Slh('I'-thioll\('cI 1 lIlllpln
a:-. il cation Il'plclCllIg dg('llt (Clth,tl>lC\ <'1 ,d .. ID':-». Ih(' ('E(, (JI' <,oJ! .... 1 dll 1)(' dl'!('IIIIJlII'd
'l'hl' CEe or i:l :ouil 1:0 ,1 dll!'( t IlIllt 1 Illll (JI' 1 Il<' ..,()il\ 11I'p"tll\'l' (hellg(' dl'Il..,I!\" \!('d..,III('Il]('1I1
of CEC lllay pl\)\'ldt' kllu\\'l('dgt' dhullt t hl' cI\dIlclh!ldy 01 1 hl' ") "ktll lUI (,t! i011 (,,<11.111).',('.
Cl" w('ll ,1:-' tll(' old<'1 of lllc\.l!,lllllld(' (Jt lld ('k\tlU-:-.Ldl( clttléHtl\'\' t01\(''''
Anion exchallge capacity (AEC) determillatioIl; î Il<' ,\E{ 1 \Icl" Illl'cI"llll'd Il''llig
cl IllclllOd :-'IIJlIl,1I lu 1!J,lI \1'>I'd h\ F('~ dlld Le HOll\ (1')7()) bill IlIOddl<'d Il,\' !lllljlJ('lk
dite! lI('lldcl..,!Jol (l q~ï). III ",lllt h :\ l! ICI dUt! I~:\() 1 \l'('\(' t'Illplo\('d cl" 1 Ill' ... ,d \11 cil 1011 ,Ille]
Icpl(ltlllg :OOllll!OIl:o.lt·"l)('(!I\I'!\' 'l'Ill' .\1':(' \1 cl'" <dllllLtled 1),\ lIWcl"\IIIIIg II\(' (OJIII'lIf!,t!I()!1
of CI- iOIl" a<l"ol'I)('d 01! tIlt' pO'>11 1\(' :Oll('s of 1 Il<' ... otl's "\lI 1,1( (' cllld t IWII 11']>1,1( ('t! 11\ \()~
<l1I1011:-' :\01<' th,d tlll' t'cil 1011 ('Xth'llll!,l' (,lp,ltity ('E(I) l,Ill ,d"" hl' c!('II'IIIIIIWr! IJ\' kIlO\\'IIl).'
the ,Hl:oOll)('d :\ lit t Olle ('utt ,d 1011
~(i
'Ill<' llldglltl ude' (J! i\EC 1<'J>lCS('lJts the alHount of positive chargcs Oll the surfaces of
"(JI! (ld! t ic le!> illld, bell( C', ,li 1 ill~lghL of dedro-:,tatic attradlOII bdween the positive and
11('g,il ivc' "it ( . .., in tl\(' ~0I1 (llllO! pilous complex system l\Ia)' he obt.aillC'd.
Zeta potentialmcasurementj The Z('t,d 01 eledro-kinctic potent ial lllCaStllellH'nts \\'('1'<'
IIldclc' Wlt li cl Z('tdlll<'tel ,llld the ùpplicatioll of the I1clmhoJt.z-Smoluchowski cquat IOll (sec
ApP('lldl'{ B) 'III<' Zelel potelltial of el soil ([<'pends Oll thC' éllllOllllt of charges dllel the
Il,1111((' o! (lol(·lluld (e g. ('I<,c tl olyt<' COllu'lülatioll and pJl) \\'hrll' th<, pOle fllllCl c1J('l1li~try
c!lrllrl( t('li"tIC~ d((' ~lllld,1l dlllOllg \'clliollS soI! ~alllplcs, which I~ t11<' cast' ill Ihis reseé1lch,
1 II(' Zl't d polC'llt i,.! 1lI(1)' 1)(' aU Ilbul,ecl to the S1l1 face activity (chatge). TIH'('efnl (" the lIet
(11'~IlIt.allL lI('gativ(' ;lIld po~itivc) stllface cheuge, aIlCllwllcc the intcractl\'c (attractive and
IC'plll~i\(') !()I(e~ b<,tw('('11 pilltJ<ks. (',lIl he c!PtellllineJ,
Viscosity test for Bingham yield stress property; Vi~cosity tests wele pelfornwd u!->
illg cl lot ,d ing c \'llllcl! ic al \'i ... ( Olllelcl' (('Ollt raves Hhco/ll,!t 15). \\'Ith \\'hich a sheal' l'clU' -~tl('''''''
II·Ltllull:-.ll1p CciII 1,(' oIJ!;lIl1C'd 'l'hl' HllIglt,lI11 yield <,l,rC'.,; .... del('(mincc! l'rom thl' illlC'rcC'pt of
1 lit' It·ldll()lI"hlp (111\(' .... loJl!'. I)lO\Ic!(· ... <Ill UIlc!f'l';,tcllldIllg of thC' l'hC'ologiccll charc\(tC'l'i~tlc'"
\\'hidl dl 1:-'(' flUll1 t Ilc' 1(' ... IJlLlllt intl'I,KI i\'c force", TIl(' influence of amorphou., mdtC'1 i,t! 011
III!' illt('lrl( tlOIl IH,t\\('('1I c!if[('I('1I1 phil;,(, (>,uti(!e'i Cdll bC' qUéllltlOC'd in t{'J'\lIS of SItC'éllillg
Inft'ared spectrometrie st udy; The in 1'1 al ('d spectromct ric po t te'l Ils \\'{'re ohtaiIl{,c\ \\'JI Il
dll 11111(\1('<1 SpclI!OIIJ('kl (~"ocl('1 ,\('('llLAB madC' IJy 11C'(klll,lIl Company) \ ~ttldy 01
1 II<' pl ('''''('11 ( (' cliid ,,1 ll'llgt h (J! 1)()lIdlllg dl t 1 il>llted to the fllllC tIOII,t! gloup" 01 c111101 pIlOU'"
(IJIII!}(JIIIIII ... \\do., ,d t C'lllpleci TI)(' ('XJ!C'lllll('llt ,t! pllllo~ophy i~ h,hl'c! 011 the COII('C'pt t h,t! t IIC
pll· ... (·II«· of "tlullgl.\' hOlld('d rIIIlCIIOII,J! group" will àppe,lI III tl\(' illflcl\C'c1 "1)('( LlcI wilh (le
II<'rI,,(·d pl'.tl, 1111('11'>111('''' ,lIld Il'Icllc!ec! I(J( ,ltioll~ tO\\'clld.., cl higlJ('1' !leqlIc'll< y 11111111)('\ (1)('c1k
... hill) l'Ill', 1'0 dut' 10 t h(' IcI( t t h,tI 1110((' ,,!Jollgl) 1)()lIdl'c! !IIII( 1 1 lJlI ,t! gwup ... hd\(' d 1('''''0('1
11111111)('101 !r('t' gllllIp'" tli \Jll\dtC' \\'ilh Ill<' IIII)!II 11I!J,lled 1,\.\" dl d kllO\\1I jJdltl! llldl' 1('<'Olldltl
fll'qU('IH \ 111011\('1 \\,Ol(!.... Ill(' 'otlOllgC'1 01 "tdf('1 1111' lj(Jlld~. tll(' higl}(,1 tllc flt'CjIWll( \' It
1'" (!ccii, t IWII'llIll' t h,lI cl (Olllpl('k !JOII.!('c! Illll( IIOIl,t! p,IOll]> !dllld) \\ ill ,,11O\\' cl dj ... dPI)(·dl
dll(t'lil tlj(' 1)('.1" IJ<lI\(1. IIIr'rllIllIg Illcll IIU fllllltlOIl,tl glOllp" cll(' !I('el~ le"'Olldlltly \II!lélllllg
110\\'('\1'1,011 1 hl' III h('1 Ilcllld, ,1 !ulld jOlléll glOlI]l LUllIly i" hOllc!ec! toLdly (pC',d, hcliid clI:-.ap
P(·dl.lll«·) 1I1 Pdlll,t1h' (10\\('1 !H'c\k IICI)!,ht) to dllot]}('I ohJ('ct (e' g ~olid ~I\ILIC(" 11<'\\' 1I('lgldJOI
tlllll tll\Il,\1 ,!!,Itl\lp~), I<''oulling Il! l)()tli cl I)('c\k hC'qlI<'IlCy sillft alld cl peak illtC'II!->lty 1('<ludlOIl
O! C\C!I dISapjH'clI'élllC<'. SOlllC r(,~c'é1!ch('!" ('.g. [\i~('I{'\', I!J7:i) illdi(,d,' tit,1I tlll' "tll'll)!.tlt III
t.1t(~ bOlld i~ j>lopoltiollallo the' Ill.tt',llitllde of tll(' jH'ak ~ltlf(. ,lIld (It,l! (h('llll~ulptlull dlldjui
phy~i('al Misorptioll may ulll:-'(, j\l:-'t. SIl< II cl dis'l\)!H'dl,1IH'{' cllHI/ol' p(',lk ~ltir(,
Scanning electron l111CrOscopy (SEM) study; :\ .Ive T:H\O :-,( <1l11\1l\)!, ('h'( (1011 Illil Jl)
:-,( Oj)(' was llscd i Il tllis ~ t lldy, The ~od fa hl te, as wl'! 1 as the 11101 phologl< ,Il dl" 1 l'Il )\11 lull 1>1
,\11101 pltOIl" 11Ic1krial P,ll'tJ('If''." \\C'l(' ,,1 udi('d
X-ray diffraction analysis; .\ Si(,llleJl~ D500 dpjMratlls \\'111t ('Ilhn reldi,illlJll \\el" Ih(·d
to obtalII the X-la)' difrractlOll (XnD) paUctlls of ~oil/al1\orpholl:-' "cllllpl('"
2.4.4 Effect of Aging
:\10'>( of (''>ts pClforlllcd 111 this sludy j>C'IL1I1\ (,0 th(' fl(',>ld,\'-plt'l)ell('d '>(111 '>clillpl,'" Il h
hO\\'('\'('r, ('xjH'(led Ihill "olk e"pe(i,t1I~' all\olpholl'> lll,lI(·n.!k l\1d\ ,dtl'I tl!l'II \IIU\I,'ltl'"
llj>OIl il!!,ill!!" Thil'>, III hot il ll':-.t S('I le" .\ alld B. Il\!' dkch of II\(' d).',lll)!. pl Il( 1'",> Ull 1 III' ,,()t!
pl()pC'lt\('~ cll\d b('l!d\'iolll \\'('1(' "el('(II\c1y :-.t.lIdH'd 10 HCC01lll1 lOI Illt' Irk,·llhuud Ihell 1111' ,,\li!,
will show altc!('c! p<,rfOllllclIlC(' ch cl J'<l( t<'ll"tte'> duC' 10 Ihcir thi'.:oIJ(Jj)t< !l,tll11"
'l'hl' '\!!,I11g pW«' ........ \\ ,h di h\C'\l'd Il) "\(JI ill!!, ft't,~hl\'-pJ('}!,î\('d :-.()!I '>.Jlllpl(·'> III cl 11111111d
IOOI1l al cl (011'>1.1111 1<'IIl[)(,l'dtl\[(' of 2,")"(' cllld ,\ Id,di\,' 11l1l11idll,I of Il)()11t 'l'Il<' .... "il "dl1Ipll'"
\\'CIC pld«'d III p!cl"tit ]<11'> dlld 1\('Il' tlp,htly cl()~('d ln lllclilltcllll d (011,,1.11111\<111'1 IIJlll1'111
dUIlll!!, :-.Io! ,Ige The \\',ll ('1 tOllt('1\1 1\ él'> pr('dct ('ll11illet! ,llld 1 h(,11 ,\11111,,1 ('<1 tu d \ .tlll(· ('<jll," 1 ()
t!J,d <l\ Ih!' 11ldl,'II,d'" I!qtlldity 11\(k'\ o! 1'2,"'). ,1 \l'cll!'r (UIIII'I)1 \,dlil' Itle,h"1 11t<l11 t Ill' I1qlllcl
blllll 'l'hl" \\dll'l (UIlI('llt ~l'1til1).', '>llllld,IIt'", 111 LI( l, II\(' g,'i)-('II\ 11()lllllt'lll,tl ((Jllellllull ul
tlte Ilalut,d !:lCIl~itl\('-lo-qui(k (Icl)~ widch dhtlll>llled tlt!lJIlghuIII tilt' wOlld (\!UIIIII 1'1 ,t1 ,
unl; TOllclIH'(" IQ7."), QUI).',I(·,\, Iq~()) :\101(' "pccr!lf,tlh. tl\(' Il,tll1l,d \\'dlr'l 1 (1111 l'lit... (llllldll\
tc:-.tl'd ~c'l\"lIi\t, (Iily~ ,uv g\(',\tcl th,1l1 11\('11 hqllid linnh. 1 v \h,·liqllldll\ 111<11< 1· .... dl{' 111)'.111'1
Ihell) 1. By ~cttillg II\(' :--dlll(·II<jIIl(lIt\ IlId(', \ ,JIll!' (= l '2:-l) lOI ,ill "clllljd('-, 1IIId('IL'IJIIIl!, 1 1 JI'
'lg,i Il g te" 1. el CU Illlllllli ( lit {'I 1 U 1\ III d \. b {' 1'" l ,d J J 1 .... 1]('<1 1 U 1 0 II 1 1 u 1 1 Ill' 1111 1 l, tl Il dl l' l 'li 1 il 1'1 JI () II 1 III'
SélllH' ba~i" 101 {OIIlP,lll'>UII (JI I!'"I 1(':-'IIlh '1 Ill'> h IlllpUI 1 01111 l'''p'''I.tll\ lOI ('\,dll.i1II1l!, 1 III'
sOtI',> ~tl('lIp,t1t dC\('!UjJllll'lll I,y <tllllllpltOIl" 11IdtC·lldII>Olld .... , d" wdll){' "('('11 III III<' !UIlO\\III!.'.
t h'lptt'l
The ('XjH'llIll(,lllcll 11''>1111" 1'01 t hl' dged "',lIlI!>I!',> cliC' plf',,('!\I('c! III "!J('cili(·t! "1'( 1 lull" hll
1 Ito,>c 1101 '>!l('Clfkd, [rc',>h SOli" cll(' p,C'I\(,I,dl~ ,1 ........ I11I\('d.
2.4.5 Testing Procedure
Ail Il)(' 1(· ... 1-. Il'('11' dOII(' Ulld('1 1,!l)()I,ItOlY conditions whel'e a l'oom tempcl'at.lll'c of approxi
IIldl('ly ~~()(: WdS IIl<lillt <lill('d \\'ben t.he ~oil sétl1lpks had undergone ét one day eqllilibratillg
pl'O( ( . ..,.., III 1 II<' blllllid 100111, tlle)' \l'ne te~ted in the following sequence:
• Test Series A,
COlIsistCIlCy limitsj TIJ('sc tC'sts wcre perl' o l'Ill ed first bccallse the intact watel COIÜ0n(
(\\,,111'1 (OIlL('111 JII ... t clf!!'r !J1'<'p<lI,ltion alld IOlIgh plI adjustment) is usually lI1uch highcr
Illdll 1 III' lI(jllld lilllit. 'l'llI'l'('l'ol(', cOllsistellcy limits need to be evaluatccl, espccially for
1'111111<'1' 111\'(' ... 1 I)!.,lt iOIl of agillg d['n t~
1·'olloll'lllg ('()II"I~I('lln lilllit tcs(~, tl1f' \Vatel' cOIltent of the soil sampks was set up
dC ('lIl dlilg to t IIeir II<jllldity IlId(,x of 1.:25, and the desircc\ plI valllcs wcre adjustcd él('cOiding
t() tilt' 1I' ... t 1('Cjllill'IIl<'llt
SIIP:!I' st.),(~lIgth and aging effectj By set Ling 1 he \Vatel cOlltellt If'!C\élllt 10 t!tl' Ilqlli(lJty
111<11'\ uf 1 :2:J, IJd..,('d 011 th(' (1,11<1 o!Jt,lllled frolll the cOII..,ist0ncy limit test, the uitillldl<' ~1J('.l1
... tl(·llglli \\'d'" 11I1'é\"'III('d Il ... lllg (Il<' l,til-ume ('('hniqu(' al. dIff('l('/lt tllll<' 1Il(C'I'\'ab Thu ... , tll('
<'fll'I t of dp,lllg 011 (II!' d"I('lo[lIIH'IJ! of ")l<'dl ..,tlcllp,th «lit he ill\e ... tig,I1('d
Soil wat el' rdcntion and volume change charactel'isticsj By (olldlle! ing SOli ~1I(,( iOIl
tl .... t~ 1\ It Il \IJIIlIII<' ch,lIlg(' Illt'd ... llll'II\('llt.., 011 t Il(' ~()d '>,lInple", <Iger! 1'01 Oll(, \l'I'('k at cl \\'.1('1'
IIJllI('llt l'<ill,d tll [\\ Il -+ 1 :!.jx(\\ï "'p)] ill tll!' hUlllid IUOIlI, titI' :..ol!'s \V(d('1 IlUldillg
ldjl,dlllit\ tlllti (llllljJII· ... 'idillll\ (hdld(1<'II ... tl<<., IIld,\ ))(' c!('«'IIllIII('c\ Tite olle w('('k aglllg
tilll!' \\'d~ fOlll1d to )l(' Ilt'(t'S"'dl,\ (IIHI ('<.,..,('/ltl(l! for t!w ~allljll('", 10 gaill a ~uffICiellt ri 1l101lII(
o! ... t Il'IlP,! II fOI t Il<' hdll(lIillg plll[JO<.,(' :\.., will he ~('(,Il la(er. 1 Ile !>oil Sdlllpl('s gaJ1wd cl
:"1 !I J:"!.\11 ( l,II dlllOllllt (J! ... t 1{'lIgt Il ,dt(,1 jll~t 011(' Il'eek of rlging,
Agillg ('fJ'('ct. jl'stj \glllg jJl()«'c/lIl{,'" \\('11' dctllally started Ilgh!. "ftel th!' (Olllpictioli
III t ht' 1 tllhl.,tC'Il( l' 11I1Iit:.. tl, ... 1 Liquldity ind('\ 1 :2G \\'as iml1ll'dicltcly ~ct, IIp ri!> a C0l11111011
p,lll1llld 1'1)1 IlJIll]ldll .... OII fUI ,dl tll!' "dillplt'~ Sek('(ec! tests \\'('1(' IWllodi(éllly 1t'[Jed1 ('C!, They
111'1{' (Ilt' (UII ... j·,tl'IH,\ 111lI1t ... tlllt! :..It(',l/ 'itll'lIgth delc·lmilla(lolI.., Th(' ~lIctlOIl tesL. IIo\\'c\'('r,
1.1 kt':.. ,1 IOllg ]ll'I lOci of t III j(' (0 p{'dOlIll a Il cl .. hell( e, all'l'ady i 11\ 01 \,('s the I)J OC0~S of agi ng,
•
• Test Series B·
III tllis test ~ell(,S, c!l<'llli( al conditlOlls of soils, i.e plI, pore salmity, \\'('\(' c,\rdI111~ \ 01\
tro11co. Most of the pbysi(()-chemical t('st<;, ('.g. surfac<' ar('a, vlscosit.y \{':-.I, weil' dOlIC' \lsillg
reIDolded soil sélllIples. N('V('rthelcss, some' 'lgec! samp]('s W('I"<' Il'wd for IWrtodic,t1ll1ollitol
ing of challge in propellies \Vit.h t,i(l]('. fn adehtio11, llndislllJ]H'd (or as 11',10.;1 Ih:-.llll]H,d ""
possible) sampl('~ W('l'(' ctl~o <'lIlploye'd ill SOIlW ~l)('ciéll lesls. ('.g,. ~Oll mil 1"0-:.1 II\( Illll' :-.1 tldy
by SEi\L III the fOI Illel cclse'. tf'sts wen' c10lle lollowing \Oll\plet iOll of tIlt' ("OIl"I:-.II'IH ~ 11I1I1\'-.
tests in Series A. In the' IclUel nuw, !to\\'('vl'r, Il'sb \\'('n' p<'lforIlH·d ,,«I)ldillg 10 Ill<' :-.p('( i.d
requir(,lllcnts of Ut(' (,Xp<'1 inwnts as c!esCl ibed ill t.he !ell'vcl11t :-.cc\ iOll:-', wil Il 1110((' dl'I,lil"
givc11 ill Appelldix B.
Cllapter 3
Experimental Results, Analyses and Discussions
3.1 General
TI\(' cxperilllcntai reslIlts to be presented in this chapter are obtained from two different
~Olllces
• Natural marine soils, and
• Lalwratory-prepared soils
Till' J('sldt~ aIld ,lll(dyses derived from the natural manne soils contain both present
,llld pr<'VIOl\~ studlf's. sincc a ~Igllificant amount of information is readIly available in the
Ill<'r,üure By rcvlcwiIlg the pH'VIOUS studies, many useful experimental data are gathered,
'\ortco and tJ('ilted lI1 arder to sUIte for thic:; study. Only the results directly related to the
«(}lltnbutioll alld t.he rolc playccl hy the constituent amorphous material are reported in this
chap!'el Tht' gcneral charactellzation of the Batural St. Maunce clay is made and detailecl
III Appelloix D
Thl' l,dlOI atory-preparecl saris consistmg of ilhtic soil and kaolinite clay are systemat-
1( cllly ~tlldl('d ill Iwo aspects - Series A. general geotechnical engineering properties and;
Series B Jlhy~iclJ-clH'mical cheU actel istics Though the two aspects are different, Intimate
(l'la t ionslll ps an' expected A ct udlly, asti ong dependence of a soi l 's geotechnical properties
OIl tlte pltyslco-chclllIcal char,utellstlcs has been revealecl. For the purpose of character
iZlllF, t he ICStllt~ Il1to dlffclent categones, geotechOlcal aspect and physico-chemical aspect
31
•
m(' still treated ,llld presC'llt cd separately. A cOll1pMisOIl of re~lIlts bel \\'('t'Il t Ill' Il.11111.11 tlllt!
IclbOlalOly dc\ys is al~o llleHle at the ('Ile! of the ch.l(llt'r
3.2 Results from Natural Marine Soils
3.2.1 Geotechnical Engineering Aspect
TI\(' clTllOlUJt dlld (olll[Jo:-,it.lOlI of a!nol p!tOll:-' materÎal pn'sPllt in 1 hl' St. 1\1.1111 i( l' (Id\:-' \\('It'
dctcllIlIncd and t.he I(':-,\llt:-. arc showll ill Fip, :l.2 1. For th(' plIl pO:-'(' of «(j11l!><l1 hOIl, 1 II<'
systC'Illcltic J("-l1lt" of 1"'0 otllC'l Champlaill Sea days --- typicalllléllill<' ~0I1" uf l':d:-,tl'III
Canada, llélIll('ly G,ltlllcall ,uHI St. Alhall (Yong (,t cl!., 19ï9,t), tll(' clbo plt':-'I'lltl'd Il 1:-'
seen t h,lt 1 he elll\OUllts of alllOI pllolls matel ial gen<'1 <III:, de( lC'd..,(' WII h III( 1 ('d..,lllg Ikpt Il, dlll'
pl'imarily to the declC'dsillg illllorpholls sibca COlltPllt The hlp,Il<'1 ,UlIOl'p!t()II.., (Ullkllt IOl1lld
in the upper 1<I}C'r solls suggests thc\t a greal,C'1' chC'llliud oXldet1 ((JIl (\\'l'dl ht'lllIg) III1J.',ht h<l\('
plOdllccd 1ll0l(' éllllOlpholl" lllclte!lals rllltlwl'lllOl(" it I~ ~ho\\'11 th.lI tilt' diIlOlpiIOII.., Illdt('II
al" clIC' C0I11»0:-'0<1 Illellldy of (11I{,(' (UIIl()(Hl<'IlI;" Ildllll'h (Ill Oldl'I ur e"JlIII(LIII( (.) <1111111 ph(lIl;,
..,ili( cl, ilon ane! ,dUllllllél TIl<' tole!1 ((llltellt (SIIIIl of Si. F(, alld ,\1), tI.., ..,1'('11 III FIl!, :\ ~ 1. (clii
hc\\c \,t!uC':-, \'éll\'illg 110111 dS lo\\' d:-' G% of Iht' ~od Ill""" ,d SI ),[.11111«' ((1 cl.., 1t1.l!,1t cl'" ~II;: cil
Gat i Il ('cl Il
'l'hl' m(l"s latlO. \\'Ill< li can bp uS0d as a paranH'(f'(' fOI C'\'élllldi iOIl 01 1111' (Olll\HJ"lt IOIl,t1
errect of al1l0rphOll" Illatel ial, \\'dS calculai ('d :lI1d JO; ..,ltowll III Fig :\ ~ ~ A \'dll,lIIOIl \\'1111
(!l'pth i~ S('('11 and the \'alue!:'> clrc found in Ill<' IclIlg(' of ()~!i jo (J fi() \'01(' tlt,iI tht' Il..,1' (JI
[Fe20l/(F'e20.l + Si02)] Ill""''' rat.io fOl Ill(' natUlell ~oil.., (all!lut lully Idf'lItlh tIlt' dlt'(t (lI
,lI110rpltolls (,Olll]><hltlOlI '-,III( (' t II(' alUlllllle\ (,Olll{Jllllt'lll 1" 1I0t Ill( IlIdl·d \,(JJl<'IIII'I(·..,..,. 11 1'-,
..,till adopt('d 101 tlt(, PIlIPO"'l'" 01 >;('P,llcltlllg metlt'II,II (ollkllt dlld «(llllpIJ'-,IIIOll. cl.., \\(,11 d'-,
!lCillg (Oll .... ht('llt \\'11 It t Il<' .... \ 111 11('~iz('d 'lIIl<)J'IlItOll'-, Illdt ('1 let!.., Il..,(·<1
Sod ;'ClI;'ltIYlI\. dt'll1lt'd clS t!t(' l,ltlO Ollllldl~tlld)('d ..,1t1'c11 ..,tl(·lIgtlt lu 1('llIold('d ,,!t('dl
~trellgth (T0rZelglti. l!ln). ('.Ill pl'O\idt' ildOlllle!tll)Jl \\Itlt 1<'.l!"lId jo titI' 10"'" 01 '-,1l<'IIJ.',lh IljlU11
di"tulh,lllce (lnd. h('II«(', (elll c!t,lJactf'lize th(' sod's ill..,t.dJt1lt\ III gl'Ilt'Ied. tlll ItIJ.',h('1 tilt'
s('n~ill\'ity, (I\(' 11101'(' d :-,od (',Ill 10;,1' Ils ~tl('llgllt dlld hl'Iltt'. tilt' IllOI(' dclll,!.',(·IOll.., 1111' '-,(Jt!
would 1)(' 'Llhl(' J ~ 1 (Ll'-,..,if:l'!:,> the "'('Ihillvity <)1 ..,0I1!:'> 11<1'-,('<1 011 t II<' Illdp,llll Ild(' (II "('11>.,111\ 11 \
valllc", A ;,oil, 011 d "'('Il;,iti\'i(} ~(etl(' rallgllig h011l ",1 to >(11. (c111 lH' (lcI..,..,IIl<'d 1('''1)('( 11\'('1\
dt-> dlllll~(,Il"tli\'(' lL!,\' (.dlllO..,\ 11010;'.., ol"'(ll'Ilgtlt) {JI .III ("tl.t-qlll<k Ild\' (,tllll()'-,! Ilkt' Ilqlll")
AKIRPIDJS NATERIAlS : 1 ) AIOlPIIJUS MATERI"LS ( 1 ) AK'RPIDJS NATERIAlS ( 1 )
0.0 2.0 40 B.o 8.0 10.0 12.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 DO 2 : 4.0 6.0 B.O ID 0 IZ.O 14.0 16.0 18.0 2D.0
:r O. 0
5
10
:t 1 1/ / fi 1 f 2
IS·
:3
20
'"
.J 1 tr 1 :w: '"
~ j! 3U
~ 5
III III <L ... c
6
IZ~ 4- ~ • ~O
7
45 U\- 1 \
:l B
&ATltEAU ST. AlBAN
l''~ • AIm'ID.IS AllD.J 9
ST. !CAlJ!(CE ~ AIOlPID.IS F D2l1)
18 L o AIOlPIIJUS SIOz ID
D roTA!.
_.-------
F1g. 3.2.1 Distr1bution of amorphous material quantity and compositlon with depth for sorne Quebec
Champlain Sea 'lavs (data for Gatlneau and St. Alban from Yong et al., 1979).
33
~----~ --. ~~ _.~. ~ ~
HASS RATIO MASS RATIO MASS RATIO
0.00.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .3D .35 .40 .45 .50 0.00.05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .~O .45 .50 0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .~O .4S .50
:r °l~' ',,' 0
5
10
r 2
15 -
li
:[ ~ 20
~f ,. :0: \ :0:
:l ~ ~ 10~ i!: 30- ~
!11 !11
j 35
121- &. .01-
.5 -IH 1 B
50 GATltUU
leI- 9 1 ST. AlIIIIN 5S -
ST. HAtIlICE ~ IIASS RAlIO
le L 60 10
FIg.1.2.2 Varlatlon of amorphous mass ratIo ~lth depth (mass ratIo = Fe203/(Fe203+ 5102)' ln unIt of mass).
3~
l Table 3.2.1 ClassificatIOn of sensitivlty (from Rosenqvist, 1953).
Sensitivity Value (St) Dcscription
'" 1. 0 insensitive 1-2 slightly sensitive 2-4 medium scnsitlve 4-8 very sensitive
8-16 slightly quick 16-32 medium quick 32-64 very quick > 64 extra quick
nique, and thc relationslup between the sensltivity and the amorphous material content is
plotled in Fig. 3.2.3. 1'0 best reveal the correlation of sensitivity with amorphous material
content, tlle experirnentdl data of many other marine soils are also shown. Note that those
soi Is were takcn [rom various locations (refer to FIg. A.l) and hence are, ta a very large
extent, reprcsentative of the marinc soils Hl Eastern Canada. It is seen that the sensitivity
if> dramatically increa~cd wlth an decrease in amorphous content The present experimen
tal finùings for the St. Maunce clays have reinforced thc previous work by rlarifY1l1g what
occur5 If tllc dmorphous content present 111 a ~oil has d low value 1'0 be specifie, the seIl
sitivity is seen to hecome slgnifieantly Il1gh as the amorphous material content approaches
(i% In other words, the ~oil change~ its status from sensJti\c (St=4) to quick (St=16) and,
thell, to extra-quick (St>G4)as the amorphoU'3 material content decreases from 24% to 15%
dlld, theIl, to rv G%. On the other hand, the sail tends to be more stable (insensitlve) \Vith
an JIlCicasing amount of thls partlcular soil c0nstit.uent.
The Icl,ttlOnship betwccn scnsitivlty and amorphous material content is seen to obey
an cxpollential coneldtion, as illustrated ln FIg. 3.2.3. It immediately appears that thc
pIcsellCC of this SPCCidl non-crystalllflc mattcr (amorphous matcrial) plays a very important
IOle 1Il reduciIlg thc scnsItl\'lty of East Canadlan marine soils As wdl be shown later
III gr('atcI detail. the amorpholls ITlatcrial fulfils a role of incrcasing thc rcmolded shear
~trellgth due tü Its V1SCOUS nature Some authors, e g BJcrrum (1954), found that therc
i~ cl llI11q\W concl,üIoll bctwcell !'>ensItIvity and liquidity mdex for Norwegian marine clays.
TllIs se('Il1IIl~I.\' do('~ !lot holù for the' East CanadJan marine clays (rder to Fig 3.3.4.5). As
('xplaIII('c! Iatl'I III SectlOIl J .1. I1lan}' factors can contributc to the dIfference The primary
OIl{'~ m,lY hl' the dcposltlOllal alld post-depo')ItIonal envIron ment which causes dIfferences
III suri fahI ie al rangCTlll'Ilt/structur(', cementation/bonding condItion, etc., even though the
IlllIl<'l'dlùgIC,t! (,Oll1pO~itlOn IS more or less the same (Torrance, 1975)
35
Fig.3.2.3 Relationship between St & AM for marine soils at Eastern Canada
Soil location
St. Maurice
+ St. AI ban (1)
f- Gatineau (1)
DOutardes (2)
.' Grande-Baleine (3)
,', St. Marcel (3) ,',
St. Leon (3)
Chicoutimi (3)
Sensitivity
300 ~ f
30
z
0\
• \ X
00, \
+ ~+ T~
o
~
+ r 1
+~o
+~
( 1) - Ya n 9 e t al., 19 7 9 a (2) - Yang et al., 1979b (3) - Locat et al, 1984
i 3 L_
3
..j.é
0/0 Amorphous Content
36
....
30
•
In orJer to furtllf'r appreclate the significance of amorphous material relative to en
gllleeI inp; pel for Illilllce, the conslstency propertIes of St. Maurice clays were determined
To obtcllIl il fullcI pIC tUle, the aVdIlahle datd in the IIteraturc are also summarizcd and
[lI (',>entrd 'l'Il(' values of A tterberg linllts and plasticity index, ploUed in Fig 3.2.4, clearly
show a dep(,Ilc!ellCf' 011 the amorphous material content It is cvident thal an ITlcreasing
tlelld III AUcI berg llmits alld plasticity IIldcx exists \VIth an incrcase in the amount of amOl
pirou:'> matenals A better correlation (r2 =0.6 1) is obtained for Iiquid limlt and amo[ phous
(OfltPllt, ,t8 IIldlcated by the correl<ltion coefficients Similar observations were aiso obtained
by IIcnclershot ,wei C"mon (l9iS), who llotlced a decrease in plastlcity duc to amorphous
rna te 1'1 dl rClllovéll lrom allother miUIIH' t>oil In other words, the more amorphous matenais
cont.élllled III ct ~O!l, t11C lIlor<' pldstlc the sod IS It is further llotee! from Fig :3 2 <1 that the
data points fall !nto a band SlI1CC man)' factors, sl:ch as scd composItion and mmeralogy,
arc Ilot exactly Idenlical, and hencc can affect these properlles This indicatcs a need to
~tlldy the ('ff('ct of arnorphous composItIon Oll the soil propertJcs
Il should be nwntlOIled lhat for a givcn type of clay soil, there is a strong correlation
IJetwecll consisteflcy lilTiits and day fractioll « 2/L) content (Skempton, 19.53) Thit> is
,t!so obvlously truc for East Canadlart manne soils sincc the amorphous materials, which
,U (' pOOl III CI ystallllllt), are rnalllly pl csent 1Tl thc colloid fractIOn in thc soi ls (1 der to
S<'ctioll :L:3 3) Thuc;, an InCled~(, !Tl the amount of amorphous matcnals wIll defimtely
('I1neh the clay fractlOII content On the other hand, however. the conc;tltuent aIllOI phou~
l1l,dell,lll~ dlltlClpdtf'cl to lIlfluencc soil propertics mOle dramatically and. to él lCltain
('xtcnd, dlffell:llt!y th,tn the cldy present lI1 < 2p fldction, duc simply tü Ils large surface
,lIe(\, clwrnllal composltioll and. c\ ell more uIllquely, its 11Ighly yct vanably chaIged SUrfdccs
(wlllch mo:'>t clays dp not ha\'('). a., descrlbed later in Chaptel·1. Bccause of these, the
lIlfllll'll( ('" of élIllOrphollc, ll1éltcnab on soil propertlcs are cxpressed in termt> of ItS content
for qu,lIlt ILttl\'e effect. and It~ milSC; ratIO for compositlOnal effcct
3.2.2 Physico-chemical Properties
SpCl'Ili( "Ill f<ln' élH'a 1<" found to III{ 1 ('é\c;e \\'Ith an mClcase in the arnoqJlous matenal content
\\'11 h r 2 =() ïG. \\ hI< Ir {OIlfrrIll~ that the élIllorphouc; rnaterictl does exisl, in a finer fractlOIl
1 htlII cltl~~, tI~ ~('ell III p,rdph (.1) uf rlg ;1 ~ ,j It IS nO\\' clear tbat the cO!I'ii:'>tellcy limlb of
tilt' l1,t!IlI,t!llltl[lIlt' "01'" ,lI{' (uIII[oll('<I Ly the :'>peclfic surface arC,1 Slllce a large surface alea
1lt'l(,"~lt,\tt'" a 111gb \\'dlc1 llOldlllg cdT>ctClly 01 COlIslstel1C) liIlllt Other physlco-cheTlllcal
(l[OPt'I tll'~ of ~o[b d[t' ,d~ll lllflul'Ilu.:'d by tlw fiIlC CO!l~tltuellt duc to ItS <iIllple surfctce drea
3ï
i
•
,----_._------ ------ --- ------ -
a), Liquid limit vs amorphous material
lIqUld Llmlt (%) ID
1IRll..J~ 70
St M8UrlCQ
+ St Alban (1)
80 .. GiH!neeJu (lI
a Out!'paes t<t 60 ,
Granae Oalolno (1)
0 St Marcoi 131 40 A St Leon \31
r CI"Hcoullml (31 30 ...
a [J
..
20~-------___ ~ ___ .L ___ ~_
o 6
(1) - Yong et al, 1979a (2) - Yong et al, 1979h (3) - Local el al. 1984
10 15
% Amorphous Content 20
b), Plastic limit vs amorphous material
Plastic Llmlt (%) 36
30
25
..
..
~ n.hl
+ r' (l Sil
20 + , , :> o 0
15
10 0
% Amorphous Content
c). ?Iasticity index
Plastlclty Index ('It) 00
40
30
20
10
o
'" ')
---L-...--__ _
10
+
15
% Amorphous Conlent
[l
..
[1.4H
20 15
FIg.3.2.4 Relatlonshlp belween C(HlSI~tell(y Ilrnll~ élnd amUrph[lll'-'
content [or sorne mdrtne sOlls of Easll'rn Canada,
38
a). Specifie Surface Area
Specifie Surface Area (sq m/g) 140
IQII IpcllIon
120 SI .... aui ,ca
<- s • "'Oen (1) r' 0.75 .. '00
Gatineau 111
~ Granae Bal,ln. (JI
<> $1 ~alcel (J)
10 C. $1 laor-. \3)
X Cn,(.oulllT'l (3)
10 .. * '0
20L---------~----------~---------L----------~--------~
(1) - Yong et al. 1979a (3) - Local et al .. 1984
'0 '$
% Amorphous Content
20
b). Cation Exchange Capacity
Cation Exchange Capaclty (meq/100g) n
lall IgG'"Qo
SI Yeu' Ice
20 ... 51 A,IDal'l (Il
.. Gat.neau (1)
fi
'0
o SI "-48,r61 (3)
A 31 Leon (3)
x o , r ().28
o o
.I~ _________ ~ __ ~ ______ ~
(1) - Yong et al • 1979a (2) - Yong et al. 1979b (3) - Locat et al. 1984
'0 '$
% Amorphous Content
C). Zeta Potential
Zeta Potentlal (-mV) 415 r 40
... 315 , .
30 ---------- '
215
20 Sgll I~Ui.lIgD
SI M8uflce
+ SI Alban 1 Il 115 .. Gat 1 neau '1
++-
+ -lJ-+
20
r ,
0.28 ... ..
~
<-
* 10L----------~----------~--------------------~--------~
o 15 10 115 20 25
% Amorphous Content
(1) - Yong et al. 19793
Fig. J.2.S Sorne phYSlco-chemlcal propertle'3 of East Canadlan marine
so11s ln relatlon lo amorphous content.
39
In graph (b), the cation exchange capacity (CEC) shows a positive trend, thou!!;h the
correlatIOn is poor \Vith r2 =0.28. Whereas the cledro-kmetic (zeta) potentiaJ se('ll1~ to
decline, as shown by th(' correlatIOn (r2 =0.28) in graph (c). Note that the cOr!elatlOll 1Il,1~
probably be better fOI eael! IIldlvidual soillocatioll Attcmpt \\as also matl(· to ddt'lllllllt'
the anion exchdnge capacIly of the St. l'vlauricc days in tin effort 1.0 ([l1antify tht' a111011111 of
pOSitive charges on the clay surface. However, il was not pOSSIble ta l\lea~lIl(' ,\{,(,llld-ldy tllt'
amount of po~itive charges duc simply to the insigndic.tnt portlonjamol1l1t of llH' ch,l1g('~
present on the surfaces compal'ed with that of the Ilegatlvc ch,uges III olllt'I wOId:-., Ilrt'
amount of pOSItive charges IS too small tü be rneasuled A similal experill1t'lltal Ol>sCI\',ltlOlI
\Vas alsü reported hy Duquette and I1endershol (1987).
The incrca~ing CEC IS duc tn the mcrcased t0tal negative slIIfaœ area. !IoW('\'('I, tll('
reduced zeta potcntJaL which measures the net charge (l'esultant charge from hotll nq;{ülw
and pOSItive surfaces), can be attnbuted to the faet that clay milWl'dls pO~S('~:-' d higlwl Z(·td
potential than amorphous materia\s, as wdl bc dlscll:-.sed in a LÜPI s('c tWI1
Efforts were also made to evaluate the IIlfluence of amorpholls COIllP,)..,rt iUIl Oll t.ht'
surface propertres. IIowcver, il is Ilot Immedlately cleaI what contnbllt.loll t.he a.IllOlpllUU!->
mat.erial type might have relatIve ta the soil's performance, dut' probably to Uw COIllpO"I
tiona1 complexity of the natural soil system (sec Section 34 for dctarled dIscussIon) TI\1~
substantiates the necesslty of using compo5itlOn-controlled laboratory soi!.., to !->tlldy UH'
composltlOnal effects.
So far, It bas becn seell that amorphous materials play impoltant role'i III (!artlclpallllg
and controllmg Ilot only geotechmcal, but also phy~lco-chem\CaJ pJOp('rtI<'~ of IIl,l!!TIC soi 1.., III
Eastern Canada It IS also seen that the geotcchnical propcrtI<':-', e!!, :-'CIlSltrVlty, (on~l"t('I\( V
lrmits, arc controllcd by the physlco-chcIlllCal characteIlstlcs
Although the experimelltal results prescnted III thi~ ~cctlOll rc()r(,~cl1t ti fcurly l,u~('
area and, III t\lln, \'allety of the II1cHlll<' soli" III EdSt Canada, tlJ(' ,U1thol CIHOUlclg('S flltllJ('
studles to he condllLtecll1l ail effort 1,0 obtalJl more test data alld ther,;olt' fUI ther I('~tlfy
these hypotheses. The followlI1g scctlOns pre<;('nt <;y:-.telllcLtlc study r<,,,tdt... ,lIld (lr"'CU"~I()\l'"
whlch focus on the effecb of quantlty, as weil a<; cornposltlon of alllUI pho'J.., Ill,t! ('11,1].." Olt
the properties ,wd beha\'ior of composltion-controllcd laboratory (lay ~orl..,
40
3.3 Results from Laboratory-prepared Samples
3.3.1 Overview of the results
Olle /Ilight hdve Ilotl('('d from the prevlOUS discussions on the results of natural marine soils
tltat the bctslC role~ playcd hy the amorphous material may be traced to its highly act ive
,>urfaCf> (hal actcflstIC,>, J {' the large surface area and high surface charges. To furthel
dcrnonstrate tlH' amolphollS raies and ta verify t!Je above statement, tests 'ACle performed
011 the laboratory-prepared, composltlOn-controlled soii samples. In order to give a general,
yet cbu, pJctUlC of the slglllficancc of amorphous material, a highlight of the results is first
pI('~eIlted III this SPctlOIl (more detaded discusslOns of the results are gl\'en in the coming
~ect.ioll~ )
III FIg 3.3], plastlclt)' mdex, shear strength, water holdmg capaclly and volume
change characte[],;tlc~ arc shown as fllBctlOns of amorphous quallt!ty (percentage admp::ed)
,l/Id (OIllPO~ltlOll (mas~ ratlO) lt IS seen that the plastJClty index of illltlc sod plus amOl
phous cOllstituent IllCleaSl'S wlth an IIlcrease 1fI tl1(' amollIlt of cldmlxed amorphous matefl
,lI,>, but VaIH'S wlth the composltlOIl or mass ratIO of the amorphous complcx, a~ shown in
(<1) of FIg :3:3 1 For a glycn amount of amorphous mateflal, a minimum plastlclty index
oC('lIrs fOl ~aTllplt''> hin illg arnorphouc:, matenal composed of mass ratIO 0.40. A sirmlar
ob"('f\',dIOIl (<lll lie Ilotlced fOI the watel holdIng capacity derived flom the soil ~uctlOn
water U>Iltt'lll rciatlOllship, sccn III (b) The shear strength developmcn~, shown in (c) of
FIg 3:3 l, ddTC>I" itll101lg \ëllIOUS samp!es, though they had the same 1I1Itlal remolded shear
,,1 lt'lIgl h ,llId IIquldlty Illdcx (1.25). V/hile the developmcnt of sheal strength IS favoled
Il) tht' rtlIluI phou" quantity present, il, vafles Wlth the amorphous COmpO':iltloll or mass rd
t lU For cl glVt'1l alllount of amorphou':i constituent, a maxImum value of shear strength is
ohtculled clt the ,l'lUca! m,lS'> r(ülo 0 40 Because of the variatIOn of shear strength, the vol
umetrl( (h,IIIgt', Whlcll reflects tbe ~()Il's compressIon hchavior, 1<, lcduced \\'Ith an increase
III t 11(' illllUI phou~ qUcllItlly, and I~ mllllml7ed aL masf, ratIO 0 ·10, as seen III Fig 3:3 Id,
\Vla'lI Ill<' ~ét!ll(, pl(,~~Ule (~uctlOn pFI = 3) IS applIed To furthcr demonstrate the effects of
,\(ldltIOII of ,lIll0l phOll~ !ll,ltenals Oll the surface properties of the Illitlc sod. specific surface
cI'l'cI and (cltlOIl l'\,hange capùclty welc detertllllwd, and the ]('sultc; ale presentee! III (a)
and (t) of hg ;~ ~l~, 1(,C;pl'ctl\'el} lt 1" seell thclt both speClfic surface are<l and catIOn ex
Ch'lIl!!,(' Ccq),lclly IllC!('(\"(' wlth al1lorphou,> content, hut vary \VIth amOlphou~ compOSItIOn.
:\ III III 1 III li III \ cI!IlC (lI 'ip('clfic sm f,ICt· ale,l, but maximum catIOn exchdnge capaclty takes
Ipl' = Inp;,lflllllllle \,dllC of waler ht'dd III lf'lltIIl1ctrCf,
41
Il. PLASTICITY lm/CES vs. NA5S RATIO bl MATER CONTENT AT SUCTION OF pF 3
150 r • 251A.N.
.. 1511.."-I~ ': f
• 2~1 A Il .. \51 A N
0 ~ 1 A Il
120 80
lOS 70 .. \j
~
60
l5 0- 50 li
r:
! u
~ ..-A
ffi ~~ 0-~ ~ :a
30
30 20
15 10
'ko . / .2 .3 .. .5 .11 .7 .9 .U 1.0 0------- -00 1 2 ~ 7 1 0
NASS RATIO ( F •• o./( F •• o.· 9/0.» MA55 RATIO
cl 9iEAR 5TIlEHGTlf 1 AGEn FOR OHE I40NTlf 1 dl VOLUME CHANGE AT SUCTlOtl OF pF 3
~ .. • 251 A Il .. 1~1 A 1
300 1- a 5 1 A Il Bf
• 5 1 A M
Jo 151 A M 27
0 251 l Il
2'
2!10
~ \ 200 ~
~ 1 I~ en
~ ~ \00
/f sof- /0-
21 f-
~ "r 1 15 ~ ~ 12 el >
9
Il
// //
,/
0'-,
o 0 2 3 ! e 9 1 0
NA55 RATIO
o 1 ! 1 1 1 1 • l , j .. " ,.", .. MASS RATto
Ill. J. ).1 \ -:;,I~"l,ln' -,1 r('sults hlllhlH:htlll'>:. the effects of 3r.1orplwus r1dterlcd (content and UJlilpOSltlOn) (J!1 sorne
l'i \ "ll ,11 pr"l"l'rt lt''''' ',Î 1111 t Il s1l11. 42
L
.j::
w
2!iO
225
.e · " • 200
i ~ 115 · ~ ~ 150
i 125
.1 SPECIFIC Sl.WACE AREA vs M_SS RATIO
o 251 1. N
151 A M
o 5 1 AI(
....... ------ ,/
""- ---....-
---- ---0---100 1 , 1
o 0 !.5 6
400
350
~ ..... " 1 30 0
~ u
§ 25 0
120 0 Ir
l:i
~ il 150
10 0 o 0
NAS5 RAllD
----------
cl. CATION EXCIWIGE CJ,PACITY VS. MASS RATIO
• 251AM
" 151 AM
o 51 A M
----+-----..." - '-- .......
~~ ---Q--
.- ---- -....
2 3 li
MASS RATIO
bl IV.STlCIH INDEX VS sPEClnC Sl.WACE ARU
~O 0 r • 2S1 A M
" 151 A 14
35 0 ~ 0 51 A M
O. '!JY" 30 0 ~ ./
./ ./
25 0 ./
i ./ - 20 0 ./ e ./ u ../ .-/' ~ 150 /' 0,25 /' ~ -----
,,-.- -- --ID 0 ---- 0.54 __ --
sol- .. -"- 1t.40 a 0.40 0.40
o 0' 1 1 1 , , , ! !
. ~
1 III
i
100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160 170 leo 190 200
350
515
280
2~5
210
175
I~O
105
70
35
~6 0
SPECIFIe SlWAce AREA ( Iq ./u )
~J 5HEAR STREN6TH 'A6EO fJR ONE M!MII J YS CATION EXOIAHSE CAPACITT
• 251 AM.
.. 151 A.N •
o 51. le
/ o.5Y/
/ ,/
...
0.4 .1(V/
// //-1>.25
lB 0 20 0 22 0 2~ 0 260
0.40
28 C
CATION EXOIAHSE t'PACITY ("Q/IOOg J
.40
300 32 0 3~ 0
FIg. 3.3.2 Surface area and catIon exchange capaclty of ~111tic 5011 plus amorphous materia1, and their
relatlons ta plastlclty ~ndex and shear strength, respectlvely.
Note: \31ues beslde data pOUltS III b) dlld d) Jenote lllélSS ratio.
place fOl ~clll1pks wit h illllorpholls llIateric11 C OlllpO~t'd of 0 ·Ill 11Id~~ l,II ID
Il, i~ \,('ry ckar, "tthi" poillt, Ihd.t tl)(' pJ'('~(,I!('('of ,1I11Olph()lI~ IlIdlt'll,!I.., 11111111'1111'''' ~()t1
pl opert ies i Il t \\'0 W cI,\ .., I)y il,.., qualltity <llld ils cOlllpt,..,it 1011 01 t.\ Pl' 'l'II!' 1 1)!'II'!.1I lOI!'"
betw(,(,l1 ~orl plop(,ltiC'~ dlHI ~lIlf,l('c Ch,lJ'dC teli~II(,"" i e 1,lIgt' "'lIrf.l<t' alC(\ .llld 1I11t'1l~i\l' "'111
l'dU' chalge, 01 alllolplloll.., (olllplcx (<III 1)(' l('adily ('~t.\hlis\\('d. Th(, ill< Il'<\',cd \\,111'1 llOldl1\g
Cc\jlélC ity, ill t(,I'll\~ of pL\"lll ily lIl<k, 01 ~0I1 SU( 1 1011, IS .il t Ilhlll<'d <111('( 1 h ln 1 III' 1111 «·.hl·t!
slIrfd('(' éuca IIpOI1 additiol1 or alllOlpholl~ IIldU'llals, <1.., illll..,ll.tlcd ill FIg :~:~ :!I), \\'11!'1\ d
palt.iclllar typ<' or Illél:,~ 1.1110 al dlllOlphollS IlIdtelld\:" I~ gl\'C'Il, 'l'hl' hd..,i" 1)1' 1 1)(' IIlt'chd Il 1"'"1
is Ibat cl la/gel ~lIrl,1< (' ill('d [)Jovidl''' d g,/'t'dl<T dvailêllJllit: fOI \\'dtl'I to 1)(' ,1I1'io!1)('d 011,
\VI( h J'('~pect (0 t 11(' ,,1 Il'lI!!,t h clIal (\( \'1'\'J"t j,s. bo\\,('\('r. t Il(' ('1I!t,\l1( (·rI ..,111'.\1 :-.t lt'I1g1 h ,lIld.
11('11(,(', l'edllc('c! \Olllll\<' 1 bclll)2,C' (lo\\' (Ollll)!(',,~ihility) bv thl' III( Il'd'''ll1g dlllOl pll()l1~ IIldll'
lidl cOlllc'lIt IIldiccll<' III(' ('\I"f(>I\('e of "(IOI1g, 1111 ('l',\et1\(' fOl(I· ... hl'1\\'I~'11 III<' (Id,\' Pdlll( Il· ...
IJ/Ollght ahout hy the cîlllOlphou" coll()ld~, hllllH'I'I11011" lit(' 1I1c1\1I11l1l11 "lll'd, ..,11t·l1glh dlll!.
1\('IlC(" mlnill1l1m \'Oltllllt' cltall?p, occulTee! at the IlId"" 1 at in (JI Cl Hl. 11IIply t !t,II t I\l'~l' 11111'1-
dctl\'t' foJ'«''ô lI1.1y br' Opllll1lz(,d at Ihis pal\HlIltlr ,1I110rpIt01l" "t!ICd IJ()lI 1 lllllhllldllOll :\11
pos:-,iblc bOlldillg IIJ('( 11<1111:-'111" 11<1\'(' \'l'ell ill\ l'~tig,tfl,d ,1IIe1 ,,1 "dwel (~I'l' ('lld[>II'1 1) 0111'
of tlte 1I1.t]Or 11Iit'1,lrli\(' 101l1'S i" fOlllld to 1)(' titI' e!c<1lo-..,t.ttl( ,tltldl 11011, \\'1 Il tI 1 dlH'llh
f,Hil1l,II('" II\(' fOlIIl<l,;OIl of (,clllt)!1 IJlid/2,ÎIl/2, 1>OlId" ;\!llll' :-,pt·cdl(,tll\'. clllt' 1-1 tlll' 111111',\:-,('
ln Il ('l!"d 1\1' ,,"rld('(' (It<lli-',I'''', ,\'> illdH ,dee! 1)\ t Il<' ('1·:<' (I,\~!, :~:~ ~(), <1 ..,jglldil .tlll 1111111111'1
of C \,1\ ( ) cation( +) dlllUI plto".., (ollold,,( - ) cI"~()Cldt IOlh t'dll ))(' l' ... t dblI..,\It,c! Il h (j1'\'IU",
1 II d 1 1 II (' Il i g Il (' 1 t Ill' I}( ,,!!, cl t Î \ l' C" cll /2, l 'S 01 (' E (', 1 1 \1' ~ t 10 Il,!!, (' 1 : Ilt' C , Il JOli III 1 cl,!.!, III,!!, Il t) Il cl TI)I'
1<,ldllOlI"ItIP 1)('1\\'('1'11 "IW,1l "Uellgtlt dllcl U~iOIlI',(It,lIlg(' (<lpd( 11\ 1" ,,110\\'11 III FIl!, l:l:!cl II
..,llOllld 1)(' ItlClltWllcd tlt<lt t1w llIUC(\:-,('d ..,trcllgth is Ilot ..,()II'\~ d\l(, III 11\1' Illl Il',,'''IIIl', "'11r!,l(t'
lll,lI',!!,('''. Iml .d"o \0 (JIlin i1l1l'lacti\,(' 1'01('('''. ~l\('1t a~ l1\dlogt'1I hOlld ... j)('ldI!('cI ,,1111111" dIt'
..,110\\'11 III lall'l ,l'( IIOll'"
ln \\('\\' of ,dl tll\' 1'\\l('lillH'lltal fillcl!lIg", It 1:-' ll'\'l',lkd Ilt,d tl\l' \',dlll' of dllllllphllll'"
llld«'ri,tlill COllllulllllg 1111' plopeltil's ,md beltcl\'101 of "0"'" III'''' Il' II'> Itlgltl\' eI( 11\'1' ,,"Lllc'
Iltcll'(\CI('lhtlt .... i (' !.llg(' "1111,\«, all'cl ,lIld higlth ch,llg('t! ""11.111'''', 1"(J1 il !!,I\l'II IV[ll' (Jf
,111101 pholl" I1ldtl·II,1I. 1111' \l'dl<'l huldillg 1 <I(ld( I(Y i" gO\I'IIII't! Ily tIlt' (J\I'I ,dl d\dll.ddl· "1111.11 l'
,\1('<1 U[ (!te ~utl ,,~,,1<'IlI. "" Itll" !>l'('tl d(,Il\Oll"t 1,II('d ill Fi!!, 'l'~ ~l) 011: Ill' ull\l'l 11011111. t II!'
illtr>I-P,\1 t j( k cil 1 i()l1 1)('1 \\1'('11 1 Idy .\1](1 cl III 0 1 pllo"", IlIeItl'l i,t! IOl1lpll'''. wltil l, 1" (('11('1 1('t! III
III<' .,!t('dl ..,tl('1\gt!t l!tdld( Il'IÎ ... tic..,, 1" Il·I,I1('d 10 tll<' 1\I'g,L1I\I' ..,1I11'tI(l' Illdlgl'" IIf dlllOlpllllll,
(ol1olcl..,. <1" "l'l'II III hg ,\ :\2d Il dP[)('dl~ tll,t! tlll' Il·..,ldl ot IIld"'" 1,1110 \'dlldlllJll 1'" tll(('c tll'
t!l'd 11110 ( Ill' (Ollt 1 ul ()r "'!)('I di( "llIldl (' dl ('<1 dllt! (,dlUII C'\( IIdlll-',l' (dP.tl Il \ \1 d 111.\"" l,dl/)
Il
1 of 0.40, t/w ~pecific SUI face area IS lowest, whereas the cation exchange capaclty is hlghest.
Moreover, the change in propcrty due to mass ratio variation indicates that a eombination
of Si and Fe during amorphou~ formation is not a simple physical mixing process, but
lTlVO/ ve:, a ehermeal intC'raction This ~n('chanIsm IS in vestigated and presented in Section
:L:J :3
lIavlIlg recoglllzcd that by ehanging the mass ratio, which in effect changes the compo
~ition or type of arnol'phous matcrial, the soil performance can be significantly altered, it is
,1:lcct and convClllent to expre~s and describe soil prop~rty correlations with amorphous ma
tenaIs lTl terrns of ib lDass ratIO for composition al effect and content for quantitative effect
The following sectIOns present detaiIed results and discussions. Effects of aging and
plI cnvironment are aIso considered.
3.3.2 Test Series A - Geotechnical Engineering Aspects
In tllls sectioll, both cxpenmental and analytical efforts are undertaken in order to evaIuate
the role alld contl'lbution of amorphous material in the compositional-controlled laboratory
prcpar cd sods, \Vith respect to their geotechnical engineering parameters. The results pre
scnted in UlIS section are divided into two parts - one from illitie silty clay which simulates
natural Illcll ine sod ronditlOns, and the otber from Na-kaolinite, which provldes a control
ba~c for Isolatlllg unknown factors. as weIl as givmg addltional informatIOn wlth regard to
tht' l'ole cwd contr J!mtion of amorphous matenals 1Tl different types of clay mmerals.
Sorne of the basic geotechmcal and physlco-chernical propertJes and characteristics of
t1w laboratory sods and the synthesizcd amorphous materials have been portrayed earlier
in Chapter 2.
3.3.2.1 Illitic Silty Clay with Admixed Amorphous Material
3.3.2.1.1 Consistency Limitsj Following the sample prepalatlOn and testing proce
dUIC' de~C1")('d call1el lI1 Cha,pter 2, the fresh samples (aged for more than 24 hours in a
/tunnel roOIll dt <1 pI! of 80) \Vere testcd for consistency limits. The lIquid and plastic limits
of the ddIIlI'-:tUICS are exprcssed as fUnctlOIls of both mass ratIO and admixed quantities of
011101 pilOUS lllatenal (Fig 3 3 3a S: b) It IS noted that both values decrease ra;>ldly with an
iIlCIC,lSC III the IlldS~ latio (I\IIU to a value of 0.40, and then lllerease gradually to the mass
l,ttio Y.tlue 1 I1oWC\'CI, both IImlts, as expected, IIlcrease \VIth the admixed quantJties of
45
l 250
225
200
175
N
'" 150 Ul t-....
125 ~ ..J
8 100 § ..J
75
50
25
0 0.0
100
90
80
70 ~
60 Ul .... -::lE: 50 ::i u - 40 .... Ul < ...1 Il... 30
20
10
00. a
• 1
• 1
al. L1auIO LIloUTS vs. ~MORPHOUS M~TERIAl CONTENT
~ 25% f... Mo
1. 15% A. ~\.
0 5% ~. M.
1
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 • 'i .8
Mf..SS RATIO
bl, PLhSTIC LIMITS \'S. hMORPHOUS MATERIAL foIASS RATIO
~ 25% A. V ..
'" 15% h. M.
o S % h.Io' ..
MAS5 RATIO
1
.9 1.0
F~g. 3.3.3 Cons~stency linllts of ~llltlc S011 adffilxed wlth élmorph()u~ lTIdterl,Ji.
46
1 "
,1InOI phou.., matcrial at ail)' givcn mass ratio value It can be concluded that the liquid and
pla~tlc IlIlIits are Ilot only a function of the amount of amorphous material, but even more
llllportantly, also a functlOl1 of the composition or type of the amorphous material. i e. the
rIla~.., ratio 'l'Il<' ,1Ica bctwecn the two broken-llIIcs covers the range of mass ratIO measured
flom tlte Ilatural II1cuine Sf'IlSltIVC sorls. It is ~ecn that there are minimum values for every
(UlIsi..,tC'lI( y Itnut (1I1 VI' at I\fR = 0 40. at whlch pomt the slopes on cither sicle increasc with
Lit(' adllllxed dlllOlphollt> matenal contcllt. It, has bccn found that thc consistency property
of the sod I~ actually controlkd by the specifie surface area The minimum value of specifie
<-;111 face tll(',l rnc(lt>lllcd al ma:-.~ ratIo 0040 contributes to the rl1lnimurn consistency limits.
More CIC,ll ly, cl.., lloted in Table 2 2, the surface area of the amorphous materials decreases
from about 800 m 2/ q to a minimum valuc of 500, and then increascs to almost 700 m 2 / 9
as the rncts~ ratIo mClcases from 0 to 040. and then to 1. A similar pattern of surface area
vallation for the adrnlxl. ures of laboratory soil and amorphous materials was also seen 111
FIg :J.~L2a A more df'tailcd lesult diSCUSSIOn is prcsented in Section 3 3.3.
III order ta ulllierstancl the mechanism which controls the s\·rface area of amorphous
IlIatcndl ane! It~ admixturcs wlth clays, a series of experirnent:-., conslsting bath of physical
aile! physico-chernical tests, wcre pcrforrned. Detailed result'! discussions with regard to
tl)(' surfdCc chcnllstry of amorphous material, as weil as the adrnixtures wlth clays are
IHcscllted 111 Section 3.3.3 In bnef, a st ronger interactIon is found belween the ilOn and
~Ihca comple'Xes al. thc particlllar mass ratIO of 0.40 As a result. a coarser par tide size is
fOI mec! alld the soir~ watcr holdlIlg capacity. e g consistcncy limlt, is leduced.
It I~ (t!sCJ Ilotlu'able fIOlI1 FIg 33.3 that .5% of arnorpholls mdtcrial (A!\l) added Illto
the soil cloes not. of course, exert as much influence as does addItion of 2.So/c 01 even 1.5%
!\IOIc spc<lfîcally. the curves of 5% AM have much gcntlcr ~Iopes than the othcr t\\'o. as
S('('11 III FI/-,: :J:1 :~a S: b lt ShOllkl he rf'!1le!lüwred that t Ilf' liltt ie sIlly clay hi!" ail Inlllal
dll\orphou~ matcII,t! content of G 8% before belng admixed with the synthe:-'lzcd olle (Iefer
Il> Table ~.l). TheIdore, the act.ual élmorphou~ cont('nt i~ theIl thc summatlOn of the initial
\',duc dnd t l\(' amounl dddcd It IS dimcult. dS mentroned eadier 111 Chapter 2, tü identlfy
cllI(1, ht'IICl" tu Isol.lI(' the conlnoutroll of tlll<" lIlitral amount of amorphou~ rnatcflal prcsr,nt
III the il1ll1< sud 110\\'('\'('1", tlH' contnbutlon of arnorphous rnatenals can Iw besl ~"diuatcd
bclS('d on tht' change in propelties befme and after addition of amorphous cr,nstituent mto
tht' Sl))l~
Tht' plastlClty illdex. which IS defined as the arithmetic difference between liquid and
pla~t il' lllnih. exhibits, of course, in a slI11ilar manner to the liquid and plastic lirnits, i.e
the plasticity values dccrcase first wlth mass ratIO to 0 ·10 and tltell lllCl'('M,(' gr,tdu,\lIy tu
1, wlth minimum valucs around r-.lH 040 (Fig :1~~,la) r-.l oll'ovpr , thedlOp III pLIi->tIClt\'
index is trcmcndo\ls fOI the 25c;{ :\!\1 addillOn. \\,ll('r('a" tht' rJ% ,1lJlOlphllll~ .tddltlllii ... t't'Ill',
to have less cITeet on these chdfactcflstic~ This indicatc~ that tht' itIllOlp!lOIlS-J1Ch !'>ll!l-; dlC
highly pla~tlC,
FinaIly, thc f10\\' lfldcx, cl !lOI 1 char Mten'" tic dl'~( fi b;Tlg cl ~oil d~ 1H'1 ng t',t.,)' (In\\' \',Ihw) 01
dlfficult (high value) to f)o\\, lInder rnotJ\'cttIOll, i~ cll"o ('v,tlll<l1<'d ,IIICI pr<'~('lIt('d III FI)!, :1:1 lb
It IS clCarly noticed that III tht' nat ural ~1H raIlge frolll U ~,!') tu O.SO. t h(' ~()"~ Itd\'(' 1 cl l!tt' 1 lu\\
values of flo\\" III (lJccs , esp('cially het \,'(>('11 ~1l{ 0 ·10 alld (J r)() TIlt' t\o\\' IIHl1t t':- dt'll'llI1l1w<l
for the mass ratlO 0 ·10 and 0 rJI :,ample ~erl('c; \'My ullly IIOlll 17 tu;) 0, C!c.,lglI,I!llIg th,tt III
this range the SOI]'" can be extrcmcly ... ClISltl\'t> tu c\t('ma] di:-.tlllbelllc(> 'l'hl" "Ldt'IlWllt h
actually ,'erified later by shear stfC'lIgth mCi\.~Urt'IlWllt. wlll(h :-.ltuw~ an (',tlt'lIll' dlfr('ll'll< ('
betwcen unJlsturbf'd and rCT\JoIJC'd ~tI(,llgth ,aille" for 0 ·1 0 j:)CX. , 0 ·tnjlrJ(j{ .l\\d (\ IOj'2r")ti{
sarnplcs ln othel \\'OId~. tl\f'<;(' SOlI :-.ample., 10<;(' t1lPll 1('..,I ... t,llIC(' dllt' tu 1(>III(Jldlllg llllH li
morC' thar: the 01 bel "alllples
ln vlew of the dbow>, t\\O factors havc becll hllO\\Ied!!;<,d 10 ltml!l!JlJtp lu tl\!' (O\l!'>I"
telley Ill11lts and f1o\\' I1lJC'x, 1 c the quantlty and COlllP0'iltlOlI (lll.l"'~ IdIIU) ()I cllIlUlphulI"
rnatcnal A11 the measured/determmcd vdlues ha\'(-> t!WiI lllillirnllrn \edll(,<' O( (lllllll!!, ill
tlle mass ratIo 040 wherC' cl 111ll1irnurn specifie surfdC'c arca Wd~ rnca.<;\lf('d, IWlll!!; cl !-lpt>( let!
rnacro- phenOIIlC!lOll \\'111 C h rl'fIc, ts SOI l-amorphous micro-lIlt(,l'actioIl
lt l~ worth llH'IItIOTllllg at thls pOInt that for a gl\'CIl type of clety !'>oJl, tlwn> 1 ... <1 IIlllqllt'
cOlrelatioll bpt\\('(>[1 con~lstcn(y Illlllb and thC' a11l01l1lt of delY.., III < :!./I frclcll()11. cl" !IutH('"
b) Skcrnptoll (19.):3) For the cla~ sods llscd !Il tlll:, !-ltue)', ther{' 1" IlO ('\(<'!)tl\)ll "11\(' Ill\'
higher the qu,mUt)' of aIllorphou~ materi,d" wlllch ,1lC apPellclltly J)fC"('llt III 1 II<' ("I]!)I"
flc\ctlOll (fllrtheI le~<; thaIl '210/1). thC' gledt\'r the arnullnl of < :'11 fldCllOl1. (JI 1 lit' LII).',!·l Il,,
O\'crall sllrfcl.CC eHPcl of tllP "y-.tCIl! III thi'i regard, tht' ,lTllurpholl'-, 1ll,t!(,II,!I, pl.l)' 1 III' .,.tll]f'
rolC' as the fillC' cl,ly~ lIowe\'L'[, duc to tht' speu,t! "ur[,H (' chara( tel ht!( ~ uf clllllJrph\J\h
matcnc\L~llch ét" Illgh ~('t \allctblc :-.urfa('dlaIgr!-> cl.lld ... urfcl(' phY"I(()-(ll<'llll(,d fOI!('" Il.,
1)(' plc~cnt('d lalt'I). 11lt' .lIlllllphol1" IIlcl!<'II,l! 1" ellltI<lpcl.I('d tu ((Jlltl d>lIt(, tf) ~(J11 PIOP!'IIW"
IllOl e :Olgnifi( .Illt 1,\ alld C\ (>1I, difrel t>lIt h thllll t ht' 11Il<' fI cl! llol! (Jf ( ld.\"
III Oldt'l tu IIll('rprct the ddtcl J)()lllh of (Oll'>I"'!('ll(.\ llllllh ,Ule! pLI." IC l' \ IlId!! l', ()j
the natllI,d l!1cll'lIH' ..,orl..,. "llIch dit' dl'>/>('I:-'I\('I.\ dl..,tlIlltlkd III Il !J,lTIe! (ld!'1 II) l'll-\ :l::! LI
tlllough cl. the C'xpellIllcIltal ddta pOlllt... obt,lIlll'd fJUJIl tir!' l.t!)orctl()ry dlll j( '-,oJi wltll
admlxcd c\rnorpholls ll1c1tCT I,d ... ,t[(' abu p!otl('d III FI!!, :~:~ .)d thlOll!!;h d,Ill lllf' <';UllI' lIl.Ullll'l
1 \.
e) • PLASTICITY INDICES VS. ~ASS RATIO
150 <> 25% A. M.
li. 15% A. M. 135
0 5 % A. ....
120
M 105
III 90 UJ w -Cl z 75 -~ ..... -u ..... V> < 45 ....J a..
30
15
0 0.0 • 1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
Mf.S5 RATIO ( Fe2 CJ /( Fe2~+ S1O:»
b) • FLet' INDICES vs. H1.SS RAHO
125. 0 [ ~ 25% 1~ ....
• 15% A. .... 112. 5
\ 0 5 % A. .....
100.0
87.5
III 75.0 UJ u -Cl ~ 62. 5 :.-Cl ....J 50. 0 L.I..
37.5
25.0
12. 5
0.0 0.0 • 1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1. a
~ASS RATIO
l'Ig. ~.3.4 PldstlCltV Index and flo\\' Index of tllltlC 5011 admlXed wlth
cllTIorphous m3ler13l.
49
V1 o
.. I!! s ::; o
3 :J
.. i!l g ~
~
~
250
225
200
175
I~
125
100
75
~
25
al L lwiû LI"": lS vs AMORMOlS M" TERI M. CONTENT
o III - 0. 10
.. 111-0.25
o III - 0. 40
• III - 0.5' /
:--====== .~ Ol~ ______ -L ________ ~ _______ L-______ -L ________ L-______ ~
0.0 s.o 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 300
ISO
135
120
lOS
go
75
eo '"
AOMllŒO 1.cJ111'1(XJ5 lIA TER 1 Al ( 1 )
CI PlASTlCIIY IIClICES vs. AHIJlPI(fUS MATERIAl CONTENT
o 1CR-0.1D
.. 111-0.25
• a.R" 0. 54 / o ~-o..o
1/ .. /
15L~---~ / .. /' 00. ~~__ _ -k'/
o 50 1 t! 10 0 I~ 0 il
.5
30
20 0 25. 0
Al:J4lxro ~ N."Tr~IAL ( s )
30 0
100 0
90.0
BOO
70.0 ..
bl PLAçnc L1~l1S vs AIIOIIPHOUS MATERIAL CONTENT
o III - 0. 10
.. l1li-0.25
o III r 0. 40
" IGI - 0-5'
/
v 50 0 I!! ~ 50.0 ..J
!:!
~
ij ~ .. ~
40. 0
::l 0. lb. o-----::s..l.O----I-'O''-O----I'S.l.-O---ZO-''-O----}5.:L:-O---3Q-' 0
120
110
100
w
80
70
eo
50
'0
30
zo
10
AOMIXEO A'IDRP'OJS 'MTERIAL ( 1 )
- --------------1
d) FLOW IPllICES vs. AMORf'IOJS MATERIAL CONTENT
• III - 0. 10
.. 1GI-0.25
o NR-o.'O
" III - o.s.
j/
/
/// j /
~~ ----0 1 1 1 • , e 1
0.0 S.O 10.0 15.0 20 0 250 no
ADMIXEe ... ~ MATERJAL ( :r )
1- l ~. 11 .:'""'"1 -41 e ( t ~ ,)1 lT""~t\l 'I()\\~ l (,r:trnt dIitl T"'"';a::.~ t~1t \1) (\nc Hl~ l ...... t('~I'( 1 1;-- 1 t c..: (, f 1 1 1 li! ( sr! 1
c1~ 1I1 FI).', :l:! ,1 In LOlltl,t..,t, fir,t of dll. the pattern of th(' 1('~tJ!ts IS ver) simdar ta that of
t II(' Ilatlll,Li III ,li IW' ..,oIl ... dl ... !JeNV('ly dl,>tflbuteo pOJl1b III }Mllds IIowevcl, If t he Illas'>
lat J() vallj(',> ,lf(' c!eIlot('r! tu t Iw'>l' pOlllf:... OIlC may 11Il1lH'dlittely rcallze that tlll' lowcr bound
uf t 1](' Il,lIHI.., 1" the' 0 ,10 1l1ct~ ... r,ltl(l hile. 1 c the aforClllelltlUllcd 1J111l1Il1Um \'dlucs '{et. the
IIppt'r !JOllIld 1 ... the () JO Illit~ ... rdtlO llll{'. 1 (' the maximum \'dlues, wllll(' aU other mass ratio
\,dlJ(· ... Ltlllll·lH'tw(·(,Il th(',>(, Iw() III}(,~ Till'> IInph('!:> that tlw 1 {'tltlOfhhlp bdw{'cll consl~t('llC.}
1IIIIIt .... il'> \\,(,11 ct'" (JIIJ('I pl up('rt It'~ (t() LI' ... ho\\ Il laI CI). cllld t Il(' dIllorphau<; lIlatt'nal content
1'> Ilot d 1I11J(JlH' \JII'·. llllt h ,t/ ... o dl'p('lldt'Ilt 011 tht' COllljlO'>ltloll (Ill,l~'" ratIO) FOI d gl\'CII type
01 Illtt ...... Idtll) uf dIIJ()Iphull ... IIldl,·II,d .... tlI<' w.tt('r holdlIlP; (<lPd(II,\', ln t('llll'> of CO!l~I<;tcncy
IIIllIh. 1 ... dlIertly t!<'d illto the (UIltlUl of specIfie surface ilwa. as wIll he ~('Cll iIl Settion
:l:l:l III f.!.eller,t1. the léllgt'r the ~urfélc(, area, the greater 1~ the Welter Ilù!<!lllg capaclt)'
Ail dUelllpt lé. thell m,Hic lu Illtcrplct the [(~~lllts obtalllcd from the natlllai manne
... !!il~ h} 1I1..,('IIIIlg tilt' !Ild..," IcltlU \,dul'!> \)(':-'Ic!e the rc!f'\ùnt U,lld pOlllt ... of pla~tlclt) 111-
d('\ (Fig .~ ,! (l) 1101\('\'('1. \Jllllht' the (omposltlon-contlOlled 1(t1)()lator) ~oik thr> c{[ect of
dlllUlphull.., (\lIIIj)()"'ltlull (11I,l ... .., IdllO) un Lill ... propelty b Ilot ~() Ob\'1011S ~101(' specdic,dl).
tIlt' IU\\('I IHJllllt! h liul :,tdIkd \\'Itll Ihe () 10 met ... .., Iiltl!! hI}('. d1l0 prubahly lu t!te Idck of
('X!H'IIIlH'llt,t! d,dd ,llld «()ll1pl('\lt~ uf (OlIlpo~ltloll ,tIld 1ll11}('!(t!UI:!Y of the Ilettlllal ~{)II:-. ("'('{'
S(,( tlOll :1 1) :\(·\('1111,·1(':--.... cl (dl('ful ... tlld~ of the dd.ld pOInb for Il)(' St ,\Ib,lll "oIlle,lel ...
tll d COll( Ill~I()1I 1 h,ll till'> ~(Jt! trldp('d "hm\· ... il fUll,! IOllal rclatlon~lllp b<,t \\(,('Il tilt' plclstlut}
IlItI(·\. ,tilt! IIlcI~'" l.ltw Ilf ,tIllorpllOll<" rllillerIdl wlllc h \\'as Ilot Idt'ntlfi('d III tilt' flIlglIlrll papel
'l'hl ... "lIl \)(' (1l'dlh ..,t't·1I fl()fIl j'Ig :3:3 Î, III ,\Illdl ,l "v"-~hetjl('J (urvc l~ uhtclllwd JU'it ci'"
"'(','11 III j'Ig :1:1 1.1 :'lUI(,()\·(,I. t\te 1ll111llllllfll \,tlue d:-.o (JC( ur~ dlOl111d the mc\~.., IdtlO 0,10.
,llld tll!' LIII!J'1 \,du!' pOlllt.., dl(' I\)(dl('t! {JII t'Itl\('[ "'Idt' of II l'd. tll!' IIlU[(' alllOlphu\l" III cl
It'II,t! (lJIlLIlIl('t! III cl ~1\'('11 "ut! ,>,tIllpl('. tilt' l'Irg(,1 1'" tIlt' pla ... llc Ily IJHj('\: \,tlut' ur tll(' Itlgll('1
tll(' d,tLI pUlllt !Hl"'111UII. dUt, tCI tilt' gU'atel ,ul1ounl of a\at!,!iJI(' (tu \\'dl('I) :,ulfclc(' al(',l of
dlllUlphull.., 1l1d!t·II,t!.., TIJ('le!o!t'. Illt'r(' 1 ... 1l11ICIt ~lllldélilty \)('1\\'('('11 t!tt' It·..,IIII-, of Il,1!1lIal
,\lIt! LdlUI,IIO/\ ... ()tl .... \\hlclt III fcl(1 (()llfIIIllS tll(' ,olllpatlbtlll). dlltl jl<'ll(c. the 1C"llélhdlty
01 \l"llIg tLI' t UIll!)(l ... lt 1011-( ont rull('d l'lLol,dur.\ "'011" wlth re~p('ct to uSIng tllP natural soIl
1,",()lJl«'~ \ott· tlt,lI d 1l11)r<, dt'ldIl(·d dl""IIS~IOIl 011 llw t'fr!',I" of amorphou<, compo'>ltl01l
\Ill 11J(' PIUP('ltJ('~ 01 IlcllUldl "'(1I1" 1'" Illcic!e III SC( tlOn :~·1
\ 1,'\ lt'\\ (J! Il)(' d!}()\('-I!)('I1tlulwd [(· ... lIlt ... cille! dl ... (II ...... 10I1<; I('cld ... tu tlw followlIlg COIl
(111"'1\(' {t·IlI.!I k ...
. \ mOI phou.., 1Il<l1t'11,t! IIltlU('Il( e.., SOlI plOpertll's in t \\'0 dl{[('wnt \\'dyS firstly, by lb
qUdllllty ,lIld ~CC()Ildly. lts COIllP0!:>ltIOIl or type,
51
Fig.3.3.6 PI vs AM fc( some marine clays in Eastern Canada
Plasticity Index (°/0) 50 r- -+ • '35
I Soli location
40 St. Maurice +.%
~ St. Alban (1) , /'. 1 ()
.43 ':2h -* Gatineau (1)
30 o. ~() Outardes (2) ! . ~() ..... ~() •. 44 ~ 3'3 -i.. ~4
Grande-Baleine (3) .47 20 .
10 .
o o
St. Marcel (3)
St. Leon (3)
Chicoutimi (3)
5
(1) - Yong et aL, 1979a (2) - Yong et al., 1979b (3) - Locat et al., 1984
•• 411
.44
• 34 • ~. 3 l j .4') . ,( )( 1 4 ) • - )
~() .44 =. ~I
.4 η •. 4CJ
~4()
10
~.4ù
~ • ~,q
.• 41
15
°/0 Amorphous Content
• 32
~. 34
20
Note: Values besldes data points denote mass ratio
5~
.J.-. 'H,
->:.n
25
V1 W
Pl~STICITY INDEX VS. MASS RATIO - ST. ALBAN NATURAl SOIl
50.0 r 40.0 1- 018.0
,......
l't 'J
X 30.0 b w Cl z
011.2 ...... >- ~ ..--...... u 20.0 ~6.') ...... .-(1)
< ~ ....J CL
10.0 b
]1.80/
, Il.20/
~ / ~ //00•0
____ <> 12.2 ---<> 13.0
0.0 LI __________ -L __________ -L __________ ~ __________ ~ __________ ~
. 25 . 30 . 35 . 40 . 45 . 50
MASS RATIO
FIg. l.J.7Rclatlollslllpbet\.;een plélSllClty lndex and mass r3ll0 for St. Alban clay of Quebee (data from Yong et aL., 1979).
Note: values beslCie Oilti'l pOInts InOICi1te i1morphous content.
"
2 For a glvell type of ilfllOlpholl" malC'II,d, (,Oll'il~t(,llcy IUlllb l('nt'cti\l~ thl' ~O\l\ \\',\lt'I
holdmg capahdlty 'l.\(' ~l't't1 to 111('\('<1"(' rÙJ>Il11y wil Il ,m \1)[ IP,l~l' in tht, ,lIlIolpl!uu"
cOIltent 'l'II<' (,1I1~I' 1" "Illlpl:, due to tll!' IllCleac,llIg d'llOllllt of "UI!.III' dll'd lIr :->lJd"
\VIth dIJlOrp!IOl!" llIélt !'Ildb,
:3 A cl'llllal pOlllt of 0 40 I~ foulld for the (lflll)rphou~ lllrl~~ rat in, ,t! \\ Ill( h p01l11 Illltllllllllll
cOIl~ist,(,I1cy ilmit<. l(,~lIltlllg from the III 1 IlllIl Ulll ,\!l1()\)llt of ~Ill L\n' ,lIt',\ (~('t' FI~ :\:\ ,!,\ \
art' obsl'lvee! fOI botlt lahotatory c\nd natural marIll:' ~Olk ,ll1d molt· IllljH)JI,\nlh
·1 Tlw V,lrl,ttlOIl of ma..,,, l,LtIU of alllolphol,.., lIlellt'II,d", \\'lllch (<lU..,t'" \'dlldt\()\1 01 1 lit'
(Oll~l.,tCIlC} PIO]){'[tlt'S, lll<!}(,lt('.., th,d tll<' (0lI1blll,!t1U11 of SI ,Ult! Ft' dUIIII.!!: oIllllllphull'"
fOllllatlo!l b llut a sllllple ph\~I(,d IIlIXlII).!; pIllee.,,,, but 111\01\'(·.., a (1H'1I111,d Illtt'ldtllUll
:\ stlOIlgl'l Illtpractloll, cl" wIll be dl~Cll..,~('d III dd,ul III ~';e( IIOll ;{ ;\ 'l, 1" IUlilld fot 1 Ill'
sod-d.lIlorpltouc, duml .... t Urt'::, «()mpo~('d at tlll' Illet"" ratiO 0 lU
Aging effect 011 consistency linlitsj Tht' PH'\10\l'> tt''ih Il'',lIlh \\t'I(' lJ\Jt.tllwd Il'>111,[',
flbhh ]Jlt'pcUcd '>dmpl!'" -- Ollf' da~ aglllg III cl 1III1I1Irl [OOlll <lI it (0I1"1 t ,\111 !('II1Pt'ldllllt'
of :25°(' 'l'hu". 11lt' '>lJd "dlllpl{'''' t()J1tiUllIlIg III(' [(('"Id:. ".\ 1I111t''>1/t't! dlll(Jlpl!lIll'-o IlIdlt'II,t1·,
"II IIlUIiltl' d "lttldtl(JllIII IIdttll,d 'lJlI" \\llt'I('b~ tilt' 'lII11J1phUlI" 1I1,tlt'II,t! \'0 1()llllt·t! 11l!.hl 111 11lt'
sud rlld'-" 11\ IIll'dll" 01 llull1 Il,\1 ur,li \\ t',d Ill'J lIl!!, ,\lld <trI dit l,tl ,H \ 1\'11 lt'" 1'11lIJllt',h d1!,IIIl' \ 1)1'
Ir{':,ldy j>lt'ptllt'd "'JII, \\dllld\t' IltCl1 ]J11l/Wttl('" ilIld !J{'lld\'\(J1 ,tllt'l('t! \\1111111111' III III,!' 1
tu rl'togllll.L' tilt' lIdlucnc(' uf titI" clglllg PIU(C".., O/l the ellgIIl(·(·llll!.'; /!t'r!()lllldlll (' (Jf "tilJ-." d
"('11<''' of t(''oh \\t'n' (üllc!U(tCt! \\'Itll rcc;p('«( I(J (011"'1,>11'1\(.\ 1111111". :-oht'oll ,,111·Ill',th. !'Il Ih
dUIll?, su, dll c\\\,\l(,IIC~'" uf the chall!!,(' III 1)('11,\\1\11 <\Ild plOp\'ltlt·, of "ot!.., \\llb tll1lt' Ill,t\ \w
!('dllZcd,
Thl('(' ~t('p~ of aglll{!, dl(' u"Icd tUI the (()ll'oI:,((,I1(~ 11[111«., le"l. 1 t' (illt· <ld\ flIt'''Ill) IIH)
dù \.., dl\t! 1 :}() 01 1 !H) <IllY", dqwlldll\?, nll Il\(' "od ",1I1Iplt· III q\\\'''' 1\J1l
Fig :L:l ~ !Ilu"tl cl\(''' 1 Il\' ,tglIlg df('cl O!l tilt' (lJll'>I..,1 t'll(,~ 1111111" (JI 1 II(' dlll l' 'odl \ 11.1\
Ihel:. \\'lt!tOlll dll: addltlun u! ,,~ lltllt'~\I('d i\.1ll'Jrphlllh lIl,tlt'II,d'> -\.., ( .... \ j('( It"!. 1 1)(' \JIll\,
l'ltie:-., 1 l' (Oll"hll'llC~ hm:h, .111' ,t!lllU"1 !ll1t h,u'l',t'd "l11tt' tilt' 11I1t'" ,li!' IlI'dJh hlJ'lïtJlIl,d
IIldIC,ttl1lg Illdt']H'lldt'lltt' oi tlllll', Il \ltlIt'l \\1I1d". 1111' ,,},()\t' lt',,1 d,tld. plI!'" Ihu"l' 10 IJI'
PI(·"(,lltt·d. h"\t' "hlJ\\1l 11lt' ~t,t1J1III.\ (Ji thl'> ..,uIl ... PI"PI'II\l'''' 111'> ,d",J 11I11HJ\ldlll ItJ IIJ('lllltJII
clt tlilt-> pOIIl! t!l,lI the (OIhl"(,llt:' 11Tl1I('> ul tilt' dhtl( .,t1ty t LI)' ,lI(, \'('l~ "Illlll!.!1 tu 1 !Jo,,!' {JI
tilt' Il,ltUlùl lllcllliW ~t'Il"'ltl\l' "I\JII'> \'t'jHJIII'd (',lI Il\'l ï IIl'1d()lt·. 11lt' Ictlltlll,t\t· (Jf Il'0111)', 1111"
labOI,ÜOlY t->u!l ,1.., il (Olltlul bcl"<' hd" !J('tOf!W ('\('11 Illtllt' ('\ Idl'lll
L-~
AGING EFFECT ON CONSISTENCY LIMITS
0 L.l 50.0 r
t. P. L.
45.0 ~ 0 P. 1. x w
40.0 L 0 F. 1. a z ...... ::;a: a
35.0 p -1 () LL
0::: Cl
r- 30.0 l-
N
..... 25.0 1-(f) t-
20.0 ~ ...... A ::::E ...... -1
>-u 15.0 r--z
w 0 t-
U) ...... (f) z 10.0 0 u
5.0 t : 0.0 0 50 100
AGING lIME ( DAYS )
FIg. 3.3.8 Aglng effect on conslstency llmlts of I1J ItlC sOll.
55
~
~
0
El
150 200
J
The IllflllCnCe of the agll1g pIO(,('~~ 011 the comlstcllcy PlOP('l ty of tlltt le "dt:- (l.\y \\'1111
ddnllxed dmorpho\l~ Illc\l<'nal i::-. !Ilnsl rctted III FlP> :3:3 q ,Ulel 10 III nI d('1 tn dl"tlll!!.lll~lt
quantitati\l' l'Ifpci fWIll «()lIIP()~ltiOllaL Fig :~:~:) pr('''('llh th!' 1t"'1I1h Obt.lllH'd flOll1 thl('t'
~;ullpl<,~ hdVIllg t he ~dll\(' Illil"" r,ltl\) hut dlffcl ellt ,lIll01 phou" lu,II('llal (Ullfl'nt, wh(·lt·" ...
Fig ;~"~ 10 ~I\,('" tl](' 1<",111!<- lI"lrI~ th\' 0ppo"'llt' (lllltlollllt('II,I, 1 (' \,U:-"I,!!, tht' 111.\"'" Idtlll
Ilut \\Ith q11illltlty \lll( hclll/!,t'd It 1" ~('('II Illllll('dl.ttely th,tI ltq\lld 11Il1lI" (a), pLI~tlllt:- llldl\{'"
(\)) alld nO\\ Illd1<e ... () dll d('C!('c\'.,(· \\Ith dll111CI('a"('11l dglll~ tllll<' The 11l~11<'1 tIlt' ,ldllll\('d
ilmorpho\l.., «JllteIlt", tll<' more tl\(' v,du(· ... c1lOp dO\\1l ,tIlt! "J(' \'('I~cI TIlt' d(·( It'd~(' III \,dlll· ...
fOI the 0 '2:)/'2,-)<;; '.,éllllple 1'> t rellwlIc!ull..,ly litIge, eSI)('cldlly fur tlow Illdc\ whl( h dll>pped flOlIl
73 t 0 les" t hdll 1 () 1 Il 1 00 dily~ (1 deI tu Fig 3 :~ ge) llowevcl, the () ~,1 / Ui (A ,Ult! () '!':l/ fJ IJ.,. ~()d..,
hdW' thell plOjll"rt w.., dltel ('<1 le..,,; dl amatI< ally, ct..., CrUl b{' ~l'('Il, 'l'hl' COll\'t'q-',Plll 1 ('ll(!<-II(.\ uf
tbl'~(' \altH'~ tU\\d.rJ" (O[l"l,Wh h qUlte ('vIdent It 1" ol)\'lo\l~ th,t! cll equddlllulIl 1 (Oll..,tclnt
\"tlllt·<" !('d( Iwd), the lul(' ,Ille! cOl1t!tlJlltlon of tll<' ilmorphou:.. Illatt'llcd III tlll' c,o!l ... wdl :-.tdl
hl' tlte ~illll(' a~ dt'''llll)('d ('ùtlICI III FI~'" :3:~:~ through fi JlO\\'!'\'('I, th(' \"tlll('~ ,U(' 1 (·(ltl' ,.<\
to cl CP! Lu Il l'\tt'Ill. d('P"lldlllg 01: the CjUdlltlty, and III t tll'l1 t Il<' 1lI,\:.. ... ! at l\), (JI .lllI01j,h()ll'.,
l1latf'll,t! (Oll\'IIIH'd III tI)(' ~1\CIl ..,ml c"llllple ~lor<' c1t'arly, titI' (0l1I])()"'ltI011<111'11(·( «., d11 tilt'
(omis!cI\(.\' PIUP('1 t~ drc' dCn1U!1,>lldted 111 FIg :3:~ IOcl thlollgh ( At tilt' ",Ullt' <1111011111 (lI
admlx('(! cllllOI p!tUll'" Illatellal. 1 e 1.57c" tht' lOI1!:>IStt'IlCy 1 III li 1 ~ cll (' ~t'('1l to dl'( r('.t..,(' \\'11 Il
agmg tml(>, il~ weIl as \\Ith a df'CICilSe In amolphous md"S rütllJ valylllg frolll (}.t(l to 0 lU
1 Il It'\ 1('\\ uf th (' d ben (' ~ t llC!y 011 t Il(' dg !Il g dfec t 011 t lm '>0 Il \., 1 Jet.., 1 ( (' llg) 11('('1 ) Ilg pl 1l[J('1 ! ~
(()JJSI,,(('11 \' Illlllt. c\ 1,IIger IcdllCtlOI! III value !ctk('" plclcc lOI the '.,iUllpl(·.., ! llcl! Itcl\'t'
largcl dIllOIIIlt~ (e g ~)<,7,) <lnd lo\\'('t rncl.C:;s 1,ltIO~ (t' g 010) 01 ,lfllolp!1oI1C, lll,llt'II,d Y(·t
the cOll~htelll) lllluh l'OlI\t'Ige tu\\,trJc:; lun~tcUlt \·,tllle~ ",IIH.1I ,lIl' '.,Idl gU\(·lll(·d by !Jotll
qU,wtltdtl\(' clllc! (OlllJllhltIU!l,tl Lutul.., of dllh)lpl!OII" Illdll·II,t!.., Sp('ltfl<,dly "1)(',tklllg, 11lt'
equildJlllIlll \,due., (If l'UII""'I(·llI.\' Illlllb ..,1 dl IC!ll,llll Ill)!;h fUI ... ,ullpl(·.., «()IlLIIIlIIlg cl !.11f!,(·
aIllOtlnt ctlld cl lll\\ Illd"'" l,ltlU (\lllhlll the «'"tee! l\le\'>'" r.ltlu 1 (1. [It';<· [lUrt! () lU tu lJ lO) (jf tll('
Sp{'clùl ::,otl (O\l:"\ltuent -- dIlll)lpho\lc, ll1,llcllell
In s('('klllg illl<;\\el" tn t IH' ('\p('1 ullt'nLd I('~tllh currellt ly a( hl(·\'(·d. t ht· Cdl}',t' 1'" l''pt'( Il'c1
alld, latl'l 011. coult! [lied tu 1)(' dUt' plll1lc\ltl~ to it n'llrrùlll!;('IIH'llt of the I!ll\ 1 ()-..,t Ill< t 1111' of
the sOlll1lcl"''' tu\\,ud~ l'.Ullll!' .tgL1,lt·p"tlIOll ",lwh 1(''''lllt" III cl I(·du( tlOlj (jf tilt' "ut! .., "1)('( 1111
'>Ullacc ,lI('cl IlId, hellt('. Welt(,l ltllldlllg (,clPd(lt~ UplllJ cl,l',lllg :\ !.d)(JlcltOI\ OIJ"'('l\,tI)()11
on thf' (Ull"'I..,I(·ll(:- IIIlII!" III tht' /lUIt' ,\l1l<Jll'!I()U'" Ill,lt('ll,d~ (,lgt·d lUI cl ~(',1I) \\1111 \dlJ(JII\
mas~ IéttIO~ h,le., ~llppO! tet! tltt' abo\'(' ..,tcttl'meut From tll(' r(' ... tllt" ,,!tOWIl III hg :~:~ Il. .1
lar!!,e r('dul llOll III watel !loldlllg, (aj)dllt~ i.., o!Jc,('rved, ('''jwCI,dly for tif(' '>dIllP!e IIclvlllg ,1
S(i
80 0 ~ !
cl
.02'/2S1
• 0.2' 1 1!!l
Gl 02'/51
TlIIf ( DA YS )
, 2011
Fq.;. 3.3.9 Aglng e1fect on conslslency l1nllts of IS + AM - quantItatIve
cil f{erence of amorphous materlal.
57
b
AGING EFFE::1 ON LlCJIO L1NIT
(> 0. 10 1 15: 100
~ o.:!5 1 15 %
go 0 0. 10 1 15 %
llC
70
eo ~
~ 50 -' Cl
~ 40
-'
=1
e 0
1 1 °0 50 I:JO 150 200
11~ ( DhYS )
b) A.IN6 m:tCT ON PL.A5TlC1TY INDEX
(0. 0 • C,IC 1 15% .. 0. 2!5 1 15:
35.0 0 C,(C 1 1Sl:
30.0
y 25.0
'" ! 20. 0 :: ~ ~ 15. 0 on < ~
e 0
1 1
50 100 150 200
Tl~': ( OArS )
cl AUNG EFFECT Dt. FUJV IIŒ:X
4D.O [ • C, 10 1 15 :
.. c,2!5 1 15%
35. 0 0 0.40 1 15%
30.0
2S.0 ><
~ 20.0
~ 15. 0
'::~ 0 1
o 50 IOC 150 2:00
TlME ( OAI'S )
Fig. 3.3.10 Aglng effect on conslstency IllTllls of IS + AM - (ompfJ'-,lt Illfldl
dlfference of amorphous materldl. 58
-
.1
500 0
400 0
300 0 1
~GIHS EFFECi ON LQUID lIMI1 QI' • M
• HA - 0 10
.. HA-025
o HA-O~O
• HR-OSol
2000!&!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: i ::: 100 OO~I----~5~0----~I~~O~--~1~50~--~2~0~0--~25~!~O----3~~~0----~~O----tOO
::::: [ .. 300 0 ~ ~2.500r
~ :500
b)
TlM: 1 DAYS 1
ASlNi Ei'l'Eti !lN P.ASiICITY IN:l!:X Di' • M.
• KR· D ID
.. KR·025
C MA-DAO
• IiI·OS4
i 200 0 t
100°f':::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: &
50 0 [ ::
o 00~--~5~0----~I~~O~---'~50~--~2~DO~--~25~D----3~0~0----~~0-----~'D
600 0 r 5!lOD~ ---50C 0 ~
::: t W3!500[
~=o
2000
e. KR-O.10
.. HR-025
! 300 0 1 150 Dt----------------__________________________ --. ~D ~
50 D~.------------------------------------------__GG
&~' ==~====;========;===;==~;===~~~~ DO !_ ! 1
o ~ • ~ ~ ~ ru ~ ~
TIMf 1 DAYS 1
fig. J.3.11 Aging eifect on conslstency limlts of amorphous materiai.
59
«
mass ratio of 0.10 The least change in the material charadcnstics IS, .ts expl'( ({'d, SCt'll
for the mass ratIO 0.40. This corresponds weIl wlth the surfac(' arC,t values !lIca:HIH'd hl!
the aged amorphous matcrials. as will he prcsentcd in Section :! :L:l For t li(' "dllllxt 111't'~
of amorphous materials and c1ays, the reduction in watel holc!JlIg capacity or COIISI!'>((,II<')
limits is due solely to the amorphous materials sinn' t1H' c.ollsisLcIIC)' valtws of tl\(' dhti( !'>oJ!
did not change upon aging (refer to Fig 3 3.8). Thus, the more the amorpholls lllc\('ll,d
content, the larger is the reduction In consl'iLcncy limits It should \W llOtt'd th.t( the'
reduced consistency limits values of pure amorphous rnaterials ai(' stIll III li ch great.rr thall
those of the sods and their admixtures (Fig :3:j Il vcnm" Figs. 339 S.: 10) Moreo\,('r, t/\('
amorphous matenals remain amorpholls cven arter two ycars of dglIlg, cl!'> S!J()WII by ;\-1 ay
diffraction analysis presented later in this chapter. In other words, the pc\! tlcle ~>lZ(, !irowth.
reftected 111 the reduced surface area, is still wJthin a shOit-range order, whieh lIcc('ssit,\!'t,!,>
the characteristics of amorphous matenals.
The mechallism that glves rise to partlcle Slze growth in the aqu('ous PllvilOllllH'll( lS ht'~
heved to be due to the nature of the amorphous mclterial-clay pcHticles lfItCI ac.t.ioll!'> IlItt'l
parti cie attrclctlve forces (SeeJ et al, 1964; Yong and WalkentlIl, 1975, MI~dlcll, 197G), s\lch
as electro-'3tatlc <::ttlactlon, van der \VartIs fOlce, hy,.rogcn-bonding, Cct:! ail conlnhllt(' tu
the aggregatlOn of amorphous mater ial! clay parttclcs For cUl cxampl<', hyd IOgCI\- bOlld Ill).';
is discovered to be an lmpOl tant force govelIllng soil-aJnorpholl~ ll1tcractiom, a!'> wIll \)('
seen in a later section.
Due to Interaction between clay and amJrphous complexes, adsorptioll or (Octt.lllg of
amorphous colloids onto surfates of clay particles occurs. Il is not too dlflindt to IlIldglll!'
that the amorphous material partlcles cannot b{' IIIstantly coatcd 01 adSOlIH'c! 0111.0 (LI\'
particles as soon as the)' are ll1troduced, sllnply l)('cause of the dl!( k hydI'illt'd l"Yt'1 ,LI (JUlid
the extlemcly-finc amorphous COllOlds. InstcaJ, the coatil\!:!, \lIOcess takt,s pla«' glMIIl,dly a,
th;5 hydratcd layer IS expelled away from the intc'rfclce \)('1 W('CIl c1.ly ~lll facC',> and alllOi plltllh
partlcles due to the bondmg development. SuLseqUf'lltly, the two ~l1rfaC('!'> apPlO,teIJ ('ct( lt
oLller and a eoating ùf amorpholls collOlds thliS OCClIf'o 011 l/lt' slllfa(c!'> of (Lty pctrtH le"
Evidence of amorphous material coatll1g is presentee! 1Il a btcr t.cct.lon, w!H'[('!Jy !'>( <tIIIdllg
electron microscopie (SEM) and X-ray diffractlOll re<;nlb are st\ldlt'd
ln faet, one Illcly have rcalizcd that thc aging proce:-.!'> \II\'olve'o élll oVf'lall !l!,IIlClIH('
modification or rearrangement III which not .:mly ,'lllOiphou!'> ll\(tlCII(t! «J.ttlll~ ()«\11~, bllt
also paltlclcs ale simultanE::ously aggregateu togl'tltcl fOITlllllg (Mr,,('r gl,L1l1" 01 c1U'>tc'l'-,
Consequently, the diffuse double layer of aggregcltcd pclftjcl('~ I~ (01II[>I(''''ol'd, rC!'>II!tlllg III cl
60
,,111ft of welter fWIIl micro-pOle" tu maCIO-pores In other words, the aging process provides
the ~uiI~ \VI lh aJl OpP(}! tlJlllty for ~t!lJctur<d traIlsfollnatlOll It \\'111 be seCIl in a. laler sectIOn
th,tt t11<' .... oJ! [llltIO- .... tluctura! tlansformatlon, ds,>oClalcu with the aglllg protes,>, or the so
( ,d I( ,cl t III \.ut! Op.\' III eIlglllCf'n Jlg prcictlc ('. caIl b(' better understood in terms of bondi ng
d(' v/' IUpllWIl t.
III ~\II11I1l;i1\', tht' f('ductlOl1 in waler holding capacity, or consi3tcllcy 1 Jl11lts, of clay
clllIO( plt()l1~ .... y~t('111 lIpOIl dglllg IS attnhuted to the increcis('d fahnc tl/lit size which IS rc
fl('d('d III t 1)(' I('ductloll of surface area of the system The IllCChalllSm can he traccc! to th('
d(,\,('lu!lIlWllt uf 11t!C'( dltl\ (' att ractive fOI ce:-- Lctwf'cJ1 particle:. of the amorpholl~ (omple\:
<llld (lay ....
Effect of pH on consistency limitsj It IS r('cogniz( d that sOlI acidityjalkalillity play~
cl \'('1 Y llli pnl teUl t lO!e i Il ~uil perfOllllance. :-'loreover. the dcicl! t~ / cilkalllli ty of cl Ildt L11 cil SI )il
"y~t('m (,U1 \)(' < hal\!!,<'d by WC,tt hering plOCeS'-,pf:>. sucb as kadl1llg of rUllofr and/or ground
watcl 'lÎIU .... , élIl ,tltcrnatioll of ~orl prop('rtw~ 1'" expcctcd to tàhr place Duc tu the nature
of tl](' \'élIirlble ~lIlfa«(' cheuge.., of tlw amOIpiJous Illatcnal Wlllpie\. (Palhs. !!)Gï, (;rc(,ll!and,
j<Jï.'J), Ill<' (liétllge 111 p)O(H')ly 11pon altC),ltJOll of the pH /'ll\'lf0I1111C/1t (,lIl IH' P\'('[1 1lI00e se
v('n' lut ~U1! .... «lllt;UIIIJlg, élIJ1OJpItOU-, matcrJrl! III OIO,'l to Ob\dlll ,UI (''-,'-,('nt/a! \llldcl:.\alldlIlg
Ull ho\\' t Ill' ..,()!l pIO!Wrtlt''-, wOllld he affccted b) the change III sod Mldl( / dlkallDc eIlVlrOIl
Illellt, wllldl Illdy 1)/, lepl('sc/ltf'd b} the pI! \'ciluC', a 0 ·lOjFiVr w!l ~(l111ple wl1lch had beell
,tged fOl (i Il10Ilt!I!-. at cl pI! (Jf 80 \\"ciS dl\ïded illto tlIr('(' piuh. (Jf \dllclt twu bad t!Iclr pH
\",tlllC' .... 'ldJlbtcd rC'~pcct l\"ely to G.5 and 9,S uSlllg dilutcd IICl aEd N(lOll wlth f('lJlo!dlllg
Th\!:-, the Sù1l1l' ~oil'-, wlth a (hffe!'pJl('(' only in pH were tc~t('d for COn'->I~tcllt) Lnut,> clflel a
ulle (LI\ ('(jlllldJlllllll III the hurrdd r,)O/11 foll(,wing plI adJll~tlllellts 'l'Le leil'-,OIl for dlUosmg
tlll~ PdIII( Il!.\I :',11111'1(' i'-, t11clt !)()th HldSf:, IittlO of 0 40 and amorptlOus addltlOll of 1,")% arc
Illt ('rIlwdl,t! (' \",dll(,'> ~lol (' IIllPOI t,mtly. tlu'> rnd~" ratin !telS lJe'cIl round t 0 lIlf!llCllCC th('
<'Ol1SI~\t'I!( y PIOjH'lt\ (lIffcrclltly from othel lll<l!'lS ratio~ The Sdl1H' sampks wCle ;.Iso llscd
lOI st UdYlllg t!J1' ('Ir('( h of pI! 0/1 ~hCcH strcngth charactenstl(',. In OI der to obtalL a fullel
IJI( tUI(' of tl\(' l'II ('flert and to provlde a hdse for comp;ui"on. dhtlc SOlI and pure amor
ph~)(J~ 1ll,llell,t!" \\'('J(' a!su t('..,ted 1(",peell\,!'!Y followlIlg the sarnc pli adJl1stll\C'llb cind aging
t Il Ile ;\otv t h,1! t!t<' pli ,djl1StllH'llt wa" dOllc to the SOli samples at a water content slightly
Illgher th,l!l thell h<l'lld llllllts
hi!, :~ 3 t~d rllu:,t reltC':, tilt' IIlfhJ('nce of plI 011 the consif:>tency limlts. lt is clcarly
:-('('11 t hnt cl dent' Ising trt'Ild wlth ail 111crcase in pH exists, espccially for liquid llmit. A
61
'" g !i -' ...
t<
z w
9 el :.; ..
&Ir 5S~
SD~ 1
45 ï 40 r 35 f-
:f 20 r 15 \.
1
101
5 ~ 0' 11.0
s=. 0 .. 1
5.°1
.: EFm1 CF pH Dt. CONSISTEtCl .IHITS - !S o.40·1~ 1
o 1..._
A P, L.
o • 1
~--: ., i.e
DI
aa
SOIL pH
~ , ,
o P.I.
1) F.I.
as
~~~O--~~~5~-Il.~O--~~~~--~-----
cl EJ"Ff;;T OF pH et; CllNS: smcr ~ IMI! OF AM!IiIPIOJS lIA TëRIN.. ( MI!-C. 4D )
SŒl. 0 • L- L.
270. 0
~ 24D.0
.210. 0
~ ~ 180.0
~
.. 15C. 0
10.0
... P.t..
o P. L.
., F.L
--c
, :e. 0
o.~~O------~Il.~D------~~~D~------~a~D--------~--D------~:C.D
SOll pH
L--____________________________________________ ._~
FIg. 3.3.12 Effect of pH on COIlslstellC) 11rnJt~ of llLtl( ~()ll,
amorphous materla; and thelr ddmlxturp.
62
"'lglllfl( dllt dlu!> tclk(,.., plat (' flOlll pli b~) tu :S 0, WhCICa" little c11étllge in \dlue 1<" ob"('r\'t'd
fi (JI!I pli i'i () tu !J~) Su< h decft'cl..,('.., Irl \\ ,11 ('r IlOldlIl)..!; CdpdClty m,IY !)(' .t! tnhuted to ,1
(helll).!,1' III tll!' 1111<'!,[( tl\1' forcc', 1)1'1\\('('11 (Ll\jdlllolphlJlI<' P,l/tl( j('" :\<, ",Ill b(' ~,e('lI, thc
IlIt('I-Pdltl( 1(, ,dtld( tlO/J/Ir>PIII..,IUII. gU\('IIWd "lgllllj(cl/ltl,:. !).\ II/(' plI \.tlllC. dOllllllalt'.., o..;oJ!
(J!(Jj)('!tl('''' clild !H'llcl\IO!. ('~p('(I,dly I!I()<'(, ct""(Hldt('d \\Ith tIlt' IIqllld pha..,e TIII~ 1<' why tilt'
Ilqllid IllllIl 1" lIlflll('II«'d 11101(' th,1l1 Ill<' pld'-ll( Illlilt. cl" ~t'L'1I1l1 hg :3:3 1~,1
Tl/(' t'fle( t.., of plI 011 (UlI"'l..,tell(\' lilllll.., (f dhtlt ..,od ,llld plllt' cllllOlpholl:' lllct!elldl
\\'('1(' ,d..,,) (,\',tIII,lle<! III (JI dCl tu U!)tdlll cl mOlc compkte llllc!('l<,tcllldlll!!, of the sllbject, 'l'hl'
/('''1111'> ..,1!<J\\'1I III glctph" (L) ,\.: ( ) (Jf FI~ :~:~ 1 ~ IIldl( dl C 1 h,11 t he pli hel'" le!-o<, llnpart 011
t 11<' dllt j( ..,dt \ (Ll\ t.llclii (JII Ill<' dlllUI pllUlh (Ol1lplext'.<,. dw' <'Illlpl,:. tu t he Lu gt' P('I malwllt
(pl I-IIHI('jH'lId('llt ) ..,lll LI< (' (!t,l! ~('" cl"''''UlIdl<'c! \\ Il h the cLl\ 1l111l<Tal.., (YulIg clfld \\ cll /.;('Ilt Irl.
)!)Î!i) III (O/lljJilll<'UII \\Itl! tll<' Idrgl' \'ilIl,tl>I(' (pll-depl'lldt'lIt) ch,uge.., \\Ith Ill<' dillorpholh
m,ltell,l!.., (P,ll"<', !!JGÎ, GI('f'lllctlld. 197,j, [)I:-"Ull ,Uld \\'('('d. l~JÎÎ, \\'arIa, 19~1) ,\~ \\'ct" (t/,>u
!-o('('ll ('dzlJ('1 for t!te ISjO ·t(l/I:J,i;' <',llllplc. tlJl' IICjuld 11l11lt IS lllflu<?II«'d lllOl(, tltall tll(' pld"ll(
lIlIllt Il h Ilot (liffl( 1Ilt hy lIU\\' tu cOllllud(' th,tt ,1 ch,ll1ge III tlll' "ud dCJ(lIe /<dk,LlIII(' ('11\'1-
IOll/lH'Il( ('X<'l h 1ll00e Irllpdct Oll ..,ud plopeltJ('''' III the IIqlllJ :-,tatc HO\\'(,\(,1. tlI<' IllfllJ('ll(l' 1'"
dllllllll"I}('d cl.., tlj('..,od.., cltdllgc tl1('11 "telte hom IIqllld to sulid Tlw mCChalllc,lIlll1 cI<'~()CléltlOlI
\\'11 h the ,tl){)\'<, ('\jH'lltIl('IILd filldmg «Ill ln' Int(,Iprt't('d L~ tl\(' Lie t tllat tilt' "od ~1I1 id( (' ,t(-
11\'I(\'jlhc\lg<" \\'h!Ch (OlltllbllL<'~ ,t g!('<lt JCdl ta the lIllel-p'lltlcl(' ilttld(tl\'(, fOl«'~,I" 11lL;IIly
df<.(II\(' 1I1 tll(' II(Illld !-ol,tte In 'illch cl ~tal(', iO\\'('lllIg tilt' plI tO\\,II.!'" d'J(lIt,:. (clll (ll'alt'
lJl(jJ(' flUt( \l1('I1t (JI dggleg,tt('d Llbnc a!lclng('nj('llt~ clnd mOle edg('- tu-fcL('p ct""O(I,tlIOfl!-o ul
cld)jdI!IOlplIo\l" p,lllI< le,> An (',ulIer ~tudy O!l "dollllltf' cIel)' (S(!JCJficld and Sarn~oll, l!)'jl)
ha!-o (ortfilllled t bIS !-otalCIlIC'nt TlllS IS duC' tu ,lI 1 IIlCle(-l"ec! amOt:.Ilt of pOSlt IV(' c!J,Ugf's wlllch
('I('(tlll,LlI,\ d(tlcl«( tlH' l\('g:ltl\'('ly ch'llged "ll!fclcl'~ of (Icly/amorpl!ouo..; pilltJ(le<, Sucb aIl
dt tr,lcl IOll h<t" b('('ll knO\\'Il to !pach :t <, JlldXlInllffi neal the l~o-el('ctrJ( poillt (lEP) of the sud
.,\ ..,1t'1lI (Yong illld Ohtsllho. l~JSG) :-'lorpo\'cl, thl" attrùctioll bl'lIlg<., dbout llltC'l-pdltlde
t'It't tlO-,>lat le bOlldlll!!, and, 1l<'1l(,. 'otJcllgtb ta rC'1lst ext('In,t! medlafll,cll dl~t 1I1 bdllCC A~
cl Icslilt. cÎ 111gb ('\t('lllal CIlf'lgy l!-o le<jllll'cd to cause a bundlllg-rich ~oil t0 fi O\\', (ornpareu
la a bondlllg-poui OIIC at Ih(' "'dllj(' gl\'<:'n vOld ratIO Ol w,ttel COlltCllt In other \VOlC!::., an
IllC'('d!-o(' III W,Il('1 «lIl\('nt 1'" thl'II ll('{('!-oSilIY ta l('ducl' tl\(' bondmg Stl(,llgtlt by inclcasing
1 Il!' "'(ld P,Il t Icle ~p,lCIllg III onkl lOI the :.oil tl) flo\\' at tltdt Illput l'nerg)' 'l'hi" ie.; actually
t ht' prOt l'!-O'" III wbi,'h the SOli \\',lter IlUlcllllg cclpauty IS elf'\'dtcd
III \('\ 1('\\' of 1 he éd I\l\ t" the t ollsislcllC':' propcrty of a saIl IS indecd lI1f!ucnccd by
,1 th,lllgt' III plI C!l\ll'Jlll1lCIlt Challglllg the ~011 fIom aIl alkalillc (plI 9,5) ta an acidlc
G3
.--.
(plI I, ")) 1 Olldltlllii 1('''II!h III .III ,tllIlll'! 1111 Il'.1''(' III \\dtl'I 1I1,ldlll!.!, 1 dpdl It \ ~III Il.111 IIIIII'.!",'
1.., dtlll!'llll·d t" tlJ(' III< I,'d"" 1111·11'1 1 lu-..,I,11 I( dllldl 11011 IJI 1'("l1lll1g. \\1111 Il ,il,,\! "'III'II!.!,IIII'II"
IIJ(' "'Iill'" ,,1111111111' lu Il'''1,,1 "1'1111111.111<'11 IIJ(' 1.1111'1 "ull 1lt'lId\l<l! \\dl Il(' ,,1 III 1 wei III 1111'
lullo\\ III!.!, "('11 lull
:~,:~,2.1:2 S!Jf'ar Stl'PlIgth C!Jal'actpri"tics; :-:"r1 1(·"I..,ldllll· tt) d,·lulll\.ill'''1 111111 Il
III d III 1 d III '> 1 III' "(li 1 III 1 ( .!.!, 1 Il \. 1 d Il II(' Il \1 .1 Il 1 If 1 l'cI III t 1'1 III" u l "III' dl'" 1 1 1 ·II!.!, 1 Il \" 1111' \" Il J(' Il 1 1" Il 1'1 1
(',,111<'1 1111' "IH·lI!.!,111 \II d !.!,I\('II ,11111,> pdll" 1(·I.I1('d Il, tlil' 1,11'1 Il'' "LIlII ,tllldi Il,,"/1,,,".1
1)1i<' f(J11I1 {Jf tlJ(' 11I11'ldl 11\1' Illl«'" «)IIIIr1,IIIIII!..', 10 tll<' (j\I·I,dl..,III·II!!,111 (;('111'1.111\ "'1H'lklll,L',
1 IJ(' ..,11<'.11 "II l'II!..'t Il b .III 1111 l'L',I dll'" 1 ('!II'1 IIUII (JI ,d 1 111"'1 dl 11\ " f"l' l''> dl t 111,1.', III LI'! \\1'1'11 "url
pdlllll l '" \11\ 1 Ildll!..'l' UI dIf!I'II'1I11' III III<' 1"lIldlll!.!, IOIl"ltIUII (.III 111<'1..1"11·11(' 1'·!',I..,I"II'd III
1 II<' Illt'd'-.III,'d ..,llt·dl "111'1112,1 li \,dl/('
Ft'I (\11\(,"1\(' "ull" III l'dlllllrldl. III<' ,111'.11 "1 1 ('II!.!,I Il 1.., .1 .1111',1 IIl1'd"IIII' ul 1 lit' 1111<'1
Pdlll( I(·I'UII"III.!..!, "III'II!.!,III ! Ill" 1" 11111' 1'''1)('1 l,tI" lUI 1111' 1111 dldllll·,1 ,,11"011 ',II('II!.!,III IIl<'d
"III l'T! 1<'111 \\ hll Il 1" Il''I'd lu d('!I'IIIIIIII' d 1 UIIt'''I()1I \,tlllI' \1"11' '1"'1 III' dll\ 1 III' 1,,111'''11111
1" .III UII!e(illJ(' Id III<' 1""'IIIldlil Il!te·I-l'dlll(I,·I,,illd.., Il.!,,,·d "" !III' dll<1I\"I", 1111' Ldl 1(1111'
Il'111111<\11'' Jo., 111(' d«l'plt'd l'lu(l·dlll(· fuI Illf'd"llllll!.!, IItI' ,,111'.11 "III'IIL'III 1 l' IUII(''''loll \,dlll'
"111«' tll<' tl·,IIII.!.! 'OlldlllUII 1" 1111 clldllJ(',1 dll,i 1I11-«()II"oll",cl,'d 111.111..,1", 1'1",/), dlill tllf' '''II
"dlllpll'" .11(' ".11111.111 cl ,il \\dl"l 'unl('llh !t,I"\dlll t,) 1111'11 l!Cpll"ll\ Illd,". 1 .!"I
!'ltl' ,,11<'dl ,,1 11'11!.!,1 Il ul Ildll'\('llt "dlllpll'''. 1111 Illdllll-', dlll()lj,llIllI" Illdll·II,i1 • .1" d 111111 IIUII
(JI tIlIH'cll(' ploltl·cllllll!.!, ) ) l')cl tlllull!..!,11 d III (cil. IIJ('l'!!('1 t cd d!.!,llI,!..!, ull tljl'..,llI'dl ..,1 11·1I!.!,1 Il
ul jJlIl(' t1hli(' "tll\ e Ll\ \\llltull! ,\11\ dddltl'lli ul ,,\'111 Itc·'I/(·d clIIIUlpll()ll" 111.1"'1 Id!. 1" ,l'l'II III
II(' IllllllllI,t1.1l1(·dlllll).!, 111.111111'" "Utll' .111111('11 (II ..,ldhk()lll· (dl"'IlII·II·1 Iii hl', '1) ,"'1('1 dV.III!'
<'11(·( 1 (ill (ull"I"II'II' \ 1IIIIIt',) \IUI('()\('I, Il,, "111'll,~tlt 01 (Olw'-,!<lIl 1" IdtlJ('1 lo\\', \ .. 1 ICill,ldlil
\\III(h Illdl(,II('''' d J!()(ll «()Ildlll<ill (lf Illt('I-pdlli( 1(· IWlldlll!.!, III Idlt. "1 (11.1 1"/(,1/\ IH,lld"cJ
"u" c dl! .111<'1110., 1)('lld\IUI dldlll,ille,dl~ ,h '>()()Il d.., 1 hl' 1t1L',liI\ (,,111',,1\(' dlll<llplll'"' Illdll'll,d
(,,(.t' h) 1;, ddd(·d \" "('('11 III () ni Ft,!.', 'l,) 1.1. dt III<' ".1111(' gl\I'11 111.1"" 1,111" (!I I(J). d" Ilttlc'
,h .ij{ uf dl1101 plIOII" 111,lI('II,t! ddd('d IlItu t Ii(· dllll( "'111\' Il.1\ Illd\ III( Il',}''(' III ,,111'.11 "III'II!!,III
d" IIIIJ('1t ,h 1 [1 1 111l<'~
..,t 1!'llgt It 01 IIII('I-pdi [I( 1(' 1"l1ld.., \1 t 11(' "dllll' '~I\ ('11 dlllUIIIII (JI dlllui plt(lIl.., 111.11('11," (I")',,{ )
[Il<' lHilleltll,l!, "tl"II,!!,!III" 1I(l1l<('t! lu 1)(' <lll iIHlt·.t"III,!..!, 1IIIIe 11011 (JI' 111<' IlId""" Idlll) (hl', l,II Id)
\\'Itltill t!J(, \(';,!c-d 1.1111-',(' l'luIll () 10 10 () II) It 1;, ,d"(j '>('('11 llidt dllJ(' "'''" 1 pl .. .., .III' 1('llIiJldl'd
d,l!,dlIl, th('\ (.Ill ,l',lddll,dl\' l'<'gdlll tlWl! ..,111'1l,U,th IlpOIl rl,!..!,llI,!.!, Titi" ('\I)('11111('1I1,!\ l'hl'II{)IJl('II'ill
'>1,!.!,llifl(," th,il tli(' 11011,1" I·"t,ll,lt..,ht·d 1)\, tll<' <lIlIOlpItUll" IlI,d('lldl" dl(' tll ,OII('I'IC III (j!11I'1
,
(J\
\.)1
------ - - ----- --
BOO - Il AGIU' EFFECT III SllE.tJl STRE/16TH OF 1 S
1
,~ f 600
(37.3)
. ~ 500
r= 5 '00
~ '" a:
~ lCO
200
100
0 0 "" it • t :l 'e L ~
.0 60 BO 100 120 1.0 160 IBO 200
AGIH& lIME 1 Dns 1
AGING TlME 1 DA YS 1
.--- - ------ -- - - ----- - -------------
'~o
100
SOO
• 1 f'
~ 500 r / 1 .00 1 f ~ 300
:!: Il ... -200
100
01 AGItl6 E<;rCT [J' S><E1R STAPIG1H OF 1 ~
.. lm - 0.0 (lgï' .0)
_----1 1
.. ""-025 ("1 1 .1) o "" - 0 ,- (874.0)
-----...--. , ..--
~! .1_ _J-__ ~ __ ~ __ ~
800
700
600
~ ~ 500
ï; .00 ~ f-U)
i 300
200
100
20 .0 60 BO 100 ~O I~ I~ lM 200
20
AGING llME 1 OAYS 1
d) ... GINS EFFEtT ON SHEAR ST~ENGTH ce 1 5 + J. M
• a "'0/15 s .. 0 25/15 1
o 0 10/15 1
(~.9) (72.8) (129.5)
--: 1 ~ I~' 40 50 BO 100 120 140 160 IBO 200
AGIII' TIHE 1 DUS J
Flg. 3.3.13 Shear strength development ln IllltlC sOli, amorphous materlal and thclr adml~tures. Note: The value shown in parentheses delloles the sample's water content (%).
i 1
! i
1 1
•
word.." the bOllds CdIlllot he' d(,~tl\)!('tl.)et (illl 1)(' 1(' ~('ll('[,tlt'd Il h !lll 1 ht'I IIllll! ('t! Ih,tl 1 ht,
amorpL lUS II1d,lCrldl Wlth llIa~.., rat 10 l)(,yolld () ·Hl ('\t'I 1 >., <l dt'( Il'.l>''lllg t,Ht'l 1 u!l \ lit' '>t It'1lgt li
rharartplistIL!:->, a~ "'\10\\11 III FIg :~:~ 1\ III P,lItH I!I,I!, d ";\"-,>h.q)(,d 1t'l.ttllJll..,ltljJ (OpP"'>11t
to that seclI III Flg.:~:~ :3) bctWt'('!l tlI<' ..,Iwdl >.,tlt'll!!,th dlld tltt'IlI,I>"'> Idtlll, \\ltlt cl Ill.l\lllllllll
,1IoUIld :-'1 H 0 ,Hl. 1'" obt d Illt ,cl I(JI t'dt Il ,l-',I\t'Il dgt'
lt "'1!Oltid bt, ('l1lphd>"l/t'd 1 !l,Il d (<JIlIIIH>l1 \\ .1.\ t '1 ..,t 11<1.\ 1 lit' ..,11('.11 >.,11 ('ll!!,t It , Itdl dt kll..,1 l'
1 ... to use the ,:>aTlI(' \\'cltt'l (\J!ltellt cl>" cl (Jlltlolllltt'IIUII \ ... >"Lttt't! III ('It,qltt'I '.!, It \\'d" Il',[
po'islbk tu ,lehlt,v(' tlli" ,">IIHt' tll(' (UII:->I,>I('IJ(:' PIU!>('lt\ 1" \('1: cldlt'It'Ilt dlll'>lIlè, tIlt' \dIIOII'"
<'rllllpl(>') At a \V,L1n CUlltC!lt <>1 !OU(;C fOI t"<llllpk tilt' dIlI\)1\,h\JlI' 111.I\t'II.1I" ,II ,111\ llld""
ratIo élIe ... tdl ..,ultd, \\1\('1('<1" tll(' t1hll< ~()tl het'> ,dl('d,h Iw(u!llt' cl Ilqlllt! Th"" tilt' "dlllt'
Illltlal ICf!1olcl('d ,>lWdl :--tl('lwtlI 1'> ..,e!cc1t>d cl'" d (o!llwl Il,l"'(' III dt'Lld, .dl Ill<' "'dillpll'"
WCf(' prepar('d dt tl\(' '">dlll<' IlqUldlt.\ 1Ilc!('\ 1 '.!~I, thollgll tht' It'It'\cllit 1IIItl,t! \\,Ilt'I (tllltt'Ilt
15 dlffclClIt flUll1 (JI\(' ."lltlpl(' ICi dIlutll<'1 Tht' \\dtt'I (lJlllt'I!I \,du(' 1'> ..,!tu\\' 1 1 III \ltll('lltht,.,t",
bcside the (orrt',..pOl\dlll~ ll'p,t'I1d III l'If', ,~:~ l:~ hllll)!,IIlIOlt', 1 lit' 1I1"t Ildlll< ,d 1/';lluldlJ.U,
Wil<; macle- dt t Le }Jf'glfllllllg ut t ht' dglllg It'..,t 1 () ('lI"'IlI(' cl \ (Jlllplt,t (''' ln (,dk,II~\' (J! IHllldlll!.',
,lgCIlb Thl~ \\'d<; dOliC ln' !lldhlllU; ('\'('1:' l'ilull tu (\llt,1111 cl \ ()1l~LI111 Il'III\Jldlll!!, ... t It'll!!,t II Itl!
ail sarnplp5 Tlrl,> ..,tlt'Ilgth \,tllIt' "'rl~ Il1t'd"'IIIt'd ,il ,dl()llt II JO k/Yu !(>I t'\t'I:' <'dlllplt' \\ 11 h
the hq\lIchty llldc\ ddJusted tu 1 :2j at tll<' 1)(,~1l1111ll)!. 1 hll'> tl](''''1 1\'II!!,1 II t!nt'\'l!lt't! \\'11 Il
agmg i~ dUl' ~okl\' t() tilt' c~LJlJIr>"hJIlclIt ur llItel-p,lIll< le bOlld~ 'llth /JI()( l",>." \\'111' Il 1'"
<,ometlfIlC.., callcd thi:-.otrup:. III ('llgtIlCCIÎIlf', prélrtl(e, (<lII!)(' III Ll\1 1111('IPlt'I('cJ cl>" d PI'''t'',,->
of glo\\th uf IIltt':-p,lIllde hond ... UpOIl aglllg FUI tlll" It'c!>.,ull tilt' cJ('\t'l()p('d .,llt'dl ..,tl'·IIU,th
(dIl bp IIlfcl'!ed a<, tlllxotIOpÎ( .,ltl'dl strCllgtlt SlllU!.U II('1td\IUI of >.,tl('II!..'tll thl,utlUPY \V,l'"
also ob5crv('d fl)l tlll' natulù\ marlIle soll~ (eg Skt'mptull ,llld \ort!t/'). Jq-I:!, ~11"ldld III
rVbtchel!, 197(;)
The developI1lf'llt of bùndiIlg streng,th III the ùdllll\.t 11ft'.., ut lilrll( "ur! ,11Id ,1l11\Jl pll\)ll..,
material is not a sImple superposition of titI' t",o !ll,ÜerlclJ\ ,>tI/'llgtll'" SpI'( dit ,dly ... pt'dhllll' ..
the strcngth value of ,wy adllllxture ,t! an! gl\,('11 Illd"" l,dlU (Jr peJ'(/'lltd!-',!' (dllilot !J{'
11lwarly lIIterp,)Ic\ted dccordlIlg 10 rll(' !)('J«(,llt,lg(' plo\ldt'd F()J t'~"lIllpl ... tIlt' ~h('dl ~tl('ll)..'tlt
of ISla ,10/:23% at <1[2,(' 90 d<1y ... 10, IlW,I~~lI('d at l'2~1 I .. eu, \\ lI\( It 1'> IIHI\ Il lll{!,ll<'! llt.t1l Ill<'
lIIt.crpoldtcù 18:~ kJlu \JbtùIIll'd ll"IIlg '~,-)(1txï'2() kJ>u IdllI0IpllO\I"') -t ï:'/,i( ).'·1/, J'a (11I!!1( '>(!I1)
wlth the "dlll(' aglllg. :\ "111111.11 dldld(Î('II,>tl( (ail 1)(' 011>"I'I\,('d !(JI ,dl tl\l' (Jtll/'I cldllllxtll!('"
TIns c,pcrimental C'\'ltll'I1«, sugg<''">t-, t!t,Il Il!ere Illll"t 1)(' "(J!IIt' IWW, YI'l ..,tltlIIU,t'! IIttl'!,t( 11\'('
forces dcvelopcd 1)(,\'\\,(,(,1l the day P,lI tl( I/~ ,llid the ,UI\\J!III!()\I,> (Olll\H)lIlId..,
It l~ very (ledr up to tille, pOInt 1 hd t \)(' élIllOl pirOU., lIldtell,d 1[1 ( Iily ~()Ij,) 1I1c!1'(,c! pldy"
Gfi
300
275
250 UJ z CJ 225 u --1 --1 200 < lJ..
1 175
r-D
Cl. X 150 .......
:r: l- 125 l!l z Ul ~
tn 100 ~ < 75 ~ (J)
50
25
a 0.0 • 1 .2
1. S. + Il. M. <15%)
~ 4 MONTHS
A l "fONTH
o 1 WEEK
El 1 DAY
~ L ____ L ______ ~ __ ~~ __ ~ __ ~ 1 _
.3 • 4 • 5 • B • 7 • B • 9 1.0
MIISS RATIO
FIg. 3.3.14 Shear strength versus mélSS rélllO dUrIng élglllg proccss - IS + .\Î'l.
67
-.
a role III partlc\C' hondmg TIH'~(, tllllorpholl" !1I,tlt'II,!I h()lld:-. h,Lw bC(,1l V'CIl lu Illt 1\"\"1'111
streugtlt \\'Lth qlLdlltlly, b\lt \My \VIth cOllljm"lllo!\ or t~ Pl' of (llllorpllD\I,> (Oll'>lltl\('llt Tl\('
éllllOlpho\l,"> Illdtl'll,t1 fUJIJwd dl tilt' jhutiluLll Ill,l"" làll\) O·1ll y\('ld<, 1Il111h lllp,llt'I l)\)lldlll,l',
:-.1 ICllgth thdll ,lll\ otll\'r IIld"'''' IdllU \"t!\I(,. Illlpl~ Illg d lLlllq\l(' (Olldlllldtlllll uf 11\)11 ,1Ild ... 1I1l,\
al 1 hl:" :-.pcC!,t! pl oporl 1011 1\ :-'1I1lI!,1I ('Xpf'llll}('llt ,t! pIW!IOIllt'IIOIl \\'cl'> ,t!<,() Il \JI \( t'cl I)y YUIlp; ('1
(d (19,)0) '\!Ol('()\t'l. tl}('fct<t tb,d tlH'dlllUlp!tOll"'llldl('II,t! hUlld"(cllIlH' ](''">loI('d lIpOll Jt·:-.t.
follo\\'l!lg; \('I\l()ldlllg" t Ul}( l\ldl':" t hal \ lw'">(' bOlld" dH' t 11l\O( Il)!>lt 'l'lm, !->lIbJ('( t 1'" <11<'( Il,,,,,('d
fUI t hel III ('hapte! ·1 III tll(' S('( tlOn on bondllJg sIndy
pH effects on shear strength characteristics; The IH ('VIOl!'" Jt'''ulb [UI Il)(' ... lw,lI
"tll'llgth dldl'l( lell"tIC'" \\'('1(' ohLullt'd [rom soll ~<llIlpk" hd\'IIl.t', Il)('11 pli \,dll(· ... ddpI ... lt'd
tn'-'; 0 III d 11<11111<11 gCO-C!1\'IlOIlIIWIlI. 11lt' pli rn,t~ \dl: III ,l(OI(!.tn('(' \\'Itll thl' (hdllg{' III
gl'O-r1It'1I1!( ,t! (\)JldltIOJI'l ('hCI1lIC,t! \\t',tlJ]('llllg. 'l1I(h a ... 1Il11ll'Iiti (l'o..lddIIOIl. I()\,' pli t.l\IlLdl.
!!,IOlllldw,tt(,[ I('<l\ 111!1!.';. Il\,\~ ,tlt(,! Iltl' ,1\ 1(lIc/aILdlll<' "lllI,\li\llJ III \llt!t'I It) <lnll! 1]>,\1(' Ill!'
1111jMC\ ()f (llange" Il. IlJ(' <lCldtt/ctlLtllllC lUlldltlll!1 \111 Illl' ... 1 J('d 1 ... 11\'!I!!,1h ]!IO]!!'I\\', .III ,d
teldtloll of pli \\<1::' 'J!ad(' III :"ullll' :"I,lt'( I"d ",lInplt· ... dg\'d fOl Il l'I\lllth" dt pli ti (J "hl'"> \\<1'"
dUIll' lhlll,!.', ddll t , d Ile '] "ulutloll dddccl gr,Hlu,t1I.\ (dlUp Ly dl\Jp) to 11j(' Pil ... lt·-II"t· "'dl11plt,,-.
\\Ith f'clltl( !t'l1I()ldIll~ fOI plI ():) 01 0:ctOl! addl\lUll f\JI pli ~l ,-).1\''">1)('<11\('" \utt' th,t!
t hl" plI cldJ \l"t llWlIt [lI (j( ('dUfl' tu ( !J,llIgt' t!H' ... o!l·'l ü( iJI< / ,dk,dIII(' (Olldlt luII 111.1_\ tlIIlt'! II \JlII
th\' 11l-"llll "lllldtlOll \\]I<'I\, tht, ..,oJ! ... kt'lelurl ("tlllt'tllll') 1\'Ill<llll'" !l1ort' or 11' ...... Illl(hdllp,t'd
d~ Ihe pli ('ll\IIUlIIlll'llt \<LIII· ... III utlJ('I \\urd.., tilt' IUIIll{'1 ... (JlI 1'" allowl't! tu It'dlldlll',(' JI ...
:"tlllctlllt' tu Ill' :-'lllt.t!l!e to thf' 1)('\\ tOlldltldll. \,IW[e,l" the "ltter Ol\!' 1" (ultfllled <lw· lu II ...
~urrolllldlllg u\('lhuld('1\ jlll'''''''UH' III tLI'" !cgard. tilt' ('-':PPIlllH'llt Illdy Jlul {',dt 11,,' "'llllIILJl('
the lldtU!,d (H( Illll'!I«(, III the lit'ld \('\('rt}1( Je" .... tlJ(' ('XIWIIIlJ('IJ\,!l n",lllh wIll plm'Idt, .III
,l\\',lIeJICS:o uf IIIC !)()kllt!(li Illljlct( t ... (JI a( IcIlt jdlk,\IIIlC tUll(lJtIOll lh<l'Igt' ull :-'lJtI -,ll\'dl ... llt'llglh
dl.!! actel i"tl("
FIg :3 ~3 1:) pre ... l'llts the \',UI"tIUll of "IIedI !'.tt(,Ilp,lh \"tlllt''- WIth pli dt drfklCllt tlllW
IIlteJ'vals fOI the illIu( silly dé!) (,t). ,Hllorphou.., lIldtell,tl dt .\1H U ·IU (1)) ,1lId tlwll (uIrIIIXllllt'
cont éLIlIing 15CX 01 dlllorplJ()ll~ III.tt{·II,t1 \ () 1 t 1'" :-.t'( Il t Itdt t Ill' JIll Il t" ,1 lllllllllllllil. huI ( I{',u,
cffect 011 tll' chalct('tell'-.t.lc:" of litt' dltt\( "ml éllld, fUI tlm J(',I'{JI!. tilt' ]t· ... lIlt ... .Ill' pl()(\I'd {JIJ <1
cl 1 fi e 1 (' Il t ::. t:, tic fi () Jl1 (b) il Il d (() :\.., 1 1 j(' JI Il \ d 1 j('.., Ir () III L :-) 1 () ~ () cl Il.j 1 1 j(' 11 t \) !) :-). t \oc. ,,1 j(''! 1
strength 1'> (>lllIatJ«('d .\ 1,1Igel Illcr(,i\.~,e 1" IJ(JtICI't! \\'Ij('ll pli gol''"> {IUIII (, -) lu ~ () 'l'III'> IL\dlll
subslillltl<ltes, III ctgl(,(,f1ICllt wlth 1]1<' (',tIllel Ob"('I\'.ltl<JlI O!I lJj(' It,dlJ(('t! ,,()IÎ \\,ltel J ',Ict II!,
capacity, that th(' t)1I clt,\IIg(' (,,(1'1 b m(lI {' l111jMct \ln tll<' ~()d plO]>('1 lIt'., Il: <1. IU\\"'1 pli l,lIt!!,!'
df dcidlty, ).(', closCI to the :-.oIl\ lEP \',dlle A~ J]1elltlOlwc! earlwr, titI' ,,()J! (r,lll ... foflll" il,.,
1
100 0 ~
90 a ..
BO 0 f-
- 70 0 ~
~ - 500 r :::
~ ~ .. a: oC
~ II>
. !Ii
;::
'" :z ~ in
S 001
50 0 L.
~O 0 L 1 1
30 0 1 20 0 ~
10 0 ~ o ad
0
800 ... 1
BOO -
700 L
600 L.
500 f-
400 L
'00 ..
m 20
III
200 ~ ----1 --
:
01 E""FE:" 0= PH Dt, SlEAR SiRENGTH 0= IL.UTIC SIL. n CL.J. y
~o
~O
• OH - 9 5
.. D~ - B 0
o pH - 5 5
; 60 80
60 80
(34.0) (36.0) (39.5)
100 :20 1'0
TlMë 1 OAYS l
1
160 180 zoo
bl EFFECT 0= pH ON SHiOAR STR::"N'TH 0= 1. M 1_ ~Ol
• pH - li 5 (16. 7.5) .. p". B 0 (197.5) o pH· 6S (282.5)
! r
100 120 140 160 IBO 200
"';IN' TlME 1 OAYS l
- --- - -------
el E.=<C"" 0= D~ 01, SH:;.IiI SiRû"'TH OF l 5 • ~ l' 1 0 40 :5 : l
: :::: ~ (~:8~ o DM· 6 5 (52.8)
..... _._- .... --- ___ ..J.--
---------100 t .-
_.-Ci o-______ ~er_--~e-----------------------O
O~ 0 20
! ! 1 1
'0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
A;Ih' T1Y.i 1 tu 't'S l
Fig. 1,'L 1 C) Effect of pH on shear strength of IS, AM and thelr admlxture.
Note: The value shawn Hl pareotheses denotes the sampl,-'s WJtcr content (~).
69
1
structure from a dlspprscd statc to a floceulcnt or agglC'galcd (J!\(' wlwlI tilt' pli I~ ln\\'t'It'd
towards the lEP \'cdl\(, It was expla1l1cd carlH'r that llH' '>011 Wdt('1 holding CdP'\( It\' 1"
ralsl'd a~ thl' ~orl he( Oflll'" floccull'llt As a Il''>UIt, the ~orl ha~ to ,tlNll b 1I11))(' \\,,11('1 tlll l,\( 1
watel 1<; ddd('d (<J t II<' "or! for te"tlllg purpo~C'~) III ordn tu hl\'(' .Ill ('qll,t! IIlIII,t! Il'llIul<lI'<I
"heM ~tr('(lgLh, cl" (OIJ1(ldICd tu the "oJ! <;,Ullpl(' at cl IlIgltel plI ~l("III\\hd(', tll!' "ll!l P,lIllll\'
SpclClIlg, 01 POI()~lt~ I~ iIl(J('(J<.,cd and, of cour"c, the \"dU'! ('ollll'lIt 1'> 11\( Il',\,,('d (ld!'1 tll tilt'
valut' ~ltOWll III p,llentlH''i(,.~ bCSlel(' Ul(' Icgelld iIl FIg :! :ll:l) Altltollgh tllt, !elllulded .,1lt',1I
stll'ngth IS Sl?t the SélllH' for diffcrcnt soils st,HtiIlg at cl vctlue of 0 JO 1.-1)(1. th(' ... t!(·llg!ll
ckveloprrwnt III c(teh "ample i~ S('CII to be dlffercllt. It l'i ,,110\\'11 th,1I the "hcdl .. tlt'lI/!,th
grows wlth a Illgher ratr in the hlghcI pH soIls, due p()~slbly tu d gr(',!\e! 11l('!-p,\IIH II'
bondtng dcveloPllwnt. III the 10\\'('1 porosüy sod~ Eq\ll\',dcnt ly, ! lit' IIII t'l-pdlll( 1(· hlllldllig
dpvdopIllcnt IS fa\'olcd III a lo\\' poroslt)' "itu,ltIOIl -- the Ie.,~el 11ilCI-P,lItlCl(' .,Pd< Illp" IIi('
fa~tcr the bUlld'> ('dT! glC)\\ It I~, thelcfOIe, ('\'Ielent th,lI Il)(' "he.!1 ~I 1 t'lIg1 Il \\'Oldd hd\'('
plObdbly d('\'(~lopl'd fclstel III thl' lu\\' pI! CIl\'llOflI lellt If th(' '>dllll' P()IU~lty or \\',tlPI (ulllt'nt
1'> ~ct III th('IH',!!,llllllllp, Thl" I~ O!J\'IOll'> ~lIIU' thc e{)llC!Jt\UIl !à\OI'> ~Il'c\lly tilt' d('\'l'lll(lllwllt
of elect ro-stat Il aU raet 1 vc for ces detlllg bet \VeeT! t b(' po,> i tl\ el~ dl,lrged '>Id('" 01 t'tige" 01
particle..s cllld the' Tlegatlvely chalged Sicles or faces of p~Itld(':" 'l'Ill" ~pe( Il l,li Ion 1" PIU\'l'lI
to be a fact by the Dlngl'al11 yleld stres<; test, w!wre d (OllS! an t ~(Jhd COllCt'nt! ,t! 1Ol!, 1 (' 1 II<'
saIne \Vatel contcnt, but dlfferent pH vallle~, IS ma11ltallll'd (Idcl tu Sec \.1011 :~ :~ :n :\ revÎ('\\' of t he a bo\'e res U 1 t" (wd d ISCUSSIOI1S prO\ Ides l he followl fig rt '[!l,lI h.,
\\,hlk the a~'llh( condItion glVC:O :ln 1I1CledSC Ifl the sOlI\ watel Iruldlll,!?, cdp.t1)dlty,
IL bllngs dO\\'l1 the ~hedr st length a~ the sod 15 allo\\'('d tu challge Îh .,t.lll< 1,111(' (JI
pC):'osity, and
,) If the sOlb al \'<HlOUS plI valllcs hav(' the saIlle poro"lty UI \\'cltt'I (Untellt, tlH' ~h('dl
strength would lIlClea,>e wlth a decrea<;e III pH to\\',ud" the <;0\1'" ho-d(·( tl j( pOlllt
(lEP), whclc the P'-l.Itlc!t'S ldll mobdlzc in an cdg<' tü fd( (' f,l"hltlll alld !W( Ol1I(' Il(H
cul('nt or agp,lcgated due to the action of optlll 11zed t'I('ctro stalle ,lttril( t 1\'(' fore('
3.3.2.1.3 Thixotl'opic strength ratio characteristics; 'l'IlC tlll'wtr()pl< ,>tl('llgth Ici
lio (TSR), JdillCd a.., tl ,(' latlo of "UIldlst "d" 01 thl''\otlopH "IWell ,>t[l'l!gtll tu j III' /1'
mold('J sLrcllp,lh (MItchelL 197(;), I~ a UllcCt rncasurc of ~éUIl lfl bOlldllli!. ,>tll'lIi!;!11 ll\){)l\
aglIlg \Vhen the rClllolded "t ll'llgth j,> lmtlùlly ~ct at cl ({JIl~t.tnt \',dll(, wh\( fi 1'0 t II(' (,l"(' il!
this study, the stl!'I1gth gaill wIiI he deterrnlIi!'d sole}y Ily tlw tlJlXotlOjJl( .,ll(" gth ;\!Jj(.
70
---------that ,dtllOlIgh tlIl' IllagllltllCll' of 'l'SI{ l'i ('qua! to tllat of scnsitivity, willeh is used to de
,,( 1 J!w tilt' ... tll'llgth !o".., UpOll dl"t III ballet' for a natural ~oil, there IS obviously a dlfferenee
III «J!J(l'pt III UIc!('1 tu dl<,tlllgul"h tlll' nature of 'l'SH from that of sensitivity, the term
IIIZ:rolrop/l' ,~//( n(jlft lill/O IS L1sed exclml\'ely for the laboratory-plf'IMlcd samples, The vana-
1 j(J11 of 1 III' 'J'SB for dIfrl'r('nt Sélll1p!e-; IS obtéllJlec! lISIIlg the pr(,vlollsl) mcasured undisturbed
,tlld [('llll)ldeel ..,tlPllgth i\ ... !)('('!l III Fig :3:3 lG, the highef th(' Illeasured ulJ(!JstLrbed sheal
... 11('llglh, tlJ(' gII'dl('1 1'" III(' '1 SB \!on·o\'{'!. tlt(, i!llul silt: c1a) shows a \'cry lo\\' valuc 011
th(' 'J'SH ..,(,dl' (d). III (Ulltlél~t tu the alllorphulh matell,t! (h) and the aclrTllxtules havmg
ViiI j()lJ'" ,[!llUllll 1.., ( ) <lllti (OIIl pO'>1 t 1011'" (d) of alllorphou ... mlll pou nels The TS R of the amOI
phOll" lIléÜC'II,t! i he!! l!) \'('1)' l11gh, eSpf'Clél Ily at ~1 Il 0 ,10 At the same gl ven rnass ratIO,
the sorl ... Sl'C'lll:, IIlOI (' allt! mal e thlxot ropi __ as the amount of amorphous matenal mcreases.
OTl the Ot/H'l h,tIltl, th(' 11lCl'f'ilsing IlldS~ ratIO (llp lo 0..10) plays a slInilar l'Ole in the sods
hel \'ll1g th(' Sd flle clddcd ;:UIlOU Il t of clI1lorpholls matter.
1 Il d ~Illllldl lllalllWr tü l,\e, 3.3 1·1 fOI t ht' shedl strength characteristlcs, FIg, 3.3.17 is
plotkc! fOI tll<' T:-ll{, wlllch IS expl(· ... ':>('<1 as tl functlon of the mass ratio Il is clear that at
t.he C 11t.IC,d IIlct:-, ... l,ttlU pOlllt of 0 40, cl maXlmUIll stlcllgth gùlll IS redched at an)' age penod
,1Ild teIlds to 1)(' ~t,lblt' cl ... d,!!;lng time applodchcc; 6 months (Ider also to Fig. 3.3.16).
The d!'cc t 01 pli 011 the 'l'Sn ChalclLtl'll..,tIC:-' l'i, necdles,", to say. exact/y the same
ilS 011 t II(' .,Il<'ar ... tJcngt Il More spcclfically, the sOlls \\'Ill have thelr 'l'SR lIlcreascd \VIth
cUl 'IlCJ('a~(' III plI 110\\'('\'('1,011 the othel hdncl, d sltuatloll of constant poro'-.It)' 01 water
C ulltellt. s<'ltlilg wOlllcl I1CCt':-, ... J!,lIl· the stJength glowth tO\\'(lJd~ the ':>od's lEP \alue
It 1" W()Jlh t'llIpll.t':>Ii'lllg tllell the 'l'Sn of tlJ(' labol,lt()l~ ... dIIlplf· ... 1" completely dctCI-
11111Ieclll'y tlrl'II tlll'\()!,IOPIl -.tll'ngth, Wllf'f('cl~ tll(' c,ell~ilJ\'lt~ uf Ihe BatUJal m,UIllC soli" IS
(Ol1tlO]}('c! Il) the lIndlstlll bel! alld. mOle plCUOnllTlilntly. by the lemoldec\ slwar sLrcngth
(YUllg dt ('1. l~jï~Jd) For ('xaIllple. the \Il1llIstllIbed slwdf stIcngth 01 the QlIcbec CkunplclIrl
cid,\':-' at St I\LUllIU' olll\' \'clll!':-, [lom :!I 8 Lo 868 kPa, wheJ(>J'-, tJw remoldeu one Jumps
dl dlllclt1(',t!lr fWIll U OSI Lo l ,j,~ ~]Ja. dl! 11Icrcac;e of apploxlIlldtely 20 tJn1('~ Such cl !algc
dJl!l'It'II(C' 111,\\ bt> dttnhlltc-d to Ill,\ll~ fdt tOl:-O IIIc!tHl!Ilg C\[l1olphou" mattcl (ddadcd cxper
IlIH·Ilt.d d,d,'! .11(' lt'pUI tpd III \ppelldl\" D) 1\ C(JlllJlclll~()ll uf lesulb bctW(,(,ll the natllléd
,lJld tIlt· LtllllLdlll,\ ',url ... 1'" c!('Lllled III SectlOlI :34
III 1 \'\ 1('W (If 1 hl' ,JI lU\( > ,\ Iid h :-OC"-, t 11<' "t ll'Ilg t II g,llll I~ :,( 'CIl t 0 IllU ca "t' WI th the Dlcasu l'cd
1IIldl!)tllll>l'd :-,h(\11 ..,11t'lIl2.tlr fOl tht' LlholcltOI)' "C>1I ... contélllllD~~ wllthe~lzt'd amOIphous rna
tendis, whde th\' IC!llold(',! stlclIgth 1" pUlposely cOlltlOlled at él constant value, The natural
sl)d'~ St'II"'1 t 1 \'1 t yi ... , Irt)\\'\'\'(·I. dOIIlIIl,lt cd Lu gply by the 1 cmolded strcngth. The SI mu latioll
ïl
LI&&
----~
TIIE (DAY) ''1Il10 TINE 1 DUS 1
0 aa AD KI 110 lDO 12D 140 .. '" . .., ZOO • .. .. • • •• • •• 1.0 ... . ... . .. . .. • •• •• 1
bl AIIOfI'IÇJS 1141ERUl .... • IIR - 0 40
~ NR-02!5 .o.a i' • o MIl - 0 10
1 DEL a
~,
'00 a ~ 0:::
CI) n:: E-< (j)
f-<
lDDD.a lOOO 0 ~~
.. J .1 ILLlTIC SIL TY C-AY
.... '0000 0 1-
T1101f 1 DAY 1 liME 1 DAY 1
0 oa BO 7a • 00 ••• ISO 17S eoo 0 .a ao 7a 100 .ea lao ". 000 •• • •
, .. • 0 •
1\\ 100 0 lOO 0 ~
0::: n:: CI)
~ ~ E-<
~ • lOOO 0 lOOO 0 --lOOOD " c} l S'A M IMR-On toooo 0 dl l s • A " 1 A " • 1~1 )
• AN-~I .... - 0 1
.. AM. !M "1IR-02!5
El AM - ~ 0 MIl·Oo4
Flg. 3.3.16ThlXolroplL ~'lrcngth ratlo (TSH) 01 lS, Ml and tht'Ir ddml>\Ill\·c.,
relatIve Lü lho dglIlg elfecl.
7'2
o M +J CD 1-;
0.0 .1 i.0
10.0
..c: 100.0 +J co C <lJ 1-; +J (/]
U 'r-' C-O 1-; +J o >< M
..c: E- 1000.0
10000.0
MASS RATIO
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .B .9 i.0
1.S. + A.M. (A.M.- 15%)
~ 1 DAY
D- 1 WEEK
(;) 1 MONTH
u 4 MONTHS
Fig.',. 1. 7 Thlxotroplc strcngth rallO versus mass ratlo durlng the aglng process
- IS + AN.
73
of thixot l'0pY pIOpcrt.ies éllld chal'a('u~llstics exhihill'd by the lelhol dlOl ~ -PI('Pdl ecl ~otl~ \\'11 Il
participation of alllorpholis lIIate! i,ds htls dCl1\ol\sl rakd t!w fctlsihlht ~ \l! \l~\llt!, 1111':-'\' ... od ...
1.0 ~l\ldy tlH' sCl\sill\'it~, lwh,wiol' of Qup\)('C Chd.lllplain S(·,t cl.1y)"
3.3.2.1.4 Soil water retention and volume change characteristicsj :\S 111('111 IUIl('cl
in the' lIlt.l'oducto['y chapt ('l', dlllOI phous rn(ÜCJï,t! I~ 1)('li('\'('c! to play "Il inl[>dl'Llllt J\)k III
letaillillg W,ttel iIl a soil alld, I((,!lcc" iIl incl'('a""lg Ill<' ),oil\ (('Illtlldc'd ),IIC'dl :-.llt·Ii)!,lh Tu
lu! tlter VC'! if y titis, dS well cl" lu d('kllllill(, Uw (ap,dJilily 01 ~()il 10 1 \.\ ,lin \\',Ift'I, "(lI! "lit 1 HIll
l('st~ W('le \){,lfOlliWd. ,lIld the \\'c\1C'1 holdlIlg (d[>d(t\y of tlI(' ~()d" ,\1(' <lldl'dl kll/(·d \\'Ilh
rC'spect to t.he illflllPl1< (' of cl III 01 phou" 1ll,lIe! ié11s I·~)( (LI)' soik bul II \\',dl'! 1 ulllt'1l1 dlld
hllik VOIUIl1<' dec l('(\"c' .1" ... Il( IIOJ[ (dir pI'C~~IlI(') i" 'lI)pll<'d By c!('r1\"llig il \\',tI('1 (tllll('lil
."llctiolllelalwll .. ,111P, IIi<' "oIl\ \\'dl!'1 hoidilll!, ('dp,t1111ilv (.Ill 1)(· ('\,dll,tlt d. H\' t hdld( kil/III/-"
volulll<' (hallg(·. \\'hilh I('fkll" tll\' «()ll\pll·""dlihl~ n! Ilw '>011 ,,1111(1\111', II 1" p\J ... ~tl)ll· to
II1tC'I'(Hct the PIC''i(·!l«'. cl'" \\('I! .1" Ihe "1J'(·ngtlI. of illll·I-Pdlli,II·\)()Il<I ... III ulllt'i WOlt: ....
a "oil ~tlllCt1ll'(' Illdl 1" ..,Il()!lgl~ 1){)Jlr!(·c! (highcl bond ~tl(,lIgth) llIil\' ('\hIlllt 1(,,,,, (h<lllgt'
ilI volullle IlllIlI clllotllCI ~()d "tlllcllll(' tlIdl h \\'('clkh hOlld('cI (10\\('1 hOIIe! "tl('J\l',flt), d~ d
1 (,"ltlt ot cl l.11 gel \ (llllll\(' (h.lllge ,d 1 II(' "dlllC' gl\'('1\ ~l\( 1 101I/pl(· ...... \I! C' 'l'II\' '. \lI Il II\(' Illdlll'.'·
dldrc\(I<'lhll<'" dl<' .,1l111Lll 11l1)('\t,l\'IOI to Ill(' n)Jllpl!,.,~dlllit~ lhdldll('II"tI<" (· ... ltd'II(·" III d
(OIl\'C'll1l()llcll ïon"ohc!,lIl\J1l 1(',,\ (\\';lIlg. !!)S 1) Sp('( IlI( cdl~'. 1 Il<' pl('''('111 (' UI ,d'''('II( (. ut d
hOlldlll!!, c1g('111 dtlld)lll<'d lu illllOlpltull., 1lI,11('II,l! (.Ill 1><, deI l'('(coc! by plolllllg cl 1t'ldtloll"lllp
(III\'C' !)('I\\('('ll l!t(' \'Ùhllll<' (hallg\' <Incl Ill(' "!lïtIOIl. TIII~ i~ dellll'l\~tl(lkd III IIt(· t'Olllllll!,
t <,xl.
Note 1 bell thl' soil "U( t IOll l~ ('Xlll'eN'd III Illlil" of pl-'. <III dll,do!!,\ 1 Il pli WIII( Il 1"
ddilWd cl" 11H' I()gdlitltmic \',du(' 01 \\'el(er !w,l<1 III «'l\lillWll('" '1'1)(' .... 1111101111· .... 1 (011"'1 ... 11.1
Fil~( 01 ,dl. tll<' (0111 lUI ~.llllpl('~ ot dlllll ... tll~ (1.1\ (11 III'JlIIII'- \)1.1) .111.1 cllll'lIplI!Jll'-.
IIl,ltC'li,t!" lOllt' \('<\1 old) \\t'I(' \(,.,1(,1.\ dllllll\(' I(·,,\dl~ .11\' \>]1''-\'1111'.1 1'1 j·'Il: .\.\ \:-; \1'1 \\.11,')
lCl<'llli()ll Iltéll,1( tl'll~IIC". cllld Fig ,\.\ l!) f()' \UllllllC(lt<lllgC·lwhd\·ICJl \<11('111,11 Ilw."tlllpl('"
\\('1(' fil~1 \('Illulcl('c! dlHI Ilcld tlwlI IOll~l"kIl(.\ 1111111., k..,l<'<I lOI dglll!!, ('1!f'1 1" "llld\ <11111.
Ilwll. [('-ilgel! llli Il \\(~ k dt 1<'1('\'\111 \\<Ill'I «llllt'llt'- lu 111\'11 11([llldll\ IIIc!n 1 .!-I \'('101(' Ill!'
Sll( liull t(',,1 "',1" ('OI11111('!lI('c! TII<'Id"uI(', ,dl 111<' "',II11plc ... Itdd 1 II<' ",U1\(, llilll.1I -,\ (C'II1',\ II ,d
!lll' l)(·t!,illlllllg ul tilt' 1('''1
Il 1" "('('11 (lt,tI 1 II<' Illldi~1 :lllwcl ~dlllpl('" IIcI\'(' .t II 1 p,l 1<'1 "Il! IIUII ('1 \\'dfc'I I!(Jldlllg, {d
P,lt il~ t!t,11l II\(' IClllolcll'<! ()I\('''' (UIIIIII\I,dl) !<'lI1olcl('c! dt ('\'('I\' ""1\ IIOIl III! Il'111( III J, \\llll Ill<'
Î 1
L~
~s. 0 al. SUCTION TEST FOR IllITlt SOIL
~ lHllSTlJ!BEIl ~O,O
• REIIOll.ŒIl
35.0
30.0 H
125'0
20.0
il! -- A-~-=-.la-=--A ~ 15.0
10.0
5.0
0,00.0 1,0 2.0 3.0 ~ 0
eoo.O
sso.O
SlO.O
490.0
: 4OD.0
SUCTION ( pF )
C), N40RPIIlUS MATERIA!. - III - 0. 25
~ tHllSTIJl9al
• CONT. REM'O
1350.0 $ ...... t- ·---· ......... ~l . ~. il! 3011. 0 • < ·2SQ.0
2DO.0 ~ --- -- ... ---- ___ --,6-. .. ~=-'--__ _
151.0
5.0
JOO'0o.LIO----~I~,O----------2.~O--------~3.iO~--------C~,~O--------~s.O
SUCTION ( pF )
BOO. 0
sso.O
500.0 .~
b), AMORPHOIJS MA TERI A!. - III - 0. 10
+ lHllSTUlBED
• CONl, REM'O
----:; ~oo. 0 t · ------- -1 .... , ~" ,1 ~ ~
450.0
~ 3011. 0
~ 2SQ.0
200.0
150.0
"" \.. --- ---A_ ~ -A-- --=:::::-~ ..
100.0 1 J ! 1 ! J
0.0 ~o 2.0 3.0 LO 5.0
BOO. 0
sso.o
500.0
450.0
" ~ 4OD.O
1350.0 Il! 3DD.0 < .
2SO.0
2DO.0
15O.D
SU::T1 ON ( pF )
dl, AI!CRPIIJUS MATERIAL - III - 0. 40
• lHllSTtIIIEl
... CONT, REM'O
-.----... - ... : ':::--S • • ----- ---- ... ---- - --&---~~ ..
100. 0 "! J 1 0.0 ~O 2.0 3.0 LO 5.0
SUCTlON ( ~ )
FIg. 3.3.18 ~ater holdlng capability characterlstlcs of IllltlC soil and amorphous materlal.
75
1 SII:TlIJl ( fi' )
o.D I.D 2.D 3.D "D 5.D 0.
~ --,
5.D
lDoD \ ~ l5.0 \ .. i mo \ ~ • ~ ~
~
~~ 25.0
~ 3O.D ~~'"
~
35.0
.1 ILLITIC SOIl
.ul.0 • lHllSTlR!ED
• CDlTIIIJALL Y REIIUJlED
S.O
IDoO
15.0
mo .. 1
25.0
! 30.0
> 35.0
---- ~ "Do a ---~- ~ ~-,(5.0
cl. AIIR'IIlJS MA TERIAL - III • Do 2S
!5l5.D • 1Hl1STlR!ED
• 1DlT. REM'O
1 L ___________________ _
1
1
1
- --_._-------------
SlX:TlIJl ( fi' )
2.D
lo.D
lS.O
2D.D M
1 25.D
\ !
30.0
\ > a5.0
~ .ul.0 --.---- '" --- ~'-"S.O ~---~
!5D.O b). AIIR'IGlS MATERIAL - III • Do ID
!5l5.0 • 1Hl1STIJI8ED
~ 1DlT. REM'D
Sll:TIIJl ( pF )
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.C "D 0."-....
s.a "-.~ .. 10.0
Is.a
2D.0 ..
.ul.0
"s.a
!5D.0 dl. AMDII'IIJUS MATERIAL - III • Do "D
!5l5.a • 1Hl1STIJI8ED
_L._ ~ 1DlT. REM'D
S.D
S.C
Flg. 3.3.19Volume change characteristics of illitic solI and amorphous materlal
dur~ng suctlon tests.
76
exception of MR 040 amorphous material. Equivalently spcaking, tht' undisturlwd soil
structure is capable of rctaining its porc water more strongly than tl1(' rCllloldl'd sampll'
In other words, the bonded (undistUIbcd) structure prevcnb waU'[ frolll t'itl}('[ gdtlIlp, III
or going away. The reason for the higher slIct[on of Ut(, [cmoldcd ~1 HOtu i.'II11plc i~ dUl'
probably to ItS swelhng potentIal rncuncd from the double lctycr ('XIMIIS[Oll li 1'" furt hl'I
noticed that the water holding capacity dccreasei. a~ the mass ratio lIIC[(,d~CS f[olll 0 10 lu
0040, because of the reduction in specific surface aH'ct, as will 1)(' 8('('n 1,\1('[ Oll As o.pt'clt'd,
the drop in \Vater content dunng de-watering [S larger for the 1'(>11101<1('<1 s,1I1Ipl('.., (II 1'\'l'[Y
suction incremeIlt. The largest drop for both undlsturbed and [elllolde<l ~aTllpJt.s ()CCllr~ dl
the pF increment from 2.5 to 3.0, at whlcn suctioll the soiljalllorphous IllcltCI i,t! str lI( 1 UI,t!
bonds rapidly collapsc. Meanwhile, the volume change is pronollllccd, as d('[:lonstralt'd III
Fig. 3.3 19.
The near smooth volume change curve of the ilhtic silty cldy, shown In (a) of Fig :J :3.19.
characterizes a typical poorly-bonded soil structure, In contrast \Vith the' behrlvlor of tl\!'
strongly-bonded MH 040 amorphous matcrral. The volume change clIr v(>~ plotted fUI t.h!'
amorphous matenal samples bear slrnilanty to the e-Iog P curve (-voIVl'd frolll a cOllsulid,\
tion test for a I1aturally-bonded soIl ln an analogy to the Pc2 (pr<'COllsolldatIOl\ pJ('~'H1J(,),
the suction at which the saIl shrinks rapidly is marked at ùbout pF :~ O. MOJeov('J, litt'
change in slope for the undisturbed samples becomes distmctly greatcr, 1 e TllOlP and 1\101('
steep, as the Iron content in the arnorphous complex is triplcd from MH 0 10 to MH (J 40
This ind[cates that the strength of structural bonds devclops mcreasll1gly toWétl d~ Mit U 40,
which is totally in agreement \VIth the ex peri ment al observation on the SlWéll strf'llgth d('
velopment described earlier. The magnitude of the volume reductioll le; seclI to dc( [('élS!'
in accordance with the bondmg strength. Furthermore, an even glcat('[ volull1e (hiUIP,('
has been obselved fOI the remolded (de-bondcd) samples More spccific<dly, tl\(' MH 0 10
sample has the largest volume shrinkage, rmplymg that the C'ompr<>sslbrlity I~ enhal1«'d in
favor of higher srlica content. The tremendous difference in the comprc..,sl hrlity or volullI(,
change between the remolded and undisturbed samples of amorpholls mater I,d'i 'illgg('~t,>
that the amorphous material has a very wcll developed flocculent structure, whidl ~I l'Ongly
influences the volume change charact~nstlcs. It IS calcul<tted, from the knowll water (1)[1-
tent, volume and solid weight (assllming 100% saturatIOn), that thl' 1II1ll,t! VOId r,'11O of
the amorpholls matenal 13 14 Î, 9.1 and --1 7 respectlvcly lor ME 0 10. () 2:) ,tIld 0 Hl 111
compalison w[th the value of 1.1 for tbe Illü 1c sIlty clay, the amorpholl<' ... trudllle 1<; 1IId('('d
extremely porous Furthermore, the fact that &uch a porons structure can still SU<,titlfl high
2For laboratory-prepared solis, pseudo-precon&ohdatlOn prc&surc can be prcf>cnt If ttlf' f>olb are bondl'd
77
1 o.,lH 1)()Jl/p(('!'>o.,lll(' 10 lllclinlclill II!'> physleallIltegrity, especially for the MR 0.,10 amOIphous
IlliLtr-lldl, o.,lIb!'>1 cl III i,d('!'> 1 Il,tt Il)(' clillorpholls complcx is a highly polymeric mo\eculal struc-
1111(', cl" Wc\!'> al!'>o !,>lIpJ!,('o.,led by lIC'rbillon and 'l'l'an Vinh An (19G9). More clearly, the siliea
P01YIIH'IIZ('!'> ,1" cl !'>epcl!,II(' ph,I~(' growing lIpOIl the renie phase and forming a chain-like
1111 kdll,(·. "0., c111 "JI ('P,I dl ('ri erre( t. a porous yd st rong struct II l'al net- work ~lIpportcd by
111(' (1Irtill-hk(' Illlkclg('o., 10., (d:-'1. 1\10!(' discussion on the amOlphous honding formation is
pl (':-C'1I1 ('d ill (~II,I pl<'I 1
III !nicl, III<' illiti;' soi!. a:-. a eontIOI, fihows a typical poorly-hondcd structulc, whercas
Il)(' (lllIO! pholl~ matel i,11 (Oll1plex pos~csses a v('ry fJocculent, yet strollgly bonded structure,
whidl (',III hl' clllnhuled 10 the polymclization of amorphol\s particles. On the othcr hand,
I.h(· cllIlorpholls Illétlf'rial i!'>. OI1C(' rcmolded (dc-hondcd), highly compressible. The high water
holdillJ!, (ëlPclCily aIld high sheal stlcngth measurcd characlt'lize the amorphol1s complcx as
cl IllllqU<' wal('1 holdiIlg and bowling agent.
'l'Il(' followillg text describes the behavior and characteristics exhibited by the illitic
"iuil/,IIllOlpholl!'> ll1alC'lial admixtures during the suction test.
Soil's water holding capability characteristicsj Fig. 3.3.20 illustrates the cffcct of
(IlllOI pho\ls IlléttCl'ial qUclll1 ity on tlte watel' holding capacity of the Illitic silty cldY. IL is seen
1 h,1I ,11 1 h(' :-.a 1 IJ(' gl\'('1l (olllposition of amorphous complex, i.e. ~\'lR=0.40, the \Vatel' holding
Cclp,t( it) of 1 he ~()ilo." 111 t('1 ms of water contellt, II1creascs, dS cxpccted, with the amollnt of
,11II0rphou:-. lllnlC'rial ('xlstillg in the soils. In other words, the watel' content al ally given
"illeLion (p\<') i" ~('(,11 10 \)(' 11Igher fOl the ~oils licher in alllorpbous material. The cau;,i{' is
dll(' ~imply t,o LI\(' illC!('ilsccl tot(t! surface ared of the soil by f he amorphous l11dtcrials. In
(,olllprll'isOll with th(' pme illitic silty clay, ct 5% additioIl of amorphous rnatelial does Ilot
(·x(·rl. C\~ Sig,llificalll all Impact ,'8 2.5% or ('vell 1.5% additIOns. Il is fnrther noliced that the
(onl illU,III\' «'JlIold('d "iot! cl III 0 1 phous admixl ures absOl b more watel' than the undi:,turbed
011(':-., ('\'('11 t hOllgh t,])(' lIlil I,t! wclter contents for the two wele the ~al11e, i c. al. liquidity index
1.2[j. Tltl:-' i:-. h(·( cllI~(' 1 II<' "11101 pilous mateJ'lcll wlth MR>0.40 ha~ a tcndcncy to swcll due to
it~ 11Iglt s\\,('lllIlg potC'lltl(ll, \\'hich nrises !)Iimalily [rom the highly chargcd negative surface,
,10., nH'1l1 iOlled h<'fol," a:-. ",dl as, of course, from the high slll'facc aIea (l'der tn later sections).
1\101(' sp('cific,t1ly, ,It inJti(t! pF 0, water is absorbcd into soil via replacement of cations by
",a \(or !Il0kCIlI, ':-' \Vi th i Il the dOIl hIc layer. As a rcsult, the dou hIe layer is expanded by the
difl'Ilsiou I)JOCl'SS. lt is ob\'io\ls litaI, the highcr the surface charge, the larger is the double
IcI.\t'1' l''XIMIISioll or :-.\\'dling Th('ullctisturhect soils (aged for a wœk) did not swell much, due
ï8
-....J
1.0
'--
8D.D r
~D~ 8D.D
5Il.D
1 QD
m !nD < •
Ba.D
~D
IIO.D
.. SD
i .a0
!Il !nD ~
2D.D
ID.D
0. DD.D
.) ILLITIC SILTY CUy
• IIIIISTII!IIED
... COlT IllIAlI. Y REIIXl.IlED
sœTllII ( pl' )
cl. 1 S· A.Mo (D.4115t:)
• IIIIIST.
.. CIJI. REM.
- .. _-- .. ~
--z. -- ___ .a.~~ =----.a
1.0 2.D 3.D 4.0
sœTllII ( pl' )
5.0
BD.D .) I.S + A.Mo (0.415 % )
• lHIIST\JIIIED
7D.D ... CDIIT IllIAlI. Y REIIllL!lED
I!D.D
.. 5D.D
! 4D.D --m 3O.D ... ,..
2D.D
ID.D
D.D D.D I.D 2.D 3.0
SOCTiIII ( pl' )
80.0 r d)
t----.. ____ ______ 7D.D f-
I!D.O
.. SD.O
140.0
~ 30.0
20.0
10. 0
~,
~ . . "'\.\ -- -A ___ ~ '1 - .. _~
4.0 5.0
s + A. II. (0. 4/25 %
• lHIlSTI.J'iBm
.. REMIU.llED
-10
D.'h.'D 1.0 2.0 3.0 •• 0 5.0
SOCTlIJI ( pl' )
FIg.3.3.20 SOlI ~ater holdIng capabllitv characterIstlc5 of 15 + ~~ - quantltatl\e effert ~f ~1.
to the' restriction of the amoïphous rnaterial bonding agent, whereas tht remolded ones did
:-0 wei 1 lI1cf<'asingly III correspondence with the amount of amorphous matl'ria! present in the
glvell :-ood <'él:nplf' Thal, 1" to say that the grpalpr the amoullts of amorp: ''lUS malenal, tht'
IllglH'I 1:-0 1 lit :-oweJllIlg poleIltlal, and h!?IllP the greater IS the tendcIHY fo~ tbe soil to s\\'cll
III t1lf' ICIIIOld('c! :-ol,tte 1\101 ('O\('r, Il 1:-0 the bOIldlIlg agent that pre\'cnts t't,c sod stIucture
frolll «()llclp~IIlg, ~() tltal Il)(> undlstuI bec! sOlb call rclalIl more water in 1 III sod \'OIds al a
11Ighcr :-0 li ct 1011 , a:-. dearly dernonstrated ln graph (h) (after pF 22); (c) (aft, r pF 2.5) and
(d) (etfter pl-' 28) of FIg :l3 20 ln facto the volume change clldracten':tics t(1 hp presented
III the followlIlg ~('( tlOn has confirmed the above staternents. In the absorpl JOn or hydratlOfl
plO«'S", IIt(· )(>lIlolded ~o:l<; IcmalIl lower ln Welter (ontent because of the llTeW'1 ble volume
c11ë:lllge cltar.lctprlstJcs of thls 'ype of sod once clehydrated 1\10re spccIfically. th( 'olumes of
thesc clay ,>oib, suclt a" the present eldmixtures, are reducecl by 20-30% (~,ee FIg 'l 3.2:3) al
cl.! appll<'d SuctlOIl of pF·1 12 The soib, therefore, belome ver! hd.ld ,wei, as a re~l\lt. a :-.ttff
:-.oil structure has bcen established. which obvlOUsly r::annot s\vell ~Igilificalltly ULder thi"
clrcumstance, rCIlloldmg could not occU! !Il the soil specimens after the suctIOn has passèd
pF 3 0 Thus, tlH' undlsturbed soils. havlng a 11Igher VOId ratio glven by amorphous-bonded
structure, are capable of holdmg more water than the remolded 0nes during absorptIOn.
The cIT(>( t of amorphous matel'lal composItion or type on the capability of dlitIC silty
clay 1,0 rd.alll wdter 1<; quantIfied in ter ms of mass ratIO, as seen !Il FIg 33.21. It IS
Immediate!y /loticed that, at the same given perccntage of amorpholis matenals, tbe soil's
wcttel holdlllg capdbihty IS mimmized at the mass ratIO of 0.40, below dnd above which
value the capability ir.creases ThiS is also true for the remolded soil samples r\oting that
the swelllIlg dld Ilot occur in the lo\\' mass ratIO samples (i.e. MR=O.lO and 0.25), but in
t!w high ratIo on es (I.e I\1H=O 40 and 0.54) after the amorphous maierial bonds have been
brckcn clowIl, cl greater Impact is expccted to occur by the mcrea<;ed amolmt of amorphous
IIOIl SpeClfiCdlly speakmg, the Iron content is bcbeved to be responslble for the higher
oSIl1otic!swellmg potcntlal which gives lI~e to the water contcnt or water holdmg capacity
",hell the SOli 1:-' remolded
ln order lo make a clCdl' presentatIOn of the role and contribution of amorphous ma
tel ial on 1 he soil\. \Vater holdmg capability, Fig 33 22 is plotted. One can now apprcclate
morc dlrectly thc influenœ of amorphous matf'rial on the soIl-water retention characteris
tICS. It IS rather c1cdr that at a given InélSS ratio, the amorphous matcrial plays a role m
iIlctPclSlIlg the soirs watel holdIng capability or water content at al! suction (pF) levels duc
to t!H' IIlCTcasecl overall surface area This,!Il fact, substantiates once again the previous
80
~ 1
00 t-'
1
120.0 .l. 1 5 • A. II. (0.1/15 1 ) 120.0 .) 1 S .... Mo (0.25/15%)
110.0 • IHlISTLIlBED 110.0 4> IHlIST •
------ A REIIOIUJED .. CXlN. REM. 100.0 --.L. _ ..... 100.0
~ QD.0 \ 110.0
110.0 \ . 80.0 .. 70.0 70.0
1110.0 -- .. ---- ---4 ___
16D.0
~ ---.---- .. ~ ... e 50.0 e 50.0
;; 4D. 0 ;; 4D. 0 -- Â __ ---...,.--.:...."---- ~
30.0 911.0 ---- -40
20.0 20.0
10.0 10.0
0. lb: 0 1 1 --' 0. 00.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 S.O
SOCT/ON ( pl' ) SIl:nrll ( pl' )
120.0 c) a. 4 1 15% 120.0 '> . o.S< / 15%
110.0 • IHl/ST. 110.0 • IHlIST.
A REM. A R9!. 100.0 IDD.D
QD.O 110.0
110.0 110.0
70.0 70.0
1110.0 --A-
llIO. 0 ----..---~. - .. --..... "-e :10.0
\" e 50.0 ~
: .&0..0 ~ 40.0 \~---=--30.0 . \~ 30.0 • .. --A-__ ~~ ~~
20.0 -40 20.0
ln. 0 1 10. 0
1 , 0. 00. 0 0. lb: 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 S.O 1.0 2.0 3.0 '.0 5.0
socnl»l ( ,'f ) SUCTION ( pl' )
Flg. J.J.~1 S"ll ','dtpr ~111dln," ("'pat'lIlt. characterlstlcs of I5 + ~\l - crJrlpos:tl"néil elfc-rt {,r \ \1
00 N
----------------------.--------~ ____________ .................. a. ..... ..
120.0 a> 15. A. II. (lNIIST.,III-1l.4)
IIQ.O • pF-o
• pF-1 UnD
I!I pF-2 IID.O • pF-3
- 80.0 e pF-.
7Q.0 1 80.0
~ :no ~ 40.0
30.0
15. 0 2D.O 2S.0 no
PERC9/T ACE IF AlJ4I XED AMOIIPIOJS MA TER 1 ALS
120. 0 [
lia. 0 ,
100.0
110.0
- 90. 0
7a. 0 1 &l0
~ 50.0
~ 4Q. 0
30.0
20.0
la. 0
b). 1 5 • A.M. (CON. REM., _a..)
• pF-o
.. pF-1
o pF.z
• pF'3
" ;~ 0.0 L-! l ,
,.
a.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 3D. 0
: A. II.
l
~--------------------------l--------------------------~ 120.0
IIQ.O
100.0
IID.O
- 90.0 .. 70.0 1 80.0
m 50.0
~ 4O.D
30.0
20.0
la. 0
a. 'b.1 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .:1
MASS Rl.TlO
O. 1 5 • A. II. Itt()IST., AII-IS:'
.11
• pr-D • pF-1
o pr-z
• pr-' e pF-4
.7 .9 .11 1.0
120.0
110.0
cil. 1 5 • A.M. (CONT • pF-D • R.."M., j\I4'15:J
100.0 .. pr'l
& pro2 110.0
D pF'3 80.0 0 pF-4
;70.0
~.~ !!O.O
Il! 50.0
;:; 4Q.0
:;0.0 "~~~ 2D.O ~ la. 0
a. '11:0 .1 .2 .3 ., .8 .7 .B .11 1.0
MASS RATIO
Flg. 3.3.22 Effect of amorphous materlal on water holdIng capability of 15 + AM - quantitatIve (a & b) and compositional (c & dl, during dehydratlon process.
l statement that the arnorp!Joue.; rnatf'rIal gl\,('!-> ~tabi!tty to e.;oli \Vater and, 1l<'lIn', 111<11111<1111"
tb~ intc<?;rIty of tlte soli-waler system t\lof('o\,('r, the ~p('C\t!atloll thal tll<' <lI1lOrpholl" 111,1
terial cOlltnlmt('" 10 Iht' IC'Illolded ~I)(',II "tlellgl h ,\lu!. h('IH('. lo\\' <'t'mltl\ It:;. dllt' lu It"
11Igh watel holdlllg (ctpaclty 1<' 1I0W thol!Jllghl) \',t!lddlt'd [II" ,t1"o n\lll«'d f(OIlI (.1) .lIlIl
(b) of Fig ~ 3.12 th,lt watel 1<, JlIOI(' ~tl()lIgl:; rt'tdllwd III tl\t' lllldhtllrlH'd "uJ! thdll III tIlt'
remold('J onc. ITIdlCrltlllg I!lilt the arnO(phOlh-hulldt'd ~tfl( tll(t' P('\'(·(ll ... W.ttt·1 lu" ... !IU(II
the undisturbcd sod, though !t (ail 1)(' (',I~il\' dIï\('1I c1\\'(1) frolll cl lIoll-lllllldt'd (J( I(H,,,-hulld,'d
soil structure, Tl\(' lai gC' (l! op III w cl t ('r (O!l t (,Ilt ,t! P F :~ (a 1I('g,l! l ',' P( ('"'' li (' of ,d)o II t ('lit'
atPlosphere) ie.; aecolll/>,lIll('d II) a "Iglllfil dllt \olllllWI rIC (('dll( 1 (011 1('''lIlllllU: f( (JIll 1 ()1I,lp~"
of ~he sot! ske!ctoll. a<, wlll bt' ('\plalIlt'c1111 g,1(',t!('1 det,ul III tl\l' I]('\t p.llclgldpll 1-'111.11".
the effeet of the cOrn!)()Sltloll of étnlOrphOll" TIl,II('(I,t! III IcrTll" of IlIit"" r,1I1\) 1'" t111l"tl,l1t'd III
(c) and (d) of FIg :3,:J 21, III whleh 011<' lIIil,\ 01)"'('1\(' tll(' III 1 III I1111I11 W,Ü('I (011\('111 O( (lllllllg
at MR=O 40 for any gl\'ell ,>oil SlIctlOIl Ievel TitI' 1I1I1l1ll11llli sp('ctfic <'urfél«' ,11('<1 (':-..pl'lill"
the mmimum water holdlllp; capclclty llH',ISUled at tltl<' IIlcl~" rcltlO
Volume change characteristics; Tite \'olumetrIc change IIlf'(I<,Uled (hlIlIlg t1w ~ot! ... 111
tlOn test I~ rcfcrred tu 1 he 11IItldi startmg stage, 1 e pl-' 0 FIg :3:~ 2:3 pr<'''t'lll" t I\(' 1llt'c1~111 ('d
\'olume cIlétng,<' ot SOli '>éllllple" ha vmg the sarne al1lorphou<' (om po,> 1 t 1011 ([\ tH =() ·10) 111
contrast \\'Ith the plalll dlItlc siI!.y da) (ct). tlte Illdp;llltllde of th!' \'oltlIlH' ch,llIgt' 1" !t'duc (,cl
by the amollllt of amolp!toll" constItuent acll1llxed IlIto tlw :-'011 Thl<, I~ truc. III LI(!. ollly
for the llnrtlstu' !wd "od,> \\ Itt'It' the' honJlllg agent 1 ... III dfcct If. ho\\'('\'c'r. 1 lit' clIllOI phUlh
rnaterial cannot form l 'Jlld~. 01 the bonds ,lIl' brokt'I1 dOWll b) Ic'moldlll)!,. wlll( III'> ,IC 111,dly
the case hcre. the soil \ ùIUIlll' will shrinJ... plopoltlonally wllh tll!' clllHlUII! (Jf ,lIlIOI phull"
rnate:-lal présent Ifl the sad. Tille.; 15 demon:.trated Ihrollgh the 1 ('11,l\\llr (J! (UllIlIlll,dlv IC>
molded samj)lcs, whelf'by tht' illllorphou<, matell,t! doC'" IlU! (lC <l<, cl lJtJlICIIII).!, dg('nl, LuI
as a mail' comp!('sslhk m,dellal In other word~. tlte hlglw( tilt' ilIllOIIIl! of dlliorpholl<'
rnatenal contalIled III the remolded sOIb. the glt'alcl l~ the (hallg!' III \'Uhll))(' III ... clho
seen from the re"uJt~ that the rlddltlon of amorpltoll" l11al<'nallIlfllJ('I1Cf'<' tlw \ Oltllllt' ( h,IIII-';<'
charactenstlc~ whlch ma) Icflcct the prce.;Cllce, and III turn the <,tlC'ngth. uf tlw illll'Jrphod'>
bondlllg L1 g"eatcr detail, the presence of amol pholl~ m,de( I,d cali lJrlng .thollt lHIIHhlI,!!,
octWCCII sarl parI Iclc~. esp(,("]rllly WIWIl the <lII1orphou:> IltittCf),t1 1" ( ollljl(),>et! (J! UII(' lII1't (J!
ferI IC oXlde ,me! olle alld a h,df 1I111t,> uf "dl( rl o>"lde. 1 (' 111<ÎS~ l,ttlO -=- [F,'/) II (F('~() j + SI() ~))
= [1/(1 + 1 :'»)] == O,Hl Ae.; statl'd ('cl.rl)(,l. th(' pn',>('I)(C' of str()lIg hondlng "UI 1)(, d!'t(,( !t'd
thlOugh <lll o\)"el \aUOII cf the charactcflst IC~ of vulllrIle (hauge SpC( tfic ,dl), tilt' (!J,L1I,!!,(' III
slope for the variation al the undlsturbed ~oil volume rcflecls th!' "trl'uglh of bOl1dlllg Til('
l
SU:Y)1Il ( pl" )
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
.. ,
35..0
Il) 1U.llIC SGIL
• INn ST\Jl8EJJ
45. 0 .. CDiTIIllALL y R9Il.lŒD
&U:TIIIl ( pl' )
0.0 1.0 4.0 ~o Co
s.o
le. 0
15.0 --• 1
211.0
~ aD
\ no -- .. - ~--~ 35..0
'Il. 0 Cl 15 • A. Mo ( 0.4/15% )
• IHIIST.
45.0 .. REl\.
00 10 30.0 ~O OO~~--'------r----~~--~~----~
5 0
10 0
15 0
.. 1
200
~ 25 0
li >
30 0
lSO
411 0
o 0 o 0
50
10 0
150
1 200
~ 25 0
31>0
350
40 0
450
SUt;T1ON
1 0 ? 0
~ " .. ,
\
\
b) l 5 tA MIO 4 1 5: )
\
• lHllSl
.. REM
1 ~F )
3 0
\ \ \ ~
4 0 5 0
.. -- ....... - -:::::...... dl 1.S t A H. 1 0 ./2!iJ 1
• IHIIST.
"REM
Fq~. 3.3.23 Volume change characteristics of IS and ~ts adm~xtures wlth AM durlng suction process - quantItatIve effect of AM.
84
Idl,!!,('1 dlld fcl,>ll'l Ihl' (1Idll,l!,I' III '>Illpl'. 1 (' g\('dkl IN'lIdo-P" II\!' "IWII,!!,I'1 1'> Ihl' 1'11','11 III
1 II(' l'Olldill,!!, cI,!!,I'1I1 [hll'>, 1 II!' dllll( '>tll) (I,l\, hd:-' ,1 ,!!,I cldll," ,Iupl' l ",lllgl' cl'> '>1'1'11 III t.!,1 cI!,h
(cl) of FI,!!, '{,~ :!,{, Illlph 11It!, cl pOOl IH)(l.lllIg '>11 lldl IOl1 110\\1'\1'1 cl 1 \('II\l'I\(lpII'> dJlll'I"111 " 1"
(1)'>('1 \('d III (d) 01 1 Ill' '>dl\l(' IlgII\('. \\'ll!'ll' illI clddll \!JI 1 01 :.!:-)IX 01 cl 111111 1'111111'> 11l,1I"II,d \\ Il Il
\JH=ll 10 :-'ll-',lIdllcllllh IIlOcldil''> III!' \Ollllll(' l "clll~l' (Ldld' Il'11,,11<,, III<' ... lldlp ellle! L'Il!,"
du\\' III 11111 01 1 II<' ,>Iopl' dl pl' :! ~) (1I',l! h d1'1I101l<.,1 l ,III· ... 1 Ill' ... IIOlIg lllllldlllt!, ,· ... \.",II ... h, d 1,\
1 Il<' c\lllOlp!tOII" 1I1c\11'II,d Il 1'> ,J! ... o 1101 i( I·d 1 !t,II el 1(''>,,1'1 elllllllllll of elilllIll'hllll'> 1I1c11"llell
cOIlI 1 ih\1Ic'.., I(,s!-I hlllldlll,l!, ..,1 I<'II,!!,I h, <l11C1 ill 111111. ri ,!!,I<',II('I \'01\111\1'1 II< 1 hrlll,!!,I', \\ hl' il (,III 1)('
"'('('Il III (() éllld (b) 01 Ft~ ,~:~:n
Fig :J ;{ ~ 1 PIO\ Idl'''' <111"\\,('1" to t II<' iIlflll<'IH l'of ,1 III 01 pholl:-' 1 OlllpO:-'lt 1()11 01 Illcl:-'., l,dlO
011 1 II<' \O!tIIlH' cl Icl Il l!,!' dllcl hllllclllll-', (halclcl(,l'l.,1 1< ", Il 1" IIlIIllt'di.III·ly lIoll·d 1 h.II 1 III' 111111.\111).',
.,1 ll'II,!!,I It 1 ('fI(·( If·" !rOIll 11\1' .,Iop(' (h,III,!!,1' III( 1 1'.1"'{'''' \\'11 Il IllcI ...... 1,1110 1. ~\ 10 () \(J, 1)('\ Ulle! \\ 1111 Il
\clllIC' III" \\'(',J!"I'III'c[ III (JIIIl'I \\'old'>. IIIl' dllllllplt"ll'" IlIelll'll,d 1 011 1 pll"'l'd (JI 1I1e1"'" 1.11111
of () 10 1., t'()lllIcI IIJ 1", 1 III' 11l!),,1 11111111'1111.11 1Ij('t1ld 1 1)JII 1 tI'I,: III,!!, III ","t! ... 1 \l'lIg1 II. 01'> \\",11 cl'>
«()IlII)\(',>,>tlnlil \ III cl Illul(' dll<'( l "1'11 ... 1'. cl! 1 hl ... !'dl 1 I( Idell ("lllP".,11 1011. 11\1' Ildllll'II'" (JI
élIlIOlplIOI!'> Illdlt'li,d ... lIll ... ot! plOpl'l1 j( .... ,Ill" l'I'lld\11)1 i., IlIdXIIlII/I'd \\'Ilh Il'''1)1'1110 .J!llIllll'l
1 Olldlllidl 10\1" o! cl Il lui pllUII ... ilOIl <llId ... tlil cl
FOI III<' P"II)(J"(' uf (OlllPcllill,L'; 0111' ... oil ... c\mpll' will! ,11101111'1. ,llId 1\1'111(' qllclllld\llIg
1 III' i 1111 \1!' Il ( (' 0 l' <1111 () 1 ph \J \1... III cl 1 !' 1 l, d (J Il II\(' \ () 11111 \(' (h .Ill g!' 1 h" l ,l( 1 f' 1'1 :-. t 1 ( "'. Jo' I,!!, . \ '\ :!~) 1"
pl(,p<lll'd III titI' '>"111(' lll.llllll'i el" Frp, J;\ ~~ \o\\" Ollt' Iclll 1)(' illlpll ....... (,d \\ Itlt tl\l' pI'111I1
lllillll(' (J! tlll' IlIll ... llt 1)('111 "IIIUlphull., IlIcllt'lled 'l'hl' plOpOltlIJll,d II·dlll tlOli III \'Idllllll' \\'1111
el\l 11I('\('cl.,(' III 1111' I)('I( l'IILI,!!,!' ul ,1<lllIl\!'d i11110Ip!tUll'> 1II,t!I'II,d flJl Ill\' 111I"1"lllllwrl '>'Hl ... 1101'>
C\t-ellly dl'Ill011..,tI,\lI't! 1111' l)(Illdlll,!!, clgt'1I1 "tlld'lll<'d 10 Il\(' l'dltl( 1t!"1 11011-1 1\.,I.dlllll· ""J11
1 UI!'>I Il \l1·1I1. " ...... ItO,,"1I III (,l) 01 F.~ ;~ ,\:!) \\ hdl' 1 III' l'Olldlll,!!, d!.!,('fll 1'" dl"III!,"''' 1,\ Il'
11Ioldlng. el 11'1 1j>11I(,d 1,'LIIIOlhhip 1" u\''''''I\I'd III (h). Illlphill/-!, Ih,d tlll' dlIlI!ll'hlJll'" 'lIdll,'1
1 ... 11'!(tll\ ('I~ lIIOl (' COIllPI( "'>1 hic 1 h,lll 1 II<' ( 1):-.1 ,"II III' 1 011 ... 1 11111'111 '> 1 III'> 1 ... \"1 \ "IJ\ I<JII'" ... 1111 ('
Ill<' ('olllj)\!'".,t1l1lll\ 1[1( Il'(\:--1':-' \\Itll d(·( [('i1"'llig p"lll( le "'1/1' \1" gl\('11 dlllUllllt ul .1(111)1 P"UII'"
lllellc'Iiai. (OIllIHJ.,IIIOIi ,d"'l) plcl!" ,li 1 IlllpOllclllt lul(· \ 1I1111111111111 \ \JIll Il II' l "dflg" UII III'> ,II
nl<I..,S l(tllO of () 1() fUI l)(ltb lI11dl ... tllll)('d .llld ll'IIlOldt'c! .,(111 .... .1'> .,11tI\\'1l III (1) dll.\ (d) 01
Fig. ;J ;~ :!:-) FOI ,dl "'''llIpl,''>, cl .,Ignili( cl III (",lllg!' III \01\11111' I.d,I· ... plcll (' ,If pl" ;\ (J. \\ 111(" 1'"
c\..,..,o(ia!cd \\'lllt ,1 Ic!t'\,1lI1 ICt!\l( tiOll III !-lm 1 \\'cllcl (Onll'lll
11I.,1l11l1l1,l\\. I<'gclldillg Ill<' :-.oil ",al!'r 1 ('\t'lit 1011 c111d I,.'OIIlIIW 1 h,llIg(' (ltd!dl kll ... III.,. tllf'
followillg point-, 1lI,l\' Il(' ('llIphcl~il'('d'
SUCTJON 1 pF 1 SUCTJON 1 pF 1
o 0 1 0 Z 0 3 0 4 0 ~ 0 o 0 1 0 20 3 0 4 0 5 0 o 0 o 0
• 50 50 ~
~ ,. \ 10 0 \ 10 0
15 0 15 0 \ •
" \ .... 2110 200
I • 1 ~ Z50 ~ 25 0
e e \ >
300 300 •
\ - ._-. \. 35 0 ---- ._- 35 0 ---~. .-- . --2::::::.... 40 0 Il 1 S • l M 1 0 11151 1 40 0 bllU·lM 1 0 21/15% 1
) \HIIST • \HIIST 45 0
• REM 45 0 • REM
su:TION ( pF ) SUCTION 1 pF 1
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1 0 2 D 3 0 4 0 5 D 0-
5.0 '~~ e 0
10.0 10 0 . \ 15.0 \\~ 15 0
.. 20.0 \-'>..~ 200
~ 1 ~ 25.0
\ ~ 250
~ e >
iIO.O 300 -- .---- \ -._~ -~ ---. "-35..0 350 -------40.0 cl 15. A. Mo (0.4/15%) 40 0 dlIS+lM 105<4/15% 1
• \HIIST.
450 L • \HIlST 45. 0 • REM.
• CON ReM
Fig. 3.3.24 Volume change characterlstics of 1S + AM durlng suctlon process - composltlonal effect of AM.
86
r
ex> '-1
r-I 1 .so 1
1 ~O 0
1 350
30 0 .. 125 0
20 0
~ !l! 15 0
10 0
5 0
o 0 00
450
~O.O
35 0
'0 0 .. 125 0
~ 211 0
!l!IB
10 0
5 0
00 OC
1
L
50 10 0
.1 1 S + AMI IHllST MR-O 4 1
~ pF-4
.. pF-3
o pF-2
B pF-1
15 0 20 0 250 300
PERCENT AGE OF ADMIXED AMOII'HOUS NATERIAL
el 1 5 + • M 1 IHlIST AM-I~I 1
• pF-4
.. pF-3
o pF-2
• pF-1
~~ --~
~ • A===" 2 5 S 8 9 10
MASS RAllO OF -.rus I<ATEIlIAL
45 0
~o 0
35 0
300
lOI 25 0
~ 20 0
~ !l! IS 0
10 0
5 0
o 0 o 0
~5 0
~o 0
350
300
125 0
~ 20 0
è > 15 0
DI 1 5 + l M 1 CONT REM _0 4 1
~
Ir- 9 1)
II-- • .:
50 10 0 15 0 200 25 a 30 0
1 • M
dIS •• M t CONT REM AM-151 1 . ,,~- .. .. pF-3
o pF-2
~~ ---------~
• pF-l
'::r ~==?-, ' , ' , 00 5 S ' 8 1 10
MlSS RATIO
F' l S. 3. i.~"i Fffett l.f aml.rphoLs quantlt~ \a & b) and COrrp0'31tlon Cc & d) on cO[T]pressIl:;,llt~ chSlactèrlstlCS
uf IS + \'1 dlll.lJg t.1c f-l\dratlon process.
--11
duc simply to the rugh surface area of the amorphous complexes. However, it is
lowered to a minimum value at mass ratio oî 0.40;
2. The high water holding capac.ity necessitates an inerease in the soil's remolded shear
slrength and, hcnce, low scnsitivity;
3. Introduction of amOl phous material brillgs about bonding ill-between soil particles.
IIowever, the bonding strength depends, to a very large extellt, on the composition or
mass ratio. It has been shown that at a mass ratio equal to 0.40, a maximum bonding
strength is achieved. Meanwhile, a minimum volumetrie reduction is also undertaken;
4. Due to the effeet of honding action, the soil shrinks relatively little as the amount of
amorphous matcrial grows. However, the above correlation can he reversed simply by
hl caklllg down these bonds through remolding. Therefore, the amorphous material
merely acts as a more compressible soil constituent; and
5. Though amorphous material complexes are extremely porous, they can still sustain
high suctionjpressure to maintain their physical integrity. This indicates that the
amorphou:l materials have a highIy bonded polymerie molecular structure.
In Sèction 3.3.3, the mechanism of amorphous material bonding is investigated and
dl~ctlssed, together with an SEM study which shows evidence of coating of amorphous
colloids onto clay particles.
3.3.2.2 Kaolinite clay with admixed amorphous material
13aslcally, the l'ole and contribution of amorphous rnaterial in kaolinite clay bear similar
functional relationships to those ohserved III ilhtIC silty clay An example is given regarding
t.he mfluence of arnorphou~ matenals on the consistency limits of kaolinite clay. As shown in
Fig. :J 3.2Ga, the conslstency hrnits decrease proportlOnally with an increase in mass ratIO,
up to the value of 0.40. However, the hmits are rnagnified by the introduced quantity of
arnorpholls matenal, as Illllstrated in graph (b). These experimelltal results are similar to
those ohtall1cd llsing illitic sdty clay (see Figs. 3.3.3 throllgh 5). In addition to eonsistency
liIl11tS. ail other parameter~, sllch as shear strength and thixotropic strength ratio, behave
sllllilarly to what was obsel ved previously for the illitie SOli with addition of amorphous
ma!crials llowever, the expenmental findillgs mdIeate that the mftuence of amorphous
ll1cllerials on the propel ties and behavior of the kaolinite clay is less dramatic as compared
88
al . EFFEC:T OF MA5S RI.TlO ( A ... ·~5't l
100 0 <) L.L.
ot. P.L. 90.0
-: 0 P.l. ... ~ 60.0 c F.I.
>( w 70.0 ~ ... :J: 60.0 ~ .J u-a:
50.0 ~
~ 40.0
1-Z UJ 30.0 1-Z ~ U
a: 20 0 UJ 1-ct :J: 10 0
0.0 ---J 0.0 .1 .2 .3 4 .5
MASS RATIO OF AMOR:lHOUS MATERIAL
b). :FrE::T OF G~ANTrTY ( Mi1-0.25 )
100.0 [ <) L.L.
A P.L. 90.0
-: 0 P.I. ... ~ 80.0 III F.I.
x UJ 70.0 Cl z ... :J: 60.0 ~ .J u-
a: 50.0 0
..: 40.0
1-Z LU 30.0 .... z Cl u a: 20.0 UJ 1-ct :z: 10.0
0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
PERCENT AGE OF AMORPHOUS MATERI AL
Fig. 3.3.26 Influence of amorphous composüion Ca) and quantity (b) on
conslstency l1ml ts of kaol im te clay.
89
W1th those of thc illitic silty clay. For instance, the shear strength is found to vary from
8 kPa for the NK/O.lO/15%/pH 8 sample, to about 20 kPa for the 040/15%, with an
illtcrmediate value of 12 kPa for the 0.25/15% sample, following aging for about one and
il half months. The detailed investigation is presented III Fig. 3.3.27. Compared with
Fig. ;L3.13, both magnitude and increment of strength are significantly lower than the
iliJtic soil-amorpl!ous admixtures. Nevertheless, the l'ole played by the amorphous material
dnd the ohscrved trends in behavlOr remain the same. In other words, shear strength is
still cnhanccd by both amount and mass ratio (up to 0.40). The reason for the decreased
slgnificance can be easily explained and understood in terms of clay mineralogy and surface
property
First of all, the two clays are of different type. The illitic silty clay consists mainly
of primary minerais, su ch as quartz and feldspar, and such secondary minerais as illite and
chlonte (refer to Chapter 2). This mineralogy is obviously different from the pure kaolinite
clay. Secondly, cl ue to this dlff-:rence, the surface properties are unquestionably not the
same. The larger surface area and higher negat.i ve surface charge of the illite and chIante
present in the illitic silty clay Cfeate a higher activIty on the surface, which intcracts with
the amorphous compound It is already known that the two mineraIs, illite and chlorite, are
more chemically active than kaolinite. Moreover, the net charge on the kaolimte surfaces is
less negative, compared with illitic silty clay at the same glven acidity, because the positive
charges at th€' edges (at normal pH) al ways tend to neutralize the negative charges on the
faccs. A detailcd study on clay-amorphous mteractzons, to be presented in Chapter 4, will
dctail the exact rcasons which cause the difference in property between the illitie soil and
kaolinite when mlxed with amorphous materials.
In short, thc experimental results have proven that the l'ole and contribution of amor
phous maLcrial in kaolinite clay is the same as in illitic silty clay, but to a mu ch lesser
dcgrec of significancc This expcrimental findmg suggests that for a given type and amount
of amorphou~ matcrials, the clay mmeralogy is also an important factor in rletermining the
plOpcrtlCf> and, II! turn, the behavior of the &oil in question
3.3.3 Test Series B - Physico-chemical Properties and Behav-. lOr
ln this section. an investigatIOn of the physico-cherrucal properties and behavior of illitic
sod and kaolimtc clays with additions of amorphous material was performed. Based on the
cxperimcnLal findlllgs, analyses are carried out to understand the mechanisms of interactions
90
, l'
~~ 0 r ., Nb-kAC_IN:TE'
20 0 ~ .
1 ~ _ 150
:r Iii z ~ III ID 0 Ir . ~
~ 0
1 o 0 ' C : t ! !
0 10 15 20 25 30 35 ~o '5 50
lG<:ING n .. .?: ( GAYS 1
bl EFr::CT 0, aUlNTm'
2:50 • Q 2.5/m
A 0.25/151
0 o 25/51
2~ 0
~ .-_ 15 0
:r
~ '" !i
10 0
III Il!
::~ 1 1
o 5 10 :5 20 25 30 35 40 .5 50
lS.IN& TIME ( ClYS 1
el !ffECT OF MASS RATIO ( A"-~~: j
2!C .. MI\-t) •
A ~o 25
0 _1
20 0 /--------. ~ _ 150
/ :r "
i "'l / /--------en
!i ~
"I~ 1/ ~ 1 ! 1 1 1 OO~ 1 !
o 5 ~ ~ 20 25 30 !5 .0 '5 50
l&oINS TIME 1 Dl YS 1
Flg. 3.3.27 Shear strength development ln Na-kaollnlte and Ils admlxtures with AM showlng quantltatl ve and composlllon8] ef f ecl~ of AM.
91
'.
1
between clay particles and the amorphous complex, which govern the resultant phenomena
exhibited in the experimental observations.
The two sets of results - one from illItic soil and the other from kaolinite, are com
bined in the same section sinee the two clay soils have shown great similarity to each other
WIth respect tü the propertics and behavior influeneed by the amorphous materials.
3.3.3.1 Specifie surface area
Using the frecze-dried technique described III Appendix B (this is to ensure a minimal
aggregation of particles), both pure amorphous material complexes and their admixtures
with c1ays were tcstcd for specifie surface area determination.
It is illl tially seen from the results shown in Fig. 3.3.28a that the specifie surface
area of the freshly-prepared amorphous materials varies from 790 m 2 /g for the pure silica
(MR=O), to 670 for the pure iron (MR=l), with a minimum value of about 500 m 2/g for
the mixed iron and silica hydroxide at MR=0.40. In other words, the surface area depends
significantly on the amorphous material's compositIOn or type. The variation of specifie
surface are a wlth mass ratio exhibJts a "V"-snaped curve, whieh is very similar to that seen
befoIe, e g cOllsisteney limits. The same functional relationship is also observed for the
admixtures of amorphous material and iIIitic silty clay, as weIl as kaolinite (Fig. 3.3.28b)
As expccted, the gleater the amount of amorphous material present in the sOlIs, the Ic.rger
IS the specifie surface area
The variation of mass ratio of the amorphous complex, which causes vanation of the
surface area, indieate that the combination of Si and Fe during amorphous formation is
Ilot a simple physical IT.ixing process, but involves a chemical interaction. The minimum
value of surface area at MR=0.40 indicates a formation of a maximum particle size for the
amorphous mat.erials and the admlxtures. This is III fact. the explanat.ion for the minimum
collsistcney lirruts found at MR=0.40, since low surface area necessitates a low water holding
CctpaClty
It may be noticed that the surface area of the amorphous material can be as high
as 500--800 m 2 / 9 - equivalent to that of Na-montmorillonite clay (Yong and Warkentin,
19ï5), whereas the value for natural marine soiIs, e.g. t.he Canadian marine clays, is usually
in t.he range of 50-100 m 2 / g. The illitlC silty clay is actually measured at about 89 m 2 / 9
--- a typical value fOI sensitive mari'1e clays according t.o hterature (Yong et aL, 1979a). It
IS not tlWI1 difIicul~ to imagine that such a high surface area material can, once present,
92
BOO al . PURE A"'.ORPHOUS MATi:RIAL
Il A
Il 750
01 700 ":
~ 0 Ul
E50 <
6.0 t UJ :x: < w :..:J < ~ ::l en :50 1 u .... Lr.. ....
500 t.l UJ Cl. Ul
450
400 0.0 . ! 2 .3 .5 .7 .B .9 1.0 .6 .4
MASS RATIO OF AMû~PHûUS MAï:R:AL
hl. ADM:XTUR::S OF A.M.+ C:"AYS
250 ~ ~ 25:- IS
.a. !5:- 1S
0 !5:- Nf( 225
c 5 l;- IS 01
": ~ cr 200 III
'"' UJ cr
'"' 175 w u -< li.. cr ::l III
t.J 150 .... Lr.. .... c.> UJ Cl. en
125
c
100 1 0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6
MASS RATIO
Fig. 3.3.28 Speciflc surface area of amorphous materlal and Ils admlxlure~
wlth clays. 93
,.----------------- ------
cause tremendou1> changes in the soil properties and behavior.
In order ta explain the reduced consistency limits upon aging, the specifie surface area
test wa,,> repe<lted for the samc sarnples, but 3Jter aging [or a year. The illitic silty clay
and kaoliflltc arc baslcally unaltered, with specifie surface area values of 87 and 56 m 2 /g, respectively. III contrclst, the values rnedsured for the fresh clay soils are, respectively,
H9 and:if) The s!Jght deviation coult1 he duc ta experirnental limitation and can, hencc,
be ncglcded IIowe\'cr, ail otlier sdmples show a markcd reduction in the surface area,
espccially for the pure arnorphous complex, as noticed from Fig. 3.3.29. The small change
pel taining to the soil-amorphous adrnixtures with MR=0.40 corresponds weIl to the least
reduction !Il water holdIng capacity and Vice versa Therefore, the surface area variation,
which dircctly reflects the particle aggregation call explain the experimental observatIOn
of the reduced water holding capacIty
It is dear that tllf' aggregation is caused solely by the amorphous materials, since the
laboratory clay'> have shawn no slgn of surface area reductio'1. In recalling the mechanism
respollsible fol' the aggregation of the amorphous particles, the soil particles can be simul
tancously polymcflzcd wIth the amorphous compound, formmg a ftocculent structure such
that thl~ soil partlcl{' resldes ID the center wIth polymenzed amorphous partIcles growing in
aIl dimensions. The morphology of the soil structure will be examined by the SEM study
ln review of the above, the specific surface area of soil-amorphous matenal mixtures
is a function of the quantity, as weil as the composition or mass ratio, of the amorphous
material C01ÜdIIlCd. The <;oil's water holding capability is directly related to the surface
cl,rea on which \Vater IS adsorbed. A higher surface areil y>rovldes a greater availability fOI
water to be coated OIl, i.e the higher the surface area, the higher the water holdinb capacity,
and in tUl'll the greater the consistcncy hmlts The reduction In surface area UpOIl aging
IIldicates a devclopment of interactive forces between the amorphous colloids, as weil as
bctwcclI the amorphous cornplex and sail partides. As a result, the overall particle slze is
1I1crcascd
3.3.3.2 Cation and anion exchange capacity (CEC ane! AEC)
The CEe of cl sod r~prcs(,llts its capability tü interact with catIons and positively charged
obJcct.s Ho\\,('\,el, the AEC of a soil involves the opposite mcchanism In other words, a
SOlI with il grcater CECI AEC can adsorb more cations/anions or attract a large' number
of posltlvcly /ncgativcly charged objects The value of CECI AEC of a sOll mass represents
94
Fig. 3.3.29 Effect of agwg on surface area of AM and 1 ts admlxturcs with clays.
95
-
1 the surface negativity jpositivity Note that the CEC and AEC are rneasured at a pH of
7 (~olution's) In older to have the saille basls fOI cornpanson of surface charge character
l~tlCf,. TIII<, 15 cOllside'red nf'( CS'ia.ry ~ll1ce the CECI AEC of soils are a functIOn of the plI
cnviromr)('nt., as pomted out by many researchers (e g. Duquette and Ilendershot, 1987).
The CEe vdlues dctl'rrnined by the NIl: adsorption techlllque for sorne selected sarnples
WCle cornpctt.ible wlth tho<;e obt.ame'd by the silver-thiourea rnethod. Thus, the CEC values
plescnted in dm SpdlOIl ale those delerlTllIled by the latter technIque.
Fllst of cdl, FIg :J:3 30a & b !))csenL respectively, the experirnental result.s of CEC
for both pure' dmorphous matf' rI al and the adll1lxtures It is seen irnmediately that the
rneasurf'd CEe v,tllles range from as low as 8 0 mcq/l00g for the pure amorphous Iron, to
a'i 11Igh as 82.0 meq/l OOg for the MR=O 40 arnorphous, with an interrnedlate value of .15
for the pure' amorphous silica. Unlike the surface arca, the CEC is a "!\"-shaped curve with
a maximum \'aluf' at MR=OAO Similar relationships are found for the adrnixt.ures of illitic
soil (IS) and amorphous matf'f1al (AM), and Na-kaolinite (NK) and amorphous rnaterial
(AM), a~ shown ID graph (b)
Noting that the CECs of IS and NI< are 16.0 and 6.0 meq/lOOg, respectively (refer
to Table 2.2), the addition of the arnorphous component exerts an increasing role on the
CEC of the adll1ixtures. By and large, the greater the arnount of arnorphous rnaterial
IIItroduced, alld the hlgher the mass ratio (MR:::;O 40), the larger are the CECs. ln theory,
the CEe lflcreases wIth an lTIcrea~e in the surface area because of the increased available
SUI [.tce For the arnorphous rnaterials, an opposite relationship exists, i.e the maximum
CEe is found dt the milllmurn surface area (refcr to FIg. 3.328). To understand this,
It IS Ilcccs~ary 10 recognlze the dlfference in CEC among the various mass ratios. First,
the amorphous iron shows a very low CEC, and hence, any added arnounLS of silica will
favor th(' CEC, since the amorphous sllIca has a relatively high negative charge, as seen
III Fig 3 3 ~W On tlH' other side, the presence of arnorphous iron m the silIca-dorninant
arnorphous complex dld Ilot reduce the CEC, but remforced the negative charges, instead
The only mcchanisrn that. couIc! explalll thls fact is the isomorphous substitutIOn of silica
atoms by Irons dUI ing the formation of the amorphous material. In further detail, when the
hydloU~ sdl( a aIld lIon IOns were co-prccipitatIIlg in the aqueous solution, a number of silica
iOlls W('[(' rcplctced by Irons Thus, mstead of formmg SI(OH)~, Fe(OH); was produced
Th(' latter Gcnrs Olle Ilegative charge, rather than neutral in the former case. The concept
of Isomolphous substItutIOn III amorphous materials was initially proposed by Cloos et
al (1969) for the co-precipitated sIllca-alumina hydroxlde, where the silica atorns can be
96
, j
al. c.E.e OF A M.
100
90
." BO 0 0 -....... 70 .,. CIl E
>- 60 t-.... U -: 50 a. -: u UJ 40 CI :z ;! u 30 >< LU
:z CI 20 .... t--: u
10
0 0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .B .9 1.0
MASS RATIO
b). C.E.C. OF A.M. t CLAYS
40.0 r ~ 15-25 :
... 15-15 :: 1
35.0 ~ 0 IS- 5 ::
CIl III N1(-15 :: CI 0 -
30.0 r ....... .,. III El
>-t-.... U -: 25.0 a. -: u LU CI :z -: ::I: 20.0 0 u >< UJ
:z CI .... t--: 15.0 u
10.0 0.0 .1 .2 ...
• 01 ... .5 .6
MASS RATIO
Flg.3.3.30 Catlon exchange capaclty of arnorphous rnaterlal and lts ddrnlxturc~ with cIays.
97
l rldrtJally i,>omorphous-suhstituted by the aluminum lons. Most recently, Si-Fe substitution
(SI by Fe) Wd~ also ~uggestcd by Dccarreau ct al (1987) It is, however, not yet immediately
clmr how t!H' i!->ornorpho!ls substitution tctkes place, and why It IS maximized at the mass
1 atio arollJld 040, tltouglt a S 111 li laI trcnd of lIlcrcasing CEe Wlth II1crcasJIlg mass ratIO
wa,> lIotJï('d ct!-> Cclrly dS 19G9 by IIerbilloIJ alld TrdIl Vinh An It should be pointed out
that Ilot cdl of t Il<' Jl('gatlve chalge!:l on the surface!> of the siltca-Iron hydroxide are a result
of the l~ornorph()l1!> Substltllttoll Anothcr Important source of negative charges orrginates
[rom th(' brokell bond" The former charges are permanent, whereas the latter are variable,
depclldmg O!l the pIf C!lVIIOIlIl1l'llt
In order 1,0 rcallZt~ ho\\' denscly the negative charges reside on the solid surfaces,
and "cnu' to quantlfy the surface actJvity, the concept of negative surface cha!'ge density
(NSCD) 1'3 tntloduccd The NSCD may be expressed as the ratIo of CEC to surface area,
and Ilenn' It b('ar~ UTUt:, of meqJm2, which physically means the negative charges per Untt
,tre,L Thcldoll', the hlgher the NSCD, the grcater the negatlvlty. It IS seen clearly from
Fig J 3.:3 la that the NSCD is maxlI1l1J>;cd for MR=0.40 amorphous material, and that a
vdltw a~ 10\\ a<, 1 2 meq/l0000m 2 (or 0 12 Jleq/m 2 ) is observed for the pure amorphous iron,
compared wlth 16 4 meqJI0000m 2 for the MR=O 40. TlllS IOdicates a very small amount of
IIcgativc charges on the surfaces of amorphous iron, but a very large amount on tltose of the
MH 040 amorphous The NSCD for the c1ay-amorphous admlxtures ais;) has maximum
vcllu('!> at 040 lTlilSS ratIO, as vlE'wed in FIg 33 31b. For the pure dhtIC soil and kaolmite, the
NSCD values are cdlculaLed as 18 a and 10.8 mcqJI0000m2 , respectlvely. Comparing these
with the amorphous material complexes, the NSCD of illitic silty clay 15 seen to be higher
t h,U) the amUI phous matenal havlIJg the mass ratIO of 040 The reason IS primanly due to
the abUlldélllt permanent negatl \'e charges cast on the faces of clay partlcles, whereas only
it IlIlllt.Pd dl1\Ount of posItIve charges are present on the edges, as will be soon dlscussed.
Tills lead!-> Lü a slt.uatlOn where the amounts of positIve charges are negltglble relative to
the negatlve cllarge~ Tllls IS obviously true for the illlte-chlorite-dominant illitic SOlI. In
contlast, the kaoltntte clay IS seen (below) to bear a significant amount of poslttve charges
on ib brokC'1l ('tiges, wlllch forms a large portIOn of the total surface charges, and of the
t.otal surLlce '\lC:1., ct~ weil ThIS IS why the NSCD of kao!Jmte IS less than the Illitic soil
It 1'" ftllthel' Ilotl(ed that the l\'SCD of the ISJA~f admlxtures aL any added mass
l'cl!.I05 or amount.s of amorphous complex, 15 lower than that of Illitic sllty clay, although
the CEC's of al1\0rphous mater ials are lllgher. This is because the addItIOn of NSCD-low
amorphous compounds has reduced the overall NSCD of the illitlc soil. On the other hand,
98
~ 1
el. N.S.C.D. OF A.M.
20.0
â cr d.O ., 0 0
16.0 0 0 ... ..... cr
14.0 QI
.5 >-f- 12.0 .... U) :z w c 10.0 w 1.11 cr :f 8.0 t.l
W l'.J 6.0 < LI. c: ::l U)
4.0 w > .... f-< 2.0 1.11 W :z
0.0 1 0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .B .9 1.0
MI.SS RATIO
b) • N.S.C.D. OF' ADM!XTJR:S
20.0 0 !=-5 :
Ë j, :5-!S% cr 18.0 <> II)
0 0
16.0 0 0 ... "-cr QI 14.0 .5
"" .... 12.0 .... U)
al c 10.0 IIJ 1.11 cr < B.O :r t.l
IIJ l'.J
6.0 < LI. cr ::l U)
4.0 IIJ > .... .... < 2.0 .... w :z;
0.0 0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6
MASS RATIO
Fig. 3.3.31 Negative surface charge denslty of amorphous materlal and ll~
admixtures with clays. 99
the N KI AM mlx has ILs NSCD determined 50 that it would [ail in-between the two initial
NSCDs of the adrruxturcs
The anIOn cxchangf' capaClty (AEC) and the ca,culated positive surface charge denslty
(PSCD, 1 e AEC/SSA) arc illustrated in Fig. 3.3 32..t and b, respectlvely It IS seen that the
AEC values arc generally much lower than the CECs, especlally for thosc wlth cl, mass ratIO
less than 0,14. An inCleaslng trend of AEC éLnd PSCD wlth an Increasc ln mass ratio is
clcarly notlcccL wlllch IS attnbutec1 to the increaslIlg Hon content Morc cbul)', an amount
of positive charges. 1 0 meq/ 100.1, IS mcasured fol' the pme clmorpho\ls Iron ln comparison
wlth lb CEe of S 0 17LC'qllOOg, ,l significant portion of pO'lltlve charges eXle;te; on the surfaces
of amorphous IIOII colloids N'otlIlg that the AEC of NE and IS 1<' respectlvely measured
al 0 12 and 00;) mcq/100g, a relativel:- Il1gh amount of positive charges is assoC!ated wlth
the brokcn t'dgc:-, of kaolimtc partJC!cs, whcrcas only a minimal amount of IIH'sc 15 with the
illitic soi!. In contrast, both purf' arnorphous materi(d~ \VIth ma~s rrLtro of 0 40 and less,
and thclr ITIlxturf'...5 wlth dhtlc sad, do Ilot show a significant arnount of pOSItive charges on
the ba"l'> of welght. a~ sccn !Il Fig :3 3 :t~a It IS. however, secll that on tllf' basrs of total
sllrfan' ét[(',l. tilt' rtdrl1lxturcs of Jlhtlc ~od rtlld al1l0rphOlls matcrial<, ha\c a Illghel posJl,lve
<'lIlfù\.t' cheuge dcn~It.:> thrtn the pure aIlll)rphou~ m,üefldls al the ~an1P mass rcl.tios, a~) seen
III FIg. 3 3 .12b Tills I~ became the spe-:Jfic SurLH e arca of the adrlllxt Ul es IS lower than
thos(> of the amorphous matenals Duc to the abundant negative and low positive charges,
t he amorpholl~ ma tcrial and thelI adml XtUI cs \VI th clclyS have dn overall net Ilegatively
chalged <;Ilrfrlc(' Althougll the amount of pOSitIve charges IS low. It can bc speculated that
the pOSItive charge ma)' st dl play' an Importdnt rol(' in contnbutmg to the totalmteractive
fOices b)' I1Wrln<, of cstabiIslllng cledro-statlc attrclctlOn wlth ncgatlve charge::,
It \\'d5 nwntJOrwd earlw!' that the amorphous colloids can polymenze themselves and
grow upon clay partlcles forming a cham-ilke -clay-amorphous- -clay- structural ar
rangement. Naturally, the chain can grow latcrally to have a threc-dimcnsJOnal configu
r atlOrl Now, the mteractlon<; bctwœn clay and the amorphous complex are undoubtedly
attnbuled to the SurfdCC charge chardctCrIstlcs of the amorphous partlcles From a mlel'O
point of VIC\\', the all1orphou~ particlcs, havmg bath positIve and ncgatlve charges on thelr
surfaces. IlIay 1I1tf'rd.ct with cach other to fOlm a polymerie structure From a macro-scalc
~tal1dp0111t. 011 the otller hand, It IS concclvable tbat a 11Igh dcnsity of surface chalge::,
would 11('( c~<'ltak cl stlOng Illter-partide bond or a hrgh st! uctural strength. More specifi
cally, aIl IIlcrcasc !Il the negatJve surface charges may be accompanied by a correspondmg
IIlcrea::,(' 1Il lIlter-partlde attractive forces A stronger interaction ean result from a greater
100
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
.B
-= .7 C> C> ... "'-0- .6 ID .5 tJ .5 w "" .4
.3
.2
.1
0.0 0.0
.12
.11
.10
.09
li .OB 0-III
C> .07 C> C> C> .06 ... "'-0-ID .05 .5 c
.04 u Ul Il.
.03
.02
.01
0.00 0.0
al . ANION EX CHAN SE CAPACITY IAEC)
~ AMORPHOUS MATERIALS
~ IS/15~
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5
MASS RATIO
.6
bl . POSITIV: SUR~AC: CHARGE D:NSITY IPSCD)
<> AMORPHOUS MATSRIALS
'" !S/!5%
/ .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6
MASS RATIO
.7 .B .9 1.0
.7 .B .9 1.0
FIg. 3.3.32Anion exchange capacity and pOSItIve surface charge denslty of
amorphous materlai and admIxtures wlth 1111 tIC SOLI.
101
numb<.'r of clay( - )-catJon( + )-amorphous colloids( -) associations. Obviously, the higher
t.he surface cbarges (CEC), the larger the mteractive forces and, hence, the more aggre
gat.cd t}w structure would be. This association of clay and amorphous complex via cations
can \)(' r('fened a" the cation bridgzng phenomenon. Similar bridging can also be possible
through anion'i which link togcther two posltively charged objects Since a minimum value
of surface :trC'c\ IS measurcd at the MR 0.40, meaning a maximum particle aggregation,
dn optimllm situcÜIOIl of inter-partlcle attractive forces can be obtained. The maximum
bondillg strcngth (FIgs 3 :U3 and 14) and, hence, minimum volume changes (FIgs. 3.3.19,
:n through 25) IllcaslIlcd dt MR 0.40 have. JI1 faet, confirmed the statement. These results
wlI'elate wcll with the IlldXlmum CEC values (Figs 3.3.30 and 31), as shown earlier in
Fig 3.3.2d. These fact.s suggest that catIon bridging, which is enhanced by the negative
surface charges (CEC), is an important bondmg mechanism contributing to the bonding
strength It should be borne in mind that the ion (both cation and anion) bridging is not
tbe only mechanism responsible for clay-amorphous interactions. As will be shown, the
hydrogen bonclmg is also an important contributor to the overall bondmg strength of the
soil structure. In addition, electro-static forces, van d(!r Waals attractive forces, etc. can a.ll
participate in the development of interactive bonds (see Chapter 4)
So far, many of the physical properties and behavior of the soils tested are closely tied
ta the role played by the amorphous material. The gOVUUil,g mechanisms have very much
to do \Vith the surface physlco-cheffilcal properties of the amorphous compiex. As has been
~hown earlier, the surface are a controis the consistency limits or water holding capacity,
while the dcpendencc of shear strength and volume change on the negatIve surface charge
15 dear
In ordcl to anticipate the effect of aging on the surface charge properties, the CEC
tcst was repeated aftel one year for sorne selected samples. As shown in Fig. 3.3.33a, the
amorphous material had its CEC reduced quite dramatically. Similar to the results of aged
surfclce arca test. th\! least reduction is seen for the MR=0.40 amorphous complex The
cause of CEe reduction is understond to be due to the overall reduction of available surface
are a and, hCllcc. charge sItes associated with the broken bonds, as the amorphous particles
ùp,gregate upon developmef'.t of inter-parti cie bonds. The same mechanism can apply to
the CEe reduced AM/clay admixtures (FIg 3.333b and c), though the CEC values of
pure c1ays appcar unchanged. In other words, the reduction in CEC results sol el y from the
élmorphous material complex.
102
.-----------------------------------------------, 1
.1 A&lli& EFFEt:"! ON t E t Of. M •
• IIR-D25
. UJ 1
~~ 70 1-----______ ___________
:1 , --~ o 100 200 !DD
1
~OO
bl AUN&EFnt:1D11tEC WAll +15
• 0 ~/1~ S
• 0 "O/!S : 50 C l 211.0 __
ëô :::rrll ==========-: :il 22.0 -
ï 20 D ~ ~ la.o t
::.:---f -----&1
12 0 t iD 00~-------~I~DD~---------2~O~O----------~!O~O-----------J4~D
CI l S
<1. A6~& 1:FnC1 ON C.f.C. OF 4" + N K
S5.~ --------.. 0 :;: HO ..... or : 12 ~
u SI.a .. u R.!!
80
6 ~
" !.CI Il
1 1 1 1 0 100 200 SOD ~OD
4UH5 TINE (DA YS 1
Fig. 3.3.33 Effect of apng on catIon exchange .::apaclty of amorphou!-> materlal and its admlxtures wlth clays.
103 1
J
3.3.3.3 Zeta potential (Zp)
Zeta potentlal is a measure of the colloid surface's electro-kinetic properties, and is a re
flection of total positive and negative charges from aIl sources, i.e. the net rer.uitant effect.
Becausc the zcta potential or electro-kinetic potential is measured at the shearing or mobile
plcUlc adjacent to the Stern layer, its values measured at various pH leve1s may be used
to estirnatc the so-called iso-electric points, or lEP, of the colloids (Yong and Ohtsubo,
J 986). The lEP i~ defined as the plI value at which the net resultant electric charges on the
::'lIrfates of the solid [rom ail sources are equal to zero. Thus, at lEP, the colloid particles
do !lot move III ail clectIlcal field, thereby providmg zero electro-kinetic potential. It is
known that most clay minerais have both negative or permanent charges on their faces and
positive or van able charges on their edges. The permanent charges do not vary with the pH
cnvironment, whereas the charges on the edges do. In generaL an increase in the amount
of positive charges is associated with a decrease in pH towards acidity.
The arnOJ phous rnatenal is rich in negative charge, but relatively poor in positive
charge, \VIth the exception of amorphous lron, as indicated by the CEC and AEC values.
The Ilegatlvc charges rcsult from both broken bonds and isomorphous substitution How
cver, the positive charges arc only lIlltlated from the broken bonds induced due to poor
crystallinity at the tIme of formaLlOn. Like the clay mineraIs, the charges affiliated with
the broken bonds arr' variable in sign accordmg to the acidity / alkalinity, while the negative
chalges are independent of pH.
The concept of lEP can be schematically shown by means of Fig. 3.3.34. The net
charge varies from negative to positive as pH passes through the lEP from alkalinity to
c\cidity I~nowlI1g the lEP is important in evaluating the colloid surface's activity. Specifi
cally spcctkmg, cl maximum electro-static attraction occurs at lEP simply because of equal
aIllollllts of po::,itJve and negative charges. As a result, a more edge-to-face association of
p,trticles 1::' expected as the pH approaches lEP. On the other hand, this type of attraction
becomcs wcakcr and weakcr as the pI-I departs away from lEP.
Th(' measured zeta poLential values Me presented in Fig 3.3.35 (a) for pure amorphous
rnatcrial, (b) laboratory clay solls and (c) for their admixtures The lEP values determined
frolll the IIltcrscctloIlS of tne plotted curves \Vlth the Zp line are listed right beside the legend
on e,tclt plot lt is noticed that an insignificant difference in zeta pütential eXlsts among
varions Illas:, l,ttlOS (Wlth the exceptIOn of pure amorphous iron, i e. MR=l.O), especially
1Jl the pli range l'roIIl 4.0 tü 10.0, although a higher value is measured for the amorphous
104
,
Amorphous
Material
pH < lEP
+ > -
Low
+
+
pH = lEP
+ = -
pH
FIg. 3.3.34 PresentatIon of surface charges relatIve to lEP.
105
+
+
pH > fEP
+ <' -
Hlgh
5C 0 ~
:: : f • 15.
il) ZEl< POT"r.IA- 0" AMORPHOU: HA ïchl4!..
& Mf,o! 0 !Ifi'-E 01
pH
.. "","c S4 llfi'-3 Dl
o HR-D ~o llEP-2 61
~ HI'o-C 25 11"'-. 21
G Hi1-0 10 lIEP-1 ~l
CIEP-l2J
~ ::f '~ ~ o.O~l--\\~------~~~I--------~--------~--------~---'
t:: : l ' '\., "--30.0 ' ..
----40.0
-50 O~L __ ~~ ________________ ~!~ ______ ~! ____ ~ __ ~ __ ~!
1.020 3D ~.O 506.070 ao 9.0 110
~Ot lC.0
-::f ~ 1::
ë! li' -10.0 ~
'" "'-20.0
-!Ill. 0
-~O
-sc. 0 1.0 2.0 a.o
pH
cl. ~n PCT"-"'TIAl. OF 1.5 • '_11. • o.~ .. 0.10115%
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
pH
Q.O 10.0 Il. 0
Flg.3.3.35 Zeta potential and iso-electnc pOlnt of amorphous material, laboratory soil and their admlxtures.
106
material with mass ratio equal to 0.40. The large gap, as seen in (a), bctween this gruup of
mass ratios (wlth amorphous silica partlcipalcd) and MR=l.O sugg(':-.ts that t\1(' pn'St'Il«'
of the silica compound, nch in negative charge, immediately III llIgs the Iit't (h<ll'g<' dowll lu
the negative side l'lm, experimental result confirm<, tilt' lo\\" ABC v,tllles Il1casllll'd fOI Ihl~
group of all1orphous materials It is a.lso S('('11 tha\ the lEP of pUf(' amorphous lll,dt'[l,1l
decreases as the ma.ss ratIO is lowered from lOto 0.10
The laboratory control sods have rEPs at 3.5 for the> Na-kaoliIlite élnd <1.2 fOI tht'
illitic silty clay (see b). The slightly higher negative charges on the illil.ic sod a\. Illgllt'r pll~
can be explained as a lesult of the presence of ilhte and chIo! ile, which enrtch t.ht' n<').?;,tI,i\'t·
charge resourcc. The growing positive charges from tllC' edgc~ of the kaolini\.(· part.lcl('!) ,Il«'
thought to be the cause for the increased zeta potential towards positivity, wltik tll<' pli i~
lowered from G.O to 2 0
Comparing the zeta potential of various specimens, the amorphous llIalf'rials a\' ,llIY
mass ratio~ have a lower value than the laboratory clay soib. Thus, addition of the <LillO!
phous materials mto the illitic soil reduces the resultant electro-kincllc po\,enlwl of lht·
system (Fig 3.3.35c) Moreover, as seen in the same figure, the admixtuJ('<; of amorpholls
material and ilhtic siity clay show a sbght bul clear trend of zeta patential or nc\, charp,!' !II
creasing \Vith the mass ratio (MRS;0.40) An obviaus decreasing tendellcy of l.eta p()\,('IILicti
towards acidl ty duc tü the Illcrcased pOSI li \'C charges is also dernonstraü'd i Il Fig ~J :u:)('
The close plots, shown, lesult most likcly from the intimate net charge valuc~ cxhibited hy
the pure amorphous companents.
Combining the results of zeta potential measuremcnt and those of CEe and NSCD,
as weIl as those of AEC and PSCD, one conclusion can bt: drawll nf'gatlve chéllgcs Oll tilt'
surfaces of amorphous materials (excluding dmarphaus Iron) and their admi,,\ U!('~ \VIth cId)'
soils are predolllinant under normal pH values Howevcl, a CCI talll portion of tilt' !>Ü"ltlvl'
charges still eXIst, espccially for iroll-l'1cher an1orpholJ~ compound~, 1 c l\1H=O 10 éllld 0 r),l
Similar experimental results have been obtained far the adrlllxtur('~ of kaollllit(· cUlt!
amorphous material The results are 'lot presented here ta aVOId duplicatlOll
3.3.3.4 Bingham yield stress (BYS)
BYS provides inslght !Dto the Illter-particle action and quantifies it in terms of sl!Céll ing
strength Thus, the BYS i~ govcrned by the VISCOSlty or water holding capaelly and IlIt,('f
active forces/bonds of the malerial
107
At first, a solid concentration of 10% (w/w) suspensIOn, similar to that used by
Yong and Ohtsubo (1986), was selected for both amorphous material and its admixtures
with clays The arnorpholls matenal appeared as a thick gel, especially for the MR=0.10
Thercfolf', the "o[}centr,ülOll W,tS reduced Lo 5% for the suitahihty of the test. It is seen
111 Fig :~:3 :3Ga t!J,tl the rheology of the amorphou& matter IS tJcd tOitS VISCOUS nature
The Blllghdlll yldd Stlt'SS is observed to deClea::,e significantly Wlth an incrcase 111 the mass
1 at io, up to d vetIlle' of 0 ,JO Tills is duc élpparently to the mdterial's viscosity, which
IS hlgh for the loI\' mas') ratio amorphous complcx and low for thf' high mass ratio, as
Illdicatf'd by the thffelcntidl viscosity values cvaluated us mg the Bingham's model (rcfer to
the daLt shown be::,ide the test points !Tl Fig. 3.3.3Ga) In other words, the viscosity or watel'
holdlllg c,lIMClty, which is eontrolled by the speCIfie surface area (rcfer to Fig. 3.3.28a), is
donllnatlllg the rht'ologlcdl pIOperty of the amorphous matenals. The effeet of pH on the
BYS of amorphous matenal was also evaluated. It is seen in Frg. 3.3.36a that the BYS
clearly illcleases with a deClease 111 pH from 9.5 to 6 j The increase is due apparently to the'
IIlcrc'a<,cd Illter-partHJe electlo-statlc attraction wlth decreasing pII, as already described
carlier. The sarne tlcnd of change with pH was also observed for the consistency hmits
(Iefel 1.0 Fig 33 12c)
The effeet of the plesence of amorphous materials on the BYS of illitJc soil (IS) and
kaolimtf· (NK) is shown in FIg 3.336b. Due to the difference in mineralogy and surface
propel ty between the (.wo sods, a greater mtcl-partlcle dction, reflected in the BYS, is seen
for the IS and AM rnixed complex, whelcas a much lesser interaction is obsel ved for the
NI\: and AM admixturcs. MOle specifically, the BYS of 15 + AM IS notlced to InCIeaSC wIth
mass ratio (,0 a maX1I11Um value at MR=O 40, but that of NI< + A~1 has a Il11mmUm at thls
part.iculill mass ratio Tills experimental fiuding suggests that a strnng mteractive force
IS establIshcd betwecn dhtlC sod particles and amorphous collOlds, which IS respollsible fOl
the rcsultant BYS Howcver, the kaolmite clay partlcle rt'acts less siglllficantly \VIth the
all101phou::-. cornplex (refer also to SEM study), and as a result, the viscosity of amorphous
TIldt.enal controls the rheologlcal charactenstlcs of the system In fact, earher experimental
('vidence on tht' measured shear strength charactel istics supports the abovc statements.
At the S,Ulle glven composltlOlI of amorphom material, i e mass ratio, the experi
mcntdl rco.;ults pl('qcnted ln Fig 3.3 8Gc show an lIlClease III Bmgham yICld stress \VIth an
incrcasc III thC:' alIlouIlt of admixed amo[phous compounds. This is due obviously to the in
creased viscosity and bondmg action of the amorphous complex Moreover, lowering the soil
pli towards acidity ensures a more flocculentl aggregated particle arrangement, and hence
108
300 0 r
~::t ~ t; 1~O 0
~ .. 11000
., ~O 0
~"
\ .1 B Y S OF A ~ (~1.,u,)
• PH - 6 5
.. pH-BD
Cil pH. 9 5
0~~0------~------~----~3~----~------~~~----~'6
20 0 ~
IB.~
17.0
15~ , 14 0
12 ~
'" .. Il 0 SI
8.5
::t o 0
20 0
18 5
17 0
155
- 14.0 • '1 - 12 ~ ln
., 110
g 5
bl B Y S OF A Il + I:UYS 1 O.~O/I~ :/pH BOl
• IS - 10% SOlld
a NK 10% sohd
===--,---1 2 3
H4SS RATIO
cl B Y S Il" A Il • l S 1 101 Sc:..W 1
• 0 'O/pH & ~
.. 0 ~O/pH 1 0
o 0 ~O/pH 8 5
6
] 0.0 ~----~'~----~'~----~!~----~'~----~' ---~
~ 0 10 0 15.0 20 0 i!!I 0 lIC 0
S A.II
Flg.3.3.36 Blngham Yleld stress of amorphous malenal and ~ls admlxtures
wlth clays.
109 j
fav()r~ the soil--amorphous interactions, as reflected in the rneasured increased Bingham
yield strc~~ (sec FIg 3.3.36c) In associatIOn with the flocculation of particles, electro
staticjklIH'tic attractions arising fJOrn a higher edge( + )-to-face( -) configuration/force are
c/darppl Furtherrnorc, the edge( +) -to-facc( -) association development is promoted by
Ut<' plI UJWÙlc!:-' the IEP, around whlch maxImum electro-static attraction would occur as
ct rcsult of ('quai amoullt~ of pO~ltlve and negatJve charges. The investigatIOn of increasing
Bingham ywld stres" with decrcasing pH coïncides with the work by Yong and Ohtsubo
(19RG), who obse/vC'd the' variation of Blnghalll yield stress with pH, and round that the
kaollflltf' cllld It~ adITllxturcs wlth fCITlhydrite (amorphous iron) produce a rnaXIn1l1m value
aroulld the lEP, whlch IS dctermincd by the zeta potentlal measurerncnt.
The rhcologlcal property exhlbItcd by the sOlI-arnorphous ê.drnixtures has clearly
~hoWIl the contribution of arnorphous matenals The precise roI es played by the arnorphous
constituC'nt can be attributed to the viscoslty or water holding capacity, and bonding action.
3.3.3.5 Infrared spectrometrie study
Succcssfui attempts at using lIlfrared (IR) spectrornetry to interpret rnineral-arnorphous
interaction have been achieved, even though the IR analysis is employed mainly to s~udy
the presencc and strength of Olgamc functional groups. The success actually anses from
the U/lHjUC'Il<'SS of the tcsted samples -- nch In hydroxyl groups. Despite the fact that the
soil lIlass IS a comphcated system, the presence of arnorphous material 1'Ich !Il hydroxyl is
f'xpected to \)1 lI1g about hydrogcn bonds linh.rng the clay rTllnerals and amorphous complex
together. The purpose of IR analysl~ IS to dctect the presence and, hence, to quantify the
stlellgth of hyùrogen bondll1g.
Fig :~:3 :~7 !>hows the IR experimental rcsults of both pure amorphous rnaterial (a),
and its c\(!lIlIxt ures Wlth illitic soli (b) and kaolinite clay (c) The IR pattern of a blank
SpCCiIIWII (potclssiun1 brorlllde, KBr) used as an mert media was also examined and is
presf'I1tcd (c.). Apparently, this blank sample shows no peak at ail, but a clear background
The s,ullpk pleparation and expenmental rnethodology are described in Appendlx B.
It 1:-' lIotl( cd [lOm the IR patterns traced frmn the mdlVJdual sarnples that there are
rive m,llll pc,lk flcquency bands representmg rf'spectively (from hlgh to low frequency): a)
flet' O-I1, b) bonded O-H; <) bonded O-H, d) SI-O; and e) umdentified. A sumrnary
01 IH'(~k fleqllene)' and intcllslty of each indlvidual sarnple is tabulated m Table 3.3.1, and
tht' dt's( IlptiollS of cct( h frequency band are summarized in Table 3.3.2, based on the work
110
-
a). A.M. at mass ratlo of
1.0
D,O
6
4
2
0
100 b), I.S. + A.M.
0.1/15% 80
c: 0 .-1 Ul6 Ul .-1 E I.S. Ul c: E~o 0,0/15% E-< ~
1.0/15% 20
10 c). N.K. + A.M.
8
6
4
2
0 4000 3000 2000 1600 IOO() ~r )( )
-1
Flg. 3.3.37 Infrared spectra of amorphous malerlal and lts admJxtures will! ( !<ly<"
III
Table 3.3.1 Infrared study results of sOlI samoles - showlng peak frequency and lntensltyl .
~ Amorphous materlal (M.R.) Illltlc Illitic 5011 + Amorphous Sodlum :--Ja-kaolim te +
Amorphous
Si(0P.)4 Fe(OH)~ SolI 0.0/15% 0.1/15% 0.4/15% 1.0/15% Kaolinlte 0.1/15% 0.4/15% d -1 0.0 0.10 0.40 1.0 Ban range, cm
3680/<0 a). 4000-3600 3660/<0
3650/<0 3600/27
3480/15 3460/26 3460/3 3460/15
3435/37 3440/15
b). 3500-3400 3630/25 3420/22
3410/31 3400/35 3400/28 3410/16
1645/61 1643/55
1645/60 1640/6 1640/55
c). 1645-1620 1635/61 1635/39 1630/76 1630/54 1630/34 1630/40
1620/40
1090/<0 1085/18
1060/<0
dl. 1090-1020 1050/<0 1050/<0 1035/<0 1035/<0
1030/15 1030/<0 1030/<0 1020/2
e). 800 - 400
Note: 1. Intensity is represented by the % transmission.
112
-,..1
._-.......
Table 3.3.2* Characterlstic Infrared bands of various groups encountered
Frequency Range; cm-1 Intensity Group Type of vIbration Descriptions
a). 4000 - 3600 varIable O-H stretching free-to-partlally free O-Hs
Bonded O-Hs including intra- and
b). 3500 - 3400 strong (sharp) O-H stretchIng inter-molecular and dimerIc/polymeric
bonds
cap111ary condensed or absorbed O-Hs
c). 1645 - 1620 weak (sharp) O-H stretching either polymolecular1y or by
monolayer
H 1
d) • 1090 - 1020 strong (broad) Sl-0 stretchIng bonding from Si-O-Si; Si-O-Fe
c) • 800 - 400 varIable (broad) ? stretchIng vIbration of SI, Fe, Al, 0 and H
InteractIons
~ote: *Table made based on KIselev and Lygin (1975) as weIl as Parker (1971).
113
of Kisclcv and Lygin (1975) and Parker (1971). First of aH, freejpartially free O-Hs are
seeH to be present mainly in sodIUm kaolinite and its admlxtures with amorphous material.
The important issue concerns the next three bands, especially b) and d). In Band b),
peak frequency is shifted upwards as the mass ratio of amorphous materials varies From 0
Lü 0.40. MOleover, the maximum shlft towards a higher flequeney number takes place at
MR=O 40, whcre the sLrongest hydrogen bonding appears. Correspondingly, most samples
cxhibit reduced O-H peak intensities at the mass ratio of 0.40 A similar observation is
obtained for the weak O-fI group in Band c). It is suspected that an increase in O-H
bonding strength must he accompanied by a relevant decrease in the bonding strength of
an adjacent group Indeed, III Band d), a reverse relationship, opposite to the O-H bonds,
is observcd between the peak frequency shift and the mass ratio for the SI-0 interaction.
More spccifically, the weakest Si-O bondmg strength IS found to oecur critieally to the
,>amples having the mass ratio of 0.40 This phenomenon IS known as the bathochromatie
effecl Two possibilitIes may explain the observed bathochromatic effect Firstly, the silicon
in the Si-O group is acting with the adjacent hydroxyls, forming
OH
1
Si - 0-1
OH
groups, and this interaction can apparently weaken the Si-O inter-molecular bonding
strength. Secondly, due to silico-iron polymerization and isomorphous substitution, the
iron may have come in position next to the Si-O group, forming a SI-0-Fc chain. Since
iron is more chemically active than silicon in terms of protonatlOIl, the oxygen Ill-between is
pu lied towards the iron, so that the Si-O bondIllg strength is reduced. It is very likely that
both mechanisms can take part simultaneously in the reduction of Si-O bonding strength.
Through eomparison of the IR frequency shlft and peak intensIty for the illitic soil
and kaolmite clay admlxtures with amorphous compounds, a larger shift towards higher
frequcncy and a greater reduction III mtensity are noted for the former sample (ilhtic soil),
WI t.h respect to the hydrogen VI bration Bands b) and c). More clearly, the difference in the
frcquency increase between 0.10/15% and the 0.40/15% sample is higher for the Ilhtic soil
arnorphous rmxed complex. This experimental finding proves that the hydrogen bonding is
indeed more strongly estahlished in the lUite-rieh illitic silty clay, whereas the hydroxyl-rieh
amorpholls compound interacls more vigorously wIth both si 1ica tetrahedral sheets of illite
partides In contrast, the hydrogen bonds are Îess strongly built in the kaolinite-amorphous
114
complex where the hydroxylated gibbsite surface would be unlikely to form hydrogcn bonds
with other hydroxylated complexes, i.e. amorphous material. More discussions on this topie
will be presented in Chapter 4.
In review of the above, strong hydrogen bonding is found in both pure nIllorphou:-,
material complexes and their 'idmixtures with clays. The bOllding strength is maxillllz('d
at the particular Fe-Si ratio of 0.40, at which poillt, however, the Si-O interaction i~
reciprocated by the joint bathochromatic effects of hydroxyl (acting wlth Si) and 11011
(acting with 0). The hydrogen bonding strength is higher in t.he case of illitlc silly clay
than in the kaolinite admixed with amorphous matenal. This explains, at least pal t ly, tll('
low bon ding strength observed in the latter case.
3.3.3.6 Results of scanning electro-microscopic (SEM) study
SEM micro-photographs were taken for sorne selected samples aged for 3 months. Anal
yses of their micro-structures are made based mainly on the following ohservationf> and
cornpansons.
Amorphous materialj Fig 3.3.38 presents the micro-photographs of pure amorphom
materials with mass ratios of Q (pure silica), 0.10,040 and 1 (pure iron), dCIIolcd ai> (a), (il),
(c) and (d), respectIvely One common observation made from the 4 photos is Ul<' irrcgulcll'
shape of their micro-structures, which of course confirms the X-ray dIffraction sLudy. lJnlik('
the clay minerais, this non-crystalline matter (amorphous mateIlal) does not Like th<:> fOI III
of plates or sharp edges, but rather spherical floc units wIllch form large arnorphom ma!.!'! let!
douds, as seen from the photos, especially [rom (c) - MR 0.40 TIl<' dlffer(,ll(,(' betwc('11
amorphous silica (a) and iron (d) 1S not only the opdcity, as secn very c1early by eyl', but.
also the shù.pe The former consists of large, uniform, smooth-lookJrlg cloud" (ompared
with the latter which 1S seemingly formed less uOiforI1l and rouglter The St!lï<i-IrOIl mix('d
hydroxlde at MR 0.]0 (b) and MR 0.40 (c) show a vely dIstinct fabrtc ctrral'geInf'I1t. III
terms of shape, the MR 0.10 amorphous is more ul11form and fli1cr, whcrect:. t!w latter I~
uniform, but cùarser and tends to aggregatc l\loreover, it 1::-' vely casy Lo JdClltify caclt
individual fabric unit in case (c), where the sphere-sbaped partlde~ can be 1I1dlviduaIJzecl
This is, perhaps, an indrcation of strong inter-rnolecular attractIOn, resultlllg probably frorn
the hydrogen bondmg detected in the IR test, catIOn bfldglIlg and coulumblc forc('<;, pte
ll5
a) •
b) •
Fig. 3.3.38 SEM micro-photographs of amorphous material complexes
with mass ratio of 0 (a); 0.10 (b);
116
c) •
d) •
1 Fig. 3.3.38 (cont'd) - mass ratio of 0.40 Cc); and 1 (d).
117
IlIitic silty clay and amorphous materialj The illitic silty clay, as shown in Fig.
3.:3.:39a., is SCCI1 to have no amorphous material coating on most of the particle surfaces,
though sorne fine particles, located in the center, are seen. These fine particles may consist
of colloid fractions of both minerais and original amorphous matter. One may notice that
cOdting of arnorphous colloids onto clay particles takes place immediately after the amor
phous rnatcrial is introduced. In figures (b), (c) and (d), amorphous colloids are adsorbed
Illdinlyon thc faœs of the fine particles, whde the edges mostly remain clean. This evidence
'>lIggc~ts that at pli 8 0, the net negatively charged amorphous material is adsorbed on the
Ilcgative faC<'s of clay particles by at feast three ways:
the O-II bonding;
2. the cation bridging action; and
3. the coulumbic (electro-statlc) forces.
The first mechal1lsm has been proven by the IR results presented earlier. The second one
is deduced from the high negative surface charges (CEC) measured. As pointed out before,
the catIOns come in between the faces of the clay particles and amorphous colloids, forming
a bridge. The thlI cl mechànism is derived based on the findings of CEC and AEC measure
rnellts, in whlch the negatlvely charged faces electro-statically attract the positively charged
edges of the clay partlcles Moreover, due to the face coating of amorphous material, the
0..t0/15% sam pIe has a more face-to-edge associatIOn compared to the 0.10/15%, especially
for the llIlcbsturbed sample, i.e. case (c). This !eads to a speculatIOn that aIl honding mech
anisms Jomtly act to aggrcgate the clay particles together, forming a clay(face)-amorphous
coIlOlds-clay(cJge/face) structure which is high in strength. Now, the large shear strength
observed earlier for the 0 40 mass ratio s011s can be attributed to the development of in
teractIve bonds between the clay and amorphous complexes. It should he pointed out tltat
the clay--arnorphous Interaction may be more comphcated than it appears. In other words,
more bondlllg mcchanisms could be involved m the establishment of amorphous material
bonds
It IS cvident that the development of mter-particle bonds is a time-dependent pro
ce~s, ,tlthough the hydrogen bonds, catIon bridging, coulumbic forces, etc. can be instantly
est.dblishcd as soon as t.hc amorphous matcrial cornes into contact wIth clay particles.
ln othe! words, the global structural strength development requif(~ a graduaI modifi
c,üion/llnplOVCIl1Cnt of micro-structural units/fabric. It can be further anticipated that
ll8
•
a ) •
le DDDa
b) •
Fig. 3.3.39 SEM. micro-photographs of IS (a); and IS and AM
(15%) at mass ratio of 0.10 (b);
119
1
c) •
d ) •
Fig. 3.3.39 (cont'd) - mass ratio of 0.40 (c. - undisturbed; and
d. - remo1ded).
120
micro-mobJlization of the tiny amorphous particles, being attractul towdrds clay partlCl('~,
continuously takes place as time passes. Meanwlllle, the soil fabllcs telld to 1)(' aMI\'
gated and polymerized, whlch results in the graduai growth of tl}(' globùl st J('ngt li (1 ('[('1
to Fig. 3.3.13). An interruption, such as remoldlIlg, to a wcll-developcd structure will
break apart the clay-amorphous-clay association, causing a loss of structural Stl l'lIgth
The cffeet of rcrnoldlIlg can be vlsualized lJl tlw photograph Laken ou a r<'Illoldl'd ::.altlpl(·
(Fig. 3.3.39d), where c\, collapsed structure \Vith cl more fale-to-fan' as~()ciatioll IS nul ÎCI'r!,
with sorne amorphous coatlI1g on the faces
A further IIlvestigatioll into the cffect of acidity r('dnction 011 day-amol phon~ t\::,::,o('\
ation was implemented using a pH 6 .. 5 buffering solution. The micro-photogrc\,ph shown III
Fig. 3.3.40 IIldicates that no slgnificant difference can be llOtlCed, exccpt th(ü more COdtlllg
of amorphous partic\cs seems to exist in contrast with that of 040/15% al, pI! 8 O. The
increaslIlg tendene,)' of amorphous material eoatIIlg with d{'ercaslIlg pli IS duC' J>lllIléllïly t(J
the mcreased eledro-statle attraction. This experimcntal findlll~ matches the WOI k of YOll)!,
and Ohtsubo (1986).
It is noticcd from ail the samples that dITlOl phous coatlI1g occur~ le!:>::; densdy 011
the silt-sized (over 2 mlcrons in diameter) particle surfaces, due plOba bly to the surfa( ('
mactivity (less charge) This is true since coarser partlcles in >~ micrcll fractlOll (lJ e maillly
primary mineraIs.
Kaolinite and admixtures with amorphous material; The Illilro-~tlllctUr<>S of bul!·
nite, and its admixture with amorphous matcnal at a mass rat 10 of 0 ilO and ail <\11\0111\1 01
15%, are shown III (a) and (b) of Fig 3.3.41, respectlvel) Il, I~ oIJ:-"('lvcd thüt t!w \;:,1U1 1 1111,('
clay is well-crystalhzed \VIth clear faces and ('dge~. For the adllllxtulc, howcvcr, h :-'lII<dl
amount of amorphous rnatenal adheres to the fùees of the kaoliI1lte piU tIC le,,>. t hough rn()~t
of it either lies along the edges or just fills the void betwœn the k,wlllllt (' partI< k:.., 'l'hl ....
experimental fin ding 1I1c!lcates that there exi~ts more interactions bctwC'cII aIllorpholls lll<l
terial and kaolimte al, the edges than on the faces, perhaps becausc tlJ(' kaOhIllLI' hd .... <l, 1('~"'('1
charge density Oll the faces comparee! to the dhtlc sdty (la)' Tht' charge on the ('dg!''' of
kaolimte thercfOIe becomes relatIvely SiglllflC<tllt As.t rcslllt, tIlt' ec!g<'s cal rylll~ pŒ,nt IV('
chal ges may mt el ac t more \\'1 t h the lIet ncg,ttl vdy chal g,Pd dT1lorpho\ls ('OIl)})(JllJld
Up 1,0 tllIs pomt, ct glcatcr and more ~lgndlcaIlt dl:.tlll( tlOn III <lmOrpllO\l!-> -clay Ill'
teractions can be made between the kaolinite alld the illitlc SOli d,dnllxtules Basee! OII ,1
companson of the results, the latter sail (sec Fig 3 :L39b, c, and cl) (ltsplays rnuch great(~1
121
1
Fig. 3.3.40 SEM micro-photograph of 1S/0.40/15% at pH 6.5.
122
1
a) •
b) •
Fig. 3.3.41 SEM micro-photographs of kao1inite (a); and its
admixture with AM (b. - 0.40/15%).
123
interactIOn wltl! arnorphous material, as has been proven by more face coating and, hence,
morc edgc-to-fa((' association than the former (see Fig. 3.3.41 b), which shows much less
face coatlIlg, but obvlOtlsly more edge-to-edge configuration. At this moment, it is not
(Mfi( tilt 1.0 fully uIlclcr:,talld the difference in shear strcngth and Bingham yield stress be
tweCTl the two ddmixt ures More dcarly, thc shcar strength and Bingham yield stress are
much lower fOl the k<lolinite admixtllIc!> than measured for the illitic soil samples, as was
demollst.rat,ed in the plcvious scctions The actual cause for the above difference can now
1)(' explained hy the fact that the additIOn of arnorphom matenal mto the kaolimte clay
IlIay lIot (OIllpl('tely 1 cact wlth the day pal ticles to generate inter-particle bonds, which
,>trcngthen the sod stI ucture, as sllggcsted by the micro-photograph ThIs results, as rnen
tlOlIed earlIer, bOIn the low surfcLcc charges of kaolimte particles. With respect to the illitic
silty clay, however, more interactions between the arnorphous complex and clay are ob
scrved in the form of amorphous coatlIlg and particle aggrcgatlOn. The hlgh surface charge
denslty is thought to contribute greatly to the establishment of arnorphous material bonds.
Il should be mcntiolled that, accordlIlg to Yong and Ohtsubo (1986), amorphous
IIOll 01 ferIlhydllte Cdn pelmanently coat 011 kdollIllte particles al. the pH of 3 0 when the
fCI IIhydrit.e pdI tlcles are sulliciently positIvely charged lt would then be necessary to lower
the plI if furthel studies Illto th~ coating eITect of amorphous iron-silica mixed hydroxides
OH surfac{' pIOpeI tiCS of kélo\Jmte are desired
III summary of the SEM study, the following remarks may be drawn:
At a normal pH of 80, amorpholls material coating onto the surfaces of clay particles
call occur, ('~peclcîlly for such hlgh surface charge density clays as illite;
~ AOlorpbous mate! ial plcsent in the fonn of tmy sphcres can play a role III bonding,
bridgll1g cid)' part icles and fabnc unit5 together;
:~. The mechalllsrn of both coatll1g and bondll1g arr!>es primarrly from O-H bonding,
catIOn IJlIdglIlg, as \Vell as from elcdro-static (coulumbic) attraction;
·1 The sam pies wlth 0 ·10 mas~ ratIO - rich in surface charge, show a more edge-to-face
~tIlIduI{ll cmclIlgemcnt., WhICh may expldlll the lllgh strength observed;
[) Hl'I1loldlllg of cl sod (h~rupb the edgc-to-face assouatIon, IrIducing a more face-to
facl' arrangellleIlt and a 1055 in structural strength,
li Lo\\'crIllg ~()d pli t(,l!J~ to IlIcrease amorphous coatlIlg due to increased electro-static
a t tr'<lctlOll,
124
7. Arnorpholls matcrial added to kaolinite shows littlc fact' ('O,ttlllg, but. 1,lIg<' (,(}IIt.lrt~
\Vith Ul<' edgl's of kaolinitf' pal'ticles arC' very Ilkely to CJ'('ale ('<Ige 10 t'dp,I' .IS:-()('ldtlllllS;
and
8. Less significant intf~raction betwccn amorpholls Illatcl'ial and kaolinill' ('Xpltlills II\(,
\ow llIf'asu l'cd shcal strength, a nd the low surfclcP Chell'gc <kl\si ty IS 1 ltollgh t 1 () \)(' 1 lit'
harriel' 1,0 the establishnwnt of 11Igh étlllorpholls 1ll,lLe! ial bonding,.
3.3.3.7 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
SOIl1f' of the XRD lesltlt'i of laboratory clays, arnO/phous 111<11('1 i,d!-l éilld tlwil ddlllixt 111'(''>
have \)C('11 prps('lllcd ill FIg. 2.1. '1'0 verify the acllltllity, and to monitor élny tldll:-folllldtioll
of the amOl pholl '> 111 a tcna \ i Il 1 0 a CIT!-lt aIl i ne ~II b~ 1 il I1( <" pel lOt! I( dl X H J) 1 <,,>h \\'('11' p<'1 1'0111 H'd
on ~('lcctpd Séllllpks :\'> ~howll in FIg ;L;~ -12, ('V('1l al' 1,('1 1 \\'0 ,\ ('tll~ of dl!,ill,l', III 1 II(' 1Illlllid
toom. tl](' amuI photl" matel i"ls ~ttll lelll""1 1I1l( 1,v,,\.,t1l l z('d. III '>plt(· (JI 1 Il(' Id( 1 1 !J,l!, t Il<'
surface alea uf alllOrpholl!-l IllcllPliab has lW(,Il l{·dll('('d dll(, lu (lcLIIH k dl.',!!)(·gtltl(J11 III
relative teJ'lIl'l, t Il(' gIO\\ Il pat tlele siz<, of cllllOlpholl~ COIll()()\IIlc!:-' i" ~t .11111 " ,,!JOlI l "IIP,!" .111<1
lacks a tegu!c\l !11O!celllal' 01<11'1 The XHD l',lIt<'lll~ 101' 1 lit' dgl'd c\dllllXlllll''> ul dllHlIpltOlI"
lIIalcri,l! \\ Il h tlltt le soil and kaolil\lte show no chelllg\' of p<'tlk 10< ,li iOIl" (JI' \'<\1'1011'> ('J'y"t ,dllllt·
Illill('lals IIo\\c\(·I. thl' p('ak lIllC'II'>lty (Il<'ight) of Ill,lllj' 1ll111(,I.t!~ i~ Il'du({'d. A( (oldlll/!, to
l\lcl\:~'es <'1 ,Ii (l(jïl), tlll'-o ('<ln 1)(' altlibuled to ;UllOlpholl'> (o,dlJlg 011 Ih('''<' 1l111l('I.d,>
COIll(>clI'ilig Fig. ~ 1 (nu clllllHpholl'> llIelt('n.d) ,lIlel ~ ~ wilh Ftg :l:l I~, with II·g.!ld It) tilt'
ilht le soli tOI (·'.,llllpll'.l.lI gel ()('clk int('Il'>lty l'('dll( t 1011 1" '>l'('JI loI' illlk, (lilolile dud 1('ld"I'.IJ
This filldillg sllgg('"I~ tlldt the'>c minCI ais nllght h,l\(' he('JJ (Odtt't! Il,\' 1 II<' "1Il01 ph() Il '-0 1I1tlt('II,l!
complex, \\'hid1 ~eel1l~ 10 he III clgrCt'trH'lIt \Vith tht' SEf\l oh'>I'[ val iOll'> lIIc1dl' ('il,I1<'!'
3.4 Comparison of Results between Natural and Laboratory Clay Soils
3.4.1 Overview
So fcll. 1ll,1I1~ plop('rti('~ ,lJ1d I)('htl\' 101 of ~oil.., hd\'(' ~howll to hl' clfr('(ll'd Il)' tll<' (>1(''>('11«'
01 till" ..,nil (OIl"lltlll'IIt .1I1l0Ip!JOIIS 1l1,llcll,t! For tll<' (OllIP0'>ltloll-(OIiIIOIlt'd l,tlHII,t!()IY
"oils, t!l<' IlIfllIC'IIC(' of botll qll<tlltity ,lIld comp<hltioll of ;lInOI pholl~ lII,tf('II,t! Ild\,(' \)(,('11
studlcd. Fol' t!w nattllal !li ,li II\(' ~oil~, hm\'('\·('I. t Il<' efre( t~ of "IIlPI ph(jll~ (OJlI()()'>lt 1011 1)('(·<1
--..
"",.,.,., -'<Ii
NK 0.40/15%
AM (MR = 0)
AM (MR = 0.4)
AM CMR = 1)
30 20 10 2
2 e
Fig. 3.3.42 XRD results of selected samples aged for two years.
126
yet 1,0 be Identificd altho\lgh th(' effc( ts of qUclnt.ity are c\('é\I. as n'porI cd l'dllJt'1 III Sel t 1011
32, 1'0 achi('vc this and hen('(' to \'('('ognizc th<' IOle plc\ycd Ily t.he illIwrpholls IlIdkri,d\
corn posi tion, i t is 11('( C%<ll'!' to com pal (' t!1(' (('SU 11:-, ohl ai Ilc<! ftoIll 1 Ill' Il,11111 ,d .... od .... \\'11 h 1 h,,:-.('
flOm the cOInpo:-,ition-conl 101lcd l<lbor(tI,ory soils wlll'rd>y the illflu('II( ('S o! 1 IH' (Ollq>o .... 11 iOIl
have bec Il <ldl ifi('d, 1\lso, il is hoped thet!, t lJ1s wdl heildit t h(N' who illklld 1 () ~I Ill" 1 Ill'
plopcrtlP~ élnd l)('h,lVIOI of lIIétl'lllP sensitive :-,oils \Ising il 1(11)01.1101)' :-.oil :-.y .... I('lll SIIlIII.1I 10
the one cll1ployed ill tllls lesparch, Notp t.h(1t SOIlI(' ('XI)('IIIlH'IIt.d d,II" !or 1 II<' n.lIlllillllldl ill<'
:-,oils have bcen taken t'IOIll liu·!.tiu!e (e,g YOIlI!, d ell., 19ï!ld .uld Lo(,\! cl .d, I!)~I) dlld
carC'fully lailol'ed to cOlïespond \Vith thi:-. wOlk,
3.4.2 Geotechnical Engineering Propertîes
130t.h soils :-,how cl I!,C)\ellle\!\(P uf ..,C·ll .... lti\'ily I)('hdvior hy III(' (>\(':-.ell('(' of éllllorpholl:-' 111<11('1 iet!
For the Il cl 1 111 éd Ill(llllle' "'~)Ib (n)(ltainillg G-2,I(X ellllOlphous llldlpriab) dl'()()slled ill Ea~I('11I
CeUlétClct. :-'C Il., i 1 1\ ily het'> be('1l ll1f'a:-,ulf'<I ! étnglilg flo!ll 1 10 '"V!'i:!2 (Idel 10 FIg :! ~:I) 'l'Ill'
~eIl .... iti\'it.y 1:-' :-'('(,11 10 (\('('1('« .... (' wlth ail ill( 1 ('a .... e ill tlj(' lotal aIIlO1lIlt.... o! cllllOI plI01l.., 111<11('1 i.d
prf'sellt ill 1 hc sod llIa .... ~ :\ lcll'g,e dlfI'eJ('Il((' in t II<' r('lllo1dpc! ,,1\('.11 :-.1.1 l'IIg1 lt, WItOc.l· llldgllit Ild(·
is prO]>01 tiOllet! to the qUclllt it)' of ,ullorp!toll':> lllcllelial preselll. !tel.., I('\('dkd t Ill' 1 d11 .... I· 01 hi).!,h
scnsitivity (sec Fig ,3,,~ I:)a), wllt'reas the :-'(ùt ((']'('d poillt'> .... lto\\'n III Ftg ,~:~ t:~IJ IlIdll ;11('
lc"s c!epcll<!eIl( e of .... elhlti, it)' 011 Ill<' 1IIldl..,:uIlwd slwar :-,tl(,ll.!!,th FOI III<' dllli( .... Ilty (LIV
adlllixec! witl! wllth('..,Ized .Illlorpholls ll1elle'lial, .m ('\'('Il large'! lelllge o! ...... (,Il .... llivlly·', 1 ('
Ihixotl'oplC .... trelll!,l!t latlo (TSH). (ail be sll11111atl'd (Fig, :~:~ J(» '1'1)(' TSH \ • .111<' .... III Ilth
ca"l' ;Il'(' (0111 !olll'd hy the .. IlIHlt .... t 1111)('<1" 01 thixot 10pl( .... !t('.11 :-.1 ]('Ilgt h t!l'wlo\!('d <1111 Ill).!, Il)('
agc-h.lldl'lIll1g pl'O«,:-'c.. "lllC(' th(' .... ,\Ill(' lIIilrallellloldct! :-.I}('cll ..,t 1('llgl h 1'" lllll'Ilt \tJlI.dlv ..,1'1 II\!
at t.he' \',dll(' COIIl'spollding Lo Ih.1l ,li a lI(l'lldil} illdex of 1 :2:-> Sp('l ifll.dh. tl)(' Il'lllllldet!
sl)(',11 .... tICI',(;tl! \,due \\'cl" Illlllell{'d clt elllOut 0,10 A f>u fOI ,dl :-..llIlPI(· .... 1II1dl·I.!!,OIIl).!, cl.!!,llI.!!,
tests The geilci e1\ee! 'l'SI{ !t.l:-' ~howll cl v.triallUlI ",it h Il)(' (OlllpO .... llI01l. 1 (' 11Id ........ l ,d 10 o!
clIllOlpho11.., Illelleli.tl. cl" w('11 ,1 .... \\'Ith 11j(' q11clllllt}, 'l'Il(' ,1I1l0Ip!t011 .... IIl.tf(·lldl (OIIlIJlJ .... I·<1 ,II cl
111,1:-'<'; IdtlO 010 10 (olllliIHlll'.., the Illoc.l 10 Ihe .... Oll'~ :-.11('cll .... llellgth (FI.!!, :!,! Il) dlld. !tl'II(I·.
!ts 'l'sn (Fi.!!, ,) ,l,lï) l'II(' 1l'l.dIOIl"lllP !Jet \\('1'11 ..,('11 .... 111\11)' cllld Illcle,.., 1,1110 (J! clllll)J(>ltlJ11:-'
Illd tel ial. :-.ho\\ Il III ,! :L Il. l'i !lot \'CI \' cl('ell .dl hOllgh 1 I)('J(' .... (·I·lm Il! 1)(' "Il III< 1 ('''''''1 Il.!!,
trclld of :-'('lhili\'II} \\'It h IllC ]('cl..,lllg lllcl"'S r,t!.l0 i':cll(()W Vetl11(' IcllI).!,(, of Ill" .... .., I.III/) (IlHJ .... t 1)'
l'rom 020 10 0 !'i:l), sy'-t('lll (olllpkxity, lelck of ('XPI'llIlll'llt.t! dellel, d( . (illI .dl 1 cl Il..,(' ..,1]("
Illlc!e.lllle:-.:-, of lOlielel11011
III the liler.l! \11(', ~t lIely of Norwegiall Illdrillf' (lays fOlllld à \lIIIql\(, «(JI (('l(t! iOIl 1)('1 W('('II
lLï
.' a). Remolded shear strength vs St
Soli location
St. Maurice
+ St Alban (1)
* Gatineau (1)
DOutardes (2)
x Grande-Baleine (3)
o St Marcel (3)
6 St Leon (3)
z Chicoutimi (3)
(1) - Yong et aL, 1979a (2) - Yong et aL, 1979b (3) - Locat et aL, 19'"'4
Sensitivity
" ,
002 02 2 20
Remolded shear strength (k Pa)
b). Undisturbed shear strength VS St
Soli location
St. Maurice
+ St. Alban (1)
*- Gatineau (1)
DOutardes (2)
)< Gr ande-Baleine (3)
o St. Marcel (3)
6 St. Leon (3)
z Chicoutimi (3)
(1) - Yong et aL, 1979a (2) - Yong et aL, 1979b (3) - Locat et aL, 1984
300
30
Sensitivity
x ••
+ . .1* +
+ *- * + '\ * *
o
3 l ____ ''--__ --'-, ----'-, __ -------',~ __ ____.J
o 50 100 150 200 250
U ndisturbed shear strength (k Pa)
FIg. 3.3.43 Relatlonsh1p between sens1t1v1ty and remo1ded and undisturbed
shear strength for sorne marine 50115 of Eastern Canada.
128
III .' '1!
Fig.3.3.44 Relationship between St & MR for marine soils at Eastern Canada
Sgll 12!2lllgo
St Maurice
+ SI. Alban (1)
* Gatineau W 0 Outardes (2)
X Grande-Baleine (3)
0 St. Marcel (3)
6. St Leon (3)
Z Chicoutimi (3)
(1) - Yang et al., 1979a (2) - Yang et al., 1979b (3) - Locat et al., 1984
Sensitivity r
300
X
30
6. o
1
~L * 0.15 o 2 0.25
z
•
+
* + 0
.;f-
0.3
+ * + * -+
o 35
o
+ +
* ~,
o 4
Mass Ratio of Amorphous Material
129
.~ .. -~"-'-.~
•
• •
+++
0.45 0.5
r
~cnsitivity and IlqUldlty index and, between liqnidity index and remolded shear strength
(BjelTlllll, 19,)1). For the marine deposits in East Canada, those correlations seem not
to apply, a~ dCIllonstrated Jn FIgs 3 3.45 and 46, although the two soils are of similar
nlllleIalogy (Torrance, 1975) Explanation can be dlrected towards the difference in the
pm,t-depositiollal environmenL. Leaching of tialts (Bjerrum, 1954; Rosenqvist, 1955) and
<l!:::.pcr:::.illg agents (Bjerrum and Rosenqvist, 1956; Soderblom; 19(6) are the principal causes
of the 11lgh sCllc;itivity 111 Norwegian marine soils. While, these mechanisms cannot be used
lo expleun tht> sensitivity of Canadlan manne soils, theory of cementationjbonding agents
Ild\'(' J)(,(,I1 f(,llIlrI quite acceptable in understanding the bahavlOr of the East Canadian
1 •• 'iI .J'p'')]h (I\enney et al., 1967; Sangrey, 1972; Yong et al., 1979a; Quigley, 1980;
Locat ct al, 1 ~8,1) The above ùlscusslons suggest that a review of soil history is an
important step when considenng its properties and behavior.
The consistency propertics of the natural marine soils in East Canada can now be
better understood and interprcted via the role played by the participation of amorphous
rnalerials PIastlclty of both laboratory and natural soils is seen to Increase with the
amorphous quantity (Figs 3.24 and 3.3.5). The conslstency limits, representing the water
holdlllg cdpaClty, have been shown to mcrease \Vith the overall surface area of the soils. The
Vd.natlOIl of plastlclty mdex wlth mass ratio found for the composltlOn-controlled labora
tOI y hoiIs (Fig 3.34a) helpcd to reveal the existence of the same correlation for, at least,
St Alban c1ays (Fig. 3.3.7). The minimum plastlcity, occurring at mass ratIo 0.40, indicates
ct m<lximllm aggregatlOIl of particles induced by the inter-particle amorphous bonding. For
the overall sods encountered, the correlations between consistency hmits and mass ratio are
less ('v)(ICllt although they scem to declmc with an increase in mass ratio up ta a value of
0.50, as notIccd in FIg. 3.347. ThIS leads to a speculation that correlation of plasticlty with
mass ratio, ct~ pel' the one seen in Fig. 3.3.7, may stand better for each given sail location.
FUl'thel stucl!es on this aspect are recommended.
It is lfnpOl tant, then, for thosc ir geotechnical engmeermg practice to pay atten
tIOn not ollly to the qllantity, but also tü the composition, of amorphous material when
consid('1 ing tbe l'ole and contribution of this particular soil constituent.
3.4.3 Surface Chemistry and Bonding Action
Sp('('dit ~\ll face <lxea and cation ex ch ange capacity are found to increase with the amorphous
llld!ClI,t! content fOI the natural mallne soils (FIg 3.2 5a & b). The same relationship also
dppeaIS for the laboratory soil-amorphous admixturcs (Figs. 3.3.28b & 30b). The cause
130
Fig.3.3.45 Relationship between St & LI for some marine soils of Eastern Canada
Soi! location
• st. Maurice
+ St. Alban (1)
* Gatineau (1)
DOutardes (2)
x Grande-Baleine (3)
o St. Marcel (3)
6 St. Leon (3)
Z Ch icoutlmi (3)
( 1} - Va n g et al., 1979 a ( 2) - Yo n 9 e t al., 19 79 b (3) - Locat et aL, 1984
Sensitivity z
• 300 •
~ • X
.. •
+ 30
6~ .0
* * ct
3[ ~ +-
+
o 1
131
•
•
+ +
+ -+
2 3 4
Liquidity Index
'*
5 6
Fig.3.3.46 LI vs Remolded Shear Strength for Sorne Marine Soils in East Canada.
Soil location
Liquidity Index 6
St. Maurice 5
+ St. Alban (1) 4
*" Gatineau (1)
DOutardes (2) 3 x Grande-Baleine (3)
() St. Marcel (3) 2 x
L St. Leon (3) 1
z Chicoutimi (3)
z
"*
+
*
+ + +
.+ + () " +
++~. R * 0
* -* o 0.02
III 1 III 1): III
(1) - Yong et al., 1979a (2) - Yong et al., 1979b (3) - Locat et al., 1984
0.2 2
Remolded shear strength (kPa)
132
20
a). Liquid Limit vs Mass Ratio
Llquld lImlt (~) 80 •
:Sali h~C.IIQD 70
St Maurice • +
+ St .toan (1) 110 À
• GatIneau (n • 0 OutatCleS ( 21
110 + • x Granoe-8arelne (3)
0 St Marcet (JI 40
o
À St Leon (31 • X ChIcoutimi (3) 30
20L-------L-----__ L-____ ~L_ __ _
o 01
(1) - Yong et al. 1979a (2) - Yong et al , 1979b (3) - Locat et al., 1984
02 03
Mass RatiO
o
+ • +
•• • +
04 os
b). Plastic Limit vs Mass Ratio
Plastic Limlt (~) 311
30
25
20
15
~
x
+ *
* l-
+ +
X o'
.. *+
A< +
+ +
1 + .+ 0
011
10L-______ ~ ______ _L ______ _L ______ ~ ______ _L ______ _"
o 01 02 03
Mass Ratio 04 05
c). Plasticity index vs Mass Ratio
Plasticlty Index (~) 50
40
30
20
10
+ +
+.
+ • ..
011
o '--____ .L-_____ ...L... ____ --L-____ ~_ - - ------1...-_ -- -~
o 0' 02 03
Maas RatiO
011 00
1 L-__________________________________________________ J
FIg. 3.3.47 Conslstency lirnlts vs. rnass ratlo of amorphous mnterlals
for sorne marIne sOlls of Eastern Canada.
133
can be easily traced to the fine fraction of amorphous colloids. The higher the amorphous
material content, the greater the amount of < 2J.l fraction, and hence the larger the overall
smface arCd of the systcm As a lcsUl1, thc \Vater holding capacity or the consistency limits
are clcvated In otbCl WOI ds, the arnorphous matenal itsclf lS rich in surface area and surface
charges, resulting from poor crystallinity, brokcn bonds and isomorphous substitution. In
the natmal soIis. substitutions for Si by both Fe and Al are possible (Cloos et al., 1969;
Decarreau ct al , 1987)
The zeta potentJal or electro-kinetic property of both natural and laboratory soils
15 related tü the presence of arnorphous material. The higher the amorphous qualltity,
the lower the potential (towards positivtty), as shown in Figs. 3.2.5c and 33.35c This is
becausc the amorphous complex, which carries a certain amount of positivc charges, can
reduce the overall negativity of the system. A.." pointed out before, the negative surface
charge density of the amorphous material is lower than that of the illite-rich illitic soil
(FIg. 3.3.31) bccause of its large surface area.
Wtth respect to the influence of amorphous composition on the surface properties,
the rclationships between surface area, cation exchan[';c capacity and zeta potential, and
the mass ratIO for the naturaI manne soils, are shown in Fig. 3.3.48. A decreasing trend of
surface area with increasing mass ratio up to 0.45 may be noted in Fig. 3.3.48a, for majority
of the sods ThIS is slmtlar to the compositlOn-controlled laboratory soils (Fig 3.3 28b).
Once agam, the correlatIOn seems to hold better for each mdlvldual SOli locatIOn, especially
for St. Alban and Gatll1cau soils. The mimmum values appear to have shlfted to be around
MH=O 45 Possible C'xplanatlOn may be made m terms of the potential influence of amor
phous alumina compound present in the natural soils which may have contributed to the
shift of the mInImum values to somewhere around 0.45. This speculatIOn may be prema
tUle, sincc the effect of amorphous alumina is yet to be studied. For the catIOn exchange
capaClty (Fig 3 3 4Sb), a correlatlOIl similar to that of the laboratory clays (FIg. 3.3.30b)
15 seen for the St Alban and St. Maurice soils, especially as the mass ratio varies from 0.40
to about 050 However, the correlatIOn remains undear for the other soils. With regard
to t.he zctù potC'ntIal (Fig. 3 3 48c), the values seems to increase as MR increases to 0.50,
which l~ III agI cement \Vith the labolatory clay However, the relatJonshlp looks less well
d('fincd. The scaUered pOInts for the St Maurice clay, containing relatively low amounts of
amorphous matenal, ma)' be an mc!JcatlOn of the lllvolvcrncnt of composttlOnal complexity.
Fmally. it IS worth mcntlOnmg that sorne researchers (e.g. Penner, 1965, Yong ct al.,
19ï9a) hd\,(, ldatC'd the SOli sensitJ\'Ity to the zeta potentlal for some East Canadlan ma-
134
..
----------------------------------
a), Specific Surface Area vs Mass Ratio
:::[s::~:~::!I:~rtace Area (sq ~/g) • Sr Maurice
100 + SI Alban Il) •
.. lÎatlneau f.)
80
80
40
x Graneo 8alelne 131
o SI Marcel 13)
t;. SI Loon (3) o +
+ .. + .. ..
+ .~ ... • .. + •
20 L.....---...L. ___ --'-___ --'::.x~ __ ___l._. _____ L _________ J
o 01
(1) - Yong et al, 1979a (3) - Local el al , 1984
02 03
Mass RatiO 04
b), Cation Exchange Capacity
Cation Exchange Capaclty (meq/lOOg) 25 r
+ St Alban (1)
20 ilil.SA1oU11l..1 ""I::>i.~·":""~:"':"ce <>" ~
.. Galmeau (1) t." 15 r 0 Oularees (2)
<> SI Marcel (3)
A SI Leon 13) 10
X Chicoulimi (31
.. + ..
o
.. +
o
05 011
5~----~------------__ -L ______ _L _____ __ ____ 1
o 01
(1) - Yong et al, 1979a (2) - Yong el al, 1979b (3) - Locat el al, 1984
02 03
Mass RatIo 04
cl. Zeta Potential
Zeta Potentlal (-mV) 415
40 hlUa.c.a11o..o
St MaurIce
35 + SI AIOdn (11
lit Gatineau Il)
30
25
20
15
10 0 01 02
(1) - Yong el al, 1979a
~ ..
..
.. •
* -----"-
03 04
Mass RatiO
01\ 0 Il
05 011
FIg, 3.3.48 Sorne phYSIco-chernlcal propertles vs. mdSS ratIo of mnorph()u..,
rnalerla 15 for sorne rnar Ine 5011 S uf Eastern Canddrl.
135
rine clays. As demonstrated in Fig. 3.3.49, the sensitivity is seen to increase with the zeta
potential (towards ncgatlvity). In effect, the mcreased zeta potential can be attributed to
the decreased alllount of amorpholls material present (Fig 3.2.5c). In other words, partic
Ipation of arnorphous material can reduce the overall negativity (CEe) of the soil system,
as desCI i bcd bcfore As a result, the attraction forces are enhanced wi th an accompanying
redudlOlI ll1 the repulslOn forces It appears that repulsion favors sensitivity development.
In vlew of the above comparison of results, an acceptable compatibility exists in the
physico-chcmical propel'ties between thc natural and laboratory soils. The correlations
of sod surface propcll!es with the amorphous matcnal's composition are not as clear as
tbosc fol' the' cornposltion-controlled la boratory clays The effect of amorphous alumina,
and the lack of experimental data, could be some of the many factors contl'ibuting to the
ulIccrtainty I1owc>ver, the most probable fador is the complexity of the natural soil system
This is actually the l'eason for employing the composition-controlled labol'atol'Y clays which
have a known quantity and composition of the synthesized amorphous material for the
present study.
136
Fig.3.3.49 Relationship betvv'een Zp and St for marine soils in East Canada
Soil location
St. Maurice
+ St. AI ban (1)
-'t Gatineau (1)
o Leda clay (2)
2000
200
20
1
Sensitivity
o o
o o 0
o o
o ,../
++ /~ + .....v--~
~
4-- -*-. _.~ --
o o
o
èJ.--. --.-- --+ -J.--J,:.
2 LI _______ ~ ______ L-____ ~ ______ ~ ______ ~ ____ ~ ______ _
(1) - Yong et al., 1979a (2) - Penner, 1965
------ -- - --
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Zeta potential ( -mV )
137
1
Chapter 4
Amorphous-Clay Interactions
4.1 General
On t.he basls of the dbundant. experimental evidence obtained, a summary of the amorphous
clelY lflteractlvc rnechanisms wl11ch govern the performance and behaVlOr of manne soils in
East Canada IS made in an effort to aid in modelling the interactions
At filst, the molccular structure of the <1morphous complex IS investigated, highlight
ing the charge chardctenstics. A bnef e1ucidation of clay structure is followed in order to
IdelJtify the clay extf'1101 surface wlllch may interact with the amorphous compound vIa
physH O-CII<'IIII( ,t! fOI c(''>. The secolJd <.tdge 1'5 to explore possible IIlteraction<, between the
illllorpholl~ matel iet! complex and clay partlcles
Fmally, rtIl O\'erall fabric structure, representmg the actual geo-environmental situa
tIOll, 15 IInposed ln domg so, more understandmg and knowledge can be acquired with
Icgard to the l'ole and contnbutlOn of amorphous matenals in the sensitive-to-quick clays.
4.2 Structure of amorphous complex
III l1at ure, ,tIIlOI phous matenalls behcved to be present !Tl both oXlde and hydroxide forms.
Il1kr-l1Ioleculctr clctIOIJ-reactlOIl \\'1 tlllll the amorphous compound Jtself is responsible for
the dC\'e!oplI1('nt of physI(o-chemiUlI plOpertICs.
It I~, 111 fa et , quJte ddficult to Impose a definite molecular structure for the amorphous
~dl(rl- lIOll lI11v·d hydlOxlde, SilIce the complex is very irregular in long range molecular
UI~d1l1/atl')J1 ~olleth('I('~~, ét representative molecular structure is hypotheslzed m Fig. 4.1,
138
III
1
1
- --a-/
1 I "
surface / F e---..+i
/ 1 a /
1 (
\ 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 \ \ ,
+ ~ H Q-Si-OH
2 /1 \ '\
OH OH OH H 2 0
- \-./~ l ", / + OH-~è--O-Si-O-Si-OH
"T'" 1 / ", 2
a 0 OH OH
- 1 -O-Si- -1 --HO -
" / '---- ..... --/
" \
,,/
FIg. 4.1 Schematlc representatlO" of molecular strurlure of
slllca-iron mlxed amorphous complexe
*s substltuted by Fe.
139
\ \
J
1 )
.-
L
brt<,cd on the followlIlg fads:
(a.) existence of Si, Fe, OH (0- and H+),
(b) sahel amorphous material;
(c) rich III e1ectrie charges from broken bonds;
(el) i~oIllorphous substitution of Si by Fe; and
(c) polymerism of molecules.
From Fig 4.1, it IS seen that both negative and positive charges exist on the surface of
the amorpholls sobd. The negative charges are initiated from the broken bonds and iso
morphous substitution, whereas the positive cha.rges arise from the broken bonds only.
FUI thennorc, the charges affiliated wlth the broken bonds can vary In sign depending on
the pH envlronment By and large, a decrease in pH IS assoclated wIth an mcrease in the
àIllOtIn b of posi tl ve charges due to the deprotonatioll of hydrogen (protonatlOl1 of oxygen)
atolTl~ It IS concclvable that slgmficant hydrogen bondmg may OCCUl both lI1 and outslcle
the aIllorphou~ clomams, as suggestecl by the IR results, smce there are numerous hyclrox
yls. MoreoveI, a certain amount of cations, mostly sodIUm in this case, can be adsorbecl
011 the sllffacCl5 of the amorphous material's partlcles by the negative charges The amount
cHlsorbed IS proportional to the negative surface charges, i.e CEC. It is possible that sorne
CcÜIOII~ are cntr ctppecl between two units of the amorphous material complex.
In review, the followmg mechamsm is thought to govern the formation of the polymerie
élmorphous romplex:
- Sharing of 0 or OH by Si or Fe, or both.
4.3 Surface structure of clay mineraIs
In t111~ sLucl.' , tl!{('l' type~ of (Iay rmnerab were encountered, i.e illite and chIorite from
the dlitl( sud, cmd kcwhllltc Based Oll thelr recogl1lzed molecular structures, tluee kinds of
st 1 U( t ur cl 1 II III t clll dll~('mcllb ecln \)(' found, namel)', slhca sheet, bîllclte and gi bbs;te sheets
(\I)II~ dlld \\ad .. ('lItlll, 19ï5) For dhte, slbca sheds occupy the exterior surfaces wlth the
1"': 1011 ('lit 1 <l pped bet Wl'cn t hl' t \\'0 :2 1 unit cells. The chlon te is simdar to iIlite, but wi th a
br liCIte ~he<'l Clltl dppcd lIl-betwC'en For the kaollTllte1 however, the sihca sheet and gibbsite
~h('d ,\1(, (,xpll~('d, fOI 1111ng a 1'1 umt cell
140
•
r For simplification, one distinction can be made among the above-noted thn'l' kllld~
of structural units, i.e. the surface structures are composed of l'ltller cl tetralw(hal nI' Oc1.\
hedral shect Fig 4 2 presents the diagrarnmatlt sketches of the tet rahedl al ~h('('\ (,1) alld
octahedral shed (b) 1 t IS seen that the si IIca tt'trahl'dra can SOIllet Ulles ((ln tain A 1 cl t Olll"
which have been isomorphous-substltutcd for the SI éltorns This 1" \'{'ry iIh.el~1 tü O( CIII fOl
ilIJte and chlonte (Yong and Warkcntm, 197.5) The octa\wdlûl shed contalBing lII<11l11) Al.
as in gibbsl\'C, can be replaced by Mg and changed to brucite III all casl'S, Isolllorpholl"
substitution is c1almed to be the major cause of the negatlvc charges Oll the fat ('s of the
clay mineraI solid, whereas the bJOkcn bOllds arc the cause of the Vc\ficlhlc dléllge on the
edges. In a natural envlronment, negati ve sur faces of clay partlcles arc llsuillly ~at.lll ctl,et!
wiLl! adsorbed catIOns (van Olphcn, 1977). Thus, the cations arc cxpected 10 tc\lœ palt 111
the clay-amorphous materidl mteractlOns
4.4 Possible Interactions between Clays and Amorphous Complex
Having dlscussed tbe ~tructure~ of amorphous matenal and clays separately, cl colJlbll1a
tion of the t \\'0 will generate il number of possible lI1teractions which would f,l( Illtat,c th('
amorphous matenal bondr,. Thi!:> means that the measared propcrtif's, especlally IlIgh slH'éll
strength, of clcly- ùmorpholls adnll'(turer, coulù oe cxplalflcd by the lllteractivc IlH'chanl~Il'"
Fig. cl ;) illustrates the interactions bet wœn clay mlJlerab iiIlÙ amOl plious 1OIIlPJt.X
The clay rruneral surface is genf'ralized to contalll certaIn arnounts of iSOlTlOi pholl~ ~llb~t,I
tutIOn. The following mtclactJve mechantsm~ are recogmzcd
1. Electro-static attraction or coulun:bic forces;
The forces act bctwccn clay surfaces and ,unorpholls collOlJs vIa tlw Opposite c!('C"l1"l(
cbarges Tbe magllltude of the force IIlcrca:,cs towards a ~ltuatlO[j w!wre the arJlOllllt,..,
of positive and negative ChelrgeS arc cqual Thu<;, loweflng pH I,oward.., 1 EP, whi( h III
effect lIlcrca~es the positive charge~, favors the c!ectra-statI< ,tUra( tlOll
2. Cation bridging;
Adsoroed, cspeually spcclfically adsOl bcd, catloll~ Me (,tpahk of lifld.e;lIlg t WO /1<'1!,
ativcly charged obJects, cg clay and amor)Jholls partIel/'" Tbe high('r the nel!;a.t 1\'("
charges, the Illghcr the bridglllg~tlcllgth. The catIOI! blidglllg Lan tH' ..,lglllfi(clllt III CcI
pacity sincc the amorphou~ rnatenals have 5,bown very 111gb negatlvC' ..,IJ! fat (' (ltaf,(!;t·.."
1'11
a). ---+, -s{-ol
",1 0 1
.. ' 1
/ O-Si-O 1-
>S:I O-Si!:..O 1-
"'-1 01 / 1-
*Sl can be Subst1tuted by A~ especially jn the case of jl11te.
b). ---, " /+ -AI- 1
/ " 1 o 01-11-
""'~I O-AI-OH I X~ 1-
OH-AI-OHI /'" o OH 1_ ",/1
1
**Al posltlons can be Mg ln the case of brucIte or any dlvalent cations.
Fig. 4.2 DiagrammatIc sketches of tetrahedral (a) and oLtahedral sheet (b)
al clay mIneraI surfaces.
142
-
Clays t ? ~ Amorphous Complexes
a).- - - /+l ~ ESA~-O -Si-O,- 1
" ~ vw ~ Fe-C+; o 1 ~ J../We t
1 1- '<'ojl-~o '* 1 1 O-AI-O, ;t
X 1- H 20'-~\i-OH O-Si-O~ /
, 1-"'-8~H() OH OH HOH '" \ ~ 1 \ / o I-~_ \'7'~ \ +
/ -~HO -,Fef--O-Si-O -Si-OHH 1 C 8 " . ./ 1 / \\
o
---~
b). ~I~ 1 ESA
/ "" ~-Si-o OH ,-~
'" ~ 1 C6
O-Mg-OH 1 ~VW~ OH )< A 1-
HO-Al-OH 1
/~, 0, OH ,-
" / 1 1
o OH OH
Legends
ESA - ElerLro-stallC ,lttrdctlon
VW -vdnderWila!s
WB -\\dter brldglng
H-B -lIvdroge>n-bond Ing
C B - Cilllon brldglllg
* -- Rcplaced by clement shown
Flg.4.3 Illustratlon of clay-amorphous sillca-lron cornp]ex lnteractlons
--- bondlng mechanlsrns.
143
especially at M R 0 40, as refiected by their CEe values. In fact, the cation bridging
can be consldered as a special case of the electro-static attractive force.
:! Hydrogen bOlldillgj
A~ suggested by the IR results, significant O-H bonds are found between the clay
lllilwral alld tlte amorpholJs substance. This speculates that the amorphous complex
Illlght have perlf'trated into the Stern layer and become physically adsorbed on the
llllllcral surfaces As a cOllsequence, van der Waals attraction may be enhanced.
'l'hl' cvidenc(' of élmorphous coating onto the faces of the clay mineraI shown by the
SEM photographs emhodies the above statcmcnts On the other side, the 0-1-1 bonds
would he very unltkely to occur in case (b) of Fig. 4.3 - glbbsite or brucite, where
the 0 Hs are exposcd to the amorphous matenal, SInce the 0 Hs at one face of the
clay mineraIs (i.e kaolinite or chlorite) have already been self-bonded (hydroxylated).
rni~ SI)CCldallon IS, in facto supported by the IR results (refer to Fig. 3.3.37 and Table
;j 3.1), whereby the strength of O-II bonds is seen to be relatively higher for the illitic
~{)il-amorphous admlxture than for the kaolinite-amorphous complex. A maximum
stlength of hydrogen bonding ha::. becn measured for soils with amorphous material
composee! at. MR 0.40.
4. Water bridgingj
Through O-lI bonds, water molecules can bndge two oxygen-contained surfaces of
ITlcltenah In li lllore gencral situation, \Vater molecules may react with two negatively
charged parU cie::. (separated by the water molecule) via their nature of polarity. The
intensity of water bridging is weak However, it can be favorable in a low water
content CnVIJOIlI1leat The \Vatel bndging phenomenon, lJke hydrogcn bonding, IS
ulllikcly, or at least less 111tense 111 magnitude, to occur between a gibbsite or brucite
shed anJ the amorphous cOI1lplex.
;) van der Waals forces;
AUl,lCtJOIlS oecUl' bd ween close moleculcs or atoms induced by the instantaneous
dlPllle mOl1lent~ (o!>cdlating charges). Since the amorphous matenal IS composed
of polyrncflc Illolecules which could approach to the clay mineraI surfaces, the van
dc'! \Vddls fOJccs may becomc important, especially 111 the hydrated systems. The
Illcl)!,nitudt' of the van der Waab forces mcrcases drastically wIth a decrease in dIstance
bct Wl'CIl molcrulcs or atoms Thus, development of ail other attracti ve forces will
144
definitely favor an mcrease lU the van der vVaals attraction forces, as a rt'sult of tll('
reduced separating distance.
As a result of part or ail of the above interactive forces/bond~, t!w aIllorpholl~ !lIate'l i,t!
bonds the clay particles and dornains together. The bondi ng agent of cUlIOI phuus lllalt'll,t!
can now be gencralized in terms of the brulgl1lg mechanl:.7Tl. \\'h('[(' t11<' cOBdlt iOll!"> IH'IBllt.
as in the case of illite- rI ch i llitic soi l, cOcl.ting of the amorphom CO III plpx Oll t.o !"> III f.\('('~.
especlally faces of clay rmnerals, occurs, provloed that sufIi( 1('l1t cUlIOllllh of él mOI pholl"
rnaterial are available. The clear evidencc of rlllilimai cocltJng 011 the fac('~ of k"ollll1tc, SI'('lI
through SEM results, suggests a less interfdclal attlé\ction. r<>sldtl11g plObcthly fr01l\ t Il<'
weak negativc surface charges and weak hydrogcn bonding mentioned Célll1('l. 011 t 1)(' (Jt hel
hand, the electro-static attractions may be favorable for the developIlwnt of interactiolls .lt
the edges of kaolinite in contact with the amorphous collOlds.
The fact that nelther illitic soil nor kaolimte clay alonc is capabl(> of ('~tabl1 ... I\1IIP; hlp;h
strength substantlates the Importance of tbe particip,ülon of élfl}OI phot!'> m,tlt'll,d EV('lI
more importantly, the bondmg strength devcloprnent varies dra"ti(,t1ly \VIth tll!' ,lIl1O! phou ...
composition sincc high bonding stIength couldn't be built in CltlWI PUI'(' éUlIOIph()ll" "ilI(:! 01
iron composed soil samples (refer to FIg 3.3.14) The greate~t ~tleflgth glO",tlt \\'l11I 11111('
in the clay-amorphous silica-iron admixtllle wlth a 'na<;s ratio clround () JO. IlIlplIl>' ,III
optlmized situatIon where ail the bondmg mechanisms are jomtly 111dXIIIlI/pd 111 ,tcldltl(Jll.
strong electlO-statlc attraction and cation Imdgmg arr al ... \) "])('( IIlat (·d tu 1)(' 1 (''''])()ll'>1hll'
for t he establishment of honding st rength As fclr as t h(' eXpl'llllH'11 t" ,l! l' (lill ( ('1 Il<'d. cl
maximum value of O-ll bonds ha'3 becn dC'tect('d pert<illllllg tu 1 h,ll p;u u( Ulcll I!lcl"''' l ,1I1()
In summary, a knowledge of the composItion of amorphous llldtcllili 1'" ct kt'\, 1 ...... \1(· \\'111'11
considering its role and contnbutIOn il! sorls
It should be pointed oùt al thls moment that there could CXI ... t ~()II)(, llllld(>lIttfil'd
rnechanisrns that also rontn bute to the bondmg dcvclopment 1Io\\,('v('r. tl}}', f('qlll r(''i fUI till'I
study
4.5 Fabric Arrangement
An idealized sorl-dInorphou:, fabllc arrangement can be lC'addy hVj>Otllt'''ll.pd ba ... (·d 011 1 li('
mechamsms of interactions between the cl.morphous Illcl.tcflal élnd (lay" d('~( ri lwd III 1 II!'
current section. Taking into account the vast eXI)('rilll(>ntal cVldl'llce.., ob"'('1 v(,d, cl lH'h,t\'I!Jl ,t!
j
mode'] of clay- dll1orphous fabric arrangement is proposed in Fig. 4.4. The following basic
fabric ullits l, WlllCh constitule the fabric arrangement, are described below:
Soil domains (coIltaining fine particles mcluding amorphous COllOlds);
Thif> basIc fabric unit may br formed III the circumstances where particles of the
colloid fl<tctlOn are dnven together under both internaI attractIve forces (such as
t!Jose described previously) and externalloads (such as overburden pressure). This
umt may 1)(' plotected fIOI1I bemg broken apart dunng normal remolding by the bonds
c,>tablished Wltll1ll the fabric unit, I.e. mtra-fahric unit bonds The new arrivaI of thr
transported amorphous compound seldom penetrates into the unit, hut simply coats
its extpriol surface
1, Coarse particlej
Fille sand and silt (mostly pnmary minerais) are inert individuals, on which f~w amor
photls coll(Jl(ls arc ctdsorbed In the natural environment, amorphous particles may
still be altclched to the un-wcathered parent minerai bodies ~rior to bemg transported
or lcached away
:J, Individual clay particle;
Both coarse and fine clay particlcs eXIst independently, and react most t.:ffiClently
wlth the dIllorphous material. Physi/ chemisorption of amorphous colloids onto the
!>\Irfacc~ of clay pdrtlcles occurs, The eoated particles can be subsequently hridged
tu clI! <tdJclC<'lIt basic fabnc unit by polymerization of amorphous complex, or evcn
totally 1)llllcd by sUlI'oundmg amorphous particles
·1 Amorphous colloids;
AIIlorphou:-- collolds are eithcI adsorhcd on surfaces of a haslc fabric unit or jointed
iIl the formatIOn of dIl1orphous polymcflzation and domain .
. ) Polymerized amorphous colloids;
Polymcllz(\tIOIl uf amorpho1J', collUld~ formed by means of thc inter-particle bonds,
l',lIl lin" up 1)ù":;l( [(11)1)( 1lI1It:-- ,1I1d cst aoh!:>h cl fahne unit-amorphous-fabric UTlIt nct
\\'ork Therefore, Il (,Ul sustalIl ext(,I nalload and, hencc, support the SOlI structurc,
dit hough Iht' "oJ! (MI hl' \ cry porous Based on the expenmental evidcnce thaL the
1 Hl'fl'r to YOIl~ ,\lId \\',Hkl'lltlll (HI75) for defillltlOlls
146
1
5. Polymerlzed amorphous COllOlds
1. Soil fIne
/ 6. Amorphou~ domdln
or clustcr
2. COd 1- st' pd r t 1 ( 1 \' - Sil t - !'lll(' sdnd
./ 7. Cid v-amm- ph()ll~
( 1 u~l('r
J. III li 1 V 1 cl ua 1 (1 d Y P<1 r t 1 ( 1 c
1 n cl 1 \' Hl Ue! 1 l 1 d V pa r t 1 L 1 (' - edgl' \' lev.
- j cl (l' VI CW
Fl\~. 4.4 Hypolhet lCdl representéJt Ion of sOll-amorphouc., f abr\( '-..
147
aIl1orphou,> b()fld~ can be re-cstdbhsbed upon aglllg following another intensive re
moldm!!;, the allluI phou~ brrdglllg bond" or the polymenzatlOn of amOlphous collOld:-.
may 1)(' Jllf(,l rt'd d" a tlllxotropic bondlllg agcnt To dl~tlIlgll1Sh from the bnt tIc bond.
clll ex,ullpl(' (étIl lj(' gl\'cn wlth regale! to the so-callcd precipItation bonds cleveloped
(hll IlIg t 1)(' cry<,talllziülon of the bondIIIg matcrral Carhonate bOllding IS one of the
bllttk bOlld.., wilIch rt'-cry~taILzc at the JOIllts of oaslc fabnc umts dunng precipita
t]OIl Oll( e the bOlld.., dn' hrokell, they canIlot l)(' easIly re-estabiished, as \11 the case
of t III xotIOpH bOlld.., Furthcrmorc, the bll tt 1(, bonds cannot sust alIl as large a stralIl
(JI dl'folilldtlun a.., the thixotroplc hOlld~ (an
G Amorphous domain and clusters;
A largt' numbeI of arnorpholls paltlcles aggregated together form a hIglIly plastic, yet
charge-llch domalll or clllster. UpOIl wlllch several branches of amorphous chams ma~
grow
1 Clay-amorphous cl uster;
:\ fe\\' (l<l~ IMl t Ide'" ~urroulldcd b~ mlmel ou~ amOI phom, collOlds agglegatc', forrnlllg
cl type of clu!-.u'l Thl~ fabllc lIlUt may 1.)(' segregatcd by an externai dlsturhance, such
a!-. rcmoldmg, or by a change In the environmcnt, such as an Illcrease in pli In thlt-.
Cit<;(', tilt' t-.cgregatl\'(' cluster~ may 1)(' referrcd to a" pseudo-~tabll' fabric UIllb
The soil faon( al rangement can he influenccd and altered hy ~everai factors which
<1\'1' undly d('~CI Ihed !Jelo\\'
Clay lllineraiogy and composition;
~lIIl(,I,do!!;\t dl (OlllPO~ltIOIl plays an important part III the ~oil fabnc ~tructure, Clay~,
duc tu thelr M'U\'(' ,>urfaCf' propert l(~. may lllteract much more mtenslvcly with the
COllstltUCllt amOipholls matclial Moreover, clldrge-nch clay IIllnerals, su ch as ilhte,
CdIl ('st,tblt~h more cont acb \\'lt h the colloids of the amorphous complex lB the forrn
of adsorpt iOB. t h,lIl Cdll ')uch (1 elatlvrly) lIlactlve c1ays as kaolmite IIlgher bondlIlg
~tr(>llgth ha.., l)('cll Illca!-.t1led ln the dhte-nch dhuc sdty (Idy than in the kaohllltc
"dIllIXtUl(>. wll1(h h dut' to tlH' ddTel('\lCe III mIllrlalogy
.) Composition of amorphous Inaterial;
It h<l~ bCt'1l ~('t'll that the propErtH,'S and behavlOr of soib are IlIgh!y controlled by the
amorphous COIllpo~ltlOll, 1 e the mass ratio The amorphous complex plays the role
148
r 1
of retaimng water at low and Il1gh rnctss rat.IOS, and acb as cl bOlldlIlg clgt'Ilt ,tt t ht'
mlddlc-Iil/1ge IllctS~ IatlO \',d\l('~ Silice the Il\dS~ ratio of th(' Il,tlur,l! IIl,UII\(' ..,ut!" 1:-'
found 1Il tlte range of 025 tu () !JO, tl\(' tOlllj}()Il<'Ilt ,1IIlUrph()1l~ Ill<llt-rt.l! ill th(' ~lltl~
I~ lIkcly ta ,te', r .1I1lard,Y a~ cl \\',lter hol(!JIlg agellt ,lIld. t 11<'11 , ,h cl bOIldlIlg dg!'llt,
partlcul(lI 1) ill .\11{=O ·10 As !:>llggC"t eu by t 1)(' SE!'.! phot ogI .lph, 1ll0i (' .l<lso! pt 1011 01
coatlIlg of dmorpholls collOld~ occur" at the IlldS" rdtio of U ,Ill ,md, cl.S il rt'~ult, IlHlI('
edges-tu fclce a~<'Ot latloll of clay Pd! tl( k~ h IIldUt l't!
:3, Pore fiuie! chemistrYi
Pore flilld (he/lll~t!y pltly~ aIl IlllpO!tant IOle III cOlltlOlling "oI! prop('rtl('" ,Illd Iwh,,\
lOI" SU! frICI' fOI (('~. fOl ('X ample, cll'(' governf'd by tlte type alld (OIlU'lIt rat 1('11 of l.1I I()II~
dIld anroll~ III the pOl<' solutIOn In pMtl<uldI, ct (11-(1 <.:a,,(' III ~,dt (OIl('('Iltl,t!IlIII will
mc!uc{' alllllcrca<,c 1Il (!Jsper~l\'c/rcpllbl\'l' fu!ee lH't\\'('(,1I paItlcll':-- ,lllel !tell«' (dU"t' ,U!
m:--tability of falmc ~tructu!c
<1 Change in acidity jalkalinity (pH);
Th!" 1:' Ct speual (clSI' of change ln pore tltlld ChcIlll!->try TIlt' t harg('" Olt t Il!' "II! toit ('~
of aIllOi pltOll" matell<ib and on the ('dge~ of da.' pal t Ide" a/(' v,trtctblt'. dql<'lld lIlg Ull
the pli el1VlrOIlIll('llt A c!el!ea"c III plI wIl! Il('ce:'''lt,!t(' cUl IIIC lc'a"e III tilt' .tlllOllllh
of po:-'ltn'(' chargc:, TI'I1~. arnorp!JolI<' «Mtlll).!, 1'" enh,î!lct'd. lOI-',t'th('1 wltll 01 lllU!!'
f10cculeflt [,lb! j( uIllt ctrr(îIlge!l1eIlI alld d IIIure extt'n:-'lV(' t'dgt' tu [d( (' ,h~\!{ lat 1011 (,1
th(' UIlIIs Oll the otite! hand. cUl IIll!e,lf,l' III tl\(' :,od ,dh,dlllity l~ l':\p('( ted lu <">,('lt cl
dlsper:'lIlg Impact on the ~oJ! fdlmcs A~ d rcsult. the [,t!>nc Ulilh t ,lI1 ()(' dt,·flut CIILllt-d
by t Iw lllucasC'c! repulsl \'(' [orce"
!J J~xternal disturbancei
lt 1:-' vel) oln'loll'" thdt éUl'y ch:,turbaIlce, (' g rcrnoldlllg. \\'u1lld (.t\l~e at 11'.1"1.1 [ldltl.tI
breakagC' uf the clmoIpholl~ blldglllg bond:--. evell though tilt' f,dJllc UlIlt., th('IIl,,{'I\'{·~
cali !emalll UII,t!tC[Ct! It 1" ulllIh('l\' th,d dlllOlpholJ~ lllcltell,t! (tMtlllg wUliid \,'dlll~!t
110 mattcl ho\\' IIltf'IlSI\'(' tilt' !cllloldlllg I~ III utl]{'! w()!d~, t Il!' IIldll\l.t! 1(' \\(JI kllll!, wIll
ollly llldu(c cl brertkdo\\lI of thl' ma( ro-bndglIIg IHJIlt \:-.. 1 C Illt('r-LtllfJ( Illiit !J()llt!"
with the Illl1IO-bIldglIlg bond:-. 01 lIItld-f,dnJ( Ulllt~ IJOIlc!.., !('rlldlllllll!, 11 lit 011< Il<'d 'l'hl"
IIldlCcltl':-' d tldll:-.léttlOllal IlI0\'C'lllellt of th!' !J,t:-.It [,lbllt UIII\<' dUllllg ff'IIl()ldlll!!;
149
(, Aging proceSSj
The devclopment of amorphous material honds requires bme, as il' the cases where the
ctfll()1 ph()lI~ Illcl(,flal 1::' lran~ported from a weathercd zoné 10 the sod mass, or whcre
ci dlstUI !)éiIH (' o(cur~ Thus, the time-depcndent or thlxcMof,ic bdlavior is assoCiated
\Vith an ovel ail e~tabiIshment or re-establIshment of the inter-fabric Ulllt bonds, and
the polyllwl Izatioll of amorphous colloids The age-hardening phcnomenon observee!
I~, III faet. <1 plOgreSSlv(' growth of the mtcractlvc bonds The cVldcnce of bondmg
f('-(·s(dhb..,hmenl revcals that the amorphous material bonds are thixotropic
150
••
Chapter 5
Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Studies
5.1 Conclusions
5.1.1 General Statements
The presence and 'llgllificance of amorphou~ l11éüelldl d~ d COlhtIlIWllt uf Edst (',lll,l('ldIl
1Il,t! Ille ::,oIl~ ha\(' beC'Il ~,y,>tc'mdtlc,dly ~tudll'd III t wu e!df('f('llt, IJllt Illkl Id,llt'd, ""\l('l h
1, cffcct" on gcotechIlIcal cnglI1ccriIlg plo!H'rlJ('::', dlle!
') sOlI ::,urfdce properti('.::, and chardctcIIstl<"
The st ud)' is based on the cVldence t II al éHl ,lllu Ild,lIl< (' of ,lll1orpholl" 1 1 Id t ('1 Id 1 1" 1'1 (.,,( 'Ill III
the seIlSltl\'e marIl\(' solls depO!:>lted III Ea"tcrIl Cdlladcl, rel!lglIl).', flOll1 (, III ~! 1(;;' ll'ldll\'I' 1"
the ~Oll mas" The amorpholl~ matcnal I~ ~llO\\'n lu IH' 111(11111) (UIlIJ,u"('d u! "dl< ,l. wIl!t 1('''''('1
dIllOUIlhof IIOll al1d d.lllllllfl,l Th('::,(· (OIlI!H)IWlll" <l1('IH'II('\('<I Il)('\I,,t III Ill/'cl)C'IIIII,d 1111111,
of hydroxld('~ alld/ul hydrou'-, uÀlde~. dCf!vcd cl" \\'(',lIlwIllIg plod\l( h Irulll P,I!!'I:! lIllllC'ldl..,
1'0 accollIlt fOl the compo!'>1 tiollal ('flect, the ( lHl< ('pt ul Ill,l"" 1 dt lU, d( ,111 \1'<1 d" h' J) 1/( h' /) 1
+ SIÜ2) III ma~s 1I1l1b. l!:> adopte'd The Illcl!'>" 1 dtll) (\\ II h0111 (\lII"ld('1 cll lIlll lit dlll<ll p!t(JlI"
alUIl1ll1a compull('IlI) 1::' fOlllld to \d.I) lellg('ly fJulll o:n tu Cl ~)(J tlll (1)(' Iidl li! ,d "'('11"111\(
marine' soils testee!.
The pJc::,cnt ~tlldy ha~ fOlllld ail as~()( I,Lted 111gb "('Il'>lllvlty (lI\('! :! 1) Iwhd\ lOI Wlt li
lo\\' anlOiphous content (ullder 10o/c) fOI d C!téllllpl'llll Seé! "lIII I()( clt(,cI ,\1 St \Ll1lrl( ('
Shawll1lgan,!Tl Quebec Thi~ fincllllg ha" c'\tt'nd('d 11J(' pr('\lOll<., \\'olk IJy Y()lll!, (,t al (ICJïCJ),
wllo ob<,erved low scnsltivity (undcr 24) c10scly lclated to the high amorphous quantity
(OVI'I 10%) prc!'>cn: The test data obtaincd for varIOUS locations by Locat et al (198·1)
!t,lVC' affirnH'd thl!'> ::,tatcment OtlICr geol,ec!llllCal ,wei physi\ o-chemical prope! ties can also
1)(' IllflIWIlC('c! Ily III<' cI!IlIJlpholl~ Illùtenal\ pl(,~(,llce
III 01 d(,1 t.u cl( lllevc el better understalldlllg of the roll' and eontributioll of amorphous
m,dl'! ietl III not OIlI} lIlitrJll<' sOlb, but also othc! type of soils, and heIlcc to answer ho\\'
,tlld why the 50" P! (1)('! tiC'> and behavior are aff(,t ted, a soil system lIas bcen established to
"llllUld te tlw Ild t III (t! ::,oil ~i 1 ua tlOn, The! dOl e, the com po~i tion can he !Igorollsly (On t rolled
,Ulel subJecl 10 plOpcr !'>crutiny This was done U5111g the illitic soil and kaollllitc lahoratory
(Iely~ wlth p,lItl(iprttJOIl of the synthe<,ized amOlphous matcnals Adt!JtlOIl of arnorphous
lllatCllab to t lit' ~od::, \\'d~ (Ontrollcd Wlth 1 cspcct to the quantlty and composltlOIl present III
th(' IldtllfetlllldllflC soib Soil condition". ~llclt ct" wate! content, IlqUlcllt y lIldex. plI, werl'
'illlllliated ln é!(cOIdance wlth the actual geo-Cn\'lrOllmentaJ sItuatIOn 8ased on a senes
of expcnnH'l1tdl resulb oiltillll('d from the COlllposltlOlI-conll0lled sod samplc~, an o\'crall
(UlIllldtlbdll). l<,lall\'L' to Ill(' lIatulùl manne 'lorls. het" been rp\,paled
Experi IlH'llt il 1 1 (''lU It ~ froJlI hotlt soil ~ou l'ces md Icat(' thù 1 the pl esellee of amorphous
IIlatcrials Cdll prlrtlClpate cind contlO!. or ('ven dldstJcally challge, the soli hehavior The
plupelt.le~ and IW!tiHIOI o!J"er\'cd arc tled lIltllllslcally to tlte large 5urfacc arfet and hlgh
<:lIIfd((' chalg(' 01 Ill(' ilIllOlp!tOUc., cornplex 111 oUler worth. the rol(' and contlibutlOll of
dlllOlpholl" IlUtll'II,t!" h lct( dlletted \('IY !'>lgIllficclntJ~ h~ thelr 'lluLtU' plopel tIe, and ~ ~dl'
d( tt>llstl(,~ 'l'Il(' "1)(>( di( "Ulfctc(' iuec! Illeasul('d for dl(, pUI{' aIll()lpholl~ matrll,ds \'ari(':,
hUIll alrno::,l ~()() 1I1~ l'j to cl TllllllIl1Um of ,50U ,uld. tll('l1, to cl vdllle uf 6ïï i'Œ the ma"" latlo
111(1('d~(':-. fWIll U lu li 10 MId. tlwll. to 1 ('Olllpillt'c! \VIth a lallge 01 T)--L.W m'ljg fOI tll!'
Il,lllll,t! fIlMII1/' "011,,. t Il(' ,IIll()rph()ll~ Illatellctl" hrlve a mllch IdrgcI ,>urfac (, an'a thall the
..,url" Fnl tll(, ('Itlml exrh,lllgc calMuty, the \'ctllH''' elf(' 519 7I1eq/lOOg for ~lH=O. 8~ 0 for
~1l{=O ,Hl, dlld ~ () 11l((J!lO()<j fOI :-'1H=1 Tl}('~c surfcl(' dlclfge \(du('~, CXC!'pt for ~lH=l,
dl!' 1 11d('('<1 hlgJ1t'1 tbelll th(' "Olk wlllch ('oml1lunly ha\'(' a CEC betweclI ()-'2,1 mcqjlOOy Be
l dU"I' (Jl 1 li(' I.ug!' "Ill l'Mt' ,IICd alld hlgh "li! felee dl,Ugè, the P!(·"t.'IlCl' of amorplroll" rnatellal
III "od" (',III ('\<'11 11<'1lH'lldOll" lIlfllH'IlCe OIl tire plopC'r t Je~ and hehctvlOi It 15 S('('11 that by
(ltdIlglllg tIlt' Illd"'" 1 atlO. wltl( It III df<ocl cltilIlgc~ tll!' (Of1lpO!>ltlOll of a!lIorpholl'-, matellaIs.
dlld Il'lllloul I1t'«':-''',lldv (hilllgllli!, tb(' qllcllllltV. ,,(JI! pl0J!('rlw,> alld Iwhcl\'lo! CclII he altel('d
l'hl' (Oll!llbllll,)!! of ,l1l!('!p!J\)lh lllcttt'llrd tu cl :-.nrl·!'> PIOPCIl) 15 l'xhlblted HI t\\O Wd'y~
fil,1 Il) 1 1" qll,ml Il). c!1}(1 "'('cOlld 11\ lb CÜIllP()~IL1()ll or type The rob, played by the arnol
pll\)II' (lllllpl(·\ l',111 l,t' 1('11<111\ "Ullllll,lIi,('d IlIto two [ulle tlOIl" -- \Vater holdlTlg capacity and
1 ~ ') 0_
bondmg actIOn. \\Thell tlw amorphous matclïcl.1 IHl'H'Ilt ill d. sOlII~ compost'd l1l'1l11ly of ~t!IC.l
(u P to a mas~ ratio of 0.25), or malllly of 11 on (bCyOlld Ill,!"" ratIO 0 (llJ). W \1<'1 chy 1 he ~lll f.\( t'
are a 1S large. the water holdHlg capant) (ctll 1)(' pft'dOl\llTl,lllt '\<., d \(".,\111, pl.I"1 Il II) .111<1 1 h!'
soil's waler holding capabdlly are lllC.!('ct!:->('d Il 0\\,('\'('1 , \VIICII tlI(' ,lIllDI p!tOIl"" III.!!('II,tl hdC,
d mass rdtlu al, or clo~t' to, 0 ,10., wl!etell.\ Ù !:->IlI,dl ~\1If.l<t' <lIed n,hl ..... Illt, hUIIdlll1!, ,HIIOII
begIn~ to dOflll11d.le, ,uld !tene (' thc' SOli ~I 1 IH 1 Ul ,d ~I rL'I1gth e <lIl 1)(' ('1('\ dlt'd :\ 111111111111111
plastlcity and wdtcr holdlIIg capcl.Uly, alld cl IlI,I\.IIlIUlI1 !JoIldlllp, ~1lt'lIglh, ,IPiH'dl ,II 11lt'
ITIdSS ratIO of U -lU, due to the fOIIlIatloll ()j 1IllIlili1lI1lI ~1I1 fact' ,\1('cI ,\lId. \1('11(" 111,1"111111111
pdfticle agglegatlOIl, and ma'olTIum mlC'ldcti\'c fUI «'"/hond,, BoIl! \\,t!('1 hllldlIlg (,ljI<lt 11\
and bondlllg actloll arc enhanced by cUl lIIcr('.t~t' III 1 lit' ,ullorphou.., Illdlt'll,d «lIllt'IlI dllt' III
the ovcralllllclea~e III ~urface are,l.
FOI t!1(' East Canacl!an marine soib cOlltairtlllg amorphous Tlldl<'lïctb wlth Ill<l"" l ,tI io"
ranging from 0 25 to 0,50. both water holdIng capacity and bondlIIg ddlOll (élll l'XI~t Tht'
IIICleaSC JJ\ the cOllsistcncy l1mits with amorphou~ quantily éllïS('S hOIll t III' pnhall( ('d Wc\ 1<' 1
holdlIlg capclclty, whercas the incrcased lemoldt'd Sh('éU strellgth éllid. IWIlc(', t Il(' d('( 1('cI~('d
sensltlvlty, Icllect both water holellIIg capaClty aud bonclillg ,Lt 1 1011
The cxpf'rimentdl rcsult~ obtamed fJOrn the COlll(WsltlOTl-COIiIIOllcd soI! ".~ .... It'Ill IlIdl
Cdle that wltlwut addition rJf amolphollS rIlcltcrlal. both IIl1tll' SOli ,111d hrl(JIIIl.t(, (Irt.\' t'\hdlll
ull-bonded beh,LVIOI. 1 c no tllIxotropy E\'cn arter ail additIOn of pUll' ,l:rlulphUll<" <"ili(,l
01 IIOIl 10 tht' sud 'iarnple~. the tlllxotropic sheal stll"llgth IS still lo\\' Il 1<" 1 hu.., ('\'\(lt'111
that partlClp,ttloIl of both amorphous SrlIC,\ and Iron IS ncces~,lly rOt th(' c!e\'cloplllelil (J!
soil strength,
Duc to th!' nature of dependent surface charge~ or the amorpltOll .... corllpl!'x. ~Oll PIO(!
eltles and bchcl\'lOr vary wlth the pH envlronIlH'nt The n\ech an 10.111 1"" rd<ltcd 10 tll<' clt'<llu
static attr<lctloll, wlllch IlIa) !IIc.r('asc with ail In( rl'.I"cc! dlllollnt of pU~11 1\'(' t'llclI)!;t'<" l1J)(11l ,1
deClease III pli, 01 declea!:->c wltl' aIl 0ppO~lt(' changc III pH 'l'hl' plopnlw" llI\'ol\'('d III ri IIII
uld statl'. slIch ri" hqllld linllts and zeta putent l'L!. il/(' mOI C <"('\('II'ly ,tlr('( ted hy ,\ V<lfl,tlIOII
III pH (detdilcd cOlldu<.,10llS are !lI<'sf>llted III th!' COlIlllIg :,!'t'tlUIl)
The experImental sludy OII aglllg cffcct... IIldlc,ttt'<., th,lt dlllUlpholl<" rnctlc'Il,t! (,1I1 gr,ldll
ally devclop IlIlcr-partlc.lt' bOlId" In-bdwl't'Il ,,011 p.trIICI('!:-> A .... ,ll!'~1I11, tilt' o\'('r,dl <.,IIIHtl1f,tl
o.tl ength IS IncrcaseJ f\lcan whd('. cl.gg reg,tt lUI 1 of pal tl< k.., ,t\..,o l ,Ikt'" plclC<" dlHI t II<' 1 (JI ft!
sUlface dlCd IS rcduced (hw to tl](' illclca,><,c! jMrtrc!c "1/1'
l,53
1 Bd'iec! OII tlte COmpal Ison of test results between the natural and laboratory soils, much
~IIIlilaflty I~ secll The effeds of amorphous quantity on both geotechnical and physico
c!H'rnicrt! properties of the two sOJb are the samc This has been demonstrated by the
HI( rCr\'M'd COll~lstellcy linllt, shear ~tI(,Tlgth, specifie surface area and cation exchange ,a
Pd( Ity Wlt il the ,1Illorpholls content Attempts were also made to reveal the influence of
él/1101 phu".., (,OlllpO~ltJOIl or lllilSS ratio 011 the plopertles and behavlOr of the natural maflne
~0Ib, WhIit· tbc r('lat IOn~llIp bctwecll conslstency Illnits and mass ratio IS weil dcfined -
Slfllllclf to that for tilt' Iclboratory c1ays, surface area and cation cxchange eapacity also
"llUw thelr dcpelldcnce 011 the mass ratio. For a givcn amount of amorphous material, a
minimulll slIrfclcc rtlca and d maxImum catIOn exchange eapacJty have bcen noted to oeeur
at éL lIlitS'i ratio betw('en 040 and 050 IIowever, the correlations arc not, as expeded, as
CICrlf a" fOI tl\(' COIllI)()::-'ltioll-controllC'c! laboratory sad samples Tllls could be due primarily
tu the (omplexity of thc llatural soI!'s composition In additIOn, the effccts of amorpholls
alumina, lack of expcIïmcntal data, and narrow dlstributlOn of the mass ratIO valucs (0.25-
o SU) IIl1gh t aJ:.,u he potcntial influencing factors. Fmally, the decrcased sensltl\'Jty wlth
<!e(T('(tsed Zt'Ll polentJa!, observed for some Champlain Sca clays by prevlOus research and
plesent st udy, can 1I0W oC explamcd by the discovcry that the zeta potcntialls reduced by
t II(' JIIcrcélslllg aTllOIJ n t of amorphous mateflal~
The follüwl/Ig IS a dctailcd summary of conclUSIve statements drawn from the present
l'XpCIl/lIClltal filldmg::-.
5.1.2 Sununary of Experimental Results
5.1.2.1 Geotechnical Engineering Aspect
Consistency limitsj
SoI! (Omlst('IIC~ linl/t'i élIt:' seCIl ta inCICéI!->C wlth the arnount, but vary with the com
pl>Slt IOIl, 01 ,\11101 pholl" matcIlrt! present A rI Il III mu III plastJclty IIldex, govcrned by
the 1I111l1l11l11l1 ~pt'(di( :-.urface <LI ca, appcal~ ùt a entic<LI ma"" I,üio value of 0 40 111
gell('rctl, the I,ugel the surface arca, dl(' greater is tbe coml,>tency llIrub or watel
boldlIlg C,ljl<l( ity
AglIIg pCrIlllt:-. tlll' ~od-élmorphom partlCle<, to aggn>gate UpOll de\clopmcnt of the
IIlteI -partI( 1(' dttractl\'C forces Th('rdOl<', rcductloll JI1 COIl~lstcIIcy !Jrruts or water
holdlllg c,q)(\( It y IS lIlduced bv the aggregatlon-coarsellll1g process ThIS is confirmed
11\ the Ill(>'\surt'd rlglllg-rcduced surface area values
15·1
:\ dCLH'el"(' III plll<'dd" 10 cl mOI(' 110«111('111 ~lrll(I11I<', \\'1111 1I11)It' [,\«' hl ('<1).',(' ,l'''~O(I
citions 01 péll LIlIe/tel!>1 Jt units. As cl 1('~lIlt, (,oll~i~lt'lIcy 1I11111s, ('sp('(,lally Ilqllld 1111111-..,
élrc c!cval,('c! due 10 Ill<' il}('l'('iI~ed pc\rti(1<' illtCl'àCli\'(· f()I'«·~.
2. Shear strength characteristics;
D\I(' 10 tll(' bondlllg d('tlOlI of dlllOIDhouc; Illéltelial, soil sh(',I!' ~trt'Il).',th IS dlcl~li(,tll~
11l(l'(,i1~('d wit h dll Ille l{,d~(' III qU(lIIt ity of t l11s (,OIllPOIl(·lIt. Tht' \(tllIl' h Illcl\.illllzed
cil the lllcl~" !'(1I10 0 Ill, dud telld..., to "tclbiliz(' ,d·t(·! dgill).', l'Ill ~oo del\~ SIII( (' ... 1\(',1\
stlt'lIglh dm'ctl) Icll('(ls the bOlldillg "t!'(,lIgth (III thl' PII'''('1I1 ...,tlld\), clll Opllllllllll
lllt('['-partlclc att 1 clct iOIl is lik('ly t(\ OCCl!! al 1 h(' 1I1(1~" 1 clt iu () 10 'l'III' LI( 1 t h,1I clll
agC'd SdIllpJt. (clll I<,).',ain lb high ~t.r(,J\gl h 1'0110\\'111).', 1)('\\' J'('III()ldill).', 1('\I·cll..., 1 h,1I 1 hl'
all\Orpholl~ bOlld" exhd>l!' 1 IlIxotIOp)'. 'l'hi..., \'élll<I .. t(·..., tll(' "1)('( 1l1.t11011 thdt tht' dl!IOI
plloll" bOlld" call1lot he completely I>l'Ok('1I at cilly t 111\('. ('\'('11 <1111111).', 1('II11)ldlllg
The:ot [<'lIg! Il 01 ~oil..., ~t lldied is bCCIl to dl'\'clop 11101(' 1 (Ipldl)' wit ft !lllll'cl"lIlg pli. 1111<11'1
tl[(' (ondit;o/l of Ih(' Silll1(' ~taltillg ~h('dl' st!'ellgth, PJ(· ... Ulllclbl.l dll<' tu d d('t It'cl">l' III
illltlili \\'cl('! lOlll<'lIt It I~('\)(kll( that the .,I[('ar ~tl(,I1).!,th \"I!I ill( 1 ('cl,,(' 1\'llh cl d(·( Il'''''1'
III plI (O\\·cll'd.., el( Idll~ \VlwlI 1 hl' ~al\l<' poro...,ity 01 \l'elU'! (OlIl('I,t 1., Illdllll dll\('<1
:~ Sensitivity and thixotropic strength ratio charactel'isticsj
TI\(' "('I1""lt 1\ Ily of Il,11 11I,t! 111,11 Ill<' ...,ol!" 1'" foulld to 1)(' ,tlrC( tl'<I Illdllll\' 11\ 11\1' 1('llIold('d
... h(·;11 ,,1 r(,llgt It. \\ hu"e Illcl!!,lIit Ilde i" (I(),,('I~ l'<'lall'd 10 11\l' dlllOllltl of .tlllul phUII" 111.1-
1('II,d pl(·...,"111 'Ill<' h'glw)' 1 Ill' dl110Iphul:..., (Olltellt. Ill<' hl).!,II('1 Ill<' 1('lll()ld('d "t 1 (·II).!,I It
'l'hi" 1"> <III<' c1ppdll'1I1 Iy tl) t II<' ('I!(,( h of \\ all'I holdlllg (dPd( Il \ dll<l IHJ\ldlll!.!, d( t 1011 ul
dlllUlpllUl1'-, ttlllljlnlllld .... FUI litt, Ilhol<t!ul\-p1«'pdll'd ",llllpl .. ", tll(' '''('''''111\11\'.1 ('
tltl\ollU!JH ... tWIll.',111 IdllU (l'SH). 1 ... «lllll()I\('d 1,\ tll!' dl.',(·-lldltl(·lll'd 1IIIdl...,tlllll('d".
1 (', thl\utlopl< .... llt'lIl.',llt. I\!tlll' Ill<' 1(·lllUldt·d "tl(·I1l.',th 1..., 111lt'1I11011<11\, ,,(·t IIp ,II ,tl}()111
(J.IO I.'/'(I tt)1 ,dl t Ill' '-,dlllpk" \\ It Il d liqllldlt \ IlltIe" ddJlI,,!!'d lu 1 ~-l It 1 III" (Ul1dlt \(il\
1" (1IclIl).',(·d 10. "d\. 11lt' ~,\ll\(' pOlO""lly ()J \\dl('1 (lIIIt('llt tilt' 1l.)1{ \\'ulild d,'( It'<1"'t' \\'Itll
t 1)(' dlllOl pIIUU' ('Ulllt'lIt
\. Soil's water holding capability and volume change charact('ri~t.ic~;
'l'hl' '-,nt!· ... \\dt('1 huldlIlg (dpdhllIty. 11\ ICI III"> ut \\clkl «'lIt('llt. 111(II·cl ... '·..., \\'11111111'
,\II\(lIpholl"" «()IIIt'IlI. dllt' dppclll'iI1ly III tl\(' III( 1 (·c\...,(·d ... lllt<1«' ellt'cl \\ Ild(· tl\l' "dlill'
dllll)1 phou- (Olllt'III h l.',1\(·II. il 11l11l1111l11I1 \\dl('1 holdlll).!, ('II)dt It \ 1" IIlJt(·d dl 1 II(' Illd""
IdllO () I(J. \\'1\('[(· cl 1I1111'1I11!11I !-olll tait' dl('à Wd" 11\('cl"'llll'<I .\t <UI\' ... 111 t 1011. Wdtl'I
holdlllg (,q><l( Ity I~ !-o('('1l 10 hl' IlIglt('1 fOl 1 hl' IIl1dl,,1 1IIIwd "lit! "dlllplt·..., t Ildll tUI t III'
i remolded ones. This is due to the bonding action which maintains the soil struct.ure's
IIltegrity to prevent water from being dnven away. In general, the larger the surface
area, the higher the water holdIng capacity It is obvious that a high water holding
capacity necessitate~ a hlgh viscosity or cohesion and, hence, low sensitivity.
The volume change characterizcd dunng soil suction testing is a direct reflection of the
amorphous material's bonding action. At the same applied pressurejsuction, the vol
ume change of Ulldlsturbecl samples is seen to decre>ase propOI tlOnally wlth an increase
in amorphous content, and the minimum value occurs at the mass ratio 0.40, where
a maxImum bonding strength eXIsts. It appears that the amorphous bonding agent
maintams the soIl's physical mtegrity from beIng compressed and sheared. However,
if the bonding agent is disrupted by remolding, a reverse relatlOnship between the
volume change or deformatlOn and the amorphous content is observed. More specifi
cally, for the remolded soils, the higher the amorp~lOus content, the larger the volume
change. The amorphous material is then merely acting as a more compressible media.
It should be mentioned that although the kaolInite clay has similar properties, and in
turn behavior, to the illitic sod with respect to the influence of amorphous matenals, the
dcgree of significance IS much lower This is shown m the reduced bon ding action effcct
011 the shear stlength characteristics In other words, the mteractlve forces/bonds are less
effcctlvcly devclopecl in the kaolinite-amorphous complex system The mechanism behind
the' phenornenon is attributed to the less active surface of the kaolinite minerai in terms
of low surface charge denslty It IS very clear that the contribution of a glven amorphous
[JlcttclIal Cdll vary Jrl rndgmtudc, dcpending upon the surface propertlcs and characteristics
of the sad III questlOrl
5.1.2.2 Surface Properties and Charaeteristics
1. Specifie surface areaj
Bc'cctw,e of ItS poor crystallinity, amorphous matellal is present in a very fine fraction
III ~OJb It was thus expected, and then expcrimentally confirmed, that the surface
dl Pd of arnorphous mat~cflal 15 very high The mcasured values range from 498.8 to
ï~G 1 17I2/g, COITcspondlIlg rc~pectlvely tü amorphous complexes at MR=0.40 and 0
(ctJJ\lllphoIlS SJ!ICct), with an intermcdlate value of 6ïï.n fOl arnorphous Iron (MR=l).
In contrast to 88.8 and 55.4 m 2 / g respectively for illitlC soil and kaolinite clay, or
('vell to the values of 25-130 for the uatural marine soils, the amorphous materia1'l
156
are indeed in the coHoid fraction. The minimum surface area, occurring at l'vI H =0.40,
indicates a maximum agglomeration of silica-iron colloids as a rC~\I1t of optll1llz('d
interactive attractive forces The plasticlty and water holding caparity of soib art'
dominated by this surface property, i e. the higher the specifie surface arc,t, tlll' highcl
the plasticity and water holding capaclty.
Upon aging, the fresh amorphous complexes can grow in partlcle sizc duC' to dcwlop
ment of inter-particle bonds, which results in a reduction in the availability of qUI [,H'C
area.
2. Cation/anion exchange capacity and surface charge densitYj
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the amorphous material was Illcasur(~d al.
54.9, 82.0 and 8.0 meq/l00 9 for MR=O, 0.40 awl 1, respcctlvcly. Thcsc Valll(l~
(with the exception of amorphous iron) are relatively high corn paree! 1.0 16.0 dnd
6.1 meq/l00 g, respectively, for the illitic soil and kaohnitc clay, or even 1.0 6--2,)
for the natural SOlls. Thus, for the same given amount (weight) of mateflab, tlH'
amorphous complexes possess a much larger amount of negatlve ~lIIfd«, charge~ th,tn
the clay sorIs. Any addition of amorphous compound into tilt' c1ays call, th('lcf())(',
cause an increase in the cation exchange capacity. Because of the hlgh CEe, uÜlon
bridging can be ~ignificant m contributing to the system inter-partick b·mding. The
maximum capacity measured at the mass ratio lJ.40 likely aUests to the j)Os~ihility
of partial Isomorphous substitution of Si by Fe. The lower negatlve surface (halge
density of amorphous ma erial, compared to that of rIhtic sod, Ievcab the fad that
the amorphous material carries a certain portion of positIve charges a~sociated witll
the broken bonds. ThIS is actually verified by the amon exchange capaCl ty (A EC)
measurement. Thelefore, interaction betwecn positive and negatlve charg('~ --- eled,lO
static attraction, can certainly take part in the development of bondmg strellgth The
AEC of the marine soils measured are too small, and are wlthlll the expcllTilclltal
limitatIOns.
Due to the reductIOn of surface are a upon ag11lg, the CEC of amorphou'l-sorl adllllx
tures IS lowered. It IS conceivable that such a drop in CEC rc~ults must probably
from the reduced negatlvc charges associated with hroken hOllds, sille (' tlw chdl'g('",
initiated by the isomorphous substitutIon are unlrkely to vaBlsh.
3 Zeta potentialj
157
i L
Ât lIorlllal plb, 1 e betwecn 7 and 9, existing in the natural geo-environment, amor
p!JOll.., rnatenab, except amorphou~ Iron, are negatively charged. These matenals,
for any rna.% ratIo and pH, show a les~er net negatlve surface chargc than the illitIc
soil, dliC lo the presence of a slgnificant pOl tion of positIve charges wluch tend to
Iwutrrdlze the ncgatlvc Thcrefore, the zC'ta potcntial deneases with an increase in
the illllorphou~ rOll tent present III a representative soil sarnple The lEP (iso-electrk
pOInt) of amorphout> rnalerial, estlInated USlI1g the zeta potential results, shows a
l ,1I,g\' of vrtl \1('.., flUrn pli 2.2 tn 3 0, pel taining to the mass 1 atio 0.25 to 0.54
'l'hl' pll-dependellt (hMge c11ùracteristlcs can be l'caddy acknowlcdged via this electro
kllletic potential measurement. The dCCleased potentIal (towards po~itivity) with a
dccJ(·cl,..,e 111 pli I~ attributed to the devclopment of positi\'c charges, i.e. the pro cess
of plotonatlOn
,1 Bingham yield stress;
The IIlter-partlcle actIOIlflcaction forces reflected Hl the Bingham yield stress are
!lIOIt' <'('\'C'I(' fOI the rIlruc siity clay admixtures than for the kaolillite, due simply to
the dIffercllCC' in surface property. Specifically, more illtensive inter-particle bonding
agent héL~ bC('1I id<,ntified as the cause for the greater Bingham yield stress in the
illitlc SOlI admlxcd \\'Ith al1101 phous matcnal The BlTlgham yield stress IS enhanced
with increases in arnoI!lhout> content and ID mass ratIO (up to a value of 040) In
addItIon, a decf('dse III pH, winch ID effect incrcases the positIve chalges, promotes the
cle\'c1oprncnt of eclge -to-face assoclatlom, of particles, and hence en larges the partlcle
lllll'Idctlon opportunltles ThIs also rcsults in a relevant illcrcase in the I3mgham yield
St.ICSt>
,s. Infrared spectrometrie study;
Strol1~ hydrogen bondmg i" found in both pure amorphous material and its admix
tilles Wlth clays. The boncllllg strength IS maximized at the particular Fe-SI ratio of
040, \\ hf'l!' the SI-O !IltelactIoll is reciprocated by the joint bathochnmalIc effects
of hycllo:>,yl (rH IllIg \\'Ith SI) and iron (actrng wlth 0). The ocrUlrellce of isomorphous
t>uh:-.t Il lit 1011 (lI' SI hy F(' I~ partldlly pro\'C'n by the formatlUil of Si-O-Fe bonds. Tt
dpp<'dl'-, th,tt tilt' II~dIUP:('1l hOlldlllg, forIl1ed III the kaollllite-all\orphou~ complcx 15
W(,dkt'I COIIIpdll'd tu tIlt' dh!\( ~od-alllorpholls mix, as suggcstcd by the IR frequcncy
slllft dIlll IIltelJ!"olt) rt'duc tiol1. Thi~ embodies the stcttcmellt Lhat kaollIlite clay inter
ne'" \\'llh amOlphus compkx to a lcsscr degree of sigmficancc. The SEr..l photograph,
158
r
..
III fact, also supports t!J(' above contentloIl hy 'ihO\\lIlg le"" tllüllIlg of ,lIIlOlph\lll"
colloids onto the face~ of the kaohnile IMI tiC Il'~
6 Scanning electron microscopie study;
Coatrng or phy~lsorptlOn of amorphou~ collOI(J:., Ollto day pelll It 1(' "111 r,l< t'~ '" \ 1"11
ahzed, especially OII the diJte-rIeh ilhtl< ~oIl paltlcle:-; TI\(' coatlIlg ~('('IIl" lu 1)(' ('11
hanced by a drop lfl pIf, which ,::an 1)(' ulld(,lstood due to tl\(' (,IlI'lI,!!;t'd ('I(,lt 1 ()-"Lll \(
attraction, d[J:,Irlg prirn.lrrly flom tlw lncr('<l:,('d éllllO\lllh of pl)'>III\,(' (h,lIg(''> Oll Ih(.
arnolphou~ colloids A(!'iOrptlllIl of ,llllorpholl'" (ollOld,> (J!I Ill(' 1J('gcttl\'('I) chargt'd LII('"
of kaolIrllte partldcs is S('CIl \0 1)(' 11llll1rnal lIo\\'t'\'cl, gl(',der cullOld (UlIt,t( 1.., \\'11 h
the positlvely chargcd cdgcs arc' wcll showIl Th(' ~p('culc!lloIl h Ih,t! tlI<' !t'lclll\'('I)'
large proportIOn of positive charge~ lesidlllg on the ('dge,> of the k.lOllllll(' Pdlll( I('~
may have contributed to the lI1teractloll \\ ith the Ilet l1<'1~cltl\(·ly (hcllg('c! ,IIII()lpll(J\I'"
particles MOle edgc-to-face configuratlOlls of P,lI 1 It 1('..,/faIJllc \I11II.., cll(' \ I('\\('d III 1 Il!'
undisturbcd SOli sample of illitI< silly cid.' adIlllx('d \.Vlth IJld~'" 1 dt 10 () 1() cI .. I()1 pll()ll..,
matenal ThiS observation appeilr~ lo ~lIppoll tl\(' lIH'cl"'l1lec! l11gh sh(',l! ..,tl('Il).';III,
which IS attIlhuted t 0 the amonhollc., rnatclldl 1mclglllg bOlld~
ï. X-ray diffraction analysis;
Both fresh and two-year olel arnorphous matcflal samples, at an) lIlet..,<.; 1 éd 10 \ ,dl\(',
show no X-la.' peak appcarancc, rncalllng that tll<' dmorpholl.., lllatell,t1 lI'I1lcllll<'d d..,
an X-ra)' amO! phous compound dUflng that penoe! of t1!l1<'. ('VI'11 1 hOllgh Il.., pdl 1 I( 1(·
SIZl' had gro\\'!l, at> Illdlcated by the l('ducti()ll of ~pecdÎ( ~1I1 frl( (' ,U('cl \Vllil!' 1 II(' X HI)
p('ak locatIOns of \'<trIUU'" CI)",t ,t111Ill' Illlner,l!'i ill(' Ilot ,t!tl'I('d IljlU11 clglllg. 1 Il!' I)(',t!,
Illlcn"lty 1'> ~een to hl' markt'dly rcduccd T'lm led.d.., tu Ilw "'1)('( ul.LlIOIl t hall 110'-,('
XHD peak intensit.' lec!lIl'CO IllInerals, lld.IIWh. Iilill'. chlOIill', ft·ld..,p,ll ,lllt! plolJclhl\'
quartz a,> weil, ilre coated \\'11 h amOI pholl" 1ll,1I1'II,d
5.1.3 Amorphous-clay interactio!. study
TakIIlg IIlto consideratIOn the fad that \\'ithout addltlOIl of allIorpholl'-, llld1.<'II,tl. !)()th dlll[(
..,od (lIlel haohl11te clay exhiblt uIl-IJolleled lIIélctl\'C l)ch,l\IUI dII.! IWII«" lo\\' ..,II(·II!..'II! cllid . , ,
Jo\\' actlvity charactcIïstlCS. tlw paltlclpallOfi of él.lllorpho\l<" lIlilteII,t! 1'> Importalll Il Ilet..,
been sho\\'1l that clddltJoll of amorphou~ rnatcnal can dlél.stlc,dly cl!,tllg(' III(' lIlOIWILlI'''
ilnd IH'hélvior of the ~01ls Thercforc, intelactJOIl'i lH'tweell the alllOrph()lI~ (oIllpll'" ,uld
,>oIi !J,li tl<..l(·'> eL'->'->UTlW tI gn'al sigl1lficance III contnbuting to the properties and behavior
() 1 )'-,t' 1 V('r!
T!J<' f)()..,..,dl!e llIteIclctl\,(' rncchal11srns hdV(' hecll studied and are summarizcd as follow~,
(() hyd 1 ngcll bond Ing,
(d) Weiler !)[Jdgmg; and
(e) \'etlI dCI \Vaals attractne force
111 [cil t. aIl of thc inteltlctl\'C forecs are responsible for the development vf sail structUIe,
:\lllOI phu\!,> collolds caIl polymcrize and grow upon sail fabric UI1lts and pclrtlcle~ Thercfore,
t II(' cllllOI pilou,> malel let! bond can he generaltzed as a Imdg1l1g bOI,d
A !whavlOlét! model of fabril arrangement is hypothesizcd Tlll~ mùdel I~ useful fWIll
tlJ(' jH'ISpcctlve of wrl pl'opertles and bchavlor exhibited m the natul'dl marine soils, aS weil
cl'> III ant IClpatlllg t!I('-,(' plOpertie':l leletllve to short and long ter m ~Llbdlty controIs,
5.2 Contributions to knowledge
The le~llits obtelined from tlllS study have served to provide a greatel perceptIOn of sorne of
the propCI lIc~ élnd bf'haviol exlllbited by thc soJls and thelr constituent amorpholl'> rnatenal
\Vh(,lca~ the previous ~tU(ltc~ have mdde sail engmeers and suentist'i aware of the presencc
dIld ~JglllficaIlce of amolpholl'> matenal relatIve to the soirs pcrfCJImanœ, the present ~tlldy
h(l~ 'iystt'IlldticéLlh deepcllcd the understanding of the mfluences of amOl pilous quantlty,
,lS Wl'Il d~ COlllpoSltlOTl, flot only on the soil's engineerIng performance, but also on the
physI(o-clJ('I11Îcal propertle'i of the soJ!'s sohd surfaces
'l'hl' bCI1f'fÎt~ that tho'le III the field of geotechIllcal engmeering and/or soil science may
d('II\'(' flOIIl tili~ stndy éllC ct~ [ollows:
1. /\ !'}'IlCI(t! apprecwtion of the presence and significance of amorphous material in soIl~,
(''>pcClally 1II t h(' scnsltl\'c-to-quick marine soils c1eposlted in Eastern Candda,
.) l\Ilowledge of plOpn tle~ and behavlOr, especially surface characteristics, of the an 101'
photls SJ!H;1, 11'011, and sliIca-iron mlxed complexes,
160
1 a A fuller und('rstandlflg of ,,011 propcrtlCs éllld b!'havIOI gOVt'rrH'c! by the llll(',> ,wd l'Ull
tnbutlOIl of the amOrphOll'i ITlettcrIal\ qll,llltIty, tl~ wel! a~, !IIort· ImpuILulIly, (OlliPll
~ltIOIl,
-1 I\nowledge of !>omc !>otl amorpholl!> Intel c1Cl!\'e/1H>!H!llIg lllt'c1Ic1IlI<,Ill .... <llld ... 111 LI( (' phI'
nomena decmed Ic:::,poll'ilblc for th(' propf'rlie" dlld bcltélvlOl oIJ"t·I\('d.
5 PossibJ!lty of artlficlal élssernhly of a Illgh-~eflsltl\'ll! ::-od. Il!>lllg the ~ynllt('::-ll'l'd ,111101
phou::, compound, for fUlthel :::.tudy of ~od ~('IlSltl\'(' PIOI)('ltl<'~ alld 1)('h,I\'IUI flOlIl tht'
pcrspectl\'(' of long-tel III !:>od "tabdlty predit tioll alld ('<ll( IlLIlIOIl::-,
6, Inslght IIlto the hlgh bOIldiIlg capclbJ!ll) of Il](' ,UIIOI pilou" /lI,tlPI l,li (011 ... 1 II 1 !t'II 1 cllld Il ...
ImplicatIon \\'Itli regald 10 the pO! ('nti,t! ll~C of ,lmOlpho\l~ /lIeltellal cl" ,1 "(Jd o.;labJ!lzl/lJ.',
medlulll In tllls Cct"'l' , tht' amol phous matcrrdl mus! !t,IV(' hol Il COIllIHl/lt'lIt" of "I!lld
and lIOII III a ma.., .... l ,tliO of 0 :!.ï tü 0 51 (pl cf('r,lbly 0..1 0), ,tIId 1)(' cl Vildàbil' Iri cl -;\I([1l Wllt
quantlty (ddt'([lIcltely 10-:Wo/c 1I\ weight lelati\'f' to the .... 011\) Il \\'ollld 1)(' Ideal If ~II( II
cl strllJlltzlIlg Illedlum 1 .... 'L Wcl .... tC 01 by-ploduct gt'neratcd h~ ,Ill lIldll~tl), ,lIld 11<'11('('
call be usee! l'caddy and 1 Ij('XpL'llSIvel) ,
ï Potential ernployment of the arnorphou:::. matenals as a cal.loll-ad"orptlOlI Il J('d Il III 1
rl'he bigh cation cxchange capaClt)' clnd large surfacC' arc' cl , IC'\'('(ded Il.\' tl\(' ~t\l(Jy
may possibly facIlitate the adsorptJOll of toxie catIons, ~uch c1~ he(tvy met ,d.." fur t.11f'
purpose of contamIrtitnt containment ill waste mélllctp/'mcnt. and
S A better perc('ptloll of thl' phcnornenoll of alllOI phOUh IlIilt('IIül g<'IlCI dt 1011 ('l::- IJI od
ucts of weathcring, volctlnic activity, transpol t.Ülüll, ('te) ,1lId 1 t<; fllIlction-; ill <.,011
formation from the rerspective of geological origill and rcgloIlcd cU/ltrols
Although this thl'sis study is conductcd on a IlInitcd Humbel of sut!.., with pdrtIC'qJctt.1011
of amorphous material, the results ma)' weIl bear sigmficant II11plIcationc.; for ot/wr <,oJ!s,
not only sensItIVt' mélllIle hod~ cxcluslvely Ac., fal a~ th\' clay ,llIlOlpholl" IIltcld( lIO/l" ,ln'
concerned, sods ha\'llIg :>lI111lal mIllcr,dogy alld cornpositlOlJ to t.ho'-,(' :-.llIdll'd )I('!(·iil Ill,l,)'
mallifest thclll'>clves III po~tlll.ltHlg the rol(' and (on!/'Iblltion of ,ulIorpll()u<, IlI,tI('ll,li It'LüIV('
to soil properties and bchavior
1 (j 1
j
------------------------------ - ---
L
r-:: ') .. ) .. ) Suggestions for further study
1 1 JI' 1,,11"11111ll, "llldif''' dl(' 1('«(JIIIIIl('IHI!'d f()1 111111\('1 COIl"Ic!('I,tfloli Il:.-111 ('11'011 to (,xpc\Jld lhe
1'1 ""('111 1IIIrI"I ,,1 dlldlll!!, cl Il ri kllowkdg('
SI Iif1 If''' "IIUlild 1)(' ('\I('lld('d lu 11I1\"d(' 1 lit' clillorpholl!> alllllllllcl compolll1d "111(,(' 1111.,
(llIlljJ(J11t'111 1" jJl(''''('IJI III d 1('l.ltl\(,I\' "Iglllfl( .1111 él1liOU1l1 But fil.,t, <lll (,11'('( li\'C' l.-lho
Idl(J1 \ 1111'<111" lu Illdlllldlli 1 Il<' 1"lIg-1<'111l :--I,dJllit.\' ur ,t!lIllllllcl III tll<' cl!llOI phOll:-- :--I,ttl'
1" \ (" 1 \1 III' 1(Jlllld
l ,\ "lllfh ullollg-I( IIIl dgllig dr('( 1~ 1:-- d('''IIclbl(' \Vh('I\',I~ the pl(,~(,111 !>lud\' is 1(':--tllcl('c!
111111111 d 1111I1kt! Il'llt'lldlll(', (oll"id('ldlI011 (If IOllg-tellll c1gillg dr('(I~ 011 111(' ..,011 plOp
('1111'" otll,ll,..lid\llil ,,11(Jldt! 1)(, IIlId('llc,kell III Ih(, .-1111 hOl \ Opillioll, thi.., (ould 1)(' dOIl(,
Il,,1I1!!, dll d( ((,1('1 d t ('<1 IIlUd(,lIlllg t(,( hlll<jll<' • ..,11( h cl" 11I( \(',hlllg 1 ('lllJH'1 <lI III ('. 10 ..,hol tell
11\1' 1 (·,,1 III!!, <1111 dll'ill III!' 1('d"dJlht~ (JI "II( h cl ~1I11111.111l)1l 1" \ ('1 10 1)(' d('1 ('1 Il 1 IIwcI
\ \ Il II l" LI, dl <1 1 () 1 lit' ., III \." ( , plI ('II \J 1111'11 0 Il () 1 d Il 01 Il li 0 li ~ (Ud 1 III g (J Il pd III< Je:-, 01 (1" l "
tlj(' dL',llIl', 1111)((''''''' "/lIH'dl" 10 1)(' III(' Illu,,1 Illllll('111I,t! 1,t<lul III «(Jlltldlllllllg t(J tll('
rI('\(·llJjlllll'lll ,,1 d IIlul /lllu".., dd"'lI pt 1()11 \\ hill' cl long-tellii c\gllig "lllll!l,IIIUII te( 11I1I(PIf'
1" Illd \ ('t 1,'""Jid,'. ]Ulll'lllll', t II(' pl[ 1" 11('( """.11 Y to t'1I]ldll( (' "".,O( I"t 1011 or (L,y P,1I t j( ]('"
dlili dlillil/lII(J"" (lilllll"" Ili (Jlddlll d jl('llIIdll('lIt (o,ill' g 01 dIiIUlp[I011" P,lItl(]('" uli
t Il\' ""I!,tt ( . .., 01 ( Idl ". I!I(' pl [ IlllglJ1 Ild\ (' t() 1)(' cl" lml "., '1 (J. '1111" plI do('., II()I. III
\.It t. (',\1,,1 III III<' IIdllll.t! l!,('() ('III'II(illllwllt
II. III \.1( t. t [J(' dl!IOI piIOII" Ill," ('1 j,il 1., 1 () !)(' :I.,(,d a~ il ~(\biljZlllg rllld/or (dl 1011 arl~(J1 b
Ill,!! 111<'<1111111 III .,ud .,1.diliJïdtloll ctl cI/OI (Olllclllllllclilt (olllalllllH'lIt plc\< 11«'. !>llIdl<'o.,
,,11(!ld.! 1)(, (dlll<'<1 ()lIt tu "Idl< Ip"l(' IOllg-I('11ll phY"](dl alld (ht'Illi(,t! "tcdn!Jly dlcll,\(
I(,,,.,t](,, 01 t IJ(' III,d ('1 l,il
-1 H"..,(,d ()II tl\(' 1,,( 1 l''elt t[\(' dlllOlpholl., IIlclt<'II,t! !)()J\(llIlg el)!,<'111 1" 1 IlxotloplC. ,1I\d
11<'11«(' (.III 1)(' 1(,-t'"tclhlt..,IJ('<I Iclpidly IIj>OII aglllg. cl plOp<'1 IllCélll~ lu d('!<'11Il1I1<' l11t'
'tlll('" 1('lllllld('d "tl('I1,!!,t" 01,\ .,ut! II(!J III dlllCilpllOll:-' (OI1t.ellt J:-' tllt'IJ 11('«(",,,,\1\ Till"
111.1\ !J,II(' cl IIIUI(' gell('I,t! .,Iglllfi(dll«' thclll It ''1>I)('cll'->, ~IIH(' 111,111,1' pll~.,]«()-(II<'IIII( ,t!
1)()IIt!" ut 1\('1 t Ildll dlllUI P"UII" 111,,1('II,d LUII(\:-'. ,11(' 1 1 1 1 lI'-d('/l('1I c!('11 1 cllld (,III 1)(' I('!nldt
,'lth"1 111,,1.1111.111('''11,,11' (JI qlllt(' IclllIt!h IIpOIl I(:-,tlllg A[III()llgll 1"", h 1101 dll(,ctl~
1 (' LI kt! 1 0 II\(' ( Ull te lit 01 t 1](' pl (':-,('111 .., t \I cl y. Il 1:' WOI 1 li W li d(' t 0 b 1 1 III!; Il 1 () t 1 J(' ,11 1 ('111 iOIl
(If ~(ltl ('llglllt'('I" .111<1 "( \t'Itt 1',1"
------------------------------- -~~-~---
•
Bibliography
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bl1rd orgafllzatlon III dtllOipholl" "'11r((J-,t1\llllrna~' ('1.1\'" illHI ('Id\' Mlllef,d", \'01 17, pp. n9-:?~~).
10 COllloll, J i\! (196G) 'LUlc!slIc!es Oll lhe Toulnmto\lé HIV('I, Qll(·I)('(' ('.III (;('ot(·( II J., Vol. 3, pp 11:3-141.
11 CId\VfoId, C. 1.3 (1968). 'Qulckclay-, of ea'itern C.l!lMl.l
pp 239- :2GS,
j
"
I~ 1)(,( Mn'au, A , BOIl III Il , n" Bandaut-Trauth, D., Cout y, R., and Kaiser, P. (1987) 'Sylltllt'.,i~ clIld < ry..,1 allogcrwsh of ferne ::.mectite by cvolutioll of Si-Fe copreelpitates Ifl oXldlZlllg (OIl(!JtlOIl~' Clrl)' rVlIncrals, Vol. 22, pp, 207-223,
1:1 ])1':Oll,.J B, ùlld Wced, S Il (Edltortl). (1977). 'Minerais in Soil Environments' Sod S< 1 Sc)( ÂlIH'r, ~lé1dl"'Oll, \VlSCOIlSlIl.
1,1 DUIHIl, J) A ,[[Je! ~CbOII,]) Vv' (198:3). 'Dlrccteolorirnetncmcasurement of amIIlOllilllll III pOt.d"~IUfll chlonde extlacts of soils'. Soil Sei. Cac. Amer J., Vol 47, pp s:n ;-\:Hl
Ir) l)lICjlH'II('. :-"1 ctlld HendcIshot, \V. II. (1987). 'Contribution of exchangeable aluI1Illilllll 10 C,tt!OIl ("\changc capaClty at low pH'. Call J. Soil Sei, Vol 67, pp 175-185
If) El Lllllcl\\'y, 1 !\ , .llld Arnold, P \\' (1973). 'Rcappralsal of cthylcne glycol mono('thyl ethcl (E(;~lE) rncthod for ~urfacc area estllnatlOn of cl,lYs', J Soil Sei., Vol 24, pp 2:!2 2:~x
17 EIl\'llollllwlltal ProtectlOll SCl\iccs (EPS, 1979). 'LabOlatOl)' l\1anual'. Governmcnt (Jf Ca lIada. Dept of En vi ro III ne Il t
I~ Ft')' , 1\1. V alld Le Houx, J (1976) 'EIC'ctl'lc charge!> on st>squlOxides SOlI clays' Soil Sel Soc :\mcl .J, Vol 40, pp 3.59-361
I!l Flon'Il(c. T .\1 .1Ile! F<ulal, Y .J (1971). 'Speetrophotollwtnc determinatlOll of c1t1olH!<' dt tl\(' ppL !E'vel hy the ll1ercury (Ill thiocyanate mcthod' Anal. Chim Acta, Vol rll, pp :~ÎJ :~77
20 C; 1{ C (;('ote(!JIII(.t! l{esc,t!C'l! Centre, !\1eGill t;nivcrslty (198:2). 'GeotcchniC'al {Tt dIZ,lt.IOIl of 1'\atul,d Sad 1\1aterial.., of the .James Bay Area III Vlew of Frost Heavillg dllfl Long T('rm Lf'rlclllng Effecb' Progrc~" Report I\'o 1 fUI Fe A.C (Qllcbce), p 1,1) j
:lI Castudle,1\1 C, BllIg~('nwert, and !\lortland,I\LI\1. (1964) '('ryc;talhzatlOn ofmJxcd Il\ltl alld allllllllllllll gcl< Soil Sel, \'01 98, pp 281-289
.).) (;dlutt..l E (197!/) 'F,dmc, compo:,itlOn and plonertlc~ of sensitIve soils flOnI Cdll,\(ld. AIa~kcl ,tIld 1'\01 \\'cty' Ellg (;('01, Vol 1·1. pp 14g-172
:l:> GI('('1IIdlld. D.J (197.'i) 'Chalp;e charactel'lstlcs of ~omc kaollllite-Iron hydroxide complexes' Cld~ 1\1111CldJ.." Vol 10. pp. 107-416
21 ILlll..,IH), S (l~l."jï) '\ IlC\\' clpproüdl to the detcrmlllatioll of the shear strength of (lay h~ the r,dl,(oll<' test' S'vc(h!->h Ct'ot.f'chnicallnstltutc, Proc. No 14.
:l.C) lIél~ IWS . .1 E , <ind QUlglcy, l{ l\1 (197G) 'Mllleralogy and physico-chemlstry of Lcdét l !.ly~ ftolll dt'(,p hOl('llOlc~, Il,l\':kf',,bury, Ontalio'. GeologiC'al Braneh, Ontario Dl\'i~IUIl of 1\ll1H's. OFI{ 5~1·1, p l:n
164
.
26. Hendershot, \V II and Carson, M. A (19i8) 'ChdTl~l':-' in lhl' pLI"lllït~ 01.\ !'1<1Illplt'
of Champldin Clay f01l0wlDg Iemovctl of :-.,t!t ,1Ild .lIlIOI pholl'> Ill,llt'I I.d· ('''II (;t'ut t'l il J., Vol. 15, pp. 609-616.
27 IIcrbilloIl, A , and Tran Vtnh An. (1%9) 'IIdt'IOg('IH'lty III ~tll(ull 1I01l IllI't'd 11\
droxlcle::-.' Sad Sei, Vol 20, pp ~~:~ - 2:~,)
28. IIiclllclJz. P.C. (19ïï) 'Principles of Colloid and Surfac(' Chemistl'Y' l'dclI (t.1 Dekkcl', f\'e\\' York, f\ Y , p 5\(;
20 Jackson, t\1 L. (1967) 'Soil Chemical Analysis' PIt'llI\(('-ILdl uf llltllcl l'tl\,,tl Limltccl. l\'cw DelhI, p ·108
30 .Jackson. ML, and )'lchrct, o.r (19.j:-3) 'Iroll oxidl's !cIIlu\'.d fWIIl ..,ud:-. tlllt! (1.1\'> 1)\
a dlthonitc-cltratc Sy:-.tCIll buffc!('d with :-.oclIum 1)1( ,U bOllot(" \,IIIUlléll (ullf 1)11 (1.1\"
and clay mmcral:-., \'01 7. pp. 317-327
Jl Jones, He. élnd C('hara, C (19i:3) ':\Illol'phou.., (Oiltlllg Ull IIlIIl<'I id :-,1I1 Lu t...," Sud SC! Soc '\IllCI hue, \'01 3i. pp i92 i9K
:32. Kawal, 1\ (1!177) '!·::-.tIIllatlOlJ of amorphou.., Illdtl'r!,d fUl (1ldldl I<'ll/lIll-' '\Ildm .. I,,· Sud SCI Suc Amer .J, \'01 ·11. pp 1171-lli.l
:n KcnIl('\,. T C (19(i(i) 'Shc,trlng f(·"'I~t.Ifl({, of !leltm,t! qllI(k (].I\..,· PlI j) 11\1'''1..,. llnl\CI~.ly of LOlldon. LondoIl. Ellgléllld. p nb
JI l\:f'lLIlCy, TC', \!OUIll. J . and BerIt'. T (UH;ï) 'AII (,>:pCIIIIlf'I1Ld "llIth oll)()fl!l" III
cl llatul,d (1.\:-' Ceo (:ollf. (hl" l!ll;7. Oll ..,ll<'dI ..,tlt'Ilgth PIU/lt'Itj('''' 01 Il,,IIII . .! ~()d" alld luek:-. PIO«'('dll1g~, \'01 1. pp ()-) b<)
:3,). I\lscle'.'. :\ .. and Lygill. \' (Pli.)) 'lnfrared Spectra of Sul'fac(' COIllpOUIl(1-;'
John \\'r!cy and Son~ Illc , l\'t'\\' YOI L. P .~~o
:30 La Hocl!elle. P (1971) Happurt dt' ~) llthes(' d('~ (;1 llt!(,.., d(' ].\ ('0 li 1('(· (1'.11 gd,· d(
SaIllt-Jc,1I1 VI,(IJIlC\' (;nuvenll'nH'nt d(' Que\H'c. \lIIII..,ti·J(' d('" '{I< h( ""t''-. \,III1!(']]"", S-l EJ 1
:~7 LI, Lorcttd Y-L (1!)S.'i) 'Compositional Differp/lces betwcC'1l Nor'wC'giall and Canadian Clays with Sirnilar Sensitivities' \! FIlg t h(H .. 1.., , \lcCdl l '1I1\'t'I"It.\. \IOlltlc,d. Cctll,\(].l
:38. 1,OI5p1l<" A , l'vlas51t'rra, r..l dnd S,UlldIlI. 1 H (1 tJ(1) 'A..,t ud~ of Ill<' ('IIJ('Ilt ,If If!\1
bond" of the' SPIl'ntl\,(, clays of the Out.\rd('", HI\'('1 j{(').!,f(Jlj' ('dIl C(·u .J. Vul ,'l.
pp 4ï9-·1!IS
3U LOCctt, J, Lefebvre. G, and Ballivy, G (198'1), '!\IJIlf'I,t1og), t!Wllll..,tI'(. ,uHI /l1I\'')I(,d
plOpcrtic-; IllterrelatlOlIslllpS ofsorIlc 'iCllo,ILI\'(' clay.., fI(!l1l Ea..,t"Ill <:itllilll l' ('tlll (;('0
.J , Vol ~1, pp EJ30-540
Hi)
l 1
1
10 .\1 "\Y('''', E. Sethl, :\ .1. and Yong, Il!'\ (197·1). 'Amorphous coatlllg on particles of ~('!I"ltIV(' (Ici)' >;oJ!,,' CI,t)' alld Clay t\tincrals, Vol ~:2. pp 427 -·t33
11 .\1Itdwll,.J h (1~)7(j) 'Fundamentals of Soil Behavior'. !\ew York, John V/Iley lI...· SOIl~. Ill\. , P ·122
1:! !\llfdwIL.J \1, alJ(! l!oll"ton. \\'. Î\ (1969) 'Cau<;es of clay sensitlvlty' ASCE J ')o!l .\1(·( Il FUllllcl f)l\ . \'01 !).'J(S.\1:{). pp 815 -S71
J:~ ~1l)1l1l1,.J. Lokell. T . and TOI rd .. ( e, J 1\ (1 !Hl). 'A gcochenllcallIlvestigation of the ~('ll~Jt IVlt} of d nurmal!y con~o!Jdated clay flOlll Drammen, Norway' Geotechnique. Vu! :! 1. pp :t!!) ;{ lU
Il OycUlld. Il . ctlld 'Llk('hard. Il (197G) 'Revised Standard Soil Color Chart' .5th Ed 1 llOll, .J él pan
,1:) l'drker, F,S (1971) 'Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy in Biochemistry, Biology and Medkine' Plenum Pre~s Kew York, p. 601
1(, P,lI!.;"', (;:\ (19G7) 'AfjlICOUf' surface ch('mi~try of oXlde~ and c',mplex oXlde ffiIrlCIc\.J:.,' Equdd)rllllli ('o!Jeepts il1 Î\atlOnal \\'dtcr System~, Ad\' In Clwm. Senes, No. 67. Amer Chem SOL • \Vd~lllngtoIl De, pD. 121-1GO
17 PCllnel, E (1 !)(j~)) ':\!:ot udy of semltlvlty Hl Leda clay' Can .. / of Earth SCI., Vol. 2, pp ·125-411
1~ Perlller, E . <Llld BUIIl. 1\ :\ (1~)7b). 'Review of engmccrlllg hehavior of mallne clay!-> ill ('clst(,rIl Cclllélda' CaIl Cco .J , Vol 15. pp 269-282.
1!) QIlI~lcy, H ~!. (1~j{i1'\) 'Landslldc:, on the Toulnustoul Hiver Quebec. DIscussion' CUI Geut ('cil .1 . \'01 fi pp 17,)-1 ï7
!J(J QlJJgl('y, I~ .\1 (1 iJ80) 'Gcology. rmneralogy, and geochemistry of Canadian soft c1ays' ,\ [.',eol,('c!IIlICct! pebp('(tiv(" Can Gco J., Vol 17, pp 261-285
:) 1 QlIlgley, H 1\1 (1 %:q 'Glùclalacustnne and glaciamarinc clay cleposlts, a North AIll('ri(dll [/('r"l[wctm." Glacial Geology, Edltcd by N. Eyles, Pcrgarnon Pres<; Cclllcld,\ LI d .. OntaIlo. pp 1·10-167
~)'2 Q1IIglc-V, H ~1 (191'11) 'QlldIltltative mlrlCralogy and prebminary pore-water chernl<;tl)' of CélIl(lidatc bufrCI alld backfill rnatcIlals for a nucleétr fuel waste disposai vault', Ht'p()! t for At 01 Il J(' EIlCIg\' of C'anada, No AECL-7827 .
.')J Q1IIgley. H !\1, Setlll, A .1., Boommsuk, P., Sheeran, D. E.) é'nd Yong, R N. (1982) 'C:t'O!ogH l \)!ltrol on SOlI composItion dnd propertics, Lake ùjibway clay plalll, J\Llkg,lI11l, Qllehcl ' :~f)th Cm Gcotedl ConL, I\'lontreal, Qucbec, Sept 28-30, pp. ·l()O 479
;) 1 HolH'rt, f\1 , Bcnicr, J , Vcneau, G., and VicIlte, M A (1981) 'AdlOn of amorphous (ol1lpollnd~ 011 clay pd,rbcle assOclatlOlls'. Proc. 7th Int Clay Conf, pp. 411-422.
166
» l{o"('llCl\'I"t. 1 l'II (I(j,j,n '('ull"idl'l<ltioll" 011 the ''l'Il,,ill\ 11\ 01 \111\\('gldll qlll( J-11.1.\'" (;eo!<'(lllllqlw, \'01 ,L \0 :J, pp Iq,-) '2(}()
,j(). l{o"('llq\I,,1 l 'III (Iq,\j). '1tl\'('~tlp"dIOIl" III tll<' (1.1.\ (,1(,( Ilul,\ II' \\,!lI'1 "\":('111 \tll
\\'<1\ (;1'01('( hlli( dl 11l~1 Il lite, Hel1011 \0 q, Il I~."j
rIt S,dl'h, :\.~I , dlld .JOIll''', ,\ -\ (1 q~ 1) 'l'Il<' (ly"Ldltllll,\ dlld ""I Ielt (' (liell d< kll,,1 1<"
uf .... \Illlwlil 1('11"1\<1111(' dllt! Il'' 1l'I,IIIUIl"llip to ",\01111111' ""11.\(1< ('1.1\ \1111<'1.11",
\'01. Ill, pp 71,-) 7,j,i
j~ Sdlll',II'\, j) \ (Iqi~) '011 11lt' (dll',I'~ u! Ildllll,d (l'IIII'III,lIlt)1I III "1'11"111\(' "t,d,,' ('.111
(; ('0 t<-<1 1 .J , \ (JI q, pp Il Î II !).
-)1) 'l( h()fwld ]{ 1\ .1 IId SdllhOll, H Il (1 !l.i 1). 'FlOt (,1I1,d 1()11 of k,wlllill (' dlll' 1 U .iI 1 1,1< 11011
o! UPP()"II('h (11,11 L'pd 1'01«<, DI"( Fclldd.ty So(' ,\'ul 1:-;, pp I:l~) II~)
(;0 S('I'tl. B Il, \\ uud\\ dl d, l{ .J dlld Llllldp,I('II, H (1 % 1) ,!,'ullddlllt'lIt.ti ,1"'I)('t 1-. ul \11('tlll'lg 1111111-.' .\SCl-: ,J Soil ~kcll I-'dll" \)1\ , \'ui tHl, S\lt" pp Î-l 10-1
(,1 S('g,t!('Il, P (II)(,K) '\01<' "III 11111' 1Il{,tllUdl' dl' dl"l('llllllldll<III dl'" plUdlll1 111111<'1.111\
illllt)lplif''' d,III" «'11.1111"> "tll" ;1 hydlox.\ d ..... IIOpl<,IIl\.' (t,dlll'I" ()]{SI()\I SI"II('
[>l'dulul',I(' \ ()I (" pp 1 ()") 1 ~(i
(.,! Skl'lIlplull \ \\ (Iq-ll) 'l'Il<' (01101' ,t! dlll\ll\ u! (1".\' PI(I( (JI' Ill<' Ihlld lIill'lli
('0111 dlld ~()I1 \k< h ,lI1d (-'tllllle!. Ellg,. \'(JI 1. pp :J7 (i 1
fi:; S"<'lIlpIOIl, \ \\ ,<llld \UI 1 hey, H )) (1 <j-)~). ''l'hl' ">('II">II!\ 11\ uf (1.1.\< (;('()tf'l 11I11<I'It',
\'(JI :L \u l, pp :\0 -):1
f,l St)d\'IIJIIIIIl. I~ (1 ,}b(») ,( '1l<'1I11l ,Ii .1"1)('( t ~ III' quit \';'11.1.\ 1()llll,IIIUIl' 1':I1L', (:/,,,1 (.\ III" 1('111.1111), \ul l, pp IIi UI
()") Tl'Il,lghl. 1\ (!!) I·n. 'Elld" and 1Il1'''II'' III '-.()d Il\('< h 1111<'-. 1':11,11,. ,/ (JI ('dlld'\.1 , \'111 ~Î
Il ()o:';
hb. '!'OII,UII(', ,/ h. ([<Ji.i) 'On Ilw lull' ul ,ltl'Illl"tl\ III thl' ,1,,\ ('lu!>llll'II1 dJI<I 111'11.1\ 111111
of tlte <"('Ihltl\\' Illdllll(' (Id,\~ ill (',111"'!.1 .III" S( "lldllld' Id' (',III (;('(J ./, \(JI I~J. pp :~.~() tl.i
(i7 '1'01'1'''1)(1' ./ 1\. (1!1~7) 'Qui(k (,1,1\,,' stope Stability Edll!)l" \1 <: \II<!/'I,,()II
,,"<1 1\. S. HI< h,lI <1", lohn \\'d(,~ élll\l SU!I" Ltd , l.olldoll, pp ·117 li:\
b:-; '!'0\\·1l"1'1I<1. \) l , S,II l.l', 1 ('y,
!l,li III ,d" «'111<'111 ('<1 "ot!,,>'
Cil\, \ (JI l.PI> 111117.
J) :\ éllid \\',""<'1, L [,; (1 !)('!l) 'l'III' IIJ Il 1 1(· 11f·lld\·J(II /JI
PIO( of 7t Il IlIt (\l!d Sud \1('1 li !-'UIllld l',IIL',, \I('\.I( (1
(i!) \<111 Olpll\'ll (I!)ÎÎ) 'An Introduction to Clay Colloid CI\('llli<,tI'Y' ./Uhll \\'I1I'\
l~' S () Il ~, \ 1 • \ \ ') () 1 k, Il : II Î
70 \\-,,,d,l, 1\0]1 (lq~l) '[\llllllpltoU'i (1"" 111111<'I,d" cltl'lIll<,t! «()1I1I!O"tlJOII. (1,v,,>I,t1IIfJ('
"tal<', ~~Il(llhl", "nd ">llIf,,«' [>1(1)('\11<'''' PI()(. 7th 1111 CL1\' (', ", pp :\s .... ) :\1);-';
1 71 \Velll!!" B \\'. (I!)K·1) 'Compositional Effects on Soil .lction' tl/l Eng. Thesis,
M( Cdl l;lIiv('r"ity, MOIltrpaL Canada, p. ~25.
T.!. YOIlf.!;,!{ N , alld Ohtsubo, 1\1. (1986). 'Intcr-partlcle action and rheology ofkaoliniteitIliOlph()u~ iron hydroxldc (ferrihydrite) complexes'. Applicd Clay SCl., Vol. 2, pp. 63-KI
7:! Yon!!" H :\, and Scthi, A J (1977). 'Influence of amorphous materral on soil perfOI 1 Il ,li 1( (' ellle! it~ f(·l,ttloll to ell\"lronmental weatherrng'. Spcc Sess Ceotech Eng EllVllUl1 Control, IX Illt Conf SOlI ~1t'ch Found Eng .. Tokyo, pp. 437-·1.50.
7·1 Yong, H :\. dllel SCUll, A .J, Booy, E., and Ddscal. 0 (1979b). 'Basic charactenzat.IOlI and l'ffed of sorne chemlcals on a senSItive clay from Outardes 2' Eng. Ceol , Vol 14, pp ~n-l07
75 YOllg, n N, Setlll, A. J., and LdRochelle, P. (1979a) 'Significance of amorphous lIlatcwtl relatlvc to sensitl\'lty of some Champlain clays'. Cano Ceo. J , Vol. 1G, rJp. 511--520
7(; Yon!!,. H N. and Sethl, A J., and SUZUkl, A (1980) 'Contnbutlon of amorphous llJat(,f!ct! to plOpcrtles of d lahordtory-plepared soil' Can Ceo. J . \'01 17, pp 440-·1·1 {;
77 Y()lIg, n. N., and Wang, B \V. (1990). 'On methods of amorpholls materral detelmlnatIOn lfl clay soils' III preparation for puhlication.
78 Yong, n. N., and Warkcntin, B P. (1975). 'Soil Properties and Behaviour' ElsevIcr Scientific Publication Company, Amsterdam, p. 449.
168
..
Appendix A
LiteratlJre Review
A.l Marine soil and its sensitivity
S<'Il:-,!lI\'(' llléllll](' ,",oil" .11(' \\'idel\' dl"tllbllte<! thlOllp;hollt tl\(' \\'01 lei (' Il, III 1':d"l ("llIdcld
(l~pIli('d b~ ('hrIlIlplc\llI SI'cl (I,lY,",). Sc,llldiIlél\ld .. 1.1])dll. 11Idid tllIci III :-,ull\l' pdlt 1)1 tlll'
SU\ id 1 lIioll .\11 ('\(llllpll'uf dl"t 1 ihlltioll of 111<11 illl' "uIl" III 1':tI"t (',llldt!<I 1" gl\'('l1 III Vig .\ 1.
"hu\\'illg ,I1,,0 tlll' '>It('.., 1'('('11 ..,tudll'd SI'II<ti\(' ..,od.., PII"I'llt Illdll\' plul.\I'lIl" III gl'IIII'( 111111 ,.1
('lIglll('('I:--. d'" tlll'~ '.III 1)(, ('\.II1'lllI'l~ plUllI' tu ..,101'" 1,1I1t11(' ('ltI\\'IOI<I, I!JbS) <l11t! 1.111<1..,11<1(·..,
(Ld Ho( 1[('11e. 1 ~rl·l. 13('1111('.\ dll" Sllldll('~, 1 q~ 1) \\ !1('11 Il\1'y I(N' t Il<'il ..,1 Il'II,!!,1 h '1'1\(':-'('
IlcI,!!pdw" <11(' (J!I('11 \dll'-I'" I)~ 1('llllgl('''''IOII <Ille! gld.lt,tllOlI,t1II'lllulcllllg. Whllli tldli'.llJllll
11](' ..,od 11110 il \ h('(lIl'" ,,11111 \
Sud "('Il"ltl\.I\ 1'> ",,!Jlwel .1'" tl\(' ratio of the IlIdt('II,t1\ 1I1I<l1..,(1111)(,d ..,1)('<11 ..,11I·llgllI tll
if-, 1('llIOldl'd :--I)('d\' :-'IIl'lll!,1 h dl thl' "dll)(' \\'dl('1' (Ollt('1I1 (II'I/.Iglil. II) I.~) \1111\1'11)\)0., "tlld\l'''
Iid\('I)('('1l dlll'( 11't! 1')\\dlt! .. tilt' 1I'\(''''llgtitioll of 1 h, I).!"'I( Il)('1 Ildlll..,lll'" (lI '-"11,111\ 11\ III Illdlllll'
dqHhltl'c! (1.1\ "u"", S()II\(' ul 1111' dPPlo,I<II(',> 1.1""11 1,\ dill('I('IIl Il'''' '.! 1 ( lIel'" 1111 hlde Il'.11 III II,!.!,
u! ..,alt" dlld the' 11'''1''ldlil Ldlll( ,t1I('ldtll>ll (13 ('1111111. 11)-)1. HIl'I'II,!\I..,t. II}-»)). dd"ltll)1I
of tl)(,lllil ,II.., li III 1 dldll,!!,I'''' III IClllOlded !,lup('llje, (Sut!t'II)luIII. Il)(d). YOII!!, ('1 dl. 11)71)1»)
I('llllrlllg (JI 1 ('III"lIllllg dg('lIt.., .III" (hdllg('''' III (1)]lljlll'''''IOll \'('lld\llI] (1\1'11111'\. Il)(,1!, 1\('11111'\
ct ,II . lQh7. LOI:-'l'II!' ('1 ,d . 11)71). c1ldld(I('II/dllllll Ililldtlll,tl di"!,(·I"'III!.', dg('III ... 1'1""1'1111111111'
Ul'g,\I11< 1I.I(llu!I \111111'''(' "tHI" (SOdl'lhltllll. I<}(ifl). det,lllet! "1111" 01 1111' pOII'-IlIIIc! 1111'1111"11\
(~IOIIIl, ('t ,d, 1~)71. TOIldll«'. 11)7'-»), "tlldy OIIIlI('I-Pdltl\ Il'I)()lldllll!, III Il'1.111\)11 Il) IH)tll "0" "tllHtllll' (('<II)\('ld dlld Slll,dll'\. 1\)7,3, (;t!lutl. l'li!)) <I1It! e!cltl()-"IIII'II( potl'llIl.d (jl('I1III·].
1~J(i'-»), 12,1'1\('1," 1('\11'\\ u! 11l<'\!Jdlll"'lIh 01 :-'('lI"ltl\IIV (\111(11('11 .III" IloII..,toli. IlH)!). qlll!.!,I!·Y.
I<)~l) S,: Iq~:q .Illcl of Ih!' O\'('l;"l Il('hclvic! (JI "Ill II ..,0"" (PI'IIIII'1 dnel HIIII\. 11)7:-;, lknll(,v
1 , HUDSON '5
BAY
QUEBEC
Legend _ marme
~ Qlac1olocustrme
1 Grande-BalelOe
2 090 -Molooomi
.3 SI Morcel
4 SI Léon
5 SI Albon
6 SI Barnabe
7 StlowlOlgon
8 Chlcouhml
9 Oulardu
~_~dthwa't
O~e~~~2~OO~""4~bo km
FIg. A.t SeOlmcntary bdslns and selccted sltes (dfter Locat et al. 1984).
170
and Smalley, 1984, Torrance, 1987), and cvaluatlOIl of the prescnCe' of illllorphous IlIatellùb
(McKyes et al , 1974; Yong and Sethi, 197ï; Yong et ctl., 19ï9b) ellHI Iheir possible l'Olt' ...
and con tribu lion lowards soil behavior (I1t'ndershot and Carson, 197x; Yon!!, et ,t! , 1979cl
& 1980; Locat et al., 1984).
A.2 Amorphous material and its relation to properties and behavior of East Canadian Inarine soils
Until the lale 1~60's, studlcS of ~()tl beha\'lol COIlCl'lltrated LlIgply 011 (Iy:.t,dllllt.' C()II ... l,ltll('nb
of soils, and littlc attention was dcvoted to the PICSt'IlC(' and ::'lgllificcl\l«' of \lOI\-lI .\'~Ldlll\t'
and nOIl-mineral sOli components, e g. amorphous matcnal, in seIlsltlV(L t()- qUI", clrl) d{'
pOSltS in Eastern Canada. This is due, perhaps, to the' hehcf that dIl1orpholls lIIdtcri,t! ...
existed onl1' in volcanic ash-rich tropical soib IIowc\ler, duc to the ~p('cifi( chdl éH I,Pllstl( ~
of sllcll matcnaL sorne soll propertiesjbehavlor can be sigIllfic'Lntly a.ffccted, d~ hct ... 1)('('11
stated ple\·iously Since that tJmC', the role and contributlOfl of amorpholls I1l;ü('I'1,d~ hùVl'
become more and more recogmzed among &oJ engmeers anc f:,ucnl Ist s
A.2.1 Chelnical composition of amorphous material
An earl)' study on thc compositIOn of amUI phou.., I1Iat'~l'Idl, COlldllc!,ed by Loisell(· ('1 rd
(1971) U::'lJIg EDTA (ethylcnedidmmetetraall'llc) dCI'J d" <t (bs:-,olutloll rlgcllt, foulld tll,t!
small amounts of Fe3+, AI,j+, Si4+, Co2+ and IvIgH wC're present ill Ihe olltflow ÎlUIl\ tl(',tkcl
clays ThIS expnllncntal eVldenCC' l.'1dlcates that Ihe polcnllal bOlldlllg llI,tlt'II,d ... lIIil.' Il('
composed of fpflous, alUTIIIlIllll1 and slIJca ()xld('~jhydloxldc:::. WhILh cOlltldllltc tu (t·i\lt·IIUII).!,
agen ts. Qllan tita tl ve rlll(dySIS of amorph()l1~ Ill,ttel ial:::. US li ct! Iy IfIvol v('~ <t ]>1 ou· ...... (Jj pUI po ... el y
dissolving or extrûctlllg the' éllllorphous pha~e!::> from wd:::. (Appcndi:>.. (: pro\ïd(' ... il dda!l('c!
dISCUSSIon on VélflOll" techIllque'3 for dctel B1llléttlon of amOi phoU'> 1Il,t\Pll,tl,,) AllI()II).:;~,t
the a\'adclhle Il1cthlld~, Se,f',t!en's, (lD6x) tJeatnl<'llt appeéll<' 10 1)(' th(' llIo..,t dfi( II!lt ( ... et·
Appendlx C) Conslstcnt It':.ults haH' Iwctl obtoalllcd by lIlally rc~(',lldl<'l" \VIt h 1 (,"'peel tu
the qu,lIllltatlve cheIlli~tl \ of thc ,ullorphou!::> matt'lI,d" (:-"ld~y('''' el al , 1 !l7·1, I1elldcl "hut
and Carson, 197fi, Yong ('t al, 1979.1, Locat et al, 191'1·1) The dOlllllldTlt 1 OlllpOIWllh ,ln'
round to \)(' thc SI, Ft' allc; Al III lIlall)' ,;oil" t('"Led, the AI (UII ... tIl lI('nl 1" 1('" ... t !J,tII SI 01 ('Vt'f1
Fe 111 quantllv {\~ ,l hlgh ct~ 24% amorp!Jo\l" matell,,1 contellt (élllIorp]lOu" 1IIdlt'll,tljtq"t1
soil, wjw) h,td becn Icported hy Yong ct cd (19ï~Lt) fOI d. ('haIllpLtlTl St'.! d,LV lo(,t!('d
at Gatll1cau, rh~ar Ottawa, WhCICd'i ct SJD<dl dIllOllllt of Go/r wa~ detc((ed lor Illillly ~{)d" III
1 7 1
Quebec (Locat et al., 1984).
A.2.2 Origins of amorphous materials
The origin of am0i phous materials are generally considered to result from natut al wcather
ing pro cesses (Loiselle, 1971; Sangrey, 1972; McKyes et al., 1974; Yong et al., 1980) Of the
many constituents of Champlain Sea sensitive soils, amphiboles (particularly hornblende)
and pyroxenes are geologically very unstable and prone to weathering Th(' w('(ühcring
products may consist of chlonte and verrniculite, and/or hydrous and anhydrou:-. OXld('h
of iron, aluminum, manganese and others. The fad that the amorphous silica compound
exists in the most abundance suggests that parent mineraIs rich in Si compoI1enL may have
additionally contributed to the formation of silica oxides and/or hydroxides.
A.2.3 Geotechnicai and physico-chemicai roles of amorphous materials
Research into the role played by amorphous material in the sensitivity dcvelopmcnt of
Canadian post-glacIal clays originated from observations by Con Ion (1966) and Qtllgl('y
(1968). Conlon (1966) proposed an open, cement-bonded structure for Canadian clays
after a geotechnical appraisal of the Toulnustouc River clay Mineralogical analysis of this
highly cemented clay, made by Quiglcy (1968), revealed no carbonatf' mlIlerals, but th('
presence of iron and alumlllum hydroxides willch were thought tu hc responsl hIe for t!H'
cementation. Su bsequcnt works (c.g. Townsend et al., 1969, Sangrey, 1972) haV(' confirlllcd
that natural cementatIOn prnvides a reasonable explanatlOn for the propcrties obs(,1 veel III
Canadian marine sensitIve soils.
In attempting to assess the contribution of amorphous materials to the g('otcchnic..al
properties and behavior of sensitive soil,>, special attention has been given by Indny re
searchers (e.g. Loiselle et aL, 1971; McI\yes et al., 1974; Haynes and Quiglpy, 1976; Bently
and Smalley, 1978 and 1984; Yong et al., 1977, 1979a & 1980; Quigley, 1980 ,v 1983, Locat
et al., 1984; Yong and Ohtsubo, 1986; Torrance, 1987) to the belief that amorpholls rna
terial can form coatings on soil partlcle surfaces, as weIl as bnng ahout bonding hctwc'{'lI
particles, although a bonding mechanlsm has not yet been precrsely establi~ll('d 1'11(' ev
idence of amorphous material coating on sorne IlllIlcral surfaces is based on the' fact that
removal of the amorphous compounds enhances the X-ray peak intensilles of such mmerals
as hornblende, feldspar and quartz. This lead to the speculation that amorphous mat,(·-
172
l rials may originate from the unstable minerais of amphiboles and pyroxelles. Yong ~t al.
( 197%) intended to separate the effect of amorphous silica from that of iron by using se
leded wa~hing procedures. Partial rernoval of silica caused an apparent increase in rernolded
strength, whercas removal of amorphous iron and sorne alumina mduced drastic reductions
ill strength. Slmilar results of strength loss upon removal of iron were also dctecte~ by
lIendershoL and Carson (1978) These findings indicate that the role of amorphous silica
differs from that of iron or alumina.
StudlCS of arnorphous-clay associations were mainly conducted from the viewpoint
of soil SCIence, and little information is available with regard to the interaction between
the amorphous complex and marine sensitive clay minerais, e.g. illite and chlorite Only
in Iccent studlCS, sorne Icsearchers (e.g. Joncs and Uehara, 1973; Robert et al., 1981;
Saleh and JOllCS, 1984, and most recently Yong and Ohtsubo, 1986) have shown the actual
micro-photogrdphs of amorphous material, such as iron hydroxldc, associated wIth clay
particles, such as kaolImte, through scalming eledron microscoplc (SEM) allalyses. The
results obtaIflcd by Yong and Ohtsubo also indicate that such an assoCléüion (coating) IS
strongly a function (Jf the pH In the case of kaohnite/iron hydroxlde m)'{cd complexes, for
ex ample, permanent (pH-mdependent) coat mg of Iron hydroxide colloids on the kaolinJte
particle surfaces IS obtamed when the plI has rcachcd 3 Similar pH-dcpendcnt behavIOr
is also noticed fol' the Dmgbam ylCld stress values measured In their study. The above
findings suggest. that caleful control of pH IS essentlal, as it may exert slgmficant effects on
the experimental results.
In order to study the effects of amorphous rnaterial coating on the propertics of
pnrnary mineIals, Yong et al (1980) performed a series of experiments on quartz and
fcld~par adnllxcd wlth synthesized amorphous material Their rcsults indlcate that both
t.he amount dnd composItIOn, I.e type, of amorphous material can influence soIl properties
By changlIlg the propertlcs of the arnorphous constItuents, IL was possible 1,0 change the
specifie surfa('e area and, hcncc, the water holdmg capacity of the matenals For mstance,
cOl1slstency limits wcr(' found to be increased by an increase in thc mass ratio of amorphous
compositIOn, while shear strength and sllctioll (pF) were 10wereG IIowever, the trend of
change for these propert ics at the mass ratio 040 was not clear, especlally for the lIquid
lunit values. This irnpiies a nced for a further refined work wlth regard to the mfluence of
amorphous composition dt that particular mass ratio value.
The clear role played by the amorphous material in reducing the sensitivity of sorne
Champlall1 Sec\. clays containing relatively high arnorphous content has been presented in
173
1 Chapter 3 (refer aiso to Yong et al., 1979a). The mechamsms are unden,tood to be due
to the high water holding capacity and high bonding strength reestabIishcd by the amor
phous material. Both mechanisms give rise to the remolded shear strcngth It S('('IllS
accepted il! the literature that amorphous material forms bonds bet,ween soil particlcs vid
re-precipitation or re-crystallization at particle edges. Thus, the tcrm cementatlOll ha~
been adopted to interpret the mechanism of amorphous bonding, which is often re[errc'e!
to as a "brittIe" bond. A satisfactory explanation and clear liprJerstanding of the' meclla
nisms of "cementation" that govern the clay-amorphous phase mteractions and, hellre, t.he
geotechnical properties and behavior of sensitive soils have not yet been prcscnted in tht'
literature.
Although the significance of arnorphous rnaterial has been noted by soil sClcntists
and engineers, there has so far been no systematic investigation of the influellcc of amor
phous rnaterial on the engineering perforrnd.nce of clay soils in terms of basic geotechnical
parameters. Yet, even more irnportantly, scientific studies of the fundarncntal interactive
mechanisms between the soil particles and th(:; aillorphous material complex that govcfll
soil performance have been somewhat lacking.
174
Appendix B
Detailed Description of Testing Facilities
B.l Geotechnical engineering property tests
B.1.1 Consistency limits
The determination of liquid limits and plastic limits was done following the standard proce
dures described in ASTM designation (D4318-84). Distilled water was employed through
out the tests fOI water content adjustments. Each test was performed under the same
conditions, repeated two or three times, and the average value was taken.
B.1.2 Shear strength measurement
The Swedish falI-cone techrlique (Hansbo, 1957) was adopted for measuring both undis
tUI'hf'cl and relf10lded shear strength of the soil samples. For the undisturbed strength,
three readings were taken, however, for the remolded strength, a maximum and constant
cone penetration value was required by the remolding effort for a completf' breakdown of
soil structural bonds. The remolding process was done by spatula reworking and protec
tion for moi sture loss \Vas made by covering the plastic jar (containing soIl sample) with a
plastic bag during remolding The strength measurement was donc within a few seconds to
minimlze the thixotropic effect and moi sture loss. Shear strength of the soil samples was
periodically measured at dlfferent time intervals as the aging precess developed. At the end
of the aging test, the remolded shear strength was also obtained.
175
r .
1 D
B.1.3 Sensitivity and thixotropic strength ratio dctcnuillatioll
The sC/lsitivily val1lC' \\'clS d('!('IIl1IIlI'd usill).!, Iht' IlIldislllllH'd Sh(',11 ~11(,Il!-',th dl\'i,kd il, II\('
l'cmolded sile(\\' ~(J'('Il!!,t.h Fur tll\' laboratoly-pl ('\>,\1(,<1 ~()il ""lllph'''\, 1 Ill' 11\\'-:011 npi\ ~I ll'll.l!,1 Il
ratio ('l'Sn) WclS obttlilled flOIll the 1 at.lo of d!!,ed. 01 1 III xol 1 OpH • st 1 ('Il!!,1 h t () 1 II(' 1 Il 1 ('1 poL" 1'<1
l'cmolded shear strcngth takcn at t1H' bcglIlIling, cl~ wdl tl!> ,II IIIC' (,lId, 01 Ih(' (lp,iIlf!, k~1
This is becausc some samplc::, had tlH'ir ]('n!oldcd . ..,trrIl.l?,th l('dll<'('<1 ~Iigltll\' afl('1 <lp,ing lUI
SOInC timc. For cxatllplf', tll<' IS/OAO/ IS/8 SdlllplC' h,\<1 aIl iuil wll-ol\('c\I' l-otl'<'lIp,1 il (lI (l 10 ~'I){I
at a water content equal 1.0 [Wp -\- 125x(\VI Wp)1 At Ill<' ('lId of I;JO-dtly agi!lp, Il',,1,
éi lCrnoldcd shcar strength of 0.085 1.: Pa WclS Il\Pc\Sll\'('c! The !'('Illold('d :,h('dI' ,,1 l<'I1).',! h ,t! 11'1
30 days or aging \\as the Il li/lcarly intcl'polate<l 1,0 h(' O.O!)Î (= 0 10 (010 O,(]X:J)j( I:)()
0) x 30) I.'Pa 'l'Iii::, \'allIe' \Vas t1wn med Lo divide thr :~O-dëly appel Sh('cll stl('II~lh for Ill('
TSR dctcrmination, In this c,\se, ct TSH valu<, of 20:~O \Vas oblaÎIH'd (1\)(; \ljO O~IÎ), Nol!'
t.hat. t.he !'('ason for the l('Inoldecl st!'C'Ilp,th reductioll is explclllH'd III Ch,lpl!'1 :~,
B.1.4 Soil water retention and volume change nlcaSUrCllleut
B.1.4.1 Sample preparation for soil suction test
Each of the sor! samplcs to be used in tlH' suction sttldy waf pl(1('<1 ill a IIICI!!' holdel nI
:3,81 cm (1..5 111cll) internai diarneLer and between 1 to 2 CHl in hC'i!!,ht .. /\ IIIH'II (l(Jlh l)d!'>('
had becll pl'cvio\lsly glucd to the bottom of each holder. Thp ,-oil sampl('s ill H'Jl)"ld!'d
fOlm (paste), \Vith a liquiclity index ?djllstcd to 12,5, \\'('ll' pltl('('d ill III<' :',11111'1(, hold('1 lOI
a weck of aging pl ior to the cornmenCell1C'llt or the l-ollctlOll te~1 011(' w(,<,1; of ,Igitlg W,l~
found ne('('SSllry for the sOlls to gain sumcl<'nt st.rrllg,th fOI h(U1c1lill~ purPO!'>(''',
The sllctioll i~ llH'asured in uuits of pF, an allcllogv 10 pli, which i., d<'filH'd a" 1 h('
logal'lt hlllic valllc of \Vatr(' "cad ill centillwtn''l,
B.1.4.2 Apparatus for the soil suction test
The soil suction med:,nl'C1l1Cnts were perfornH'd by lI~illg V,II ion.., .... u< t 101\ d(>vl< (':-', d.., dlll'"
tratul in Fig. 13, 1. Det ailecl descriptions arf' as follows:
1 a portable wat.el' taIlk containlllg c1eân, coar~(' sand « o,!> lI/nt diallH't('1 ) (O!l.,til III in!!,
a system having, a pF range of 0 to !;
176
soil samples filter paper
cylinder ~ coarsp. sand
( 1) Movable water level tank for pF range 0--1.
measur~ng
tube
rubber backing
~ compressed air
ceramlC plate
(2) Pressure plate extractor for pF range 1-4.2.
Flg. B.1 Various apparatuses usedfor sOlI suctlon measurement.
177
•
The sand was packed into a rectangular lucitt, box tn a hel~ht of ahollt 1.1 C1/I, ,md
subsequently saturated with water and coyered with a s!wct of lilt(,1 JMIH'r A CyLlldt'1
containinp: water was cOTlIl('cted to an oullet al tlw bottolll of tl\{' tank 'l'III' w,II('1
level III the cy llIldcr was adj ust,e>d to 1 CnI bc>low t Il(' ~alld "Ill [,ICt' lor p F 0 dlld 1 ()
cm below for pF 1 EvaporatIOn was rnlllirnlzcd Ly coverlIlg thc t,lllk wlth a IlIClt(·
sheet in wltich ct small hoir was 2.IIleci. so ,lS to perIm!. at l1lo~pl}('n(' prt'S~llf'(' tu 1)(,
mamtamed III the tank,
2, pressure plate extractors capable of il pF lange [IOlll 1 lo·1 :!;
These consisted of several porous Cel'allllC plate~, wlth (hfrel('nl pres<;llr(' ('lJ>clbilltll'~
(from ~0il MOISt1ll'c Equiprnent Company. USA) The SPf'Clficd CelpaClty o[ c,ul! pl<lt(·
was taken to 1.)(' that pres~ure al wlllch éllr woult! Just !Jf'gln 10 <'nter lt. ,lfl.f'l I.hc pl,lI('
had Leen pre\'lously satu! ated witl> \\'aler The"e pl,lte') W('n' alway" kl'pl ."It III akd
while air pressure was aophcd dunng SIl( tlOIl t('~t 11Ig The elll P!('S<;III'C". wlll<_h wI'n
supplied by a regulat:J1' or a comprcssed air cylInd('I, were TlJ('C\..,II('c'cI ily cl ll\,lII01lH't('1
or a pressure gauge The pressure valuc~ applwd w('I'(' Ilan~fcII(,c! IlltfJ tIlt' pl-' ~1Jcl!l)lI
units
B.1.4.3 Volume change measurement
Both undlsturbed and contlllually remolded sod samplf's had their v()l\lrn('~ Illt'a"lll t'cl ,lI 1 Il!'
beginning, as weil as at each sllctlOn level Increment. For contlflllcdly 1t'I!loJdt'd ~arnpl(·",
remolding \Vas done at every sllction Increment by a ~patllia \l('I(IIIY W,l'" ll,,('d to fill II\('
emptied spacc resultlI1g from shnnkctgc of the SOlI c;ilmplp,> Sot! volulII(' \\'a" (,d( II1,t(('c! Il\'
wClghing the sample with anà wlthout the Illercury, The \'Ollllllf' ch'U1g(' of ,1 "ut! "clllIpJ(, clt
a glven suctlOI1 IS referred to the changf' relative to the> Hlltlal st,ltl' \0111111(' al pl-' 0
B.2 Physico-chemical Property Tests
B.2.1 Specifie surface are a determination
The surface alca of sod ~alllple". wlll(h wer ... · pn'\'lo\l"ly fr('cz('-drwd dlld pul\'cflz('d, \VI'n'
measured wIth ethylcne glycol mono-ethyl etlwl (EG ME) accOI dlllg to tht' proc('t! \11'(' de
scribed by EItalltawy and Arnold (1973) The pl'lllciplt' bf'hlI1d thi" method 1'> 1 hal tI\('
EGME forms a mOllo-rnolecular layer on the ~od partlde~, SIIICt' tilt' arnOll Il 1 of EC \1 L
178
1
1
Il('('dl'd to cover 1 m 2 of the sod partlcle surface IS known (I.e 280 x 10-4 q EGME per m 2
(Jf ~urf<lC('), tlw ... mfctc(' area of the solls could be calculated from the difference iIl weight
of tlw .."ullple \VIth éllld wlthout EG\fE coilting A total of one gram of soil or amorphou!-o
lIJ,lU'llet! !JOWd(,I Wd<; u<;ed,
B.2.2 Cation cxchange capacity and exchélngeable cations
'l'Il<' [Jwtl!oc! m('d fOI th!' <;llll1l1tdIleou<; measurernent of the catlOIt CXChdnf!;C' cap'lClty 0f the
sod and ,lIlIOrpholJ<; fIlaU'rla!. as weil as their admIxtures. was de\ e10pcd hy Chhabrd et
ct! (1!J7.S) Tht' COIICf'J)t 1'" ba..,ed on the \cr! IlIgh affirllt! of the sdvcr-t111oUICct cOIllplex
1011 lo tlw ..,od\ :-.ohe! ~ulfétC(' The rnethod consl<;ls of a slIlglc saturatlOll of a known
welght (edJOut 0 fi gram) of a ~Oll saIllplc \\'lth 0,01 !If sdver-thiourea solutIOn, wlllch 1S
hllfff'Ied (pI! = ï) WII hO 1 M clmmOIllum acetate, 'rd ensule il complete cation cxchange by
sil \,('1 , Il)(' ~lhl)('I1,)I()Jl 1" ... hakcn fOI ·1 hours Tills I~ followed Ly detcrmination of the silver
(OllcC'ntlcllioll It'ftovel III the supcrnatallt u~ing ail at.OI11IC absorption spectrophotoIllcter
(AAS) Thl' (l1[fl'l('l1(e betWL'Cll the initiaI MId tlw Icfto\'el c,)IJCentrdtlOll. wlllch I~ the
arnount of ~d\'('r absorLf'd on the soltd\ surfaces, is assumed ta be the <atloll cxchangc
capacity The cntlle tcstlIlg process was performed ID the dark due to the instabdlty of
the sd\'el-t111olll'ca lOIlIplex WhCl1 f'xposed to ltght, l'lore detatled testll1g procedure can be
found 111 the rdt'Icncf' glven ahove
ChCllllCdl clllaIY::'I" of exchangeable cations (1\, Na, Ca and Mg), which are replaced
by the !->J1\t'I. 1'" (tl~() !>PIforIll('d on the samc supernatant uSIDg the AAS,
B.2.3 Anion exchange capacity
The éUllOn e\(!JdIlge capaClty (AEC) was determmed usmg a methocl similar to that used
by F('Y clllel Le Houx (19ïfl), hut modlfied by Duquettc and Hendershot (l98ï), ID which the
NII,ICI ,mc! 1"':l'\0.\ \\'cre enlployed a<; the saturatlIlg and replacing solutIOns, respectively,
TIlt' Illet hoc! ll"!,'" about 2 grams of an alr-clrIcd soil sample, wluch is placed in a
ccnt! Ifllg<' t llbc ,wei thell trcatcd \\'Ith 0 1 N KH 4 CI solutIOn FollowlIlg 'lne-hour shaking.
centrIfugatloll cUld decantatlOll of supcrnatant arc dO!1e, and a ne\\' 2.) mL alIquot of 0 1
!\' N 11 4('1 l!-o addl'd and followed by an adjustIl1ent of pH to ï U51I1g 0 l N HCI or NlI 40H
Shaklll!!, tiie s,lll1ples O\'('! Il1ght IS then neccssary to cnsur(' a complete saturation of NBt and
CI- IOns OIl the Iwgatl\c and positive 5itcs, respectively, of the sail. A 0,01 N NH 4CI solutIon
is llscd to huther Wcl/'Cl the sail, and tbe pH of the solution is taken following a second 0 01
179
N NH 4CI wasb The soil IS then trcated \\'Ith :25 mL j N Kr-\OJ ~nlllt ,on to !t'plat ('
NIl: and Cl- IOll~ absorbed on the soil surfacc~ through Shclkl1Jg and (l'nt nfllgtll 1011 TIlt'
COllccntlcttloll of NIIt (fOI CEe) and CI- (fol AEC) 1011" art' c!('!crIlllll(·d COlnllllll'IIH.dl,\ ln
the Indophcllol blue' m('thod (DorIch and 1':cl"OII, j9fU) alld by thl' lIl!'ICl\ly (II) tlll(H Y<lII.llc'
method (PiOlcnc(' and Farrar. 19ÎI). f('spectl\'('ly 'l'hl' CEe and AEC \'illl\(,~ ar(' (.dl I\ltllt'd
after a (OrIectlOIl fOI the ()« ludl'd ",dt Idt (lfter the final :\11.1('1 \\'.l~lllllg stl'Jl
B.2.4 Zeta potential IneasureInent
The zeta pol<'ntléll of thl' ~Oll", cllllOlphou,> nntcllal, and thell adllllxtlllP'i \\'él~ dl'!t'rIllIlwd
\Vith the ale! of a zetametcl and the applIcatlOll of the H('ll1lholt",-SlllOllICho\\'~kl ('q,I,lIlol1
Only cl minl\te quantlty of SpCCInWll wa~ IcqUlred to prepare <l very dtluk !'>1\"!)('ll~l(lll
(about 0 O~% ~oiId COIlCl'ntrdt IOlI) TIJ(' plI oÎ tll<' ~oll\tJOn had 1,('('11 pn'\'lol\"ly <,('t pl 101
to the adc.lI tlon of t he sorl~ or amorp hou,> rllcltellal corn pOli nd::. S('\'('I al il).'; 1 1 cllllJll" W('I!'
llC'ce!'><,al} lu Inca].., dO\\[l the ~orl fI()c~, follow('c! b) ,i p<'nod ur "Iandlllg lu ,t1I()\\ tlt(· ~cLJllplc'~
to be eqllrllbléllt'd \\ It It the buff('rrng solutloIl~ Thl' zeta pOtt'llt lai tl'"l" \\'('11' PPI !olllll'd
on the SUspCIlSJOn~, and the val ue~ were calndated (Ulel corrected li "1 I1g t 1)(' )[('111 11 lUI 1 l'
Smoluchow.,kl reiatlOnshlp a~ fo1l0\\'5 (Hif'n1('IlZ, 19ïï)
l', ch = l't,l- (U,a, ô)
t
\Vherc 6 = zeta potential in CSlL, /)/ = electlo-phoretlc mobrllty, in ('('ntIIll<'tre~ p('r ~t'«()lld
pel \ olt . t'I = \'ISCOSlty of suspendlI1g fluid, III l'01S(', ( = dielectnc comtant of "'11"!H>lldlllg
iIqtlld. alld "'n = III\'er~e of double layer thlckIlCS'- Illultlplwd by the IMrtlC 1(, ladlth
B.2.5 Viscosity and Bingham yield stress determinatioll
The V1SCOc.,lt) vrllues of the ~alllple ... w('re !1l('cl<;UI('d U')lllg ,l lolclt lIlg (yllIldrt< ,t! \'1"( OllH't('1
(Contravf's HbeoIllat 1.5), capclble of 15 dlffcrellt she,ll Idl!'" Ill( !l'd"'IIlg III gC'ollwIIl( pro,
gr('s~ioll By nw,i"ullllg tl[(' torque [('qulrpd tu nI,untcllIl a gl\'CIl "I)(',u rat!', t 1[(' "Iw,n <,t I('~ ...
Cdn bl' crl!culated, d.l\d the f1o\\' behd\'lor of the I!l,t!crt,t! (<lll 1)(' dt'dlll /.<1 Il:. 1 II!' BIIIgh,llIl
ylcld !'>tIC'>!'>, Wlll( il 1'1 det('lllllllf'd b} J>IOJ('( tlllg tlte "tn'"... ~I}(,élr rcllt' (,\lr\'(' (lIIW.t[ pOlI I(J[I)
onto the slwéir slless aXI~ The Inter~e( tlOll 1" t1w Blllglrc1111 sUe"" ",duc tri 111111'> of <,tIC .......
The solid conce'ntratloll wa" cho~ell to 1)(' J% fOI tIlP alIlorph(J1I ... nIdtl'lléll dlld lOflr f{JI
the soils and thelr 'ldrmxtures wlth thp anlOrpholl., lIlat('nal. r('~p('( tlv('ly '1 Ill' 'dl"IH'Il"IOIl'"
were \Vell shakcn tü cnsure umforrnity, and \Ver<' ll'ft for ('(plllIbrrunl owrnlght followlllg l'II
180
adJU.,trrH'flb 'l'II(' vallle~ of Blllgham yield stress determined on the following day were
(dl!brat,('d ügal/lst that of pun' dlstilled waler
8.2.6 Infrared speetrometry study
III tlll~ ~tlldy. Ilw silIllple'- wpre [llepared by mixlI1g olle part sail, or amorphous materia! or
"d III 1 xt III l'. wlth 10 pclrh of buITerlllg rnatencll (potassium bromlde, I\ BI) Followmg mlxing,
m,lllll,t! glllldlllg Wél~ c,lIT]('d out III et mOItaI lIntil the fTIlxtUff' had turned into a very fine
p()\vder 'l'Ire powdcl. (OlltetlTlll1g 10<.« soIl ~ctrnpk. wa~ (()mpre~s:,d to approxlll1atcly 10,000
pSI (G!J.O H; kjJa) hy il (()l1Ipre~<;or 1,0 obtam a thll1 ~('ctlOn specimen A lJlank sample (pure
KBr) wa" (t1~o le~t('d a" ct background alollg \\'Ith the othc{ samples.
The II1fl an'c! SPC( t rornet nc patterns were ohtamcd uSlI1g an Infrarecl Srectrophotome
ter (mode! ACCeLAB manufacturecl hy the Beckman Company) To minimize the eITect
of !TlOI"tilrc adllf'rillg 10 the ~()d sarnp!es, they were kept III a cleslccator before the test~
WI'I (' cOlld lI( ted
B.2.7 Seanning eleetron microscopie (SEM) study
A JVC T:WO 'icanlllllg el l'ct roll mlcro<;copp Wil~ usee! to ob"el \(' the micro-structure of the
soJ!/amolplroll" mettl'lla! adnuxtllres The air-clned ~arnp!es from ctbollt 1 1,000 (so!id' !Jq-
11!(1) COIl( ('lltr,t!IOIl ,>u'>peIl'>IOII were coated \\ Ilh carbon and tben gold palladIUm a~ requlred
fOI the SE;\! l<'~t Thl' llquld wa" distilled water wlth a plI pre-adjllsted to a deslred va!ue
by addrng NaOIl 01 Ile! A pH of 8 was used rn most of the samples, and was assumed to
1)(, li\(' ~ampk\ pli UIlIe."" otherW1Sf> indicated In order to malTltalll t.he sam pIe'!) original
(uIHhsturl)('d) ~tIUctur(', a vely small amount of ~od etnel/or amorphous matenal was care
fully tetkl'n Ollt from Il ~ undlsturbed state and immersf>d into the liqllld. A few shakes were
t!J('!1 T}('('(''-~tlry 10 "'('parate the floc~. and a "mJ!ky" suspensIOn was subsequent!y obtalTled
Ollt' drop of t111~ "1I,,(>eIlSlon wa~ plpetted and placee! onto the SEM sample stab for air dry
IlIg befo!'t' 1 Il(' (arboll clTld gole! pallaciJum coatll1g was apphèd For the remolcled samples,
non-stop sllil~Jng (by hand) wa" performed for about .5 minute~ to eIlsure a complete dis
ruptloll of sad stl uc t ma! bOlldIllg Ali of the sod samples had be~n aged for approximately
:l mOllt hs III the bUlllld room before the SEM tests were conducted The maglllfication was
ultlll1dtdy selccted at 15,OOOx after several trial tests
181
B.2.8 X-ray diffraction analysis
TIH' !IlIlH'I',I!O/!,ll.d dllclh..,h o! 1 II<' I.lhOl',llOl \ ..,011..,. cllll()1 phlJlh Illclkll.d ellI.! 1 hPII ,HIIIII\.
111\('''' \\',,~ 1II,\d(·I\..,i)1f~ cl Sl<'III<'II~ I):)()() ,IP\l1I) ,II Il'-, wilh (\11'0 1,1(!t,t!IOI\ ()lwlltI'd ..,ltdt·~ \\t'It'
o\II;lllll'd aller dl} III/!, ri "'II"'P(·II..,IOII (\.0<.% .,olld) uf dIÎ('<\ ,1I1d pllh('II/l'<\ "'llllpit' 111I\t'<I \11111
dl.,tilll,d Ilellel FOI lit<' cllllOlpholl'" IIldl(·II,d .... cl "p('(illl<'l1 \\',1" Pll·Pdll·<I (1U11l <III "ppIU\.1
Illill('l.\ :~ (JI(//lI.~ of \I,(·t ,Il,!'!. ",hi(h \l'eI.'' ~pl("ld u1\ XBn ... 1I1t' ,llId "llh)t'( It'd tu dll <II \ 11i.L',
B.2.9 Soil pH measurement
:\ CJ \~ pli/ISE 111('('1' (1lIclllllf.H tlll/'d h,\ tll<' B('(],:IlI,lII ('OIllPd!'I') Wei ... l\..,t·<I III Illt· .. ..,lll(· Ill<'
..,oI! plI \',!III(' 1 III' 1(·ddll1).', "1"1'11 1)\ <1 ~t<llld'lIdil.(·<\ «)llIll1l1,dÎOII <'il'( tll)d(' " ..... (,ddlldl('"
Il'11 Il 1 hll'(' I!ld!l'I .,Olll( jUil"', j (', pli = 10. ï.O <11)(1 100, <d I()OIIl 1('IIII)('ld( 111<' \\'ltt'II III<'
..,( ,d>ll!z('d ('\11 )('lIt 11,1<1 1)('('11 1('(\111('<1,
'l'hl' ..,nI! pli \'aille \\,.1.., 1l1('d"'III<'c! <lI clii applO\.lllldl(· w,d(,1 (0111<'111 Il·ll·lellll Il) 111,i! dl
IIqllldlly 1II<1<,x 1 :2.') (JI' 1 Il<' (1t()~(,11 ~,lI11pl(', III nt 11(')' \\'ord~. tl\(· ""llIlpl('''' (il~( h,ul t 1 \l'II \\,d(,1
(Ol1t('\lh hlOlI.L',hl ,IPPloxlllla\<'l: ln tilt' )(·k\<\llt !tqllidll.\ IIld(·'\ uf l '2~). el Il <1 Ilwll hdd \11<'11
plI \"111(,,, 1I1<'<1'-.111(·d clild cHljll.,kd (ln IJldlllgh, rollo\\'lllg ail ()\('llIlghl ('qllllll>l )lll!1
Appendix C
Amorphous Material Determination and Laboratory Synthesizing Process
C.I General
AnlorpholiS m<lterIal was believed to exist only in volcanic ash-rich tropical soils However,
d tiC to w(·(tthermg effect~, amorphous mater ial can also be formed as weathering products
derIved pnmanly from hornblende and feldspar (Sangrey, 19ï2, Hendcrshot and Carson,
1978; Yong et al ,1980) This scems to be the case in marine deposited seIlsltlve sods.
{'!'>!wnally if the scdlnlent is uphfted above the water table, where It IS consequently sub
jf'cted to oXldatlOns The amorphous matenal content and composItIOn are, hence, largely
a functlOB of localJty and depth, as weil as, of course, the degree of weathenng
For IlIaJly of the manne c1ay~ studied III Eastern Canada, amorphous materials were
found to he composee! mainly of three wmponents (Yong et al., 1979a; Locat et al , 1984)
-- <lnlorphou!'> slilca, Iron and alumma These components are beheved to eXIst in the
(h('[TIIcal forllls of hydroxides and/or oxides.
C.2 Amorphous material determination
Idclltlficat 1011 of dll1orphous matenal ln sOlI~ has long been a concern of soil scientlsts The
Illet hods fOI det(·[ lllllllllg the composItIOn and amoun t, of the non-crystalllne matter present
111 ,l !'>Oll Illets!'> h,\\'(, b(,(,11 con troversial The arguments arise mai!lly from whether or not an
e:d rdet iOIl of amorphous matenal from a representative soil sam pie would attack crystalline
Illlllel <11:-" (md ho\\' l1luch of the minerais would be dissolved To be specifie, ail methods
183
involve a process of purposely dissolving the amorphous component \VIth either st.rong or
weak reagents, which, in fact, react with both the amoq>hous and, to a certain pxtent,
crystalline matter. If, In other words, the quantity of crystalline mlll<>ral" (lissolved CéUl bl'
estimated during the extraction proccss, the I1lcthod of extraction woulcl be ail applopriate
one.
It has been proven by Yong and Wang (1990) that the pll-dependcIIt dissolution
technique, proposed by Segalen (1968), is quite acceptable for dctermming const.ituent
amorphous material !Il soils. The conclusion is based 011 the cxpcrimcnt.al r('sult S obté.incd
using bath natural and laboratory soils, with and without the additlOll of kllOWIl amount.s
of syntheslzed amorphous mdterial More specifically, Segalen 's mcth0c! dcted ... V('I y clos('ly
the actual amount and components of amorpholls mat.erial admlxed into the soib Ulllikl'
Jackson's (1958) and Kawai's (1977) methocls, Segalen's approach can estimaI,(' tht' amount
of crystallmc material dlssolved dunng the amorphou!:> extraction plocess by ctpploxil1l<ltlll)!,
a steady dissolutIOn rate, while the amorphous portiOn IS rapidly dlssolv{'cl. f\ dt'Scnpt.lorl
of Segalen 's procedure IS presented m the upeoming section. It should be pOlllted out. that.
Jackson's method IS compatible wIth Segalcn's solely for the arnorphous IrOIl extractlOll,
whereas Kawal 's approélch dete<-ts only about one quarter of the actual amount. adcled in
the soils Amol pilous sllIca can be estlrnated only wlth Segalen 's rnethod, according lo t!w
expenmental results obtctlIled.
C.3 Identification of amorphous material by the pHdependent dissolution technique
The identificatIOn of amorphous rnatenal present III soils relles on the faet that, the rcc!< tlOI1
rate of the amorphous material (because of ItS extremely small partlcles and lllgh surfatl'
area) is more rapid than that of crystélllmc rndtenals
The pH-dependent dlssolutioll techIllque usec! III the study was dcvelopf'd by Segalen
(1968) for :roplCal soils. Dy d<>cleaslllg the pI! of the' soil saI ,le wlth the dd<!JtlOll of ail ~
N Hel solutIOn, Iron and alUInllla ail' di~o,olvcd; d,Il incrca~,(' III the pH by tbe addltlOIl of
0.5 N NaO II solutiOn would dissolve silica alld alumina.
The Sdll1 pIc of o\'cn-dried soi 1 (0 5 ta 1 0 graIIl~) W.iS II eatcd ("h'lken) wi th «,Id (room
temperature) 8 N HCI solutIOn for 30 nlln to dissc,lv(' aIUII11I1a and Îwn 'l'Il(' ('X( ('~s 11('[
was removed by washlllg and c.cntrlfugcülon of tflf' samplc Wlth c.hstliled watcr TIl\~ Wctc,
followed by the addition of 0.5 N NaOH, and plctcernent of the s<imple in a hot Welt.er b,tI,1J
184
1 for t} min. to permit dissolution of silica and alumina. This procedure of aiternate washings
of Hel and NaOH was repeated eight times on the sume soil sample.
The rdpid rise 1Tl the dissolution curve shown in Fig. C.I indicates removal of amor
phous matellal and crystalline mineraI in the first four cycles of washing. \Vhen the asymp
totie portion of the dissolution curve is reaehed, the amorphous material has been almost
tot.ally removed, and the siore is now determined by the steady state of dissolution of the
pure crystalline mineraIs. The extrapolation techmque thus allows one to account for this
laUer Il1fluence.
The amount of dissolved Si02 was determined colorimetrically by reduction of ammo
nium molybdate bille complex, and the amount of dissolved Fe203 by the sulphosalicylic
aCld method. The amount of alumina Ab03 was determined usmg eriochrome cyanine R
dye.
C.4 COlnposition of amorphous materials
Besides sihca, iron and alumina components, which compose the majority of amorphous
matel ials, other components, such as amorphous manganese, are aiso expected to be present
In some sods, dependmg upon the compOSItIOn of parent matenals, as weIl as on the con
dition of chemical weathering. The soils used in thi~ study have un-measurable amounts
(probably withm the lImitation of the testing facility) of amorphous manganese and tIta
nium, due apparently to the lack of these elements in the parent mineraI phase In 8eneral,
the rnost dominant component of amorphous material is silica, since it is the most abundant
chemical element constItuting any given sod The second major component is either Iron
or alumina, depending on whichever is more abundant III quantity in the parent soil phase.
C.5 Preparation of synthesized amorphous materials
The amorphotls materials used in this study were synthesized by the co-precipitation tech
nIque of Herbilloll and Tran VlIlh An (1969). Only amorphous iron, silica, and iron/silica
mixed hydroxides were used, to maintain as simple a system as possible
In order to obtain Iron/silica mixed hydroxides, precalculated volume of Na2Si3·9H20
(0.05 AI) and FcCb·6H 20 (0.05 M) solutions were mixed slowly in a beaker to yield a
pl t'determll1ed mass ratio. The pH had to be kept at 8 0 during mixing by addition of
185
f-' co 0'
8.0
7.0
- 6.0 ~
....... ~
)-t 5.0 '<J
JoZ UJ !z 4.0
B (Il
Ë5 3.0 :I: &! a :::E < 2.0
1.0
QUEBEC ST. MAURICE CLAY ( fI7 )
~ Si02 (3.5%)
À Fe2~ (2.8%)
o A 12 03 (1. 0% )
Total = 7.3%
, ----==-.1. ______ A ------~ ~ ~ ::..--- A----
/.1./ -&-- _ --&- _ -1:) - -----é)
----o.o·~~----~----~~----~------~----~------~----~------~ 6 7 8 o l 2 3 4 5
NUMBER OF VASHINGS
FIg.C.I DetermInatIon of amorphou~ ~aterlal by the pH-de~endent dIssolutIon technIque.
~
--------------------------~---
1
T
L
I1el or NaOII with gentle stirring. In the case of pure amorphous iron and silica, only
pI-1 adjustmcnts were necessary. lmmediately after mixing the reactants, the amorphous
material complexes formed were composed of very fine particles. It is then necessary to
stlr the suspensions gently, but continuously, for one week to obtain grain growth without
crystallization Following filtering and washing with distilled water to remove excess free
salt, the wet amorphous material samples (gels) were ready to use. The mass ratios of the
amorphous material can be controlled by varying different. portions of the sodium silicate
and ferric chloride solutions.
C.6 Visual descriptions of synthesized amorphous material
Ali the amorphous materials were synthesized in the same way as previously described.
The foliowlIlg IS a vIsual descriptIOn of the amorphous materials in the wet state (as it was
u~ed) with different mass ratios (MR). The description is made below using the revised
Standard Colol' CharI, by Oyama and Takehara (1976).
(a) MR = 0 : white (an opaque off-white gel);
(b) MR = 0.10: pale yellow (an opaque pale yellow gel);
(c) MR = 0.25: yellow (an opaque yellow gel);
(d) MR = 0.40: bright yellowish brown (a yellowish brown gel);
(e) MR = 0.54: bright brown (a brown gel);
(f) MR = 1 : dark reddish brown (a dark reddish brown gel).
It is seen that the color changes from white to yellow, and then ta brown, as the mass
ratio varies from 0 to 0.25, and then to 1. The opacity is, of course, reduced as the mass
ratio, i.e. iron content, increases.
187
Appendix D
Additional Test Results frolll N atural Soils
D .. I General
A natural inorganic sensitive-to-quick clay sail from Saint Maurice at ShawinIgan, Qucbec,
a typical Champlain Sea clay in Eastern Canada, was used. Thc sIte IS locatcd about rnid
way between Montreal and Quebec CIty. Soil samples were obtained using a Shclby tube'
sampler. As far as it was possible ta establish, the samples werc undlsturbcd and Icpn'
sentative of one, fairly homageneous soil stratum. The samples werc taken from diffcrent
barehales and al depth~ of 3-10 m in the same area Following Ill-situ wax-scaling, tl\('
samples were transported and stored in a humid room, where a constant tempcratulc of
25°C and 100% relative hUffildity are rnaintained, until they were requircd
Sorne of the properties and characterrstics of the SaIllt Maurice clay were air C'ndy
preserted in Chapters 2 and 3. The results, which may not be dlrcctly rclatcd to the
objective of this study, are presented herein for the purpObe of provIdlllg a reference baSl~
Many of the data were used in designing the laboratory soil system for the compositlollal
control purpose.
Fig. 0.1 presents sorne of the physical and chemical test results far the QUt'b('(
St. Maurice Champlain Sea quick clay. It shauld be emphasized that the 'icllsitlVlty vdlue,>
ranging from about 16 ta almost 400 are controlled rnainly by the remoldcd shear strength
Most of the experrmental techniques used have becn descrihed in prf'vlOus appendice~. '1'0
avoid repetition, only new testing facilities arc given in thlS appcndix.
188
~ ---fie. D. 1 Expenmen tal resul ts of Quebee St • Haur~ee Champlaj n Sea clay.
No. 'BH# Shear strength (fall eone) - kPa
Remolded Sens~t~vity
GraIn Slze analysIs
clay 2 f :'.J ut:' Y U)' -Y/s-c .,: -yi x MU -')1 --;v ~'}J 'D ,tpV ~9v ""TOU 1 J.p L.JQ -'çA, ',...} l}-', 3,D
F5 1 329
F2 1 328
4
6 """ 1F9 1329 ~ Q) w Q)
f-' E 1 FlO 1 33J (Xl
I.D ...c: 8 w 0. Q)
Ci I~ 1 ~~ 1
10
12.1 F4 1 328
14
f61~ L
16~J __ ~ __ ~ __________ ~ ______ -L ______________________ ~ __________________ ~ ______ ~ ______ ~ ______ ~
Flg. D.I (cont 'd) Expenmental results of Quebec St • Maurice Champlain Sea clay.
Non-clay mIneraI composition Pore-fluld analysis
Amorphous materlal Zeta Total No. IBH # ICarbonate (%).
Content (%)
2E1: 1..0 2_0 1 2.5 6.5 1 7.0 8 .• 0 9 .• 0 l
1 F2 328
4
"2 6 OJ 1F9 1 329 ....,
..... OJ \0 E 0 '-"
..c 1 FIO 1 3~ ~ g OJ
Cl 1
f7 331 F13 331 F3 328
1
10
12iF4 1328
14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1
Fll /31) .... -----. 1 ~ I.--J '---1 li (1 (
F 1 327 Fl~ ~~7
Il)
1 D.2 Sand, Silt and Clay Content
Following rcnoval of organI( matter (using H2 0 2 oxidation method described later), 2
grams of oven-dned soil sample was ground, and added to 35 mL of NaHC03 dispersion
hgcllt. {lItrasol1lc trcatment and ovcrnigllt standing were necessary to ensure dispersion. To
~cparate ~alld from the sJit and clay, the sample was carefully poured into a 0.053 mm sieve
(No. :270) and the Ictcllned particles (sand) were washed, subsequently dried and weighed
for san d COll te nt deter minat iOIl. The lrquid passi ng thlOugh the sieve, containing clay and
~jlt sizc fr actIOns, wa" ccntrifuged at a specrfied rate and time so that the silt fraction
would settle first. The suspcndcd clay liquid was poured, dried and welghed, together
with rnatenal separated from any subsequent silt fraction extractIOn. The silt fraction
was obtained when the top layer (clay fraction) liquid was clear following the required
celltrifugation Drymg and weighing the silt fraction was then completed.
The pcrcentage of each fraction was calculated using the initIal sorl weight as 100%
(taking into account also the organic content).
The dctailed procedure IS given in the Laboratory Manual used at the Geotechnical
Research Centre, l'vlcGill UnIversity.
D.3 Carbonate Content
The met/lOci for the determmatlOn of carbonate content used in the study has been mtro
duccd for somc tIme and has been employed by QUlgley et al. (1982). Detailed report and
testing J>lOcedure can be obtaincd from GRe (1982)
Ba~('d on the principle that a largcr amount of carbonate can produce a larger amount
of CctrbOll dlOxlde gas \Vith thc addItIOn of a certam quantity of acid, the content of car
bonates, l1lalllly lI1 tlt(' form of calcite and dolomite, can be determined in a system where
Boyle's Lm IS applwd In 1660, Hobelt Boyle performed a series of experiments in which
Il<' detPIll11l1ed the effcct of pressure on the volume of a glven air sample. Boyle's Law
céln he \\'ritten as follows: the volume of a gIven quantrty of gas varies inversely wlth the
pressure, the tcmperature remall1ll1g constant Since the product of pressure P and volume
\' I~ const an!, 13o.\I("s Law may be expressed m the CO!1VCI1l~nt [orm'
WlllCh means that in a closed system, the product of the pressure and volume in the first
191
1 state equals that in the second.
The volume of carbon dioxlde eas, produced by hydrochloric dcid al. d sp{'clfi('d Ulll
centration which was enough lo dcstroy the carbonates ln the soib, Wc\"" qUctlltltdtl\I·I~
measured. Due to the dlffercnt amount of carbonate matter, li\(' valtlll\\' of Ac\" }lI Odll< et!
varies from one SOlI sarnplc to anothcr SlIlCC the value of volu!llc plOdllccd flOIll cl ~I\'('!I
amount of carbonates by welght 1:" known tlllael il calIbration of b,UOIlH'tllc PI('!'l"IIIC, tlH'
amOUIl t of carbonates eXIsting 111 the sotls wab ca lculated ac cordlllg t 0 the r,1( bOIl d IOXld(·
gas formed upon addition of the acid, rcgulcltcd III conîcntratlon dnd qUd.lIt.ifi(,ÜlOl\
It has been reported that most marine soi!s)ll East Canada cont.aill 1-·1% of cclrbonak
though with sorne exceptions (Quigley, 1980) Thc St !\'1auflce clays haw carhollrlt (' COllt('1I t
measured from O.ï to 26%, whlch me compatible WI:11 those r<'ported for th(' soib III the
same location b) Locat et al. (1984).
D.4 Organic Content - H 20 2 Oxidation Technique
An oven-dflcd sot! sample, welghing 2 grams, was pulverizcd and put III li fiOO IllL IWcd,('!,
and a small amount of hydrogcn peroxlde (H 20 1 , 30%) WdS added WarrIlllIg tl\(· !J('a.k('r 011
a hot plate followed, since the amount of Olgamcs present was Illslgmficélllt P('llodic 112()1
addition \Vas necessary until no further reaction was notl< ('cl I· ,1lowing o\'('rnlght !-l1'tt.lIng,
washing with distllled water and centrifugatIOn were pcrfol mc(~, cllld tht' !'let tlclII('nt W,t"
oven-dried and thcn wcighcà
The org.mic content is calculated by the difference in welght III perc(,lltage I)('for(' aIld
after rcmoval of orgal1lCS, relative 1,0 dry soIl.
D.5 Total Soluble Salts
To determme the soluble !)alts, a 1.10 susppnSlO11 of soil 111 wa.ter was u:,,('<1 'l'lm met IlOd
was adoptt'd smœ the!!' was not cl large amollnt of sorl avadablc
About <1 grams of dry sod was wClghed and put into a. pla:"tic centIlt\lgl' tube, ,Uld
then 40 mL of dlstillcd water 'sas addcd. Shahlllg tlw SU<'pCll~IOTI with cl lIwc!l,tIlIUil ,,!J,th(T
fOl an hour was completee! and followed by ccntnfugatlOll The c!('ar ~Ilp('rtlétt<lnt Wd'> ll<,ed
for analyzing the cation concentration by an atolIllC absorption spectlophotOllH if'j (AAS)
The total soluble salts arC' c~ttmatcd as tllP sum of a1l catiCJIl'l, narnf']Y Nd, K, Ca ancl
Mg, dl~s()lved Irl the suspension. The detailed testing procedure lS described In the (EPS)
Laboratory Man ual (1979).
193
