A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES

by Jim Nagasawa

Oita University, Japan

PART I

1. A General Survey

There are about 1,500 English-Japanese cognates' in the Japanese language. This number is quite large when we consider the fact that English and Japanese belong to completely different language families and that it is not more than a century since the Japanese came into contact with English speaking nations.

Most of the cognates, however, are loan words from Eng- lish, and very few words such as jinrikisha (or rickshaw), ki- mom, geisha and kamikaze are borrowed into English from Japanese. Buddha in English is also budda in Japanese, and this is one of very rare cases that the words are cognates in the usual meaning, i.e., related in origin. The word budda came into Japanese from Sanskrit in the middle of the 6th century, much earlier than in English. The origin of the word 'tea' is Chinese t'e (Mandarin & Cantonese ch'a), and the word 'cha' in Japanese is also from the same origin. But the forms and the sounds are so different between English and Japanese words that a monolingual Japanese can hardly identify them. Therefore, we do not consider them as cognates.

The second characteristic feature of English cognates in Japanese is that they are all content words in English. We have a food word, 'ham and eggs', and a baseball term, 'hit and run.' But they a re used as units and we cannot separate the function word 'and' to use it in an equivalent grammatical position in Japanese. This comqs from the complete difference of grammatical structures of both languages and results in dif- ficulties in teaching and learning English as a foreign language, particularly in the first stage.

But there still remain some problems on parts of speech. A noun-ending -tion (-sion, -cwn) and an adjective ending -aZ are common among English, French and Spanish. Plural ending -s (-es) is common between English and French. This is

53

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 & 2

not the case in English-Japanese cognates. Items treated as things (class 1 words, or nouns) in English also function as things in Japanese. Items treated as processes (class 2 words, o r verbs), however, do not work by themselves as verbs in Japanese. For example, the English verb 'enjoy' becomes a verb in Japanese when ' su rd , which means 'to do, act, perform, is suffixed to it. Hence enjoy-sum, Americanize-sum. Nouns that mean a kind of action or performance also become verbs by adding the same suffix. Examples: tennis-sum, cleaning- sum, dance-sum. Items treated as qualities (class 3 words, or adjectives; class 4 words, o r adverbs) become adjectives by adding na, and adverbs by adding 4. Examples: Gro- tesque-nu, normal-nu, smart-nu (adjectives); and grotesque-ni, normal-ni, smart-ni, (adverbs). It is very rare than an Eng- lish adjective is used without the Japanese suffix '-M' or '-no', except when it modifies other English cognates as in all Japan. We can say alE Nippon. But this is just a substitute of Nippon for Japan.

In sounds and stresses there are also a variety of adjustments to f i t the Japanese sound system. The main adjustments of sounds and sound sequences are as follows:

English Japanese Vowels

P I - [i] [XI - [a1 'r [a1 7 [a1 [=I

[.I -- [.I [.I - [OJ - [o] [.I -

English Japanese Consonants

[f] - 4 1 ( [a] before [u]) P I -PI P I - 4 1 P I -[sl [a] -[z] ( [5] before [i]) [sil-[Bi] [ti] -[Ei] [tu] -[tsu] [dul t , [ZUI [di],[ji] or [ail [zi]-[zi] or [ji] [n] -[?I (syllabic)

Consonant clusters are divided by vowels with the exception that English [n] is just substituted'by syllabic [II] in Japanese.

54


Three lists of words follow. The first, found in Part I, is a general list of words which have been borrowed by the Japanese. The other two lists, found in Part II, are composed respectively of a Japanese-English list of cognates in the field of clothing and dressmaking and an English-Japanese list of the same cognates. The article concludes with a short discussion of the theory of selecting cognates to be used in materials for teaching foreign languages. The discussion revolves specifi- cally around the second and third lists.

55

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, I & 2

1 2 2. A List of Loan Words

in

The Japanese Language 3

'The List is based on two dictionaries published in Japan. Snseido's New Concise Japanese-English Dictionary (Fumio Naka-

jima, general editor), Sanseido, Tokyo, 1952. vii + 963 pages. Kenkyusha's New. Jaficmese - English Dictwnury (Senkichiro Katsu-

mata, general editor), Kenkyusha, Tokyo, 1954. mi + 2136 PW=.

2All of them are from English with a few exceptions such as abekku= avec, dessan=dessin, esupuri=esprit, shiruetto=silouette (French); aru- baito=Arbeit, Doitsu=Deutsch, zeminaruSeminar (German); makaroni= macaroni, purimadonna=prima-donna, etc. (Italian); charumera-char- mela (Port.)

31n this list the Japanese form of the borrowed word occurs first, followed by the word in its original form. If the foreign word is other than English,notation of the source is made. English words which occur in the list of cognates and are also found in "The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words" by Thorndike and Lorge are followed by a frequency of usage designation from that book. Numbers (1) through (49) are used to indicate the occurrence per one million words of reading material. (A) indicates fifty to one hundred occurrences per one million and (AA) indicates one hundred or more occurrences per one million words.

56

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES A

abekku - avec (F); go with (one); take (one) with; lovers; a mar- ried couple.

abuto-shiki - the Abt system (railroad); a rack railroad; a cog railroad.

achfbumento-tesuto - achievement test. (23) (A)

Hchi - an arch. (34)

Afurika - Africa. (34)

afutaniin (-doresu) afternoon dress.

Agureman ’- aremens (F); agre- ments (F).

Ainu - Aino (Ainu).

airon - iron; (AA) a flat-(smoothing, sad-, box-) iron; iron (clothes, etc.).

Airurando - Ireland; (14) Eire. Irish. Irish; the Irish language. An Irish man; the Irish. North- ern Ireland.

aisukurimu - ice ’ cream (AA) (Amer.); an ice (Brit.)

ajito - an agitating point.

Ajiya - Asia. (37) Asian; Asiatic. An Asian; an Asiatic. The Asian race.

akashiya - an acacia. (1)

akiresu-ken - Achilles’ tendon. (6)

&%eon - an accordion. (1)

akusento - an accent; (16) accen- tuation. Accent; accentuate. Ac- cented; stressed unaccented; un- stressed.

akusesarf - accessori(es). (8)

amachua - an amateur. (14) Ama- teurish.

Amerika - (1) America. (AA) (2) the United States of America (U.S.A.); the Union; the States. South America. American. An American; a Jonathan; a Yankee. The United States (American) Government; Washington; the White House; Uncle Sam. Amer- ican English. An Americanism; the Yankee twang. An American (a Red) Indian; an Amerindian.

amiba - an ameba @1. -bae).

amino-san - amino acid.

ami-shatsu - a netted shirt; (47) a gauze-shirt.

ananasu - (15) a pineapple; an ananas.

anemone - an anemone. (5)

angora - Angora (rabbit).

ankiiru - encore.(2)

anmoniya, anmonyumu - ammonium, (1)

anpaiya - umpire. (3)

anpera - a bulrush mat.

anpeya - an ampere.

antena - antenna. (3) An aerial (wire). Stretch (support) an antenna (in the air).

apgto - an apartment (Amer.). (9) Arabiya - Arabia. (9)

Arasuka - Alaska. (12) Alaskan. An Alaskan.

57

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII. 1 & 2

arohashatsu - an aloha (Hawaiian) shirt.

arubamu - an album.

arufabetto - alphabet. (7) alpha- betically; in alphabetical order.

arukari - alkali. (3) Alkalinity. alkaline. alkaline reaction.

arukcru - alcohol; (15) spirits; alcoholic liquors (drinks); an alcohol- (a spirit-) lamp, alcoholic; preserve in spirits; alcoholism; alcoholic poisoning.

arumaito - alumite; alumite ware.

Arupusu - the Alps. (7) Alpine: the Japan(ese) Alps.

aruto - alto (pl. -0s); (1) an alto.

Aruzenchin - Argentina. (6)

asu - an earth (Brit.),

asufaruto - asphalt; (5) asphalt (streets); pave (streets) with asphalt.

asuparagasu - asparagus. (6)

asupirin - aspirin.

atan-kbraito - lignite coalite.

atorie - atelier (F); a studio.

auto - out; (AA) be (put) out; an outdrop; but) out; retire. call (the runner) out; an outcurve.

B bH - a bar; (A) a bar room; a

saloon (Amer.); a public house (Brit.).

bachirusu - (1) bacillus (2) (pl. -cilli); a parasite.

bHgen - a bargain; (35) a bargain day (sale).

Baiburu - the Bible. (25)

baiorin - violin; (11) a fiddle; a violinist; a fiddler; the first (second) violin.

baiyii - a buyer. (16)

bajji - a badge. (8)

bakku - (1) the back; (AA) the back- ground. (2) a backer; a sup- porter; 43) a (full-, half-, three- quarter) back. (4) Back! back; a rowing machine; a back number; a rear-view glass.

bakuteriya - bacteria (8); $1. -ria); %aikin.

banana - banana. (13)

bando - bunt; (1) bunt the ball.

bando - belt; a strap; a band; (A) (2) a band; a brass band.

bangar6 - a bungalow. (8)

banjb - a banjo.(2)

baraeti - variety show; (A) vaude- ville (Amer.)

bar- - barracks; (3) a tempo- rary house (building).

baransu - a balance, (A) be we1

barE - volley(bal1). (6 )

balanced.

bar6 - a ballet, (2) a ballet dancer a ballerina (pl. -rinas. - rine (It).).

barikgdo - a barricade. (3)

58

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES bariton - baritone; a baritone.

baromsta - a barometer; (2) barometer (key) stocks.

Barukan - the Balkans; (7) the Balkan States. The Balkan Pen- insula.

barukoni - balcony. (8)

based6shi - Basedow’s disease.

basu - (motor) bus; (9) go by bus. Abus stop.

basu - bass. (7)

basuketto - basket; (A) basketball.

bats - butter. (AA) spread butter (on); eat bread with butter. But- ter knife. Bread and butter. Margarine. Foreign-looking; out- landish; exotic. Buttery.

bHtH - barter (4) system.

baton - baton; (1) (receive) a baton (from one).

battH - batter; (15) a batsman. A (batter’s) box.

batterf - battery. (19)

battingu - a batting.

batto - a bat. (19)

bazH - (charity) bazaar; (3).

beddo - bed. (AA)

bekar: - a bakery. (7)

bBkon - Bacon (12) b5kuraito - bakelite.

benchi - bench; (46) be on the bench.

59

Benerukkusu - Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg).

beniya-ita - veneer. (1)

benjin - benzine. (1)

benz6ru - benzol.

beranda - a veranda. (8)

bere - beret. (1) beru - bell; (A) adoorbell. Press

(push) the (bell) button; ring. Eru - a veil. (30) Put a veil (on);

Veil. Raise one’s veil. Drop one’s veil.

Berugf - Belgium. (12) A Belgian. The King of the Belgians.

Berusaiyu - the Versailles Treaty (palace). (5)

beruto - belt. (48)

bEsu - a base. (AA) A base-umpire. Baseball. Play baseball; have a baseball game; cross bats (with...). The base line. (2) (Music) bass. (3) A base (wage).

(AA) Do one’s best (utmost). A best seller.

besuto - best.

bkhi-parasoru - a beach parasol. (A) (2)

bifuteki - (a) beefsteak. (1)

bijinesu - business. (AA) Abusi- ness man.

obT-kataru - nasal catarrh.

Bfnasu - Venus. (14)

bira - a poster; (AA) a placard; a handbill. A propaganda bill. Distribute handbills (leaflets). (false cognate).


birwo - velvet. (32) velveteen.

bfru - beer. (23) ale; porter. A (beer) brewery. Draught (beer); beer on draught. Lager (beer).

Biruma - Burma. (1) A Burmese. Burmese.

bisuketto - a cracker (Amer.); bis- cuit (Brit.). (Deceptive c. for American English.)

bitamin - vitamin. (1) Contain (be rich in) vitamins. Vitamin A. Vitaminosis; a deficiency disease.

biyah6ru - beer hall (house). (23) (AA) An ale-house.

Mi - boy; (AA) a waiter; an office boy; a carriage boy; a steward; a bellboy (Amer.). The Boy Scouts; a boy scout.

boikotto - a boycott; (1) boycotting; a non-buying strike. Boycott (goods, etc.)

boiru - voile. (1)

b6ku - balk. (4)

bokishingu - box(ing.)

bbnasu - bonus; (9) a prize. The bonus month (season).

bonbon - bonbon. (2) (F)

bonnetto - a bonnet. (10)

b6ru - ball. (AA) Play ball.

Wrudo - blackboard; (9) a score- board.

Borud6 - Bordeaux. (6) (F)

bCru - board; (AA) card.

Boruneo - Borneo.

Borushebiki - Bolsheviky. (18) Bolsheviks; Bolshevists. Bol- shevism.

boruto - volt; voltage. (27) A 100 volt current.

bosu - boss. (23)

botan - button; (39) a stud; a knob. a push button; (a pair of) sleeve (cuff) links. Button (up). Un- button; undo a button; sew on a button. A buttonhole. A button- hook.

b6to - boat; (AA) a gig; a cutter; have (go for) a row; of boating. A boat race; a (rowing) regatta. The boat’s crew; the eight; a boatman. A davit. The picked crew; a boating-man.

bui - buoy; (5) lifebuoy.

Burajiru - Brazil. (13) Brazilian. Brazilian.

burakkuristo - a black list; (AA) Be placed on a black list; (A).

be blacklisted.

burande‘ - brandy; (7) cognac.

burashi - brush. (A) Brush (up); give (one’s) clothes, etc.) a brush.

brasu-bando - brass band. (32) (A)

brausu - blouse. (9)

bureki - brake; (23) a brake de- vice. Apply (put on) the brake. Take off the brake. The brake did not work.

buriki - a tin (Brit.); tinware. 60

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES burtjchi - brooch; (4) a breastpin

( h e r .) .

Brokerage.

burokku - bloc. (A) Bloc economy.

brokx - broker; (7) a middleman.

The gold (yen) bloc. (F)

buromaido - bromide (2) (paper);

bur6ningu - Browning (3) (auto- a bromide photograph.

matic rifle. bundokku - bulldog. (1)

Burugariya - Bulgaria. (3) A Bul- garian.

burujoa - a bourgeois. (3) The bourgeoisie; the bourgeois class.

buriimE - bloomers (1)

burfisu - blues.

C chan - pitch.

chanpion - a champion. (36)

chansu - a chance. (AA) The main chance: a golden (the rarest) op- portunity.

charumera - a charamela (Port.)

Chekko - surobakiya - Czechoslo- vakia. Czechoslovak. A Czecho- slovak.

chekku - check (AA).

cheiistoa - a chain store; (A) (a). chero - cello; a cellist.

chesu - chess. (2)

Chibetto - T(h)ibet. T(h)ibetan. A T(h)ibetan.

zhibusu - typhoid fever; typhus. (1) Para-typhoid. Typhous; typhoid. A typhoid germ (bacillus).

chikki - check; (AA) a luggage re- ceipt; check (one’s trunk, bag, etc.).

chfku - teak; teak (wood).

chfmu - a team. (A) teamwork.

chinki - tincture. (2) Iodine tincture. Tincture of quinine.

chippul - tip. (A) (baseball).

Chippu2 - a tip; a gratuity. Give a tip.

chinpanjf - a chimpanzee.

Chir? - Chile. (9) A Chilian; a Chilean.

chfzu - cheese. (45) cheesy. Green cheese. A cheese cake.

ch6-chibusu - typhoid fever; enteric fever.

chokorEto - chocolate; (20) chocolate cream.

Chijku - Chalk. (13)

chiibu - tube (32) (tubecolor.)

chllingamu - chewing gum. (14) (11)

chiirippu - a tulip. (8)

D Dabi - Derby.

daburu - (tennis) double@). (AA) A double header. A double play. Double width (cloth). Be doubled; be duplicated; be repeated. Get plucked .

61

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 & 2 Dadaizumu - Dadaism. A Dadaist.

Dagurasu-ki - a Douglas plane.

daibingu - div(ing.) (21)

daijesuto - digest. (25)

dainamaito - dynamite. (5) (Blow up with) dynamite blast.

dainamo - a dynamo (2) (pl. -0s).

daiya(-guramu) - a diagram; (7) a schedule .

daiyamondo - (1) a diamond. (A) A diamond wedding (anniversary). (2) (Baseball) the diamond.

daiyaru - dial. (8) Dial a number.

daldlhosu - a dark horse. (AA) (AA)

damu - dam. (19) Build a dam across a river.

danpingu - dump(ing). (10) Dump goods on a foreign market.

dansu - a dance. (AA) Dancing; a dance hall ( he r . ) . A dancing girl.

dariya - a dahlia. (2)

dasshu - a dash. (A) 50-meter dash.

dHsu - dozen. (A) Sell by the dozen.

Debisu-kappu - Davis cup (16) tournament.

debyii - debut. (2) Make one's debut.

deddobbru - a dead ball. (AA) (AA)

defure - deflation. (1) Deflationru measure.

dekadan - decadence. (1)

dekki - the deck. (A)

dema - a demagogue; (1) an ur founded rumor; demagogy; afala rumor. Circulate (set afloat) false rumor.

demo - demonstration. (18) Stag a demonstration (parade).

dumokurash? - democracy. (20)

dengu-netsu - dengue fever.

Denmfiku - Denmark. (10) Danisi a Dane.

depato - department (AA) (store A salesgirl (of a departme1 store) ( h e r . ) ; a shop assistal (Brit .).

dessan - dessin.(F)

desumasuku - a death mask. (Ap (17)

dezain - design. (A) Designer.

deztito - dessert. (12)

diditi - D.D.T. (dichlorodiphenyl trichloro-ethane) .

doa - door. (AA) A door engine.

MbH-kaikyo -The Straits of Dover (2)

doguma - dogma (3) dogmatism.

Doitsu - Deutschland (G). Ger manic. The German language Germanism; German spirit.

62

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES dokku - dock. (16) A floating dock.

A dry dock; put into dock. Come into dock.

doh-gasu - an asphyxiating (a poison gas. A gas mark. A poison gas shell (bomb).

danatsu - a doughnut. (5)

doraiaisu - dry ice. (AA)

doraibu - drive. (AA) Go for a drive.

dorama - a drama (23)

doramu-kan - a drum. (40)

doremifa - the musical scale. Sing (play) one’s scales..

doresu - a dress. (AA) dressmaker.

dorongi5mu - a drawn game. (49)

doroppu - (1) drops. (AA) (2)

doru - a dollar. (AA) (1) Acash- box; a strongbox. (2) One’s patron; a protector; a benefactor.

( A 4

drop. (Baseball)

E eapoketto - an air pocket. (AA)

(A)

ebonaito - ebonite.

echiketto - etiquette. (5)

Echiopiya - Ethiopia. (1) An Ethi- opian.

egoisto - an egoist.

ei-ton - a gross (long) ton.

Ejiputo - Egypt. (39) An Egyptian.

ekisu - an extract; (16) an essence. An extract of beef; beef tea.

ekisupgto - expert. (39)

ekisutora - extra; (32) an extra lady (girl).

ekizochikku - exotic. (3)

ekkisu-sen - the X rays; (2) the roentgen rays. An X-ray (a rotentgen) photograph. X-ray therapy.

Ekuadoru - Ecuador. (1) An Ecua-

emerarudo - an emerald. (9)

enameru - enamel. (8 )

enerugi - energy. (91) Energetic.

dorian.

Conservation of energy.

enjin - an engine. (A) Set the

bf - an Associated Press (A.P.)

epis6do - an episode. (7)

epokku - epoch. (5) Epoch-making.

buriru-ffiru - April fool; (A) (AA)

engine to work.

dispatch.

Make an epoch.

April-fool Day.

epuron - apron. (17)

era - error. (36) Make (commit) an error.

erebEta (1) elevator (15) ( h e r . ) ; go up (down) in an elevator. (2) Hoist.

erejf - elegy. (2)

ero - erotic; eroticism. 63


esukari5ta - escalator; a moving staircase.

Esukimo - Eskimo. An Esquimau

esGesu - 50s.

$1. - maux). Eskimo.

Send an 50s.

Esuperanto - Esperanto. An Es-

esupuri - esprit (F).

etchingu - etching. (2)

perantist.

F fan - fan; (38) an enthusiast; a

lover. A baseball fan. An en- thusiastic reader. Aradio (movie fan.

fainpure - a fine play. (AA) (AA)

fashisuto - a fascist. (1)

fassho - fascist; (1) the Fascisti; a fascist. Fascism; fascistic ideas. The fascist movement.

fasshon - fashion. (A)

fauru - foul (ball); (27) a foul $lay). Foul off; commit afoul; play a foul game.

fe8 - fair (AA) (fair ball).

fianse - fiance; (1) fiancee. (1)

finbe - finale. (1)

Finrando - Finland. (3) A Finn. Finnish.

Firippin - The Philippines; (16) the Philippine Islands. A Filipino; a Filipina.

fuirumu - a film. (31) A film cart- ridge. A developing wei@t.

ffio - feet. (AA)

fueruto - felt. (AA)

furappa - flapper. (1)

furokku-kbo - a frock coat. (2C

furylito - flute. (9)

(AA)

fit0 - foot. (AA)

futtoboru - football; (26) associa tion football; soccer; Rugby foot ball; rugger . Play football.

futtoraito - footlights. (1) Corn before the footlights.

gad0 - girder (2) (bridge).

gaido - guide. (8)

gamu - gum (ll), (chewing).

garasu - glass; (AA) (AA) Glazec

gargji - a garage. (14)

garon - a gallon. (12)

gasorin - gasoline; (15) a gasolin

gasu - gas. (A) Gasify. Light (tur on) the gas. Gas fire. Lay o gas. Have gas laid on.

mtH-hunsho - garter;(5) the Orde of the Garter.

Glaze (a window).

station.

gaun - a gown. (38)

giize - (antiseptic) gauze. (6)

mi - gauge.(5)

gera-zuri - a galley (8) proc (sheet).

64

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES gerira - guerrilla (7) (warfare).

Use guerrilla tactics. A guerrilla.

@bru - gaiter. (1)

gibusu - B Y ~ S U ~ . (2)

gia - guitar. (4) a guitarist.

Gomu - gum; (11) rubber. Rubber coating. Rubbered. Rubberize. Gum-water. A celluloid comb. Rubber shoes. Overshoes. A gum tree. Rubber-soled.

gondora - gondola. (2)

gorira - gorilla (3).

guru - god. (21) A goal line (post). A goalkeeper. Make (score) a goal. Enter a goal; (break) the tape.

gorufu - golf. (26) Play golf; golf; a golfer. A golf club (ball, links).

Goshikku - Gothic. (7) Gothic ar- chitecture. (Style, type).

goshippu - gossip. (16) A gossip- column (-writer).

gd-sutoppu - traffic signai. (00- stop). (AA) (AA)

gurabiya - photogravure; gravure.

gurafu - a graph.

guraid3 - glider; (2) a gliding machine. Maneuver a glider. A gliding-field .

A photogravure.

gurajiorasu - gladiolus.

guramu-gram. (1)

guraundo - ground; (AA) a stadium. A baseball ground; a diamond; a playing field.

gureipujbu - juice (37) (of) the grape.

gurik6gen - glycogen.

g u r h - green. (AA) green-peas.

guriru - grill; (4) a grill room.

guriserin - glycerin. (1)

gur8bu - glwe. (43)

A green belt.

gurokkf - groggy.

gurotesuku - grotesque. (6)

~ - g r o u P . (AA) gyabajin - gabardine. (3)

gyangu - gang (25) (of thieves;) a gangster.

H ha-bwashi - toathbrush. (3)

hadoru - hurdle. (2) The high (low) hurdles. A timber skipper (topper) *

Haichi - Haiti. (3)

h a i h h - high-heeled (AA) (A) shoes.

haijanpu - high lump. (A)

haikingu - a bike; (10) hiking. Go

haisukiiru - high school.(2)

haiyH - hire; (A) a taxi.

hiking; hike.

65


hsimonika - a harmonica; (2) a mouth organ.

hamu - ham. (17) Ham and eggs. Ham-salad sandwich.

hand?-Qappu - handicap. (11)

handobakku - handbag. (1) (AA) haadoru - handle; (A) a pull; a

handle bar; the wheel.

H a n d - Hungary. (4) Hungarian. A Hungarian. (35)

chief; a hanky. hankachi - a (pocket) (35) handker-

hanmokku - hammock; (6) sling.

hansuto - hunger strike.

Mpu - harp; (20) a harpist; a harper. Harp; play the harp.

hareruya - hallelujah.

hHto - heart (AA). Heart-shaped.

hausukipH - a houeekeep(er). (5)

hayashi - has. (2) m h e d meat. Hash and rice.

heanetto - a hairnet. (AA) (A)

heapin - a hairpin. (1)

Hebon-shiki - Romanized Japanese according to Hepburn; the Hep- burn system (of Romanization).

Heburai - Hebrew. (9)

heddoraito - a headlight. (2)

herikoputli - a helicopter.

heryumu - helium. (1)

herumetto - helmet. (21)

hetto - fat. (AA)

Himaraya - the Himalayas. (1)

hinto - hint. (29); give (drop, fur- nish) a hint; get a hint (from).

hipokonderl - hypochondria.

hire - fillet; (2) tenderloin.

h M - a hero. (A)

hiroin - heroine. (7)

hisuterf - hysteria; (3) hysterics; hysteric (-al) .

hitto - hit; (A) a success.

hiyashinsu - a hyacinth. (3)

hokkE - hockey. (3)

hokku - a hook. (47)

h8mu - a home. (AA) homesick. A platform.

hbmusupan - homespun. (3)

H o ~ ~ u ~ ~ s u - HOaduraS. (1)

hwpu - hop. (35)

horumarin - formalin.

horumon - hormone.

hotchikiau - hotchkisa .

hoteru - hotel. (A) Stay at a hotel. Run a hotel. A bellboy; abellhop; a page (Brit.).

hottokW - hot cake. (AA) (A)

hyaku-mento - 100 per cent. (A) 66

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES hyutte - a hut. (32) Cf. Hutte (G).

hyiizu - fuse. (7) Put a fuse in.

I Iberia - Iberian Peninsula.

fbuningu-doresu - an eveningdress. (AA) (AA)

ideorog? - an ideology; idological.

Iesu Kirisuto - Jesus Christ. (18) (30)

Igirisu - English (AA) Channel.

i-kataru - catarrh (1) (of the stom- ach.)

ik6ru - equal. (A)

inchi - inch. (AA) Six and a half inches.

indekkusu - an index. (14)

indeyappa - India paper. (46) (AA)

Indo - India; (46) Hindu; Hindus- tani. Indigo. Hinduism. The Indian Ocean. An Indian; aHindu. The Indian Union.

Indoneshiya - Indonesia. The Re- public of Indonesia. The United States of Indonesia.

infure - inflation. (4) An inflation- ary trend. The tempo of inflation. The curving of inflation. An inflation policy.

grippe. nfuruenza - influenza; (5) flu;

n-ion - anion.

nki ( i d ) - ink. (20) Inky. An ink-pot.

insupirEshon - inspiration. (18) Get inspiration (from).

intabyfi - interview. interview with.

(26) Have an

interigencha - intelligentsia; (1) a highbrow.

intoneishon - intonation. (1)

ion - an ion. (1) Ionize.

Iraku - Iraq. Iraqui. An Iraqui.

Iran - Iran. Iranian. An Iranian.

iro-garasu - (stained) glass; (AA) colored glass.

iruminGshon - illumination. (5)

Isoppu - Aesop’s Fables.

Isupaniya - Spain. (A) Spanish. A Spaniard. Spanish.

Isuraeru - Israel. (9) An Israelite; Israel.

Isuramu - Islam. (1) An Islamite.

h t a - Easter. (10)

tsuto - yeast. (7)

itarikku - italic. Italics; an italic letter. In italics. Italicize.

Itariya - Italy. (4) Italian; Italic.

J jaketsu - a jacket. (22)

jamu - jam. (16)

jHnarisuto - a journalist. (4)

jHnarizumu - journalism. (4)

janku - junk. (6)

67


janpl - a jumper. (3)

janpu - jump. (A)

Jawa - Java. (3)

jazu - jazz (music). (5) a jazz band.

jerachin - gelatine. (7)

jerf - jelly. (19)

jifuteriya - diptheria. (3)

jigitarisu - digitalis.

jiguzagu - zigzag. (7) Go zigzag; teeter (her.).-

jin - gin. (19)

jfpu - WP.

jipushi - a Gypsy. (7)

jirenma - dilemma. into a dilemma.

jirettanto - dilettante.

jisutenpa - distemper.

jistoma - distoma.

jbka - joker. (1)

lorn - jug. (8)

Jurarumin - duraluminum.

jGsu - deuce. (2) (Tennis).

jUsu - juice. (37)

K kab3 - cover; (AA) a jacket; a

wrapper.

Hbaido - carbide.

kabon - carbon. (23)

Hbu - curve; (36) a curved ball.

kEdo - card. (A) A card cabinet. A card index. The card system. The dole caste; men on the dole.

kafE - cafe; (6) a coffeehouse. A cafe goer (frequenter).

a cuff button (Amer.).

(47)

kafusu - cuff; (13) a sleeve link;

kaikin-shatsu - (open-neck) shirt.

lrHkr - khaki. (1) h khaki uniform.

kakuteru - cocktail. (8)

kamera - camera. (15) Snapshot; snap; shoot (with a camera); a cameraman.

kamereon - chameleon. (1)

kamufuraji - camouflage. (2) A car. gun, etc.1

Kanada - Canada. (44) Canadian.

kanariya - canary. (8)

kanbasu - canvas. (21)

ane'shon - carnation. (1)

kanfuru - camphor. (2) Tincture of camphor. A camphor injection.

kangarii - kangaroo (2)

kiinibaru - carnival (2)

Kanna - canna.

kanningu - cunning. (28) A trick in an examination; cribbing, cheating.

68

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES Mpetto - carpet. (24)

kappu - cup; (AA) a trophy.

kapuseru - capsule. (2)

karH-collar. (44)

karatto - carat.. (1)

karaza - chalaza.

karE - curry; (4) curry powder.

karendll - calendar.(lO)

karento - current; (A) current topics.

kari - caustic potash; potassium. Kali (potash) fertilizer. Potas- SiUm dUm. Potash (EOfi ) Soap.

kariesu - caries. Tuberculosis of the spine.

karorf - calorie. (4)

kanJtetto - cracknel.

% - curl (45); have one's hair in curl.

karumera - caramel. (2)

karuehUmU - Calcium. (9)

karuta - (playing) card. Dealcards. Play cards; play (have) a game of cards. Carta (Port.)

karuteru - cartel.

karutetto - quartette. (3)

kashimiya - cashmere.

kasutklo - custard pudding.

kaeutanetto - castanet.

katan-it0 - cotton; (AA) cotton thread.

katarogu - catalogue. (12)

kataru - catarrh; (1) catarrahl pneumonia.

kategori - category. (4)

Hten - curtain. (A)

katorikku - Catholicism; (1) the Roman Catholic Church. Catho- lic ; the Catholics.

katsuretsu - cutlet. A chicken (pork) cutlet.

k a t t H - cutter. (9)

kau-bby - cowboy. (6)

kauna - counter. (18)

k S b m - cablecar.

kechappu - ketchup; catsup.

kmd - a cake. (A)

kepu - a cape. (34)

kSsu - a case. (AA)

keW - a blanket. (30)

kikku - kick (47) (a football).

kina - kina; quinine. Salt of quinine. A Peruvian (Jesuits' cin- chona) bark. Quinine wine. Tinc- ture of quinine.

kinema - cinema. (2)

kingu - king. (AA)

kinfne - quinine. (3)

Kirisuto - (Jesus) Christ. (30) 69

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 8 2

Kiristo-ky5 - Christianity; (8) the Christian religion. Christian. (-kyoto)

kiro (1) - a kilogram. (1) kilo ton; a metric ton; (2) a kilometer; (3) a kilowatt; (4) a kiloliter.

kissu - kiss. (AA)

kobaruto - cobalt. (1) cobalt blue.

kobura - cobra. (1)

klkhi - coach. (42) Act as a coach.

kochin - a Cochin (China). Cochin chinaware.

Kodakku - Kodak.

k5do (1) - cord; (30) (2) a cord-

k6hf - coffee; (A) cafd (F). Make

kokain - cocain(e). (1) cocainism;

book.

coffee. A coffeehouse.

Cocaine poisoning.

kokakora - Coca Cola.

Ki3kasasu - Caucasus; (2) Caucasia;

kokku - (1) a cook; (AA) a head cook; (2) a cock.

k6kusu - cokes. (5)

kominforumu - Cominform (Com-

the Caucasian (race).

munist Information Bureau).

kominterun - Comintern (Commun- ist International).

komyUnike - a communique.

komyunisuto - COmmuniSt. (14)

komyunizumu - communism. (2)

k6nbifu - corned beef. (A) (2)

konbineshion - combinations. (40)

koncheruto - a concerto. (21) (It.)

k0ndakut.Z - conductor (16)

kondensu-mirulru - condens(ed)

kondisshon - condition. (AA) Be in (out of) condition.

milk. (29)

konkurlto - concrete. (15)

k o m - COUCOWS (F). (1)

konma - comma. (1) Punctuatewith a comma. A comma bacillus.

koULdSShiOn - Commission. (A)

kowakuto - compact. (13)

konpasu - (1) (a pair of) compasses. (28) (2) A mariner’s compass.

konsHto - concert. (21)

konsetto - Quomet hut; a Nissen hut.

kontora-basu - contrabass.

kontora6uto- contrast. (33)

kontor6N - control. (A&)

koppf - a copy. (A)

koppu - a glass; (cup) (AA); a tumbler; a wineglass. A glass of water. (A deceptive cognate?)

kopura - copra.

korHsu - ChONS. (17)

korekushon - collection. (47) 70


korera - cholera. (4) A cholera patient (case).

korokke - croquette. (2)

kBron - colon. (2)

korona - corona. (2)

korotaipu - collotype. Collotype plate.

koruku - cork; (11) uncork; draw a cork. Cork (a bottle). A cork- screw. Corksoled; corked.

korusetto - corset. (5)

korutZi(ru) - coal tar. (10) Tar (v.).

kbru-ten - corduroy. (1)

karyan - kaoliang. (China)

kosakku - a Cossack. (2)

k6su - course; (AA) a racecourse.

kosumechikh - cosmetic. (2)

kosumosu - a cosmos. (1)

Kosutarike - Costa Rica. (AA)

KdetH - execute a coup d’etat (F).

KuEkB - Quaker. (5)

kumi-chinki - bitter tincture. (2)

kurabu (1) - club; (AA) a clubhouse. A member; clubman. Club dues. (2) A club. The ace of clubs. (3) A golf club.

kuraimakkusu - climax. (8)

krakka - a cracker. (12) kurarinetto - clarinet. kurashikku - classic; a classic.

kureosbto - creosote.

kurspu - crepe. (8) Cr6pe (F).

Kuremurin - the Kremlin.

kureyon - crayon. (2)

kurezaru - cresol.

kiirf - coolie. (3)

kuriketto - cricket. (14) Acrick-

kurfku - a creek. (27)

kurfmu - cream. (A) Cream-col-

eter; an eleven.

ored.

kurfningu - cleaning; (9) laundry; dry cleaning.

krippii - a clipper (1) (airplane).

Kurisuchan - a Christian. (A)

Kurisumasu - Christmas (Day); (A) a Christmas (card, cake, present, tree, Eve.); Merry Christ- mas (to you).

kurippu - clip. (16)

kuro-daiya - carbonado @1. -does); a black diamond. (A)

kurbba - clover. (12)

kuro-btru - dark-brown beer; (23) black beer; stout; porter.

korBmu - chromium; (1) chrome (color); chrome steel. Chrome yellow.

kuroro-horumu - chloroform. (1)

k u r G r u - crawl (swimming). (3)

kuri5ru - chloride. (2) 71

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 & 2 kyabar25 - cabaret; a cabaret dan-

cer.

kyabetsu - cabbage; (16) a rolled cabbage.

kyabin - cabin. (A)

kyabine - cabinet; (26) cabinet size.

kyandi? - candy. (32)

kyanpu - camp; (AA) camping; go camping.

kyapitaru - capital (A) (letter).

kyaputen - captain. (AA) (of a baseball team).

kyaraban - caravan. (7)

kyarako - calico. (7)

kyarameru - caramel. (2)

kyasshu - cash (46); pay cash.

kyasutingu-boto - casting vote. (1) (AA)

kyatchi - catch. (AA) A catcher.

kyU- cue. (3)

kyilpf - kewpie doll.

M mXchi - march. (AA)

madamu - madam. (38) Pose a s a lady.

mafura - muffler. (1)

magazin - magazine. (A)

mtrgarin - margarine.

maguneshumu - magnesium: (3) magnesia; a magnesium lamp.

mahoganf - mahogany. (7)

Mahometto - Mohammed; (2) Ma- hornet.

maiku(rohon) - microphone. (24)

mainasu - minus. (2)

mairu - mile. (AA)

miljan - mah-jong. (Chin.)

makaroni - macaroni; (2) macaroni cheese. (It.)

maketto - market. (AA)

maku - (1) (trade) mark; (AA) a label. (2) (German money) E mark.

mandorin - mandolin.

manejH - manager. (38)

manekinkaru) - mannequin (1) girl

mamareid0 - marmalade. (2)

mangan - manganese. (1)

man@ - mango. (1)

manh5ru - manhole.

manikyua - (A) manicure; (3) hand: manicured.

Manira - Manila (6) hemp (paper tobacco).

maniya - mania; (2) a craze; a fan.

manmosu - mammoth. (3)

mannerizumu - mannerism. (1) Fal into a mannerism.

manto - mantle.(l9) 72


marariya - malaria. (4)

marason - marathon (2) race. A long-distance race; marathon runner.

mantoru-pfsu - a mantlepiece. (1)

Mar6 - Malay. Malay(an). (3)

maronie - a marronnier (F).

maruku - mark. (AA) (German money. )

A Marxian; a Marxist. Marukusu - (Karl) Marx. Marxism.

Marusasu - (Thomas Tobert) Mal- thus. (2) Malthusianism.

massHgi - massage. (3)

mashimaro - a marshmallow. (1)

masugEmu - a mass (A) game. (AA)

masukotto - mascot; a good luck

masuku - mask; (17) a respirator.

masuG - master. (AA)

masuto - mast. (26)

matchi - match. (A) Strike a match.

piece.

matt0 - mat. (18)

maundo - mound. (17)

mayon6zu - mayonnaise. (5)

mech?ru-aruk6ru - methyl alcohol.

mEdE - May Day. (1) May-Day

megahon - a megaphone. (1)

(15)

demonstration.

73

Mekishiko - Mexico. (33) Mexi-

melryappu - make-up. (9)

memo - memo.

menb'i - member. (AA)

menchiWru - a mince ball. (9)

can; a Mexican.

mentaru-tesuto - mental test. (41) (A)

menuetto - a minuet. (1)

men@ - menu. (13)

merf-gbraundo - merry-go-round.

merodf - melody. (15)

merodorama - melodrama. (1)

meron - melon. (5)

meruton - melton.

mesojisuto - Methodist. (7)

Mesopotamiya - Mesopotamia.

messEji - message. (A)

messenjH - messenger (boy). (30)

metan - methane; methane gas.

metaru - medal. (13) Win a medal.

mztoru - (1) meter. (12) (2) An

minoruka - Minorca (a kind of

(3)

electric meter.

chicken).

miri(mStllr) - millimeter. (1)

miruku-milk. (AA)

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 & 2 mishin - machine. (AA) sewing

machine.

misu - miss. (AA) (2) MissNippon.

misu-purinto - a misprint.

mitto - mitt. (1)

mochifu - motive; (26) motif. (3)

modan - modern. (AA) Modernism.

moderu - (professional) model. (A)

mbningu-k6to - morning coat. (AA)

monoragu - monologue. (1)

Monrb-shugi - Monroe (10) doc- trine; Monroeism.

moppu - mop. (5)

moraru - moral. (A)

moribuden - molybdemum (steel).

Morokko - Morocco. (3) Morocco leather.

moruhine - morphine; (1) morphis; morphinism.

Morumon-ky5 - a Mormon.

morutaru - mortar. (8)

msshon - motion; (A) mOVement.

mosurin - muslin; (7)

m6tH - motor; (A) engine; motor- boat; motorcar; motorcycle.

motto - motto. (8)

mozaiku - mosaic. (3)

M6ze - Moses. (12)

N nairon - nylon.

nisu - nice. (AA)

naito - night; (AA) a nightgown; a nightcap.

nanbH - number. (AA)

nanbaringu - numbering machine.

napukin - (table) napkin; (16) a serviette.

nEburu - navel (28) (orange.

nekkure'su - necklace. (9)

nekutai - necktie. (6)

neon - neon (gas). Neon sign (lamp).

neguro - negro. (47)

nihirisuto - nihilist.

nihirizumu - nihilism.

Nikarague - Nicaragua. (7) Nica- raguan.

nikki-bokk?I - a knickerbocker. (3)

nikkeru - nickel; (11) nickel (-plate).

nikochin - nicotine; (1) nicotinism.

nikuromu-sen - nicrome (wire).

nU - no. (AA)

Noa - Noah. (6) Noah's Ark. N6beru - Nobel (1) (prize.) nokku - knock. (A) Knock (the

door).

nokku-auto - a knockout; (1) knock out a pitcher.

74

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES nokutHn - nocturn(e).

n6maru - normal. (41)

N6ruwB - Norway. (10) Norwegian; Norse.

n6to - a note. (AA) a notebook.

notto - knot (AA) (speed of a ship).

nyU - new; (AA) a new fashion; a new style; a new face.

nyUansu - nuance. (10)

nytisu - news; (AA) news events; current news.

0 Bba - overcoat. (12)

Bb? - OB (old boy).

8boe - oboe. (1)

obuzaba - observer. (26)

ofuisu - office; (AA) office girl.

ofusetto - offset. (5)

Ohotsuku - the Sea of Okhotsk.

oiru - oil. (AA) Oilsilk; oilpaper.

6kesutora - orchestra; (10) anor- chestra (pit).

okutabu - octave. (3)

okutan - octane; octane value.

omuretsu - omelet. (2)

operetta - operetta.

opera - opera; (34) a grand opera.

opHru - an opal. (7)

6rai - all right. (AA)

Oranda - Holland. (26)

orenji - orange. (A)

oribu - olive. (34) Olive green.

orijinariti - originality. (5)

Orinpikku - the Olympic (4) games.

Orion - Orion. (5)

Brora - aurora. (3)

6rul - all. (AA)

6ru2 - oar. (11) 6rudomisu - old maid; (AA) (miss).

orugan - organ; (44) a harmonium. An organist.

orugu - organizer. (2)

Bsoriti - authority. (A)

hutorar iya - Australia. (10) Aus-

6sutoria - Austria; (23) (an) Aus-

tralian.

trian.

Etobai - motorcycle. Auto (8)-bicycle (11).

6tojairo - autogiro @1. -s).

ozon - ozone; ozoned; ozonic.

P pafu - (powder) puff. (28)

pai -pie. (A)

painappuru - pineapple. (15)

paipu - (tobacco) pipe; (A) pipe (of any kind).

75

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 & 2 paipu-6rugan - pipe organ. (AA)

(44)

pairotto - pilot. (26)

pajama - pajama. (6)

pEji - purge. (6)

Pakisutail - Pakistan.

pamanento - permanent (33) wave.

Panama - the Panama (17) (Canal).

panama-bE - Panama (17) (hat.)

panchi - punch. (17)

panikku - panic. (9)

panfuretto - pamphlet. (9)

pankeki - pancake. (6)

panku - puncture. (2)

Panorama - panorama. (2)

pantagurafu - pantograph.

Panteon - the Pantheon. (1)

pantsu - pants; (6) short pants.

papa - papa. (34)

papaya, papaiya - pawpaw.

pErZ - a parlor. (30)

parachibusu - paratyphoid fever.

paradaisu - Paradise. (29)

paradokkusu - a paradox. (3)

parafin - paraffin (3) paper.

Paraguai - Paraguay. (2)

paragurafu - paragraph. (12)

parashiito - parachute. (5)

parasoru - parasol: (2) a sunshad a beach parasol.

Paresuchina - Palestine. (6) Pa estinian.

paretto - palette. (1)

Pari - Paris. (AA) Parisian. F? risienne.

paruchizan - partisan. (9)

parupu - pulp. (8)

pHsentEji - percentage. (13)

pBsento - per cent. (A)

Pasu - (1) a pass. (AA) (2) A sei son ticket. (3) Pass (an exam.).

paspEto - a passport. (4)

pasuteru - pastel. (2)

pate - putty. (2)

patento - patent. (27)

p'iti - party; (AA) a tea party, dance party.

p'itona - partner. (32)

patoron - patron. (17)

pedaru - pedal; (2) pedal a bicycle

pzjento - pageant. (11)

pzji - page. (AA)

pengin - a penguin. (2)

penki - paint. (AA)

76


pennsmu - a pen (A) name. (AA)

pBp5 - paper; (AA) a label; a tag.

pepaminto - peppermint. (1)

perikan - pelican. (1)

Perfi - Peru. (7) Peruvian.

Perusha - Persia. (10) Persian.

peshimisuto - a pessimist. (1)

petto - pet. (26)

piano - piano; (26) a pianist.

piero - pierrot (F).

piketto - picket; (4) a picketline.

pikkoro - piccolo.

pikkappu - pickup; (1) to pick up.

pikunikku - picnic. (16)

pin - pin. (43)

pinchi - pinch; (20) a pinch hitter; a pinch runner.

pinku -pink. (A)

pinpon - pingpong.

pinsetto - pincette. (F)

piramiddo - pyramid. (9)

piriodo - period. (AA)

pisutoru - pistol; (20) a revolver.

pitchi - pitch(ing); (43) a pitcher.

p6chi - porch. (A)

point0 - point. (AA)

p6kZ - poker. (4)

poketto - pocket; (a) a pocketbook; pocket money.

pijku - pork. (14)

pomZdo - pomade.

ponchi - Punch; (picture).

pond0 - pound. (AA)

ponpu - pump. (29)

popura - poplar. (8)

popurin - poplin. (1)

popyiira - popular. (A)

Wrando - Poland; (16) a Pole; the Polish.

pGru - pole. (A)

Porutogaru - Portugal. (11) Por- tuguese.

posutz - poster. (5)

posuto - a post; (M) a postbox.

pbtH - a porter. (19)

pijtaburu - portable. (4)

poteto - potato. (A)

p6towain - port wine. (A)

Potsudamu - Potsdam.

Etsumasu - Portsmouth. (4)

p5zu - pose. (10)

pudingu - pudding. (17)

purachina - platinum. (4)

77

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 & 2 puraido - pride. (A)

purakZdo - placard. (3)

puran - plan.

puranetaryumu - planetarium.

purasu - plus. (10)

purasuchikku - plastic. (3)

puratanasu - platan.

puratonikku-rabu - platonic love.

purattohtimu - platform. (35)

pure - play. (AA) fine play. A player.

pureigaido - play (AA) guide.

puremia(mu) - premium. (7)

purerylido - prelude. (3)

puresu - press. (AA) The press. The press code.

pureto - plate. (A)

purezento - present. (AA)

purima-donna - prima donna (It.)

purinsu - prince. (AA)

purinto - print. (A)

purizumu - prism. (5)

puro(feshonaru) - pro(fessiona1) (31).

puro(retaria) - proletarian; (1) the proletariat.

purodakushon - production. (A)

puroduflsa - producer. (13)

78

puroguramu - program. (46)

profiru - profile. (5)

puromaido - bromide (2) photograph.

puromunZdo - promenade. (6)

puropaganda - propaganda (12)

puropera - propeller. (3)

puror'ogu - prologue. (5)

Purotesutanto - Protestant; (13 Protestantism.

piiru - pool; (34) a swimming pool a motor pool.

putomain - ptomain(e).

w r i t a n - Puritan; (11) Puritan, ism.

R rabu - love. (AA) a love letter; I

love scene.

r3do - lard. (9)

RagUbt - Rugby. (2)

raiburarf - library. (A)

raifuru - rifle. (31)

rai-mugi - rye. (10)

raika - a Leica camera.

rain - line. (AA)

rainii - liner. (4)

rain'appu - line-up.

rainotaipu - linotype.

raion - lion; (a) a lioness.


rairakku - lilac. ( 6 )

raisukarz - rice curry. (38) (3)

raitH - a cigarette lighter. (1)

rajio - radio. (4) Radio program; radio fan; radio drama.

rajTimu - radium. (2)

raketto - racket; (10) a bat.

rakkfsebun - the lucky seventh. (24)

ramune - lemonade.

ranchil - lunch; (39) a luncheon.

ranchi2 - (steam) launch. (18)

randebu' - rendezvous. (F)

r a n d - runner. (15)

ranningu - running (race). (33)

ranpu - lamp. (A)

Raosu - Laos.

rapputaimu - lap time. (36) (AA)

rapusodf - rhapsody. (1)

rarugo - largo. (It.)

rasseru (1) Rasseln (G) (2); Russel plow.

rasshuawz - the rush hour. (AA)

rasuto - last; (AA) the last spurt.

Raten - Latin. (A) Latin America.

raudospfkZ - loudspeaker. (1)

reberu - level. (A)

rebyii - revue; (1) a revue girl.

redf - lady. (AA)

redfmeido - ready-made. (2 )

refur? - referee. (3)

reguhon - leghorn. (1)

regyura - regular (A) (member).

reink5t.o - a raincoat. (AA)

reiyon - rayon. (1)

rejisutz - register; (41) a cashier.

rek6do - record (AA) (holder); a (disc) record.

remon - lemon (27) (tree, oil, juice.)

remonzdo - lemonade. (7)

Rentogen - Roentgen rays; X-rays.

renzu - lens. (7)

repo(ta) - reporter. (16)

rEru - rail; (A) a railroad.

reshibs: - receiver. (12)

rssul - race; (AA) to race.

rEsu2 - lace. (32)

resuringu - wrestling.

resutoran - restaurant. (23)

retE - letter; (AA) letter paper.

rsyon - rayon. (1)

rBzX - leather; (A) leather cloth.

riberarizumu - liberalism. (1)

79


Riberiya - Liberia.

Ribiya - Libia.

ribon - ribbon. (36)

rfddL1 - reader. (A)

rid82 - leader (A) (of a party.)

rfdol - Lied (Ger.)

rfdo2 - lead (AA) (in a race).

rfgu-sen - league (A) match. (Tournament).

r i w r u - liqueur. (F) Liquor (34).

rinchi - lynch(ing). (5)

rinneru - linen. (47)

rinorytimu - linoleum. (4)

rinpa - lymph. (2)

ripsto - report. (AA)

rirl - lilac=lilas (F). ( 6 )

rire - relay (3) race.

ririyan - lily. (33)

ririyan - lily-yarn.

risaitaru - recital. (4)

risuto - list. (A)

ritomasu - litmus. Litmus paper.

riyakg - rear (A) car. (AA)

rittoru - liter. (1)

riz6ru - lysol.

rizumu - rhythm. (7)

rob? - lobby. (8)

robotto - robot.

r5doshij - road show. (AA) (AA)

Ebitii - the Reuter News.

rokEshion - location; (16) a location scene.

rolraru - local (A) (news).

EGma - Rome. (A)

romanchikku - romantic. (20)

romanesuku - Romanesque. (1)

romansu - romance. (25)

romantishizumu - romanticism.

rondo - rondo. (1)

ronpasu - rompers.

r5pu - rope. (A)

rbrI - roller. (11)

Roshiya - Russia. (A)

r6su - roast; (31) roast (beef, pork, chic ken).

r6suto - roast. (31)

S t a r ? - rotary; (4) the Rotary (Club).

rubf - ruby. (10)

Riiburu - Louvre. (F)

RCmaniya - Rumania. (1) Ruman- ian.

rumu - room. (AA)

Runessansu - Renaissance. (8)

80


runpen - Lumpen (G); a hobo.

riiru - rule. (AA)

rEto - route. (A)

riisu - loose. (A)

ryukkusakku - rucksack.

ryiimachi - rheumatism; (7) rheu- matic. (2)

S szberu - saber. (4)

sEbisu - service. (AA) (a service station.)

sabotlju - sabotage.

sEbu - serve. (AA)

sabutaitoru - subtitle.

szchiraito - searchlight. (2)

safaiya - sapphire. (6)

safuran - saffron. (2)

said% - cider; (5) cider-flavored soda water; ginger ale (deceptive cognate .)

saidokz - a side (AA) car.

saido-sutoroku - side stroke. (AA) (A)

saihon - siphon. (2)

sain - sign. (AA) (a signature.)

sairen - siren. (2)

slji - serge. (4)

saizu - size. (AA)

sakasu - circus. (16)

sakisohiin - saxophone. (1)

SW - soccer.

sakkarin - saccharin.

sakku - sack. (30)

sanatoryiimu - a sanatorium,

sanba - samba.

sandoitchi - sandwich. (23)

sanriimu - a sunroom. (AA)

sansukuritto - Sanskrit. (1)

Santakur6su - Santa Claus; (12)

sarada - salad. (28) salad oil.

sararf - salary. (A)

saron - salon; (5) salon music.

saruchiru-san - salicylic acid.

sasupendH - suspenders. (1)

Satan - Satan. (8)

sausupii - southpaw.

Seiton - Ceylon. (2) Ceylonese.

sekando - second (AA) (base) (base- man).

semento - cement. (17)

semikoron - semicolon.

senchi-m8toru - centimeter. (2)

senti2 - (1) center (AA) (field(er21; center fly. (A) A center of trade, sports,)

sepMo - shepherd (30) (dog.) 81


sepiya - sepia.

sero - cello.

serofan - cellophane (paper).

sera - sailor; (9) sailor blouse. (A)

sere-o - a serenade. (1)

setsurumento - settlement. (A)

setto - set; (AA) setting.

shaberu - shovel. (14)

shZbetta - sherbet. (2)

Shamu - Siam. (1) Siamese.

shanderiya - chandelier. (3) (F)

shanpan, shampen - champagne. (4) (F)

(40) sh'apupenshiru - sharp (A) pencil.

shatsu - shirt; (47) an undershirt.

shattii - shutter. (10)

shawH - shower (41) (bath).

shepao - shepherd (dog.) (30)

Shiberiya - Siberia. (5)

shichii - stew. (11)

shigaretto - cigarette. (22) A cigarette case.

shigunaru - (traffic) signal. (35)

shikuramen - cyclamen.

s h h - scene. (AA)

shinario - scenario; (1) (a scenario writer.)

shinboru - symbol. (17)

shinema - cinema. (2)

shinfont - symphony. (6)

shinguru - single@) (AA) (tennis) single (suit).

shinjikEto - syndicate. (6)

shinpa - sympathizer. (1)

shirindH - cylinder. (16)

shiringu - shilling. (16)

shiroppu - syrup. (6)

shiruetto - silhouette (F) (4)

shiruku-hatto - silk hat. (A) (AA)

shisutemu - system. (AA)

shitoron - citron. (2)

s h b u - (bed) sheet. (A)

shfzun - season. (AA)

sho' - show (AA); (a show window.)

s h o w - shock. (A)

shoppugm - shop girl. (AA)

shoru - shawl. (9)

sh6to - short. (AA)

sh6tokBki - shortcake. (1)

shumizu - chemise. (3)

Sobietto - Soviet (29) (Russia.)

sofuto - softhat. (AA)

sonata - sonata.(l)

82

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES sopurano - soprano. (1) soprano

singer.

s5su - sauce. (27)

suchimu - steam. (A)

suchiru - (1) steel. (A) (2) Still. ( A 4

%Eden - Sweden. (11)

suhinkusu - a sphinx. (2)

suingu - swing. (A)

s u h h f - switch. (15)

suftopf - sweet pea.

suttopotsto - sweet (AA) potato. (A)

suksu - scarf. (14)

sukPto - skirt. (A)

sukejiiru - schedule. (14)

sukEru - scale. (A)

suketch - sketch. (25)

sukEto - skates. (30)

sukf - skis; (6) skiing.

sukanku - skunk. (13)

sukopp~ - SCOOP. (8)

sukoa - score. (A)

sukotchi - Scotch. (16)

Mottorando - Scotland. (30)

sukuea-dansu - square (AA) dance.

sukuramu - scram.

sukurappu-bukku - scrapbook. (18)

sukurfn - screen. (39)

sumashingu - smashing.

sum80 - smart. (A)

sumakingu-rumu - smoking room.

(AA)

sunappu - snapshot. (49)

supai - spy. (30)

supaiku - spike (5) (shoe).

sup5.k~ - spark. (25)

suparuta - Spartan (8) (training,

sup’ito - spurt. (3)

supEd0 - spade. (13)

Supein - Spain. (A)

supekutoru - spectrum. (6)

superingu - spelling. (44)

supEsu - space; (AA) room.

sup?do - speed; (A) (speed up.)

supikH - speaker; (25) (loud speak-

supokusuman - spokesman. (5)

suponji - sponge. (12)

supGtsu - sports: (A) (a sportsman);

education).

er).

sportsmanship.

giipu - soup. (36)

supiin - spoon. (33) a3

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. VIII, 1 & 2 supuringu - spring. (AA) A spring

bed. A spring overcoat.

suranpu - a slump. (6)

sur5t.o - slate. (11)

S W ~ - slow. (A)

surippu - slip. (A) to slip.

surippzi - slippers. (20)

suriru - thrill. (46)

sur6gan - slogan. (5)

sutH - star. (AA)

sutaffu - staff. (37)

sutairu - style. (A)

sutajiamu - stadium. (2)

sutajio - studio. (17) sutando - stand. (AA)

sutanpu - mark; (A) datemark. Stamp (stamping; a mark; a datemark).

sutHto - start. (AA)

sutiSburu-faiba - staple (8) fiber. (15)

sut5ji - stage. (A)

sutekki - stick; (AA) (a cane).

sutendo-gurasu - stain(ed) glass. (28)

(1) (A) sutenresu-suchfru - stainless steel.

suteppu - step. (AA)

sutero-ban - stereo; stereotype.

sutEshon - station; (AA) (depot).

sutGtomento - statement. (A)

sutmu - stove; (40) heater; a gar stove.

sutokkingu - stocking(s). (34)

sutokku - a stock. (AA)

sutoppu - stop (AA) (stop watch.)

sutoraiki -strike; (AA) a walkout.

sutoraiku - strike. (AA) (baseball)

sutor eputomaishin - streptomycin.

sutori3.o - straight (AA) (victory).

sutor6 - a straw. (41)

sutoroberi - strawberry. (19)

sutor6ku - stroke. (A)

sTitsukEsu - a suitcase. (5)

T titban - turban. (5)

tabii - taboo. (2)

taburoido - tabloid (newspaper).

taimu - time. (AA)

taipisuto - typist. (1)

taipu - type. (AA)

taipuraitH - typewriter. (12)

tairu - tile; (15) tiled.

taitoru - title. (A)

taiya - tire. (AA)

takishfdo - tuxedo. 84


takkuru - tackle. (14)

takushf - taxi. (17)

tanbarin - tambourine.

tango - tango.

tangusuten - tungsten. (1)

t a d - tanker.

tanku - tank; (19) (oil-tank); a tank.

tannin - tannin.

taoru - towel; (18) a bath towel.

tZru - tar. (10)

tmuru - table; (AA) (table speech).

tekisasu - Texas (30) (leaguer).

tekisuto - text. (17)

t e k u n b - technique. (6)

tenisu - tennis. (18)

ten6ru - tenor. (6)

tenpera - tempera.

tenpo - tempo. (1)

tento - tent. (A)

tZpu - (break the) tape. (8)

terasu - terrace. (18)

terebijon - television. (1)

terem-iT - telemark.

terepin - turpentine. (4)

teriya - terrier. (3)

terorizumu - terrorism.

tesuto - test. (A)

t? - tea; (A) a tea party.

mansu - toe dance. (35) (AA)

toiretto - toilet. (11)

tomato - tomato. (11)

ton - ton. (48)

tijnamento - tournament. (11)

tonneru - tunnel. (22)

toppu - top. (AA)

torahiimu - trachoma.

torakku - truck. (23)

torakku - (running) track. (A)

torakuts - tractor. (12)

toranku - trunk. (48)

toranpetto - trumpet. (17)

toranpu - cards. (3)

torasuto - trust. (AA)

toremoro - tremolo.

torikku - trick. (A)

torio - trio. (2)

torohi - trophy.

torokko - truck; (23) (a trolley.)

toronwn - trombone,

Toruko - Turkey. (21)

tsuberukurin - tuberculin.

tsundora - tundra. 85


tsiipisu - a two piece (suit). (AA)

tsu'risuto-byiiro' - tourist bureau. (44)

U uefZ(su) - wafer. (4)

uztoresu - waitress. (3)

uisukf - whiskey. (9)

u h e n d o - week-end. (10)

u h f - weekly. (25)

uinku - wink. (20)

u5minguappu - warming-up.

u6tii - water. (AA)

uranyiimu - uranium.

- i i - wool. (A)

U r u g a i - Uruguay. (1)

urutora - ultra. (1)

waffuru -waffle. (3)

waifu - wife. (AA)

wain - wine; (A) wine glass.

waishatsu - white shirt.. (AA)

W

WakkuSu - W ~ X . (28)

wakuchin - vaccine.

wanpfsu - one-piece (AA) (dress)

wanisu - vanish. (39)

warutsu - waltz. (3)

waserin - Vaseline.

watt0 - watt. (2)

Y y5.m - yard. (AA)

y5do - iodine. (2)

y5guruto - yoghut.

Y6roppa - Europe. (AA)

yotto - yacht. (2)

yGy6 - yoyo.

Yudaya - Judea. (1)

YE@-surabiya - Yugoslavia. (1)

yiikari - eucalyptus.

yiimoa - humor.

yunesuko - UNESCO (United Nation; Education, Scientific and Cultura Organization).

yiimorasu - humorous. (8)

yunih5mu - uniform. (A)

y u n h - unique. (14)

yunion-jakku - Union Jack. (A! (4

Yiirashia - Eurasia. (1)

yiitopia - Utopia. (2)

Z zairu - Seil (G); rope.

zeminzru - Seminar (G).

zenersshon - generation. (48)

zerachin - gelatine. (7)

zeranyfimu - geranium. (4)

86


zerl - jelly. (19) I zukku - duck: (49) (canvas).

zero - zero. (11)

zesuchuSi - gesture. (28)

zurzsu - drawer(s). (20)

87

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. V m , 1 & 2

PART II

ENGLISH- JAPANESE COGNATES

IN

CLOTHING AND DRESS MAKING4

Japanese English Th. & L. Meanings in which the word is Classifi. used

**afutaniin afternoon M A b b r . an afternoon dress.

* airon iron M Lim. an iron implement used heated for smoothing or pressing cloth, etc.

4/13

akusesari accessory 8 Lim. 1/2 something added o r attached for convenience, attractiveness, etc.

andZshatsu undershirt

lSigns and Abbreviations used in this list. The asterisk shows the degree of difficulty of the word. ** False cognate (very difficult)

Between false cognates and true cognates (difficult). True cognates (not asterisked--easy).

*

- Long vowels Th. & L. Frequency of occurrence of the word as is shown in

the first column in the Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words by Thorndike and Lorge. 0 = the word (or the compound) is not listed in Part I of the book. 1 = at least one occurrence per million and not so many as two; 2 = at least two per million and not so many as three per million; and similarly up to 49; A = at least 50 per million and not 80 many as 100; AA = 100 o r Over per million.

Classifi. Classification of the word. Abbr. Abbreviated (or clipped) compound. Lim. Used in a limited meaning as is shown in the last column. Fal. False cognate. A word is labeled Fal. when the mean-

ing, in which the word is used in Japan, is not found in the American College Dictionary

The Arabic numeral before the oblique line shows the order of the meaning, in which the cognate is used, in American College Dic- tiOtZary. The numeral after the line shows the total number of the meanings of the word as a certain part of speech. Examples: 4/13. The dictionary gives 13 different meanings of the word, of which 4th is the meaning of the word as a cognate. 6,7/7. 7 different meanings are given in the dictionary. The meanings of the cognate are limited to those of 6 and 7.

88

ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES

Japanese English Th. & L. Meanings in which the word is

**aroha(-shatrm) aloha (shirt) 0 Abbr. an aloha shirt. (Hawaii)

Classifi. used

* bando

b e 6

wru *berut0

*bonetto

* botan

*burausu

burtichi

* burumH

* dezain

band

beret

veil

belt

bonnet

button

blouse

brooch

A Lim. 2fl a thin, flat strip of some material for binding; a belt.

1

30

48 Lim. 1/6 a band of flexible material for en- circling the waist.

10 Lim. 1/7 a woman's or child's outdoor head covering, commonly fitting down over the hair.

39 Lim. a disk o r knob on a piece of cloth 1/10 which, whenpassed througha Slit

or loop in the same piece or another, serves as fastening. (d. bell-button)

9 Lim. 1/3 a loosely fitting waist worn by women or children, sometimes worn outside the skirt and belted.

4 cf. broach.

bloomer(s) 1 Lim. 1/3 loose trousers gathered at the knee, worn by women as part of gymnasium, riding, o r other like dress. (Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, N. Y. 1850)

desim - (v. & n.)

*deZaiG designer

*doresu dress

A Lim. to make drawings, preliminary 6, ?/*I sketches, or plans; to plan and 1, 2/9 fashion a work of art; 2. things

designed.

12 Lim. 1/2 one who devices o r executes de- signs, as for works of art, dec- orative of patterns, dresses, ma- chines, etc.

AA Lim. the garment worn by women, con- 1/ 4 sisting of a skirt and a waist,

made either separately or together.


Japanese English Th. & L. M e d n g s in which the word i s Classifi. used

doresumEk5 dressmaker 8

*epuron apron

*fasshon fashion

queruto felt n.

17 Lim. 1/7 a piece of apparel made in various ways for covering, and usually also protecting, the front of the person more o r less completely.

A Lim. 1/9 a prevailing custom or style of dress; (etiquette) procedure; fashion school.

AA 1. nonwoven fabric of wool, fur or hair matted together by pres- sure. 2. any.article as this material, as hat. (shoe in &pan).

furokku frock 20 (-koto) (coat)

*gaun gown 38 Lim. 1/3 a woman's dress or robe, com- prising waist and skirt either joined or separate; nightgown; dressing gown.

*gBtoru gaiter 1 Lim. 1/2 a covering of cloth, leather, etc.,

gyazl gather AALim. v. n. 10/17

gyazGsukZto gather(ed) 0 Skirt

**m-ru high-heel 0 Abbr. (ed)

handobakku handbag 1

hankachi handkerchief 35

for the ankle and instep, and sometimes also the lower leg, worn over the shoe, etc. (cf. F. gugtre)

to draw up (cloth) on a thread in fine folds o r puckers by means of even stitches; a fold or pucker in gathered cloth, etc.

a high-heeled shoe.

90



~~~

heanetto hairnet 0

heapin hairpin 1

* * h o w hook 4’7 Abbr. a snap hook; 2. a curved or an- gular piece of metal o r other firm substance to fasten or join parts of a dress together. (cf. loop).

h6musupan homespun 3 Lim. homespun cloth; 2. cloth of similar appearance to that hand-spun and hand-woven.

n. 1, ~3

** ibuningu

ibuningu- doresu

jaketsu

* janpii

* kafus

* k a s

* kashimiya

kepu

**ketto

evening

evening dress

jacket

jumper

cuff(s)

collar

cashmere

cape

(b1an)ket

AA Abbr. a formal evening clothes.

0

22 a short coat, in various forms, worn by both men and women.

3 lim. a loose outer jacket worn esp. by 3/4 workmen and sailors.

13 Lim. 1/4 a fold, band, or variously shaped piece serving a s a trimming o r finish for the botton of a sleeve (pl. in Japan) cuffs button.

44 Lim. 2/7 limited to the collar of a shirt, esp. to that separable from the body.

0 Lim. 1/3 the fine downy wool at the roots of the hair of Kashmere goats of India.

34 a s l e e v e l e s s garment fastened round the neck and falling loosely over the shoulders, worn separately o r attached to a coat, etc.

30 Abbr. blanket. Aphaeresis Occurred on the side of Japan. cf. (tele)phone, (air)plane.

*konbini5shon combin- 40 Lim. 8/9 a suit of underwear in one piece. ation( s) 91


I Japanese English Th. & L. Meanings in which the word is Classifi. used.

korusetto

**k6to

* kurgpu

* kuriningu

** kyarako

* mafura

* manto

**mishin

**m6ningu

mosurin

nairon

naitogaun

corset

coat

crepe

cleaning

calico

muffler

mantle

machine

morning

muslin

nylon

nightgown

naitokyappu nightcap

nekkuresu necklace

nekutai necktie

**6bZ over

* onsu ounce

pajama pajamas

** pantsu pants

5

AA Fal.

8 Lim. 1/4

9

7 Fal.

1 Lim. 1/3

19 Lim. 1/6

AA Abbr.

AA Abbr.

7

0

3

2

9

AA Abbr.

26 Lim. 1/4

6

6 Fal.

a lady's gown; an overgarment or kimono.

a thin, light fabric of silk, cotton, o r other fiber, with a fine- ly cri$kled or ridged surface. (F. crepe)

cleaning of clothes; laundry; dry cleaning.

Brit. calico. Amer. (bleached) muslin.

a heavy neck scarf.

a loose, sleeveless cloak.

a sewing machine.

a morning coat.

a kind of synthetic.

also a tie.

an overcoat; greatcoat.

a unit of weight, 1/16 lb.

drawers (cf. Amer. pants = trouser9 (American meaning when it is used in compound. short pants, training pants, etch

parasoru parasol 2

*poketto pocket ALim. 1/10 a small bag inserted in a garment, for carrying a purse o r

92 other small articles.


Japanese English Th. & L. Meanings in which the word is Classifi. used.

* pondo pound AA Lim. 1/5 a unit of weight and of mass, 16 oz.

popurin poplin 1

*redimeid0 ready-made 2 Lim. 1/3 (dress, suit, shoes, etc.) made n. for sale to any purchaser, rather

than to order.

reinkijto raincoat 2

lace 32 Lim. 1/4 open work, ornamental texture made of threads by hand o r machine.

rGyon

**rezii

* ribon

rinneru

ronpzsu

sPji

*saizu

**sasupen&

rayon

leather

ribbon

linen

rompers

serge

size

1

A Fal. 1. leather cloth; 2. leather.

26 Lim. 1/9 a woven strip o r band of fine material, as silk, rayon, etc., fin- ished off at the edges, andvary- ing in width, used for ornament, tying, etc.

47 Lim. 1, 2/3

4

4

AA Lim. 1, S/6

suspender(8) 1 Fal.

sailor A Abbr.

sweater a 93

1. fabric woven from flax yarn; 2. .clothes o r other articles made of linen cloth or some substitute, as cotton, calico.

a loose outer garment combining a waist and knickerbockers, worn by young children.

1. the dimensions, proportions, o r magnitude of anything; 2. one of a series of graduated measures for articles of manufacture o r trade.

a garter (Brit.) (rare in h e r . meaning. )

a sailor blouse.

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. Vm, 1 & 2


_L

shatsu shirt 47

** shinguru n. single AA Abbr.

** shiruku- hatto

** shitsu

sh6ru

Sh6to - pantsu

shumizu

** sofuto

sofuto- karii

* sukau

* sukiito

**supuringu

**supringu- k6to

*surippu

*sutairu

silk hat 0 Fal.

sheet A Lim. 1/9

shawl 9

short pants 0

chemese

soft

soft collar

scarf

skirt

spring

spring- coat

slip

style

*sutairubukku stylebook

3

AA Abbr.

0

14 Lim. 1/2

A Lim. 2/6

AA Abbr.

0 Abbr.

A Lim. 9/17

a single-breasted (coat).

a tall hat; a top hat.

(bed) sheet.

a soft hat.

a long, broad strip of silk, lace, or other material worn about the neck, shoulders, o r head for ornament or protection. cf. muffler.

a separate garment (outer o r under) worn by women and girls, extending from the waist downward.

a spring overcoat.

a spring overcoat.

a woman's underdress.

A Lim. 4/15 a mode of fashion as in dress esp. good o r approved fashion elegance; smartness; 2. apartic cular kind, sort, or type, a swi t reference to form, appearance o r character.

Lim. 2/2 a book featuring styles, fashions o r the rules of style.

94



**sut&unl- staple fiber 8 Fal. rayon yarn or fabric m e n from faibZ (or sufu) it.

SutowgU stocking(s) 34 (used in singular form).

* tai tie AALim. necktie. (less popular than neck- 3/12 tie).

takishfdo tuxedo 0 a tuxedo coat.

* taonl towel 18 Lim. (this word doesn't mean paper towel in Japan).

**tsGpTsu two-piece 0 Abbr. a two-piece suit.

* iinl wool A Lim. 2/lO fabrics and garments made from sheep's wool.

** waishatsu white shirt 0 a shirt usually white and the col-

** wmplsu one-piece

*yZnl, yZd0 yard

yunih6mu uniform n.

** zukku duck

lar is separable from the body.

0 Abbr. a one-piece dress.

AA Lim. 1/2 a common unit of linear measure in English speaking countries.

A

49 Fal. 1. a canvas shoe; 2. heavy plain cotton fabric for tents, clothing, bags, mechanical uses, etc.

20 Lim. 2/4 a garment for the lower part of the body, with a separate portion for each leg, (particularly for women and children in Japan).

95


CLOTHING AND DRESS MAKING

English Japanese English Japanese

8 accessory akusesari AA afternoon dress afutanh

0 aloha shirt 17 apron

A band

48 belt

1 beret

30 blanket

1 bloomer

9 blouse

10 bonnet

4 brooch

39 button

7 calico

34 cape

0 cashmere

3 chemise 9 cleaning

AA coat

44 collar

40 combinations

5 corset

8 crepe

13 cuff(s)

A design

4 designer

20 drawers

AA dress

8 dressmaker

49 duck

aroha( shatsu)

epuron

bando

beruto

be r i ketto

burumz burausu

bonetto

burtichi

botan kyarako

kGpu kashimiya shumizu

kuriningu k6to

kars konbidshon,

korusetto

kurGpu kafusu

dezain

dezainZ

zur5su

doresu

doresum5ka zukku

AA evening dress

A fashion

AA felt n.

20 frock (coat)

3 gabardine

1 gaiter AA gather

0 gather(ed) Skirt

38 gown

0 hairnet

0 hirpin

1 handbag

3 5 handkerchief

0 high-heeled shoe

3 homespun

41 hook

AA iron 22 jacket

3 jumper 32 lace

A leather 47 linen

AA machine

19 mantle

AA morning coat

1 muffler

7 muslin

9 necklace

ibuningu(doresu) fasshon

fueruto

furokku (koto)

gyabajin

g’etoru

gyazz gyaza-sukZto

gaun heanetto

heapin

handobakku

hankachi

haihiru

h6musupan n.

hokku airon jaketsu

janpZ r‘esu

rezir rinneru

mishin

manto

m’3ningu (k6to)

mafura

mosurin

nekkuresu

96

ENGLISH-JAPANESE COCNATES

English Japanese English Japanese

6 necktie

2 nightcap 3 nightgown

6 nylon 0 one-piece suit

26 ounce

AA over(coat)

6 pajamas 2 parasol

A pocket

AA pound

2 raincoat

1 rayon

2 ready-made

36 ribbon

4 rompers A sailor

14 scarf 4 serge

9 shawl

A sheet

47 shirt

0 short pants 0 silk hat

nekutai

naitokyaPPU naitogaun

nairon

wanpIsu

onsu

5bI

pajama

parasoru

poketto

pond0

reink6to

reyon

redimeido

ribon ronpEsu

S k - 5

sukzfu

s i j i

ShGN

shitsu

shatsu Sh6to -pantSU

s h i m - h a t t o

single breasted shinguru

AA size saizu

A skirt sukiito

A slip SUriPPU 0 soft collar sofuto-karz

0 soft hat sofuto

0 spring overcoat supuringu

0 staple fiber suteburu-faib'r

34 stockings sutokkingu

A style

stylebook

1 suspender

8 sweater AA tie 18 towel

0 tuxedo 0 two-piece

undershirt

sutairu sutairubukku

saeupendii

SEtS

tai taoru takiSMdo

tsii -pisu

undbhatsu

A uniform yunihernu

30 veil bZru

0 white shirt waishatsu

A wool iiru

AA yard fin,

97

LANGUAGE LEARNING, VOL. VIU, 1 & 2

Total AA A 41 1 1

Discussion on Cognate Selection Theory

49--30 29--19 18--14 13--10 9--8 7--4 3,2,1 0 6 2 0 0 5 8 1 1 7

The aim of Part II is to make a specialized and somewhat deeper study on several problems which were not touched or little touched in Part I. For this purpose I have chosen 108 cognates in clothing and dressmaking for junior high school stu- dents. Accordingly, highly technical terms taught in professional schools of design and dressmaking a re eliminated. In other words, List 2 gives rather common words which an average housewife should know.

Comparing the foreign language vocabulary with that of the native language, and classifying it into seven groups, Professor Lado suggests that some words will f a l l into more than one group. 5 The same thing can be said in classifying cognates into groups according to their levels of difficulty. There a re three types of cognates: (1) true cognates, (2) false or deceptive cognates, and (3) those which f a l l somewhat between the first type and the second type.

5RObert La*, Linguistics Across Cultures (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957), p. 80.

h b l i s h e d by Kenkyusha, Tokyo, 1953. This dictionary i s based on both American and British dictionaries such a s Webster's Intematwnul Dictionary, Standard E w l i s h Dictionary, New Century Dictionury, Dic- tionary of American English. Dictionary of Americanisms, American Colkge Dictionary; Oxford E w l i s h Dictionary, Universal Dictionary.

98


words, 26 words (63%) of this group do not occur more than 7 times per million; that is, they are not included in the 7,000 words which are necessary for recognition. Thus an average Japanese housewife who is going to learn English can under- stand 26 extra words without any difficulty because they are true cognate 8.

False (or Deceptive) Cognates There are 25 false cognates (23.5%). Of these 25, only

9 (36%) a re deceptives in usual sense, and the other 16 (64%) a re of a somewhat different kind. Everyone of the latter is used as an element of z compound word, complex word, or a com- bination of words, making a special meaning as a cognate. For example, afternoon for afternoon dress, aloha for aloha shirt, soft for soft hat, ket7 (ketto) for blanket, sitgle for single- breasted coat, etc. How did this particular type of cognate develop? After they came into Japanese, for some reason o r other, the second element of the compound (complex, o r com- bination) was abbreviated or clipped, and the retained element has become similar with a simplex h form. The meaning, however, is still the same as that of the compound. When this ab- breviation occurs in English before a certain word comes into Japanese, there is no problem at all. Frock for frock coat, apartment for apartment house a re examples of this kind. But when clipping occurs only in Japan there are problems, and this kind of false cognate can be found not only in clothing and dressmaking, but in other fields. For example: @art for apartment (house), buil for building, demo for demonstration, depart for department store, ero for eroticism, etc.

The authors of A Glossary of Related Spanish-Etlglish Words classify the false cognates into two types: "those which have an accidental similarity with no etymological distinction" and "those which have a common root but have developed different shades of meaning in the twolanguages", and say: "Er- rors of the second type a re more frequent."8 In English-Ja- panese cognates, however, the second type is very rare, because of the fact that English and Japanese belong to different h.Wuage families, and because of the short time since

'IThis is an aphaeresis rather than a clipped compound. cf. bus omni- bus, phone telephone, 'shun Attention! Also compare with aposiopeses: fan fanatic, cab cabriolet, pants pantaloons, etc.

aselected Articles from Lungwage Learn*, Series I, English a s a Foreign Language, University of Michigan Press, 1953, pp. 166-167. Quoted by Edward M. Anthony in his review .of the glossary by M. E. Nunn and H. A. Van Scroy.

99

LANGUAGE LEARNING VOL. Vm, 1 & 2

Japanese borrowed words from English. It is a characteristic feature of EnglishJapanese false cognates that more than half of them are clipped (or abbreviated) compounds formed on the side of Japan.

Semi-false Cognates The third group, which is between true cognates and false

cognates, contains 42 words (38%) and is the largest number in the list. Professor Lado classifies the words in the group as deceptive cognates, and says:

"Words that are similar in form in two languages may be partly similar in meaning; they may be altogether different in meaning but represent meanings that exist in the native lan- gauge. ('9

The degree of difficulty of a word in this group will be different according to how many meanings the word has, and according to the order of the frequency of the particular meaning in which the word is used as a cognate. If a cognate is used in the first meaning (most frequent meaning) of the word in a dictionary, it will be less deceptive than another word which is used in its last meaning (least frequent meaning). If a word has more meanings than another word, the former will be more deceptive than the latter, provided that either one of them is used in a single meaning as a cognate. These two factors shouldbe taken into consideration when we grade the difficulty of cognates. The frequency of words in general, as classified in Thorndike and Urge 's word list, is not essential in this case, because the easiness or difficulty of a cognate is quite a different matter from the frequency of the word in either of the two languages.

How to Classify the Difficulty of Semi-deceptive Cognates I have already mentioned two factors which decide the

difficulty of semi-deceptive cognates. Let us demonstrate how to combine those two factors. Problem: Compare the difficulty of hypothetical cognates A and B.10

Data: Word A occurs 79 times per 4-1/2 million. Word A has seven different meanings. The word occurs 30 times in 1st meaning, 21

times in 2nd meaning, 15 times in 3rd meaning, 8 times in

Q R O b e r t LPQO, Liqguistics Across Cultures, p. 83.

10It is my regret that I cannot use really existing cognates, but I am to apply this simple theory to, and test it by, EnglishJapanese cognates.

100


4th meaning, 3 times in 5th meaning, twice in 6th meaning, and no occurrence in 7th meaning.

The third meaning is the meaning of cognate A. Word B occurs 16 times per 4-1/2 million. Word B has three different meanings. The word occurs 12 times in 1st meaning, 3 times

The first meaning is the meaning of cognate B.

15

in 2nd meaning, once in 3rd meaning.

Solution: 18.' Easiness of cognate A - 100 - ;ii5 = 0.1898.. . .

100 18.9 81.1 Difficulty of cognate A is - - - = - 100 100 100 ... 81

- '' . . . . . Easiness of cognate B 16

Cognate A is more difficult than cognate B. (No- tice that word A is more frequently used than word B; 79:16.

If the percentage is 100, the cognate is a true cognate, and if the percentage is 0, the cognate is completely a false cognate. Only highly technical terms will be 100 per cent true cognates, and most of the existing cognates can by? arranged between 100 and 0 , according to their difficulty. The percentages of difficulty and of easiness are mutually complementary, and after giving a certain definition we can show the difficulty of cognates with numerals.

10 1

REFERENCES

Barnhart, Clarence L. The American College Dictionary. Random House, New York, 1953.

Fries, Charles C. American English Grammar. New York Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1940.

Fries, Charles C. andTraver, A. Aileen. English Word Lists. Ann Arbor, Mich. The George Wahr Publishing Co., 1950.

Fries, Charles C. Selected Articles from -e Learnitg, Series 1. University of Michigan Press, 1953.

Fries, Charles C. Stnccture of Erlglish. Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1952.

Fries, Charles C. Teach% and Learning English as a Foreign Lawgage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1954.

Iwasaki and Kawamura. Kenkyusha's New English-Japanese Dictionary. Kenkyusha, Tokyo, 1953.

Katsumata, Senkichiro. Kenkyusha's New Japanese-Etglish

Lado, Robert. Annotated Biblwgvaphy fo r Teachers of Etgiish United States Government Printing

Dictionary. Kenkyusha, Tokyo, 1954.

as a Foreign -e. Office, Washington: 1955.

Lado, Robert. Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor, Uni- versity of Michigan Press, 1957.

Nakajima, hunio. Smseido 's New Concise Japanese-Etglish Dictionary. Sanseido, Tokyo, 1952.

Thorndike, Edward L., and Lorge, Irving. The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words. New York Bureau of Publi- cations, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1944.

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Documents

A STUDY OF ENGLISH-JAPANESE COGNATES