A Society Gone with the Wind… Antebellum Southern Society Look for it only in books, for it is no more than a dream remembered. A Civilization gone with

A Society Gone with the Wind…Antebellum Southern Society

Look for it only in books, for it is no more than a dream remembered. A Civilization gone with the wind...

Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind

Previously

• What is transcendentalism?

• Who is Emerson?• Thoreau?

• Name a prominent negative writer

• Why were historians in the NE?• What is the effect?

• Who was Stephen Foster?

• Who was Horace Mann?

• What is the difference between temperance and teetolism?

• Who was Dorothea Dix?

• What is Jacksonian Democracy?

• What did Eli Whitney invent?

Primary Source DailyDorothea Dix, Memorial to the legislature of Massachusetts

• I come to present the strong claims of suffering humanity. I come to place before the Legislature of Massachusetts the condition of the miserable, the desolate, the outcast. I come as the advocate of helpless, forgotten, insane and idiotic men and women; of beings, sunk to a condition from which the most unconcerned would start with real horror; of beings wretched in our Prisons, and more wretched in our Alms-Houses. And I cannot suppose it needful to employ earnest persuasion, or stubborn argument, in order to arrest and fix attention upon a subject, only the more strongly pressing in its claims, because it is revolting and disgusting in its details.

What we’re Talking About Today

• Point out the economic strengths and weaknesses of the “Cotton Kingdom.”• Describe the lives of non-slaveholding whites and

their attitude toward slavery.• Describe the lives of freed blacks

• Effects of Cotton Gin

• Northern Industry

• England• 1/5 of all jobs were

manufacturing cotton• 75% came from South

• South• “King Cotton”

The Slave System: Problems

• Land• Stripped the soil and

moved west

• Monopolies

• Over speculation

• One-crop economy

• Resentment of ________

The O’Haras and the Wilkes

• 1,733 families __________• They are in charge• Educated in finest

schools• Leisure time for study• Gap widened

_______________________• Had a feudal-like society

• Women in the South

The Upper Middle Class

• ________ of white Southerners owned any slaves• 255,000 owned 10

or fewer

• Small slave owners

Hillbillies/Crackers/Clay Eaters

• 1860• 6.1 million owned

_______ slaves

• Majority lived in the backcountry• Subsistence farmers• Isolated lives

• Why Did They Support Slavery?

A People’s History of the united statesHoward Zinn

• The need for slave control led to an ingenious device, paying poor whites—themselves so troublesome for two hundred years of Southern history—to be overseers of black labor and therefore buffers for black hatred.

Let’s Go…Mountaineers

• Independent small farmers

• Didn’t own slaves

• Abolitionist• Religion based

Free Blacks

• Upper South• Emancipation was traced

to idealism

• Deep South

• Usually mulattoes• Some purchased their

own freedom

• Conditions in the South

• Conditions in the North

Pit Stop

• What % of Southerners owned slaves?• Why then do you think there

is a perception that all owned slaves?

• Rural group that supported abolition

• How were free blacks treated in the North

• Why did most Southerners support slavery if they didn’t own slaves?

Life on the Plantation

Askin’ All Them Questions

• What % of Southerners owned slaves?• Why then do you think there

is a perception that all owned slaves?




Plantation System

• 4,000,000 slaves in America• Why?• Majority of population in several states

• Review• Slave Trade Compromise

• Why was it necessary?• Still some smugglers

• Acquitted by Southern judges

• Investments• $2,000,000,000

• Most slaves were spared dangerous jobs• Auction

• Sold along horses and cattle• Breeding

• Not officially endorsed• You bred more kids…freedom?• Selective breeding

Life as a Slave

• Depended on __________________• Most worked the fields from dawn til

dusk• Some took care of the children

• “Mammy”

• No political rights• No legal marriages

• Beatings• Common• Whippings less common because it

hurt their value

• Biggest slave states

• Most slaves lived ___________________• Some counties they were 75% of

population

Life as a Slave

• Family Life• Most were raised by 2 parent

families• Avoided marriage by 1st cousins

• African Traditions

• Most were Christianized in aftermath of 2nd Great Awakening

• Emotions of slaves• Deprived of dignity and self-

responsibility• Deprived of an education• “American Dream” was a

mockery

Early Abolitionist Movement

• Gradually, anti-slavery societies are created• What event could have

spurned this?• Also British abolish

slavery in 1833

• Theodore David Weld• Energized from 2nd Great

Awakening• Created many

abolitionist propaganda pieces

Radicals

• William Lloyd Garrison• The Liberator• Stop slavery immediately• Equal rights for women• North should secede

• David Walker• Advocated violent slave

rebellions in 1829

• Sojourner Truth• Illiterate• Freed slave who fought for

women’s rights and emancipation

• Aint I a Woman?

Radicals

• Frederick Douglas

• Born in MD• Great speaker• Many death threats

• Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

• Raised two regiments of soldiers during the Civil War

• Believed politics would fix the slavery question

• http://www.history.com/topics/sojourner-truth/videos#aint-i-a-woman

Life as a Slave

• Reaction of Slaves to Slavery• Slowed pace of labor• Stereotype

• Stole from house• Sabotaged equipment so

as not to have to work

• Attempts at Freedom• Many tried to runaway• Rebellions• Nat Turner

• Minister in VA• 30 families

Results of Nat Turner

• Poor conditions increased hostility among slaves

• White Southerners are scared @37$@less

• Because of prejudice towards black citizens• American Colonization Society,

1817• Ship black Americans back to Africa

• Stricter legal codes for slaves

• Movement for abolition is concentrated in the North

• Why do you thinK?

John Green Crash Course #13Slavery

• Why would the South suck at the Civil War?

• What was opposed to the American idea?

• What is the truth about slavery?

• What does John mean when he says a lot of the slave system was arbitrary?

• Why is it important to emphasize that slaves resisted?

• What made slavery untenable and the Civil War inevitable?

A People’s history of americaHoward Zinn

• The United States government’s support of slavery was based on an overpowering practicality. In 1790, a thousand tons of cotton were being produced each year in the South. By 1860, it was a million tons.

• In the same period, 500,000 slaves grew to 4,000,000,000. A system harried by slave rebellions and conspiracies developed a network of controls in the southern states, backed by the laws, courts, armed forces and race prejudice of the nation’s leaders.

• It would take either a full-scale slave rebellion or a full-scale war to end such a deeply entrenched system.

The President Who Didn’t Do Anything…The John Tyler Administration

"In 1840 I was called from my farm to undertake the administration of public affairs and I foresaw that I was called to a bed of thorns…”

~John Tyler Farewell Address


• What % of Southerners owned slaves?• Why then do you think

there is a perception that all owned slaves?




• Who was Stephen Foster?

• Who was Horace Mann?

• What is the difference between temperance and teetolism?


• What is Jacksonian Democracy?

• What did Eli Whitney invent?

Primary Source Daily

What we’re talking about today:

• Describe American and British controversy over Maine, Texas, and Oregon. • Explain the controversy surrounding the

annexation of Texas. • Explain the so-called “positive good” theory of

slavery.

America: The Story of UsFrederick Douglass

• Wage slavery?

• Women and children worked in horrible factory conditions• Dark, stuffy factories• Old/injured workers

were discarded?

• African Americans• Worked in fresh air• Old and sick were cared

for

• Result of the Wage Slavery debate…

• Widened the gap between North and South

• South isolated themselves from western world

• Grew intolerant of slavery questions

• Gag Resolution, 1836• Piles of abolitionist petitions

poured into Congress• Southerners pass a gag rule

to put aside slavery question without a debate• JQA gets it repealed after 4

years

Wage Slavery Debate

• On a sheet of paper (or half if you want to share)

• Evaluate the following statement:

• Northern factory workers are no more free than Southern slaves

• A-J• Disagree

• K-Z• Agree

• Think about the conditions that both had to work under…

Disney American Presidents:William Henry harrison

Who is John Tyler?

• Tyler becomes President• How?

• John Tyler • 6’ and slim• Left Democrats because he

didn’t like Jackson’s use of power• Doesn’t always fits in• Runs to balance the ticket

• Tyler is against the Whig Platform• Pro-bank• Pro-improvements• Pro-tariff

The President with No Party?

• Whigs push through a bill that would recreate the National Bank• Tyler vetoes it

• The Whigs rework the bill and put it back to Tyler• He vetoes it again

• Tariff Bill• Tyler wants more money but

doesn’t like how the tariff money will be distributed and vetoes it

• Whigs redraft it and then Tyler signs it

The President With No Party!

• Called Tyler “His Accidency”

• He is burned in effigy• Numerous death threats

• Formally expelled from the Whig Party

• His cabinet resigns• All except Daniel Webster

• Serious attempts to impeach him in the House• What is the process to get a

president out of office?

This Guy Can’t Catch a Break

• USS Princeton Incident

• John Tyler and his cabinet are showing off a newly constructed ship

• In showing off one of the guns, it exploded

• Killed several people including two members of the Cabinet• Secretary of State• Secretary of the Navy• Tyler’s soon to be father-in-law

Disney American Presidents:John Tyler

IN A TIME PERIOD FAR FAR AWAY…

• What did Jefferson purchase from France?• Why?

• Why do you see that this new land could cause problems in the future?• Think about what we’ve

talked about this week

• The problem:

The Solution:

• Henry Clay (good at making bargains)

• Missouri Compromise•

War of Words--Britain

• Anti-British feelings• Why do you think?• British wrote of us..

• America’s Financial Relationship

Manipulating Maine

• How was the state of Maine created?– Who?

• Britain wants to ____________________

• Arostook War (Pork & Beans War)– Somewhat violent

confrontation between Maine and Canadian Lumberjacks

• Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842

Back to the Heart of Texas…

• Mexico refuses to recognize ___________ as an independent country– Why would they not

recognize the treaty?– Threatens war if America

takes Texas in

• Texas has to keep up a costly military establishment in case Mexicans attack again– Start putting out offers to

other countries

Back in the Heart of Texas…

• Britain wants an independent Texas• Why?

The Texas Two-Step

• Angered by British meddling in Texas

• Leading issue of 1844 election

• Tyler does not want to Annex it– Fear of upsetting North

• Instead goes through a loophole– Calls for joint legislation

• Texas becomes 28th state

• Mexico claims we stole Texas from them

The Dark Horse

• James K. Polk– 5’8 and lean– Hard-working– Micromanager• Drives him to death

– Polk the Purposeful

– Some people consider him to be one of the great Presidents of all time…

Enter the Dark Horse…

• Election of 1844– Tyler drops out

• Henry Clay (W)

• James K. Polk (D)– “Dark Horse”

• Polk wins 170-105– Polk only wins NY by

5,000 votes• Clay gets Nader-ed

The Texas Two-Step

• Angered by British meddling in Texas

• Leading issue of 1844 election

• Tyler does not want to Annex it• Fear of upsetting North

• Instead goes through a loophole• Calls for joint legislation

• Texas becomes 28th state

• Mexico claims we stole Texas from them

Making Statements


• What territory was disputed with Britain

• Who was the Dark Horse?

• What was the Caroline?

• What was the Creole?

• How did British newspapers depict America?

• Who was Eli Whitney?

• Who was Samuel Slater?


• What is Deism?

The Dark Horse, spotty Lincoln, & a Whole Lot of Land:

The Mexican American War

Would you have voted for what you felt and knew to be a lie?Abraham Lincoln

Pit Stop

• What territory was disputed with Britain

• Who was the Dark Horse?



• How did British newspapers depict America?

• Who was Eli Whitney?

• Who was Samuel Slater?


• What is Deism?


What We’re Talking About Today

• Explain the causes of the war with Mexico.• Describe the consequences of the Mexican War

and its effect on the slavery controversy.

Oregon

• Oregon Country– Enormous wilderness– Claimed at one time or another

by 4 countries• Spain gave us their rights in 1819

• What else did we get in the Adams-Onis Treaty?

• British claims– Prior discovery, actual

occupation– Hudson’s Bay Company was

trading for furs

• American claims– We discovered it as well – We had missionaries there

working with the Natives

Oregon

• Treaty of 1818– Americans divided

area with the British

• Americans go there in 1840– 5,000 settled in

Columbia River region– British only had 700• Seeing benefit of

playing nice

Oregon Territory

• Area of dispute– Northwest Corner of

Oregon

• America offers– 49th parallel

• Britain offers– Columbia River

• Becomes another big issue in 1844 election– With what other issue?

54-40 or FIGHT!

• Polk/Democratic Platform• 54`40 line

• British Proposal• 49`40• Columbia River isn’t as

important• Think America will come

after the territory eventually

• Senate accepts agreement for 49`40• Because of events

elsewhere

Problems with Mexico

• Americans want CA• Good farming• Gateway to Pacific

• Population of CA• 1,200 Mexicans• 1,000 Americans• 75,000 Native Americans

• Slidell is sent to buy California from Mexico for $25,000,000• Mexicans insulted…reject

Problems With Mexico

• Unpaid debt• US had claims for the

Mexican government damaging 3,000,000 worth of American property• Mexico agrees but defaults

because of internal strife

• Texas• Mexico threatened war if

America took in Texas• Boundaries

• America: Rio Grande• Mexico: Neuces River

• Polk avoids conflict by keeping troops out of that area

Colonel Ethan Allen HitchockJune 30, 1845

• Orders came last evening by express from Washington City directing General Taylor to move without any delay to some point on the coast near the Sabine or elsewhere, and as soon as he shall hear of the acceptance by the Texas convention of the annexation resolutions of our Congress he is immediately to proceed with his whole command to the extreme western border of Texas and take up a position on the banks of or near the Rio Grande, and he is to expel any armed force of Mexicans who may cross that river.

• Bliss read the orders to me fast evening hastily at tattoo. I have scarcely slept a wink, thinking of the needful preparations. I am now noting at reveille by candlelight and waiting the signal for muster.. . . Violence leads to violence, and if this movement of ours does not lead to others and to bloodshed, I am much mistaken.

American Blood on American Soil?

• January, 1846• Polk orders Zachary

Taylor to take 4,000 men to Rio Grande• Nothing happens

• Polk prepares declaration of war• Unpaid debts• Rejection of CA proposal

• Mexican troops attack Taylor’s men• Congress overwhelmingly

votes for war

James K. PolkMessage to congress

• The cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte [the Rio Grande]. But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil... .

• As war exists, notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of Mexico herself, we are called upon by every consideration of duty and patriotism to vindicate with decision the honor, the rights, and the interests of our country.

American Blood on American Soil?

• Congress overwhelmingly votes for war

• “The Democratic majority in the House responded with alacrity and high-handed efficiency to Polk’s May 11 war recommendations. The bundles of official documents accompanying the war message, supposed to be evidence for Polk’s statement were not examined but tabled immediately...barely a half hour was left for discussion of the issues.”

~John Schroeder Mr. Polk’s War

Spotty Lincoln

• Polk felt the war was justified since Mexico rejected the CA proposal

• Congressman Abraham Lincoln introduces legislation that requests the precise spot on American soil where the blood was shed

• Whigs call Polk a liar• Henry David Thoreau

Colonel Ethan Allan Hitchock

• I have said from the first that the United States are the aggressors. . . . We have not one particle of right to be here. ... It looks as if the government sent a small force on purpose to bring on a war, so as to have a pretext for taking California and as much of this country as it chooses, for, whatever becomes of this army, there is no doubt of a war between the United States and Mexico.

• My heart is not in this business ... but, as a military man, I am bound to execute orders. l led upon by every consideration of duty and patriotism to vindicate with decision the honor, the rights, and the interests of our country.

Fighting the War

• Captain John Fremont• Captures CA • Makes it the California

Republic

• Zachary Taylor• Defeats 20,000 Mexican

soldiers with 5,000 Americans

• Capture of Mexico City• What was it originally?• Winfield Scott• Overcomes• Expiring enlistments• A more numerous enemy• Mountainous terrain• Disease

Primary Source Daily:John L. O’Sullivan

Texas has been absorbed into the Union as the inevitable fulfillment of the general law which is rolling our population westward....It was disintegrated from Mexico in the natural course of events, by a process perfectly legitimate on its own part, blameless on ours....

California will, probably next fall away from...Mexico...imbecile and distracted...The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on its borders....All this without agency of our government, without responsibility of our people--in the natural flow of events, the spontaneous working of principles....

Ending the War

• America wants peace• Tries to negotiate with

Santa Anna

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• Mexico concedes Texas• Area extending towards

Oregon• US pays 18.25 million• Had to be passed quickly

because opposition was mounting in the HOR

Aftermath of War

• All of Mexico?• Could have taken it, but

would have led to a huge political problem

• Expensive

• Treaty is approved 38-14

• Why do we pay Mexico?• Guilty conscience?• Fair play• A bribe to get the treaty

done quickly so Polk could have the votes

Consequences

• Losses• 13,000 Americans• Why do you think?

Examples?

• Increased Land• Up by 1/3

• Increased Experience• Field experience for Civil

War generals• Justifies Naval Academy

and West Point since it was so smooth

• Marine Corps get prestige

Consequences

• Foreign Countries Respect• Army had no major blunders or

losses

• Downturn in Latin American relations• Seen as a bully, untrustworthy

**SLAVERY**• Abolitionists believe war was

fought for slavery• Most volunteers were from the

South• Introduces new territories that

will bring up the slavery questions again• Example?

Wilmot Proviso

• Would make slavery non-existent in any of the newly acquired territories

• Never became law• All but one free

state adopted it

John Green Crash Course #17War & Expansion

• What does our expansion have a lot to do with?• Explain why

• What was the foreshadowing border used for?

• What is John’s position on the start of the Mexican War?• Why do you feel that way?

• What does John point out that is hypocritical about Lincoln?

• What were the troubles immediately after the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?

Disney the American PresidentsJames K. Polk

The Poison Apple

“The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic, which brings him down in turn.

Mexico will poison us.”Ralph Waldo Emerson


• Who is Winfield Scott?

• What line did we settle on in Oregon?

• What is Manifest Destiny?

• Who is the Dark Horse?• What does that mean?

• Who was His Accidency?• Why did they call him

that?



• What party was Tyler a part of?

• What were some things on Polk’s list?• Did he check it twice?

• Why did Britain want Texas?

What We’re Talking About Today:

• Describe the consequences of the Mexican War and its effect on the slavery controversy. • Explain the terms of the Compromise of 1850.• Explain why the Whig Party disintegrated in 1850.

Wilmot Proviso

• Would make slavery non-existent in any of the newly acquired territories

• Never became law• All but one free

state adopted it

Election of 1848

• In 1848• Political parties don’t bring up slavery

• Lewis Cass (D)• Polk steps down• War hero of 1812

• Zachary Taylor (W)• War hero of Mexican American War• “Rugged frontier nature”

• Lived on a sugar plantation in LA• Urged territories to organize quickly and become

states to avoid slavery question

• Martin Van Buren, FREE SOIL PARTY• Against expansion of slavery into new territories• Why?

• Results• Taylor 163 Cass 127

• Cass gets Nadered

What’s Important about 1848

• Popular Sovereignty• People of a state decide

whether or not to have slavery

• People liked it because it was democratic in nature

• Politician likes it because it takes the responsibility out of their hands

• STEPHEN DOUGLAS

• Will make several reappearances over the next couple weeks

California Gold Rush

• California is supposed to be a slave state

• Gold is discovered, 1848• 80,000 people go to CA…few find

gold• Most were outlaws

• Most profitable enterprise?

• California Constitution• Outlawed slavery• Asked Congress for admission as

a state• Bypassed being a territory because

of the number of people

• Messes up sectional balance?

How to Swear like an Old Prospector

• http://mentalfloss.com/article/14974/how-swear-old-prospector


• Dadburn (v)• To curse• Etymology• “Dad” is a substitute for God

in turn of the 19th century Southern vernacular

• Dadburned boll weevil done ‘et my crop!

• Hornswoggle (v)• To embarrass, confuse• Etymology• Fancified word used to make

fun of people back East• I’ll be hornswoggled


• Sockdolager (n)• A big finish• Etymology• A rendering of the word

doxology which is the collective raising of voices at the end of a church service

• Well, I guess I know enough to turn you inside out, you sockdologisin’ old man- trap


• What is popular sovereignty?

• What was the Free Soil Party?

• What was the Know Nothing Party?

• What was found in CA?• What does it lead to?

America: The Story of UsThe Gold Rush

Sectional Balance: The South

• Status• President• Majority in cabinet and

Supreme Court• Equal in Senate• Cotton prices were high• Nobody thought slavery

would be abolished

• Problems• CA admission

• Tip the balance to 16-15• Slavery territory is running out• Land was bought with Southern

blood• Texas

• Wanted New Mexico• DC

• Abolitionists wanted no slavery in the capital

• Underground Railroad• Loss of slaves

• Stronger Fugitive Slave Laws• Only losing 1,000 a year out of

4,000,000• The principle…protected in the

Constitution

AMERICA: THE STORY OF US HARRIET TUBMAN

Sectional Balance: Twilight for Influential Senators

• Henry Clay• 73 and not in good health• Proposed a series of

compromises• Concessions from both sides• Fugitive Slave Law

• Protégé is Stephen Douglas

• Daniel Webster• 68 not in good health• Reasonable concessions

• John C. Calhoun• 68 dying of TB• Predicted Southern secession• Protection of Southern rights• Northern & Southern president?

Sectional Balance: New Kids on the Block

• Younger Congressmen get elected who are more interested in purging/purifying the Union

• William Seward• Strong abolitionist..against

compromise• Christian legislators must

obey God’s law

• Taylor’s response• If Texas is going to claim

Mexico he will invade• Sounds like?

• Civil War could’ve started in 1850

Sectional Balance:Compromise of 1850

1. California is admitted as a free state

2. Slave trade is abolished within D.C.

3. NM and UT determined by popular sovereignty

4. Fugitive Slave Act1. Required return of runaway slaves

5. Texas gives up NM for 10,000,000

• Leads to a 2nd Era of Good Feelings• Sectional strife goes away for 5

years

Reaction

• Fugitive Slave Law• Slaves could not testify• Judges given more money for returned

slaves• Most Northern states refuse to enforce

this law• Contention among South

• Strength of North• Time is on side of North

• Population• Wealth• Crops• Factories• Foundries• Ships• Roads• Moral strength

• Industry’s value surpasses agriculture in the 1850s

America Story of us:Fugitive Slave Act

Making Statements

Expansion Elsewhere?

• With win in Mexico, expansionists fired up

• Panama• Link from Atlantic to Pacific• Deals with Britain that neither

would take it over

• Cuba• William Walker tries multiple

times to take it over• Named himself President of Cuba

and legalized slavery• Eventually shot by a firing squad

• Ostend Manifesto• Proposal to buy Cuba for

120million• Gets leaked out and angers

abolitionists

Literal/Figurative Death of the Whigs

• Whigs would have nominated Clay or Webster in 1852• Instead go with Winfield Scott

• Who?

• Whigs split over…• Anti-slavery don’t like Scott’s

endorsement of FSL• Southern Whigs doubted Scott’s

loyalty to South

• Election of 1852• Pierce (D)• Scott (W)

• Pierce wins 254-52• Free Soil takes a good amount of

the Whig votes

Literal/Figurative Death of the Whigs

• After 1852• Disorganized Whigs

disband• Ended the era of

national parties• More sectional parties

rise in this era

• Significance of Whigs• Held country together• Help build

infrastructure for our industrial revolution

Disney American presidentsZachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore

John Green Crash Course #17War & Expansion

• Why was the gold rush useful to California?

• What is the main insight taken from the Mystery Document?

• What is the difference from today’s California and 1850’s California?

• What does John accuse Henry Clay of doing with the Compromise of 1850?• **Hint: He’s done this before**

• What do “most people” say causes the Civil War? What does John say?

• What is the underlying problem of Manifest Destiny?

The Poison Takes Hold

“I, John Brown, am now certain that the crimes of this guilty land can never be purged away but with blood!”

John Brown, December 2, 1859


• What line did we settle on in Oregon?

• What is Manifest Destiny?

• Who is the Dark Horse?• What does that mean?

• What were the items on Polk’s list?

• What is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?


• What is the Wilmot Proviso?

• What is the Free Soil Party? • What is their platform?

Why?

• What was the Aranook War?

• What did Tyler do to bring Texas to the US? Why?


• “The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as the man [who] swallows the arsenic…Mexico will poison us.”

~Ralph Waldo Emerson

What We’re Talking About Today:

• Describe the Kansas-Nebraska Act and how it added to sectional crisis. • Describe the origins and goals of the Republican

Party

Gadsden Purchase

• Trouble getting to CA & OR• Around South America was too long• Wagon trails were dangerous• Transcontinental railroad was the

solution

• Railroads• Could only build one at a time• South was losing economic race with

the North• Railroad chosen in the South

• Less mountainous• Wouldn’t go through unorganized

territory

• James Gadsden• Railroad businessman• Purchases territory from Santa Ana• Northerners oppose, but it passes

The Start of the Civil War

• Nebraska was unorganized• Enough people but Southerners

oppose organizing it• Why?

• Kansas-Nebraska Act• Stephen Douglas

• Wanted to break deadlock• Two groups?

• Proposed territory broken into two states

• Conflict with Missouri Compromise • Debate is heated in Congress

• Reaction• Thought he was doing it for personal

reasons• Northerners think he is a sell-out


• Kansas-Nebraska Act• Repealed Fugitive Slave

Law• Repealed Missouri

Compromise

• North and South farther apart• North upset Kansas would

be a slave state• South upset that North is

upset

• Democrats Split• No president until 1883

Disney The American Presidents:Franklin Pierce

Splitting Apart: Election of 1856

• Brooks v. Sumner

• Democrats• James Buchanan

• Minister to London• Not tainted from Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Republicans• John Freemont

• Where is he from?

• Know Nothings• Millard Fillmore• What is their platform?

• Buchanan wins• South threatens secession if Freemont

wins• Republicans have a good showing


• Republican Party• Started in the Midwest• Former Whigs• Know Nothings• Free Soilers

• Parties in this era become regionalized• Democrats• South

• Republicans• North

Drifting Apart

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Harriet Beecher Stowe• Arise passions in the North• Had never been to the South

or seen slavery

• Results• Made into a play• Translated into languages• No other novel can be

compared with political effect

• Impending Crisis of the South• Says slavery is hurting

nonslaveowners

Bleeding Kansas

• Demographics• Pioneers • Financed group of

abolitionists

• Southern Response• Kansas supposed to be slave• Nebraska free• Sends well-armed

slaveowners with slaves to Kansas

• Election of 1st Legislature• Missouri tampering• Two governments get set up

Bleeding Kansas

• Violence in Lawrence• John Brown• 5 proslavery advocates are

hacked to death• Jayhawkers

• Southerners respond

• Civil War in Kansas• Millions of property damage• Harmed agriculture

• Lecompton Constitution• Pro-slavery Constitution• People could only vote on

slavery or no slavery• Freesoilers boycott

Bleeding Kansas

• National Government Response• Buchanan supported

Lecompton Constitution• Senator Douglas supports

fair popular sovereignty• Compromise was a popular

vote on the whole constitution• Free soilers are a majority and

get it approved

• Kansas remains a territory until 1861

• Democratic Party officially splits

W.e.B. Du BoisJohn Brown

• Picture the situation: An old and blood-bespattered man, half-dead from the wounds inflicted but a few hours before; a man lying in the cold and dirt, without sleep for fifty-five nerve-wrecking hours, without food for nearly as long, with the dead bodies of his two sons almost before his eyes, the piled corpses of his seven slain comrades near and afar, a wife and a bereaved family listening in vain, and a Lost Cause, the dream of a lifetime, lying dead in his heart. . .

Dred Scott

• Dred Scott• Black slave• Lived with his master

for 5 years IN and OH territory

• Sued for his freedom• Help from abolitionists

• March 1857• Supreme Court rules

on the case• Verdict?

Disney The American PresidentsJames Buchanan

Making Statements

John Green Crash Course #18:The Election of 1860 & the Road to Disunion

• What is John’s teacher’s response to the states’ rights question?

• What did slaves moving to Canada complicate about the ideas about the US and Great Britain

• What didn’t seem like democracy to abolitionists?• Why was slave states a

threat to their economic interests?

• What did the Dred Scott accomplish?

The South Throws Up their Deuces:The South Throws up its deuces

“Let the consequences be what they may. Whether the Potomac is crimsoned in human gore, Pennsylvania is paved ten fathoms with

mangled bodies, the South will never submit to such humiliation and degradation as the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln.”

~The Atlanta Southern Confederacy, September 19, 1860


• What is the Freeport Doctrine?

• Who won the Senate seat in 1858?


• Who is John Brown?

• Who was Dred Scott?

• Where did the South look to expand territory?

• What is the Kansas Nebraska Act?

• What new political party sprung up in the 1850s?

• Why does the Mexican Cession lead to the Civil War?

• Who does Stephen Douglas defeat to become Senator in 1858?


What We’re Talking About:

• Describe the origins and goals of the Republican Party. • Analyze the election of 1860 and how it

contributed to the sectional crisis. • Explain the Crittenden Compromise and why it

failed.

Collapse of 1857

• Causes–

• Results– North• Hit hard because of grain

market• Unemployment/hunger

– South• Cotton prices stayed high• Boost confidence

Free Land?

• Collapse of economy – Gave way to the push

for free land

• People are risking their lives to settle– 160 acres

• Opposition– Eastern businessmen• Lose their labor force?

– Southerners•

The Great Debate

• 1858 Illinois Senate• Douglas (D)• Where do we know him

from?

• Lincoln (R)

• Lincoln challenges Douglas to 7 debates• Douglas is known as

better at speaking

The Great Debate

• Freeport, IL (Freeport Doctrine)•

• Why is this such a dig?•

The Great Debate

• Effects of Freeport Doctrine• Douglas defeats Lincoln• Loyalty to PS appeal to IL

legislative voters• Senators picked by state

legislature

• Results for Douglas•

• Results for Lincoln•

Pit Stop





Freeport Doctrine

• http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3036789/ns/msnbc-morning_joe/vp/51715033/#51715033

Fracturing of the Democratic Party

• DNC 1860– Charleston, SC– Douglas is the leading candidate– Most Southern delegates walk

out

• DNC Take 2, 1860– Baltimore, MD– Southern states walk out again– Had enough votes to nominate

Douglas• Popular sovereignty• Annexation of Cuba

• Southern Convention– Baltimore, MD– Nominated John C. Breckenridge– Annexation of Cuba– Extension of slavery in the

territories

Republicans

• Republican Party (R)• Seward was leading nominee• Radical speeches lose favor

• Abraham Lincoln has fewer enemies (at this point)

• Platform• Tried to appeal to every non-Southern group• Free soilers – no extension• Northern business – high tariff• Immigrants – stricter rights• Northwest – Pacific Railroad• West – Internal improvements• Farmers – Free homesteads

• Southern Thoughts• Would tear the country apart

A People’s History of the United StatesHoward Zinn

• Such a national government would never accept an end to slavery by rebellion. It would end slavery only under conditions controlled by whites, and only when required by the political and economic needs of the business elite of the North. It was Abraham Lincoln who combined perfectly the needs of business, the political ambition of the new Republican party, and the rhetoric of humanitarianism. He would keep the abolition of slavery not at the top of his list of priorities, but close enough to the top so it could be pushed there temporarily by abolitionist pressures and by practical political advantage.

Election of 1860

• Lincoln (R)–Won by a sweeping

margin in EC– Minority president– Not allowed in 10

Southern states– SC is happy: they have

a reason to secede

• Douglas– 12 electoral votes– Drew votes from all

sections

How did Clay County Vote?

• http://dsl.richmond.edu/historicalatlas/105/c/

America: The Story of UsThe election of 1860

The South’s Dilemma

• Southern Status• 5-4 majority in SC• Republicans didn’t

control Senate/House• Federal government

couldn’t touch slavery







The South Secedes

• South Carolina Special Session• December 1860• Votes to secede

• Over the next 6 weeks• Alabama, Mississippi,

Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

• South’s Government• Confederate States of

America• President: Jefferson Davis• Who?

The South Secedes

• Lame Duck Government• Lincoln is elected, can’t do

anything about it• Doesn’t take office until March

of 1861• Buchanan• Too old/powerless• Surrounded by pro-Southern

advisors• Army was being used to control

Native Americans• North still wants reconciliation• Weakness lies in Constitution

• Lincoln• Constitution doesn’t allow

secession• North doesn’t have right to use

guns

Collapse of Compromise

• Crittenden Amendments• CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

protecting slavery• Extend old Missouri Compromise line

• Lincoln’s Response• Disagreed

• Why?

• Buchanan’s Non-Response• Had he used force…war started 3

months earlier• Looked like the aggressor…lost

border states• Buchanan used the time to appoint

Northerners to positions and send reinforcements to Ft. Sumter

Deuces USA

• Why Do They Leave?• Tipping of the majority in

Congress to the North• Didn’t like triumph of Republican

Party• Why?

• Weary of• Free-soilers• Abolitionists• Northern influence

• Thought Northern manufacturers wouldn’t want war because of cotton

• Develop alliances with Europe• Nationalism was growing in the

South• Development of own culture

• They’re just like Washington/Jefferson

Lincoln’s Inauguration

• Lincoln travels to DC at night wearing a disguise

• No conflict in his inauguration speech• Says he will protect

slavery in the South

Possibilities

• Uncontested Secession• What share of the debt

should the South take with it?

• What portion of the territories?

• How would fugitive slaves be dealt with?

• Delight of Europe• Balance of power• Safer against America• Could ignore the Monroe

Doctrine






• Who was Dred Scott?






Making Statements

John Green Crash Course #18:The Election of 1860 & the Road to Disunion

• What is the main idea of the Mystery Document?

• Why could Lincoln appeal to immigrants?

• What did the election of 1860 show Southerners and Northerners?

• Why was the Civil War inevitable?

Documents

A Society Gone with the Wind… Antebellum Southern Society Look for it only in books, for it is no more than a dream remembered. A Civilization gone with