A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS INe-repository.perpus.iainsalatiga.ac.id/6298/1/Skripsi_Nor M. Husein... · i A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS IN MUSE SELECTED SONG

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A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS IN

MUSE SELECTED SONG LYRICS

A GRADUATING PAPER

Submitted to the Board Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.)

By:

NOR MUHAMMAD HUSEIN

23030150091

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

STATE INSTITUTE ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)

SALATIGA

2019

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MOTTO

“ONCE YOU CARRY YOUR OWN WATER,

YOU WILL LEARN THE VALUE OF EVERY DROP”

(@thepositivediaries)

“AS HARD AS YOU TRY TO REPAY YOUR PARENTS’

SACRIFICES, YOU CAN’T. SO, PAY THEM WITH

YOUR EFFORT TO MAKE THEM HAPPY AND MAKE

A PRAY TO THEM TO BOKE IN THE PARADISE OF

ALLAH”

(The Writer)

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DEDICATION

This graduating paper is dedicated to:

1. Allah SWT, all praises to Allah The Most Gracious and The Most

Merciful.

2. Rasul Allah Muhammad Praise Be Upon Him. The most perfect One who

always be our Role Model.

3. My beloved parents Jari Yusup and (the deceased) Ngatmiati, who always

give me loves, cares, supports, endless prays, great responsibilities as

parents, motivations, and the very best also most anything they have for

me, even in the last breath of her life she is still hope for the best of my

future and to finish my graduating paper. This is for you pa’e and ma’e,

especially for you ma’e who watch my first step of my career from the

Heaven of Allah SWT.

4. My beloved wife Zulia Fitroh who is always supporting me, always helps

me, gives me anything she has, gives me anything she can, always gives

me motivation to be better as a person personally and as a head of our

family of course.

5. My mother in law (Rusiyah) and my father in law (Wahono). Thanks for

your love, prayer, advice, and motivation.

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6. My beloved couple sisters and brothers plus their children Mutiara

Afrilianing Tyas, Winda Wicaksono, and Sinda Laelatul Qodar. Siti

Hanik, Trimanto, Carissa Lutfiana Putri, and Fakhril Gibran Hafuza. Huda

Mashuri, Ainurrohmah, and Safira Mahmada. I love all of you so much.

7. All of my best friends Sakila, Viqi, Hiba, Amalia, Eni, and Ilham who all

unites as a family of HAVISZEH. Thank you so much for your

encouragement.

8. For everyone who contributed in every seconds of my lifetime that shape

me to be whom I am in recent day.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

بسم ميحرلا نمحرلا هللا

Al-hamdu lillahi robbi al-’alamin. All praise belongs to Allah SWT, the Most

Gracious and the Most Merciful who always blesses and helps the writer so the

writer could complete this graduating paper as a Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in State Institute for

Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Bless and mercy is upon great Prophet

Muhammad SAW for his guidance that leads the writer to the truth.

However, this paper will not be finished without support, advices, help and

encouragement from several people and institution. Therefore, in this occasion the

writer would like to express special thanks to:

1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Zakiyuddin, M. Ag., the Rector of Institute of Islamic

Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.

2. Mr. Prof. Dr. Mansur, M. Ag., the Dean of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.

3. Mr. Norwanto, M.Hum., Ph.D., the Head of English Education

Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of Salatiga.

4. Mr. Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum., as counselor who always give the

advices, suggestion and recommendation for this graduating paper from

beginning until the end.

5. All of lecturers and staff of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) of

Salatiga.

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6. My beloved parents Jari Yusup and (the deceased) Ngatmiati, who always

give me loves, cares, supports, endless prays, great responsibilities as

parents, motivations, and the very best also most anything they have for

me, even in the last breath of her life she is still hope for the best of my

future and to finish my graduating paper. This is for you pa’e and ma’e,

especially for you ma’e who watch my first step of my career from the

Heaven of Allah SWT.

7. My beloved wife Zulia Fitroh who is always supporting me, always helps

me, gives me anything she has, gives me anything she can, always gives

me motivation to be better as a person personally and as a head of our

family of course.

8. My beloved family (My mother in law, my father in law, my brothers, my

sisters, and my nephews). Thanks for your love, prayer, advice, and

motivation. I love all of you so much.

9. All of my friends in English Department 2015, especially Sakila, Viqi,

Hiba, Amalia, Eni, and Ilham who all unites as a family of HAVISZEH.

Thank you so much for your encouragement.

10. All of people who helped the writer in finishing this graduating paper.

Salatiga, August 29th

2019

The writer,

Nor Muhammad Husein

NIM.23030150091

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ABSTRACT

Husein, Nor Muhammad. 2019. “A Semantic Analysis of Lexical Relations in

Muse Selected Song Lyrics”. A Graduating Paper. English

Education Faculty. State Institute for Islamic Studies Salatiga.

Counselor: Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M. Hum.

The research aims are to find out the types of lexical relations and to find

out the most dominant lexical relations used in the Muse selected song lyrics. The

methodology of the research was qualitative research especially descriptive

qualitative. The procedures of collecting data involve several steps. Firstly, the

writer would prepare and organise the data. Second, the writer would give the

code in the data that have been prepared and organised before. Finally, the writer

represents the data by analyse them. The result of the study shows some types of

lexical relations that found in the Muse selected song lyrics. The lexical relations

that found in the Muse selected song lyrics were 6 cases of synonym, 7 cases of

antonym, 12 cases of polysemy, 10 cases of homonym, 1 case of hyponym, and 1

case of meronym. Therefore, the writer finds polysemy as lexical relations that

frequently used in Muse selected song lyrics by 12 cases from 37 cases in total.

Keywords: Semantics, Lexical relations, Muse, Qualitative.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE .................................................................................................................... i

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION’S WILLINGNESS .. ii

ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE ................................................................... iii

STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION ................................................................ iv

MOTTO ................................................................................................................ v

DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. viii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... x

TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... xi

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1

B. Problems of the Study .......................................................................... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 5

D. Limitation of The Study ....................................................................... 5

E. Significances of the Study ................................................................... 5

F. Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................... 6

G. Organization of the Study .................................................................. 10

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Semantics ............................................................................................ 11

B. Lexical Relations ................................................................................ 13

C. Previous Studies .................................................................................. 22

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Methodology of the Research .............................................................. 34

B. Object of the Research ......................................................................... 35

C. Data Source .......................................................................................... 35

D. Technique of Data Collection ............................................................. 36

E. Technique of Data Analysis ................................................................. 36

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Profile of Lexical Relations ................................................................. 38

B. The Most Dominant Use of Lexical Relations .................................... 57

CHAPTER V CLOSURE

A. Conclusions ......................................................................................... 58

B. Suggestions .......................................................................................... 59

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 60

APPENDICES

CURRICULUM VITAE

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Types of Synonym .............................................................................. 38

Table 4.2 Types of Antonymy ............................................................................. 41

Table 4.3 Types of Polysemy .............................................................................. 45

Table 4.4 Types of Homonymy .......................................................................... 50

Table 4.5 Types of Hyponymy ........................................................................... 55

Table 4.6 Types of Meronymy ............................................................................ 56

Table 4.7 Types of Lexical Relations ................................................................. 57

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer discusses the background of the study,

problems of the study, objectives of the study, limitation of the study,

significant of the study, definition of key terms, and organization of the study.

A. Background of the Study

Language is the core instrument of communication, so it cannot be

separated from human being. People use language to communicate in

society, share ideas, even language also can be used to express their

feeling. By using language, people can enrich their knowledge. For

example people can write, speak, or analyse something, like analyse

sentence, song, or movie.

Language can be studied. The study of language is called

linguistics. Linguistic is the study of language as a system of human

communication. There are several branches of linguistics. They are

phonetics (the study of speech sound), phonology (the study of the patterns

of speech sounds), morphology (the study of word formation), syntax (the

study of phrase and sentence formation), and semantics (the study of

meaning in language). Besides that, there are sociolinguistics (the study of

language in social factors, that is social class, educational level, age sex,

etc.) and psycholinguistics (the study of the mental processes that a person

uses in producing and understanding language). While this research is

concerned in a semantics case. According to Hurford (2007:1), semantic is

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the study of meaning in language, whereas lexical relations describe

relations among word meanings.

Semantic is the main important in learning a language. Referred to

the definition of semantics that is the study of meaning in language, the

writer thinks that by deeply understand about semantics can drive us to

well-communicate with other people who use the same language or even

with the origin of those language. In this case is English.

In order to make the understandable in analyse something in

semantics, especially in analyse the English song, the researcher have to

consider about diction or word choice. Therefore, they always need to

develop their vocabulary and also hit the book about lexical relations.

(Saeed, 2002:63) states that lexical relations describe relationship among

word meaning. It is the study of how lexicon is managed and how the

lexical meanings of lexical items are related each other. There are several

types of lexical relations based on Saeed’s theories, such as, homonymy,

polysemy, synonymy, opposites (antonymy), hyponymy, and meronymy.

On the other boat, there are some ways to develop vocabulary and

study about lexical relations. One of example is by reading such as reading

book, short story, newspaper, articles, fable or novel, song lyrics and

others. However, this research only emphasizes on the song lyrics,

especially from England Group Band Muse.

Muse are an English rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed

in 1994. Muse consists of Matthew Bellamy as lead vocals, guitar, and

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keyboards; Chris Wolstenholme as bass guitar and backing vocals; and

Dominic Howard as drummer (Wikipedia.org). Based on their passport,

the song lyrics from Muse use English as the language communication.

The writer chooses English written song because English is the most

broadly studied foreign language of the world. In Indonesia itself, English

is just known as first foreign language which has very limited use

including the place, time, and environment.

Also, English is the world peak language which is used in

diplomacy, education, business, economy, politic, social and culture.

Almost all of industry products use English for labelling, and most of

interstate or international conference used English as their way to

communicate. Thus, by reading Muse song lyrics, the writer wants to

tempt people for understanding the language used in it.

In addition, Muse is the first ever English written song lyrics that

the writer listens to. Since then, the writer really enjoys and falls in love in

every Muse songs. Also, the ideas from Matthew Bellamy in writing the

song is so unique and hard to understand by people who are just one time

listening to the Muse songs. That is why the writer chooses the Muse

songs as the object of this study. The writer wants to challenge himself to

analyse the meaning that contains in the selected song lyrics from Muse in

this study.

As mentioned above, that lexical relation is so helpful for the

writer in order to make understandable in analyse the song lyrics. Lexical

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relation is a culturally recognized pattern of association that exist between

lexical units in language. Adisutrisno (2008:1) said that the study of

meaning called semantic. Semantics has so many topics, but this research

will analyse the lexical relation in semantic.

Concerning with the lexical relation, there are several types of

sense relation. Those lexical relations have to be understood by every

reader, so both the writer and audience or reader able to deliver and

receive the written information.

This research tries to describe comprehensively about what is the

lexical relation which are written in the Muse song lyrics. In order to make

it clear, the writer conduct a research entitled “A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

OF LEXICAL RELATIONS IN MUSE SELECTED SONG LYRICS”

B. Problems of the Study

According to the background of the study above, the writer

necessitates finding the answer to some problems, as follows:

1. What are the types of lexical relations that have been found in Muse

selected song lyrics?

2. What are the dominant of lexical relations that have been found in

Muse selected song lyrics?

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C. Objectives of the Study

Responding with the statement of the problems, the objectives of

the research are stated as follows:

1. To find out the types of lexical relations that have been found in the

Muse selected song lyrics.

2. To find out the most dominant lexical relations that have been found

in Muse selected song lyrics.

D. Limitation of the Study

In this analysis of song lyric, the writer limits the study on the

types of lexical relations in Muse’s song lyric in order to give a clear

description and explanation.

The use of lexical relations term is also consideration in the

limitation of the study because in this paper the writer would analyse the

lexical relations that found in Muse song lyrics semantically.

E. Significances of the Study

The writer expects this study give useful information either for the

students or the other writers. This study also conducted in order to give

theoretical and practical significances, as follows:

1. Theoretical Significance

This paper is conducted to develop the explanation about lexical

relations. Even though there are some materials about lexical relations,

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in this study the writer hopes this paper can support the other existing

materials.

2. Practical Significances

a. For the Students

The result of this study can be used to motivate the students

to master some lexical relations, and it can be used to comprehend

the meaning in lexical relations that is used in sentence.

b. For the Other Researchers

The other researchers can use this study as a reference in

further research dealing with lexical relations and semantically

analysis.

F. Definition of the Key Terms

To avoid some mistakes and misunderstandings, the writer would

like to explain the definition of key terms that related to this study

1. Semantic

According to Hurford (2007:1), semantic is the study of meaning

in language, whereas lexical relations describe relationship among

word meanings. There are several types of lexical relations, such as,

homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and

meronymy (Saeed, 2003:63).

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2. Analysis

Harlow (2003:55) defined that analysis is a careful examination of

something in order to understand it better.

3. Lexical relations

Lexical relations describe relationship among word meaning. It is

the study of how lexicon is managed and how the lexical meanings of

lexical items are related each other. There are several types of lexical

relations, such as, homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy,

hyponymy, and meronymy. (Saeed, 2003:63) .

a. Hyponym

According to Hurford and Heasley (1986:105) Hyponymy

is a sense relation between predicates (or sometimes longer

phrases) such that the meaning of one predicate (or phrase) is

included in the meaning of the other. For example dog and cat are

hyponyms of animal, hibiscus and rose are hyponyms of flower.

The general term is called superordinate or hypernym and the

specific term is called hyponym.

b. Synonymy

Synonyms are typically single lexemes of the same weight.

A word whic has the same sense, or nearly the same as another

word.(Kreidler, 1998:97). Some examples might be these pairs,

couch/sofa, boy/lad, and large/big.

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c. Antonymy

According to Kreidler (1998:100), antonym is two sentences

that differ in polarity like these are mutually contradictory. It

means that, if one true, the other must be false. Two sentence that

have the same subject and have predicates. So, the relationship

between the meaning of two words that have antonyms is two way.

Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. The examples

are: bad/good, near/far, give/receive.

d. Polysemy

Polysemy is a term to refer to a word which has a set of

different meaning which are related by extension. In a language

form polysemy is the relation between the form of language and

sets of meaning and sense. (Wagiman, 2008:33)

e. Homonymy

Homonyms are unrelated sense of the same phonological word.

The example is: the word bank (of a river), and bank (of a financial

institution). (Saeed, 2003:63).

f. Meronymy

Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole

relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and page are

meronyms of book. We can identify this relationship by using

sentence frames like X is a part of Y, or Y has X, as in A page is

part of a book, or A book has pages. Meronymy reflects

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hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like

taxonomies: a typical system might be:

Car

wheel engine door window etc.

piston valve etc.

4. Muse

Muse are an English rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed

in 1994. The band consists of Matt Bellamy ( lead vocals, guitar,

keyboards), Chris Wolstenholme (bass guitar, backing vocals), and

Dominic Howard (drums).

5. Song

According to Britannica.com, song is piece of music performed by

a single voice, with or without instrumental accompaniment.

6. Lyrics

According to Cambridge Dictionary, lyrics are the words of a song,

especially a pop song or a short poem that expresses the personal

thoughts and feelings of the person who wrote it.

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G. Organization of the Study

To ease the reader understands the whole contents of this paper, the

writer organizes it into five chapters. Each chapter has different element as

follow:

Chapter I describes about introduction. The writer explains about

background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study,

limitation of the study, significance of the study, definition of key terms,

and organization of the study.

Chapter II presents about the previous studies and theoretical

framework. In this chapter explain the theories that are used by the writer.

They are semantic and lexical relations.

Chapter III discusses about the type of the study, method of the

study, object of the study, technique of collecting data, and technique of

analysing data.

Chapter IV is discussion. In this chapter, the writer explains about

the answer from the problems of the study and explains the data

descriptively.

Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion. It informs the content all

of the data analysis in summary and gives some suggestions to other so

that they can be better in learning lexical relations.

The last parts of this graduating paper are references and appendix.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Semantics

1. Definition of Semantics

Semantic is the technical term used to refer to the study of

meaning, and, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part

of linguistics (Palmer 1981: 1).

Adisutrisno (2008:1) states that semantics is the study of meaning

in language. It means the study of semantics must, therefore, include

the concept of words, sentences, and utterances. Also, another

definition of semantics is proposed by Saeed (2009:3), semantics is the

study of meaning communicated through language and semantics the

study of meaning word and sentences.

Therefore, in semantics the meaning of word must be well

understood for instance, if we do not know words in sentence (or

word) means, i.e what it counts as equivalent of the language

concerned. (Hurford and Heasley as cited by Ridwan Nurlaela,

1983:3). So that is why semantics is quite necessary and important to

be learnt. Palmer (1981:1) says that semantics is technical term used to

refer the study of meaning.

However, this definition has led to question about the nature of

meaning itself and about the way in which it should to be described.

Semantics may study all types of meaning, red, for example, may

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mean several things. If we consult the dictionary, we may find that one

of its meaning is “the spectral hue beyond orange in the spectrum”. In

the other context in traffic light, red means “stop”, “do not through”.

While in another different context, it may mean “danger”, or even

“bravery”. To make it clear, it is necessary to redefine semantics into

more specific definition, the one that can limit semantics into study of

more specific type of meaning only. For the consequent, we would say

that semantics is the study of meaning of words, phrases, or sentences

in the language, or simply, the study of linguistic meaning.

Thus, based on the definition above it can be concluded that

semantics is the study of meaning in language included words, phrases,

sentences, and utterances.

2. Goals of Semantic Theory

Semantics theory has two goals. They are:

a. A semantic theory should attribute to each expression in the

language the semantics properties and relations it has and it should

define those properties and relations. Thus, if an expression is

meaningful, the semantics theory should say so, if the expression

has a specific sense of meaning, the semantics theory should

specify them. If the expression is ambiguous, the semantics theory

should record that fact, and so on. Moreover, if two expressions are

synonymous; or are entails the other, the semantics theory should

make those semantics relations.

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b. A semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:

1) A semantics theory of a natural language should be finite;

people are capable of storing only a finite amount of

information but they nevertheless learn the semantics of

natural language.

2) A semantics theory of a natural language should reflect the

fact, except for idioms, expressions are compositional. It

means that the meaning of syntactically complex expression is

determined by the meaning of its constituents and their

grammatical relations. An expression such as “He kicked the

ball” is compositional and it is summed up from the meanings

of he + kicked + the + ball, while is very much different from

“He kicked the bucket” that is not compositional and as an

idiom meaning “He passed away”.

B. Lexical Relations

1. Definitions of Lexical Relations

Saeed (2003:63) states that lexical relations are the relationship of

the meaning of a word which belongs to a particular activity or area of

specialist knowledge.

Cruse (2000:150) says that lexical relations study about the

meanings of words. It is divided into two kinds of classes. First lexical

relations express identity and inclusion between word meanings, and

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second, those express opposition and exclusion. The first class consist

of hyponymy, meronymy and synonymy, meanwhile the second class

consists of incompatibility and co taxonomy, and opposites.

Another definition of lexical relation is proposed by Murphy

(2010:3). Lexical semantics or lexical relation is often loosely defined

as the study of word meaning, although the word word as we shall see,

is not the most straight forward term to use.

Based on Kreidler (1998:92-101), lexical relation is divided into

several components, they are: hyponym, synonym, antonym,

homonym, and polisemy.

2. Types of Lexical Relations

a. Hyponym

Hyponym is a relationship between meaning of one the word

includes the meaning of other. To support this, Hurford and

Heasley (1986:105) says “Hyponymy is a sense relation between

predicates (or sometimes longer phrases) such that the meaning of

one predicate (or phrase) is included in the meaning of the other.”

The general term is called superordinate or hypernym and the

specific term is called hyponym. For example, the meaning of

vegetable is included in the meaning of carrot. Vegetable is the

superordinate term; carrot is hyponym of vegetable (carrot is a

kind of vegetable). Hyponym is defined in terms of the inclusion of

the sense of one item in the sense of another (Hurford and Heasley,

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1986:106). We say, for example, that the sense of animal is

included in the sense of cow. This inclusion can be shown roughly

by a diagram giving a list of the “sense components” of cow. It will

be seen that this list includes the component “animal”. But

paradoxically.

Animal

Sense of cow Bovine

Maybe, if we draw a diagram of the extensions of cow and

animal, the inclusion relationship appears the other way around.

The set of all cows the set of all animals

So far, all of the examples of hyponym and superordinate

have been nouns, and this is typical in discussions of hyponym,

raising the question of whether inclusion relations exist in other

word classes. The same relation is found also in adjectives and in

verbs.

Female

Sense of animal

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For example:

1) My necktie is maroon.

2) My necktie is red.

3) The weary soldiers trudged forward.

4) The weary soldiers moved forward.

Kreidler (1998:94) states that the foregoing statements

suggest that the hyponym-superordinate relationship is a well-

established one. In reality, there are various anomalies in lexical

relationships-semantic analysis is often messy. Sometimes we find

co-hyponyms without a superordinate. The Portuguese set

illustrated below contains three co-hyponyms have no

superordinate.

Talher ?

Faca garfa colher knife fork spoon

There is no single word in English can refer to a knife or a fork

or a spoon.

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b. Synonym

Synonym occurs when two words have senses with identical

feature specifications. Two words would be completely

synonymous if both words had the same number of senses, and

there were a one to one correspondence of identical sense between

the two words (Murphy, 2003:86).

Some examples might be these pairs, couch/sofa, boy/lad,

lawyer/attorney, toilet/lavatory, and large/big. Synonymy happens

based on different situation. It can be because of different dialects,

different registers, styles of language, colloquial, and literary

conditions. Formality is another factor.

Many of these words are slang terms used in colloquial

contexts instead of more formal terms like police/officer. Speaker

attitude is a further distinguishing factor. Some words, like fuzz,

flatfoot, pigs or slime, reveal negative speaker attitudes, while

others like cop seem neutral (Saeed, 2003:65). The synonym used

in predictions with the same referring expression, have the same

truth value. Synonym can be nouns, adjective, adverbs, or verbs.

For example:

1) Adjective : The house is large = the house is big

2) Noun : Hasan is a seaman = Hasan is a sailor

3) Verb : My sister sleeps in the floor = my sister lies in the floor

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4) Adverb : I investigate the answer minutely = I investigate the

answer carefully

Keidler (1998:97) defines synonyms are typically single

lexemes of the same weight. It means a word which has the same

sense, or nearly the same as another word. Take a look at these

sentences.

1) You have my deep/profound sympathy

2) The street is very wide/broad

In those examples, each pair of the italic word is

synonymous. In first example deep and profound are replaceable

each other and the meaning of the sentence remains the same.

Similarly, wide and broad in second example can replace each

other and the meaning of the sentence does not change. Two (or

more) terms can be synonymous only if they are compatible with

the same subject.

However, there are words that synonymous in one context

but not in the other one. The terms deep and profound are both

compatible with sympathy, but profound is not synonymous of

deep in deep river. Similarly, wide and broad are both compatible

with the street, but wide cannot be used in broad British accent. In

conclusion, synonym is a lexical relation that states the similarity

of meaning between the units of speech with other speech units. A

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pair of words can be synonymous in one context but may be not

synonymous in other contexts.

c. Antonym

The characteristic of vocabulary structure, beside words

describe the meaning relation in sameness, also have the

contradiction meaning. The sense contradictive generally called

antonym, and the form or the words that sense is contradictive is

called antonym, those can be negative or positive.

Kreidler (1998:100) defines antonym is two sentences that

differ in polarity like these are mutually contradictory. It means

that, if one true, the other must be false. Two sentence that have the

same subject and have predicates. So, the relationship between the

meaning of two words that have antonyms is two way. Antonyms

are words which are opposite in meaning.

Antonymy is often thought of as the opposite of synonymy, but

the statutes of the two are very different (Palmer, 1981:84), he

shows that antonymy has the opposite meaning in each word or has

not true the fact and it is clearly different with synonymy, for

example: happy><sad and rich><poor. Antonymy does not

always mean the meaning of the word in contrary, but also can be

used to refine a sentence, as proposed by Kreidler (1998:100), such

as adjective words which are used to measure something can be

changed or added sentences appropriate to adjective that describes

20

something untrue, such as express words that indicate age. “The

baby is four days old” and “He is 40 years young”.

From there it can be seen clearly that the two sentences above

contains no actual meaning or point to the opposite’s fact.

d. Polysemy

Saeed (2003:64) states that polysemy is a term to refer to a

word which has a set of different meanings which are related by

extension. There is distinction made in lexicology between

homonymy and polysemy. Both of them deal with multiple sense

of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked when the

sense are judged to be related. Polysemous sense are listed under

the same lexical entry, meanwhile homonymous senses are given

separate or different entries.

For example, the word back has a set of different meanings,

such as human back, the back of chair, the back of sofa, and the

back of football player. The word eye also has different meaning

by its extension, human eye, the eye of a noodle, and the eye of a

potato.

According to Wagiman in his book “Semantics”, polysemy is a

term to refer to a word which has a set of different meaning which

are related by extension. In a language form polysemy is the

relation between the form of language and sets of meaning and

sense (Wagiman, 2008:33).

21

The lexical items can map too many different concepts, and

thus be polysemous, but there is no principle limit to a words

polysemy. A dictionary deals with polysemy by listing a small

number of senses for any word in an entry, and some lexical

semantic theories have polysemous words as having multiple

senses within lexical entries (Murphy, 2003:18).

e. Homonym

Actually, homonym has relation with polysemy. Homonyms

are unrelated sense of the phonological word. Some linguists

distinguish between two term of homonyms, such as homographs

(sense of the same written word) and homophones (spoken of the

same written word). According to Saeed (2003:63), the different

types depend on their syntactic aspects both behaviour and

spelling. For example:

1) Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and with the same

spelling, e.g. lap “circuit of a course” and lap “part of body

when sitting down”.

2) Lexemes of the same category, but with different spelling:

e.g. the verbs ring and wring.

3) Lexemes of different categories, but with the same spelling:

e.g. the verb keep and the noun keep.

4) Lexemes of different categories, and with different spelling:

e.g. not and knot.

22

Homonym form the same grammatical category (same form

syntactic properties, different meaning). The example of

homonym: the word bank is a financial institution, and bank is the

edge of the stream. (Murphy, 2003:18).

f. Meronymy

Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole

relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and page are

meronyms of book. We can identify this relationship by using

sentence frames like X is a part of Y, or Y has X, as in A page is

part of a book, or A book has pages. Meronymy reflects

hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like

taxonomies.

C. Previous Studies

The researcher takes some references from the other researcher that

related to this research. These researches are also used to be main

reference in conducting this research because this is a development of the

previous research. There are three previous studies chosen by the writer as

follows.

The first previous study is taken from a journal written by

Rosmaidar and Purnamasari (2011:81). The nature of the study is

qualitative. The aim is for analysing lexical relationship used in Jason

Mraz’s song lyrics. The data of the study was the verse from 15 songs of

23

Jason Mraz’s song lyrics. The data were analysed through content analysis

technique. The result shows some kind of lexical relation that used in the

lyrics of Jason Mraz’s songs. The lexical relations that found were

hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, and antonyms.

This research is different from the first previous study. The

difference are 1) the study done by Rosmaidar and Purnamasari is aimed

to analyzed lexical relations used in Jason Mraz’s song lyrics while this

research focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song

lyrics; 2) the study done by Rosmaidar and Purnamasari analyzed based on

Saeed’s theories, while this research is from several combination of

experts theories; 3) the study done by Rosmaidar and Purnamasari were

found hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, and antonyms, while this

research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy,

and meronymy.

Even though they are different, there is relation between the first

previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1) both of

the first previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both

of the first previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.

The second previous study is taken from a journal written by

Anwar and Tanggoro (2018). The nature of the study is qualitative. The

aim is for analysing the sense relations realized in the album V (Deluxe

Version) by Maroon 5. The data of the study was the song lyrics of album

V (Deluxe Version) by Maroon 5. The data were analysed through

24

descriptive analysis technique. The result shows some kind of lexical

relation that used in the album V (Deluxe Version) by Maroon 5 song

lyrics. The lexical relations that found were synonymy, antonymy,

hyponymy, and homonymy.

This research is different from the second previous study. The

difference are 1) the study done by Anwar and Tanggoro is aimed to

analyzed lexical relations realized in the album V (Deluxe Version) by

Maroon 5, while this research focuses on finding the type of lexical

relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study done by Anwar and

Tanggoro analyzed based on Hurford and Heasley (1986) theories, while

this research is from several combination of experts theories; 3) the study

done by Anwar and Tanggoro were found synonymy, antonymy,

hyponymy, and homonymy, while this research found synonymy,

antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.

Even though they are different, there is relation between the second


the second previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2)

both of the second previous study and this research uses descriptive

analysis.

The third previous study is taken from a journal written by

Febriasari (2018). The nature of the study is qualitative. The aims are to

describe lexical relations used in the lyrics of Amnesia song and to find

out the dominant lexical relations between the five lexical devices. The

25

data of the study was the lyrics of Amnesia song taken from 5 Seconds of

Summer album. The data were analysed through content analysis

technique. The result shows some kind of lexical relations that used in the

lyrics of Amnesia song from 5 Seconds of Summer album. The lexical

relations that found were synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy,

and hyponymy.

This research is different from the third previous study. The

difference are: 1) the study done by Febriasari is aimed to describe lexical

relations used in the lyrics of Amnesia song and to find out the dominant

lexical relations between the five lexical devices while this research

focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics;

2) the study done by Febriasari analyzed based on Palmer’s theories, while

this research is rom several combination of experts theories; 3) the study

done by Febriasari were found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy,

homonymy, and hyponymy, while this research found synonymy,


Even though they are different, there is relation between the third


the third previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both

of the third previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.

The fourth previous study is taken from a journal written by

Gultom and Lestari (2009). The nature of the study is qualitative. The aim

is for analysing the meaning properties and lexical relations realized in the

26

novel entitled Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence. The data of the study was the

novel entitled Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence. The data were analysed

through descriptive analysis technique. The result shows some meaning

properties and lexical relations that found in the novel entitled Rainbow by

D.H. Lawrence. The lexical relations that found were synonymy,

antonymy, hyponymy, and homonymy.

This research is different from the fourth previous study. The

differences are 1) the study done by Gultom and Lestari is aimed to

analysed the meaning properties and lexical relations realized in the novel

entitled Rainbow by D.H. Lawrence, while this research focuses on

finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study

done by Gultom and Lestari were found synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy,

and homonymy, while this research found synonymy, antonymy,

polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.

Even though they are different, there is relation between the fourth


the fourth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2)

both of the fourth previous study and this research uses descriptive

analysis.

27

The fifth previous study is written by Rifardi (2017). The nature of

the study is qualitative. The aim is for analysing the lexical and contextual

meaning in Bob Marley’s songs. The data of the study was the song from

Bob Marley’s songs. The data were analysed through descriptive analysis

technique. The result shows some lexical and contextual meaning that

found in the Bob Marley’s songs. The lexical and contextual meaning that

found were synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, denotation, and

connotation.

This research is different from the fifth previous study. The

differences are 1) the study done by Rifardi is aimed to describe the lexical

and contextual meaning in Bob Marley’s songs, while this research


2) the study done by Rifardi were found synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy,

homonymy, denotation, and connotation, while this research found

synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy;

3) the study done by Rifardi analyzed based on Parera’s theory, while this

research is from several combination of experts theories.

Even though they are different, there is relation between the fifth


the fifth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both

of the fifth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.

28

The sixth previous study is written by Nisyana (2018). The nature

of the study is qualitative. The aim is to know and be able to practice the

role of diction choice in communication with the accompaniment of

learning the use of language in semantics. The data of the study was the

song from Celine Dion songs. The data were analysed through descriptive

analysis technique. The result shows that the lyrics of the three Celine

Dion songs contain a deep context of social life relation.

This research is different from the sixth previous study. The

differences are 1) the study done by Nisyana is aimed to know and be able

to practice the role of diction choice in communication with the

accompaniment of learning the use of language in semantics, while this

research focuses on finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song

lyrics; 2) the study done by Nisyana were found a deep context of social

life relation, while this research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy,

homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.

Even though they are different, there is relation between the sixth


the sixth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both

of the sixth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.

29

The seventh previous study is written by Ponno, Rejeki, and

Taufik. The nature of the study is qualitative. The aim is to study the

theme, lexical and contextual meaning in the lyrics of the songs frequently

sung in Quiver Center Academy (QCA) School, Gading Serpong,

Tangerang City. The data of the study was the religious songs at QCA

School. The data were analysed through descriptive analysis technique.

The result shows that noun is the most category word that has lexical and

contextual meaning in the songs. The lexical and contextual meaning that

found in religious songs at QCA School were verb, noun, adjective,

pronoun, verb phrase, and adjective phrase.

This research is different from the seventh previous study. The

differences are 1) the study done by Ponno, Rejeki, and Taufik is aimed to

to study the theme, lexical and contextual meaning in the lyrics of the

songs frequently sung in Quiver Center Academy (QCA) School, Gading

Serpong, Tangerang City, while this research focuses on finding the type

of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study done by Ponno,

Rejeki, and Taufik were found verb, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb

phrase, and adjective phrase, while this research found synonymy,


Even though they are different, there is relation between the

seventh previous study and this research. What makes them related are 1)

both of the seventh previous study and this research are qualitative in

30

nature; 2) both of the seventh previous study and this research uses

descriptive analysis.

The eighth previous study is written by Trisnantasari. The nature of

the study is qualitative. The aim is for analysing the kinds of meaning used

in Ed Sheeran songs. The data of the study was the song from Ed Sheeran

songs. The data were analysed through descriptive analysis technique. The

result shows some lexical and contextual meaning that found in the Ed

Sheeran songs.

This research is different from the eighth previous study. The

differences are 1) the study done by Trisnantasari is aimed to analyse the

kinds of meaning used in Ed Sheeran songs, while this research focuses on

finding the type of lexical relations used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study

done by Trisnantasari were found lexical and contextual meaning, while

this research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy,

hyponymy, and meronymy.

Even though they are different, there is relation between the eighth


the eighth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2)

both of the eighth previous study and this research uses descriptive

analysis.

31

The ninth previous study is written by Armanda (2019). The nature

of the study is qualitative. The aims are to find out the types of lexical

relations and to find out the most dominant lexical relation used in the

business column on Jakarta Post published on November 5th, 2018. The

data of the study was collected from business column on Jakarta Post

published on November 5th, 2018. The data were analysed through

descriptive analysis technique. The result shows some kinds of lexical

relation that used in business column on Jakarta Post published on

November 5th, 2018. The lexical relations that found were synonyms,

antonyms, and hyponyms.

This research is different from the ninth previous study. The

differences are 1) the study done by Armanda is aimed to find out the

types of lexical relations and to find out the most dominant lexical relation

used in the business column on Jakarta Post published on November 5th,

2018, while this research focuses on finding the type of lexical relations

used in Muse song lyrics; 2) the study done by Armanda were found

synonyms, antonyms, and hyponyms, while this research found synonymy,

antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy; 3) the study

done by Bakhtiar Armanda analyzed based on Kreidler’s theory, while this

research is from several combination of experts theories.

Even though they are different, there is relation between the ninth


32

the ninth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both

of the ninth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.

The tenth previous study is written by Ridwan (2015). The nature

of the study is qualitative. The aim is to find out the types of lexical

relations and diction written in editorials Jakarta Globe August edition and

to understand the context of the editorials. The data of the study was

collected from editorials Jakarta Globe. The data were analysed through

content analysis technique. The result shows some lexical and diction that

found in the editorials. The lexical relations that found were synonyms,

antonyms, hyponyms, meronyms, and retronyms and the kind of diction

that found are abstract word, popular word, concrete word, common word

and jargon.

This research is different from the tenth previous study. The

differences are 1) the study done by Ridwan is aimed to find out the types

of lexical relations and diction written in editorials Jakarta Globe August

edition and to understand the context of the editorials, while this research


2) the study done by Ridwan were found synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms,

meronyms, and retronyms and the kind of diction that found are abstract

word, popular word, concrete word, common word and jargon, while this

research found synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy,

and meronymy.

33

Even though they are different, there is relation between the tenth


the tenth previous study and this research are qualitative in nature; 2) both

of the tenth previous study and this research uses descriptive analysis.

Based on the previous studies above and by referencing to the

previous studies above, the writer conducts A Semantic Analysis of Lexical

Relations in Muse Selected Song Lyrics.

34

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter discusses research method which includes the

methodology of the research, objective of the research, data sources, technique

of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.

A. Methodology of the Research

The type of research that used in this research was qualitative by

seeking and observing the materials then continue to the writer’s own

analysis in order to obtain the require data. According to Hancock

(2002:7), qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations

of social phenomena, and it aims to help us to understand the world in

which we live and why things are the way they are.

Also, Moleong (2002:3) stated that qualitative research is research

procedures that procedure descriptive data in the form of written or oral

words of the people and behaviours that can be observed. As Arikunto

(2010:3) stated that descriptive research is the study intended to

investigate the situation, condition, circumstances, events, or other

activities, and the result presented in the form of the research report.

Hence, in this study, the writer also used descriptive research approach.

35

B. Object of the Research

The object of this study was the lexical relations that have been

found in Muse selected song lyrics. The writer used seven Muse selected

song lyrics in which their lyrics were taken to be analysed. After

discovering the lexical relations in song lyrics, the writer search for the

most dominant lexical relations used in those seven Muse selected song

lyrics.

C. Data Sources

The research used primary data or original data and secondary

data. Original data means the writer takes the data naturally. According to

Moleong (2002:3), qualitative research is directed to individually

background holistically. So, the writer can not divide the people based on

variable or hypothesis. The data was directly related with the problem

observed and directly delivered from the resources. The source of this

research:

1. Primary Data: The data that are collected from Muse selected song

lyrics.

2. Secondary Data: Book, E-book, website and Journal.

36

D. Technique of Data Collection

In this study, the writer used field note as the technique of

collecting data. Field notes are contemporaneous notes of observations or

conversation taken during the conduct of qualitative research.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

Creswell (20017:148) states that there are three steps in analysing the

data. The writer followed those three steps, and it explains as followed:

1. Preparing and Organizing

a. The writer downloaded selected song of Muse

b. Also, the writer downloaded the song lyrics of the song to make

the analysis of the Lexical Relations of its selected song easily.

2. Coding

The second step was coding. The writer lists the lexical relations

that found in Muse selected song lyrics and put the code in every line

that can be found the lexical relations. The codes are:

a. S : song

b. L : line

Example:

It means song number 2, line 27 and 28 in song lyrics.

37

3. Representing the data

For the final step, the writer showed the data contains six (6)

lexical relations that can be found in seven (7) Muse selected song

lyrics.

Here is the example of the data:

No

Types of

Lexical

Relation

Data Song Title Code

1 Synonym

And lie, I say never

I can tell you now

without a trace of fear

Neutron Star

Collision

S2

L5,29

Our hopes and

expectations

Starlight S1

L19

Asphyxiated

I won’t let you smother

it

Time is

Running Out

S7

L2,15

They’ll try to push

drugs

They will not force us

Uprising S3

L3,12

Flick a switch and open

your third eye, you’d

see that

We have to unify and

watch our flag ascend

Uprising S3

L19,25

Rise up and take the

power back, it’s time

that

We have to unify and

watch our flag ascend

Uprising S3

L22,25

38

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS

In this chapter, the writer demonstrated the findings of the research by

discussing the analysis of Descriptive Analysis on The Use Lexical Relations

of Muse selected song lyrics such as Uprising, Neutron Star Collision,

Starlight, Exo-Politics, Knights of Cydonia, Unintended, and Time is Running

Out.

A. Profile of Lexical Relations

1. Synonym

The detail of the types of synonym that was found in Muse selected

song lyrics are in the following data:

Table 4.1

Types of Synonym

No.

Types of

Lexical

Relation


1 Synonym And lie, I

say never

I can tell you

now without

a trace of

fear

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L5,29

Our hopes

and

expectations

Starlight S1

L19

39

Asphyxiated

I won’t let

you smother

it

Time is

Running

Out

S7

L2,15

They’ll try to

push drugs

They will

not force us

Uprising S3

L3,12

Flick a

switch and

open your

third eye,

you’d see

that

We have to

unify and

watch our

flag ascend

Uprising S3

L19,25

Rise up and

take the

power back,

it’s time that

We have to

unify and

watch our

flag ascend

Uprising S3

L22,25

40

The discussion:

a. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line

number 5 and 29 there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of

these verses have the synonymy relations, because the word

say and tell have the same meaning. Say means express in

words, while tell means let something be known. (Oxford

Thesaurus, 1991:1548)

b. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 19 there is

a synonym in one song lyrics. In this verse have the synonymy

relations, because the word hopes and expectation have the

similar meaning. Hopes mean a specific instance of feeling

hopeful, while expectation means the feeling that something is

about to happen. (Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:513)

c. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line

number 2 and 15 there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of

these verses have the synonymy relations, because the word

asphyxiated and smother have similar meaning. Asphyxiated

means deprive of oxygen and prevent from breathing, while

smother means deprive of the oxygen necessary for

combustion. ( Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1665)

d. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 3 and 12

there is a synonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses

have the synonymy relations, because the word push and force

41

have the similar meaning. Push means move with force, while

force means a to cause to do through pressure or necessity.

(Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1368)

e. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 19 and 25


have the synonymy relations, because the word see and watch

have the same meaning. See means perceive by sight or have

the power to perceive by sight, while watch means look

attentively. Both of see and watch have the meaning of looking.

(Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1577)

f. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 22 and 25


have the synonymy relations, because the word rise and ascend

have the similar meaning. Rise means the act of changing

location in an upward direction, while ascend means to travel

up. (Oxford Thesaurus, 1991:1500)

2. Antonym

The detail of the types of antonym that was found in Muse selected

song lyrics are in the following data:

42

Table 4.2

Types of Antonym

No

Types of

Lexical

Relation


2 Antonym Of the

people who

care if I live

or die

Starlight S1

L4

All the

souls that

would die

just to feel

alive

Starlight S1

L15

You could

be the one

I’ll always

love

She could

never be as

good as you

Unintended S6

L6,12

I wanted

freedom

Now that

you know

I’m

trapped

Time is

Running

Out

S7

L21,25

We will

never see

the truth

around

Another

package lie

Uprising S3

L5,8

43

to keep us

trapped in

greed

That keep

us all

dumbed

down and

hope that

Rise up and

take the

power back,

it’s time

that

Uprising S3

L4,22

Open the

skies over

me

Will you

slam shut

or free your

mind?

Exo-Politics S5

L1,5

The discussion:

a. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 4 there is an

antonym in one song lyrics. In this verse have the antonymy

relations, because the word live and die have the opposite meaning.

Live means possessing live, while die means suffer or face the pain

of death. (Djalinus Syah, 1997:75)

b. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 15 there is an

antonym in one song lyrics. In this verse have the antonymy

relations, because the word die and alive have the opposite

44

meaning. Die means suffer or face the pain of death, while alive

means possessing live. (Djalinus Syah, 1997:75)

c. In the song number 6 entitled Unintended, line number 6 and 12

there is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have

the antonymy relations, because the word always and never have

the opposite meaning. Always means all the time and on every

occasion, while never means at no time in the past or future.

(Djalinus, Syah 1997:92)

d. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 21

and 25 there is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses

have the antonymy relations, because the word freedom and

trapped have the opposite meaning. Freedom means the condition

of being free, while trapped means something deceptively that

catches you unawares.

e. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 5 and 8 there

is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have the

antonymy relations, because the word truth and lie have the

opposite meaning. Truth means a fact that has been verified, while

lie means a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth.

(Djalinus Syah, 1997:160)

f. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 4 and 22 there

is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have the

antonymy relations, because the word down and up have the

45

opposite meaning. Down means being or moving lower in position

or less in some value, while up means being or moving higher in

position or greater in some value.

g. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 1 and 5

there is an antonym in one song lyrics. Both of these verses have

the antonymy relations, because the word open and shut have the

opposite meaning. Open means affording unobstructed entrance

and exit; not shut or closed, while shut means not open. (Djalinus

Syah, 1997:189)

3. Polysemy

The detail of the types of polysemy that was found in Muse

selected song lyrics are in the following data:

Table 4.3

Types of Polysemy

No

Types of

Lexical

Relation


3 Polysemy I just

wanted to

hold

Starlight S1

L10

Then our

hearts

combined

like

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L3

I have

nothing left

to lose

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L5

46

Their

doctrines

will be

cloud

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L20

And how

can we win

Knights of

Cydonia

S4

L5

Time has

come to

make things

right

Knights of

Cydonia

S4

L10

Choice to

live my life

extended

Unintended S6

L2

Sense of

elation

Time is

Running

Out

S7

L26

Rise up and

take the

power

back, it’s

time that

Uprising S3

L23

We have to

unify and

watch our

flag ascend

Uprising S3

L25

I’ll wait for

a sign

Exo-Politics S5

L3

Are loaded

on my back

Exo-Politics S5

L15

47

The discussion:

a. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 10 there is a

polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of wanted are explain

in the following meaning:

1) Desired or wished for or sought

2) Characterized by feeling or showing fond affection for

b. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number

3 there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of like are

explain in the following meaning:

1) Resembling or similar

2) Find enjoyable or agreeable

c. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number

5 there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of left are


1) Location near or direction toward the left side

2) Not used up

d. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number

20 there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of cloud

are explain in the following meaning:

1) A visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a

considerable altitude

2) Make less visible or unclear

48

e. In the song number 4 entitled Knights of Cydonia, line number 5

there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of can are


1) Airtight sealed metal container for food or drink or paint etc.

2) Already to do something

f. In the song number 4 entitled Knights of Cydonia, line number 10

there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of right are


1) Location near or direction toward the right side

2) Free from error

3) In conformance with justice or law or morality

g. In the song number 6 entitled Unintended, line number 2 there is a

polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of live are explain in

the following meaning:

1) Actually being performed at the time of hearing or viewing

2) Possessing life

h. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 26

there is a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of sense are


1) Perceive by a physical sensation

2) The faculty through which the external world is apprehended

49

i. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 3 there is a

polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of back are explain in


1) Related to or located at the back

2) The series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and

protecting the spinal cord

3) A person who plays in the backfield

j. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 22 there is a

polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of watch are explain in


1) A small portable timepiece

2) Look attentively or see

k. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 3 there is a

polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of sign are explain in


1) A public display of a message

2) Any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message

l. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 15 there is

a polysemy in the song lyrics. The polysemy of back are explain in


1) Related to or located at the back

2) The series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and

protecting the spinal cord

50

3) A person who plays in the backfield

4. Homonymy

The detail of the types of homonymy that was found in Muse


Table 4.4

Types of Homonymy

No

Types of

Lexical

Relation


4 Homonym Our hopes

and

expectations

Black holes

and

revelations

Starlight S1

L19,20

I have

nothing left

to lose

You took

your time to

choose

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L5,6

Halos fail to

glisten

But no one

wants to

listen

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L15,17

The

preachers

fake and

proud

Their

doctrines

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L19,20

51

will be

cloud

We’ll die

together

Lie, I will

never

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L32,33

Time has

come to

make things

right

You and I

must fight

for our

rights

Knights of

Cydonia

S4

L10,11

Now that

you know

I’m trapped

Time is

Running

Out

S7

L25

Rise up and

take the

power back,

it’s time

that

Their time

is coming to

an end

Uprising S3

L22,24

The fat cats

had a heart

attack

Uprising S3

L23

When the

Zetas fill

the skies

Will our

leaders tell

us why

Exo-Politics S5

L7,8

52

The discussion:

a. In the song number 1 entitled Starlight, line number 19 and 20

there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses have

homonymy relations, because the word hope and hole have the

same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Hopes

mean a specific instance of feeling hopeful, while holes mean

unoccupied space.

b. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number

5 and 6 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses

have homonymy relations, because the word lose and choose have

the same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Lose

means fail to win, while choose means pick out or select from a

number of alternatives.

c. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number

15 and 17 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these

verses have homonymy relations, because the word glisten and

listen have the same phonological although there are unrelated

senses. Glisten means the quality of shining with a bright reflected

light, while listen means hear with attention.

d. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number


verses have homonymy relations, because the word proud and

cloud have the same phonological although there are unrelated

53

senses. Proud means feeling self-respect or pleasure in something

by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride,

while cloud means make less visible or unclear.

e. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number


verses have homonymy relations, because the word die and lie

have the same phonological although there are unrelated senses.

Die means suffer or face the pain of death, while lie means tell an

untruth or pretend with intent to deceive.

f. In the song number 4 entitled Knights of Cydonia, line number 10

and 11 there is a homonym in the song lyrics. Both of these verses

have homonymy relations, because the word right and rights have

the same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Right

means in or into a satisfactory condition, while rights mean in

conformance with justice or law or morality.

g. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 25

there is a homonym in the song lyrics. In this verse have

homonymy relations, because the word now and know have the

same phonological although there are unrelated senses. Now means

the momentary present, while know means be cognizant or aware

of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or

information about.

54

h. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 22 and 24


homonymy relations, because the word and and end have the same

phonological although there are unrelated senses. And is

conjunction which means used to connect words of the same part

of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly, while

end means the point in time at which something ends.

i. In the song number 3 entitled Uprising, line number 23 there is a

homonym in the song lyrics. In this verse have homonymy

relations, because the word fat and cat have the same phonological

although there are unrelated senses. Fat means having an (over)

abundance of flesh or having a relatively large diameter, while cat

means feline mammal usually having thick soft fur and no ability

to roar.

j. In the song number 5 entitled Exo-Politics, line number 7 and 8


homonymy relations, because the word fill and will have the same

phonological although there are unrelated senses. Fill means

become full, while will means the capability of conscious choice

and decision and intention.

55

5. Hyponymy

The detail of the types of hyponymy that was found in Muse


Table 4.5

Types of Hyponymy

No

Types of

Lexical

Relation


5 Hyponym I want to

play the

game

Time is

Running

Out

S7

L7

The discussion:

a. In the song number 7 entitled Time is Running Out, line number 7

there is a homonym in the song lyrics. In this verse have

hyponymy relations, because the word game means a single play

of a sport or other contest. Game is specific term that is called as

hyponym and play is the general term that is called as super-

ordinate. A super-ordinate can have many hyponyms. And game is

hyponyms of play because it can be doing by playing it.

56

6. Meronymy

The detail of the types of meronymy that was found in Muse


Table 4.5

Types of Meronymy

No

Types of

Lexical

Relation


6 Meronym The world

is broken

Like

snowflakes

in an ocean

Neutron

Star

Collision

S2

L14,22

The discussion:

a. In the song number 2 entitled Neutron Star Collision, line number


verses have meronymy relations, because the word world and

ocean have a part-whole relationship between them. Ocean which

means a large body of water constituting a principal part of the

hydrosphere is a part of world which means involving the entire

earth; not limited or provincial in scope. So, ocean is meronym of

world because ocean is part of world.

57

B. The Most Dominant Use of Lexical Relations

After the researcher analysed the data, the writer found the

following data:

Table 4.7

Types of Lexical Relations

No Types of Lexical Relations Occurrence (in number)

1. Synonym 6

2. Antonym 7

3. Polysemy 12

4. Homonym 10

5. Hyponym 1

6. Meronym 1

Total number of the data that found in Muse selected song lyrics

was 37 lexical relations. The total of synonym in Muse selected song

lyrics was 6 data. The total of antonym in Muse selected song lyrics was 7

data. The total of polysemy in Muse selected song lyrics was 12 data. The

total of homonym in Muse selected song lyrics was 10 data. The total of

hyponym in Muse selected song lyrics was 1 data. The total of meronym

in Muse selected song lyrics was 1 data.

58

CHAPTER V

CLOSURE

A. Conclusions

From data that the writer analyses according to the research

questions mentioned in chapter I, the conclusion can be arranged. The

research questions are: What are the types of lexical relations that have

been found in Muse selected song lyrics and What are the dominant of

lexical relations that have been found in Muse selected song lyrics.

The writer found some types of lexical relations that used in Muse

selected song lyrics. The writer found six (6) types of lexical relations,

there are synonym, antonym, polysemy, homonym, hyponym, and

meronym. But the most dominant lexical relations used in Muse selected

song lyrics is polysemy with 12 cases from 37 cases of lexical relations.

Polysemy is less well-known term to most people than either synonym or

antonym, but it refers to a much more important sense relation. It can

describe two or more meaning in one word. For example, the word can

have the meaning of airtight sealed metal container for food or drink and

already to do something. So, the word can is called as polysemy.

59

B. Suggestions

After the finding the result of this research, the writer suggests that:

1. To the English teachers

This research can be the alternative study to enrich teachers’

linguistic ability. Therefore, the teachers can use this study as

additional teaching material in reading or even listening especially the

lexical relations.

2. To the English learners

The learners can use this study to enhance their ability in reading

and listening especially in lexical relations, so the learners can analyse

a sentence, paragraph, verse, stanza, and text easily.

3. To the other writer

The data might become reference to other writer and also they can

complete or to flesh out this research in order to make their next

research much more better.

60

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adisutrisno, Wagiman. 2008. Semantics: An Introduction to the Basic Concept.

Yogyakarta: Andi Publisher.

Anwar, Khaerul & Urip Tanggoro. 2018. The Analysis of Sense Relations on

Maroon 5 Album V (Deluxe Version).Universitas Bumiayu. (Page

176-189).

Armanda, Bakhtiar. 2019. An Analysis of Lexical Relation in Business Column on

Jakarta Post Published on 5th November 2018. Institut Agama Islam

Negeri Salatiga.

Cruse, D. A. 2000. Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and

Pragmatics.Oxford University Press Inc. New York.

Febriasari, Winda Puspita. 2018. An Analysis of Lexical Relations in Amnesia

Song taken from 5 Seconds of Summer Album. Universitas

Muhammadiyah Surakarta. (Page 1-6).

Hurford, James R. & Brendan Heasley. 1986. Semantics: a course book,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kriedler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. New York: Routledge.

Moleong, Lexy. 2002. Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif.Bandung: PT. Remaja

Rosdakarya

Murphy, M. Lynee. 2003. Semantic Relations and the Lexicon. Cambridge:

University Press.

_______________ 2010. Lexical Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Nisyana, Nelyska. 2018. A Semantic Analysis on Celine Dion’s Song in Beauty

and The Beast, How Does A Moment Last Forever, and A New Day

Has Come. Universitas Mataram.

Oxford Thesaurus Synonym Dictionary (1991)

Palmer, F.R. 1981. Semantics: A New Outline. London: Cambridge University

Press.

Ponno, Fitriani, Sari Rejeki & Maulana Taufik. Lexical and Contextual Meanings

Contained in Religious Song Lyrics at Quiver Center Academy (QCA).

61

Purnamasari, Dewi & Rosmaidar. 2011. Lexical Relations Used in Jason Mraz’s

Song Lyrics. Universitas Bina Darma. (Page 81-90).

Rifardi, Dwiki. 2017. Study of Lexical Meaning on Bob Marley Songs. Universitas

Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.

Saeed, J. I. 2003. Semantics. Blackwell Publishing. Victoria, Carlton.

________. 2009. Semantics. Blackwell Publishing. Victoria, Carlton.

Syah, Djalinus. 1997. Kamus Synonym & Antonym Untuk Ujian TOEFL & IELTS.

Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.

Trisnantasari, Ika. A Semantic Analysis on Ed Sheeran Songs.

Wikipedia.org/wiki/muse_(band)

62

APPENDICES

63

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

1. Name : Nor Muhammad Husein

2. Place and Date of Birth : Kab. Semarang, September 24th

, 1997

3. Address : Ngipik, RT 04/08, Candi Bandungan

4. Sex : Male

5. Religion : Islam

6. E-mail : [email protected]

7. Phone : 08985558130

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

1. Kindergarten Lestari 2002 - 2003

2. Wonorejo 02 State Elementary School (SDN) 2003 - 2009

3. Bergas 1 State Junior High School (SMPN) 2009 - 2012

4. Bergas 1 Senior High School (SMAN) 2012 - 2015

5. Salatiga State Institute for Islamic Studies 2015 -2019

mailto:[email protected]

64

65

66

67

68

69

UPRISING

The paranoia is in bloom, the P-R

Transmissions will resume

They'll try to push drugs

That keep us all dumbed down and hope that

We will never see the truth around

(So come on)

Another promise, another scene,

Another package lie to keep us trapped in greed

With all the green belts wrapped around our minds

And endless red tape to keep the truth confined

(So come on)


They will stop degrading us

They will not control us

We will be victorious

(So come on)

Interchanging mind control

Come let the revolution take its toll if you could

Flick a switch and open your third eye, you'd see that

We should never be afraid to die

70

(So come on)

Rise up and take the power back, it's time that

The fat cats had a heart attack, you know that

Their time is coming to an end

We have to unify and watch our flag ascend

(So come on)





(So come on)

Hey, hey, hey, hey

Hey, hey, hey, hey

Hey, hey, hey, hey





(So come on)

Hey, hey, hey, hey

71

EXO-POLITICS

Open the skies over me

I am waiting patiently

I'll wait for a sign

As conspiracy unwind

Will you slam shut or free your mind?

Or stay hypnotized

When the Zetas fill the skies

Will our leaders tell us why

Fully loaded satellites

Will conquer nothing but our minds

I'm waiting patiently

And I'll wait for the sign

Carried through the centuries

Secrets locked up

Are loaded on my back

And it weighs me down

When the Zetas fill the skies

It's just our leaders in disguise

Fully loaded satellites

Will conquer nothing but our minds

72





73

KNIGHTS OF CYDONIA

Come ride with me

Through the veins of history

I'll show you a God

Falls asleep on the job

And how can we win,

When fools can be kings

Don't waste your time

Or time will waste you

No one's going to take me alive

Time has come to make things right

You and I must fight for our rights

You and I must fight to survive









74

UNINTENDED

You could be my unintended

Choice to live my life extended

You could be the one I'll always love

You could be the one who listens

To my deepest inquisitions

You could be the one I'll always love

I'll be there as soon as I can

But I'm busy mending broken

Pieces of the life I had before

First there was the one who challenged

All my dreams and all my balance

She could never be as good as you

You could be my unintended

Choice to live my life extended

You should be the one I'll always love




75




Before you

76

TIME IS RUNNING OUT

I think I'm drowning

Asphyxiated

I want to break the spell

That you've created

You're something beautiful

A contradiction

I want to play the game

I want the friction

You will be

The death of me

Yeah, you will be

The death of me

Bury it

I won't let you bury it

I won't let you smother it

I won't let you murder it

Our time is running out

And our time is running out

You can't push it underground

We can't stop it screaming out

77

I wanted freedom

But I'm restricted

I tried to give you up

But I'm addicted

Now that you know I'm trapped

Sense of elation

You'll never dream of breaking this fixation

You will squeeze the life out of me

Bury it








How did it come to this

You will suck the life out of me

Bury it


78







How did it come to this

79

STARLIGHT

Far away

The ship is taking me far away

Far away from the memories

Of the people who care if I live or die

The starlight

I will be chasing a starlight

Until the end of my life

I don't know if it's worth it anymore

Hold you in my arms

I just wanted to hold

You in my arms

My life

You electrify my life

Let's conspire to ignite

All the souls that would die just to feel alive

Now I'll never let you go

If you promised not to fade away

Never fade away

Our hopes and expectations

Black holes and revelations

80



Hold you in my arms


You in my arms

Far away

The ship is taking me far away

Far away from the memories

Of the people who care if I live or die

And I'll never let you go

If you promise not to fade away

Never fade away





Hold you in my arms


You in my arms


81

NEUTRON STAR COLLISION

I was searching

You were on a mission

Then our hearts combined like

A neutron star collision

I have nothing left to lose

You took your time to choose

Then we told each other

With no trace of fear that

Our love would be forever

And if we die

We die together

And lie, I said never

'cause our love would be forever

The world is broken

Halos fail to glisten

You try to make a difference

But no one wants to listen

Hail,

The preachers, fake and proud

Their doctrines will be cloud

82

Then they'll dissipate

Like snowflakes in an ocean

Love is forever

And we'll die, we'll die together

And lie, I say never

'cause our love could be forever

Now I've got nothing left to lose

You take your time to choose

I can tell you now without a trace of fear

That my love will be forever

And we'll die

We'll die together

Lie, I will never

'cause our love will be forever

Documents

A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS INe-repository.perpus.iainsalatiga.ac.id/6298/1/Skripsi_Nor M. Husein... · i A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS IN MUSE SELECTED SONG