A Royal Colony

Chapter 6South Carolina History

Changes in a Royal Colony

Major ChangesThe creation of Georgia It was created to be a buffer zone between:

–SC and Spanish Florida–Hostile Native Americans–To be a social experiment

•giving prisoners and debtors a second chance

One condition:

Slavery would Slavery would not be not be allowedallowed

• What were the two concerns South Carolina had about the creation of Georgia?

Changes in a Royal Colony

Georgia gave SC a sense of security

But also caused problems: •Less land was available to Less land was available to SC settlersSC settlers•Colonists were also afraid Colonists were also afraid that Georgia would provide that Georgia would provide a safe haven for runaway a safe haven for runaway slavesslavesThe biggest complaint:

Georgia created Georgia created competition for SC in the competition for SC in the

rice marketrice market

Carolina Gold

•Define mercantilism

Mercantilism

MER can til ism ~An economic policy~Through mercantilism, the mother country tries to get rich off its colonies HOW?

•By exporting more products than it imports

England was trying to get rich by selling more goods than it was buying from the colonies

•How did England use mercantilism?

MercantilismSC had many natural

resources wood, animal skins, cash cropswood, animal skins, cash cropsoThis meant England no longer had to buy these items from other European countries. oThe colony would send raw The colony would send raw materials (like wood) to Englandmaterials (like wood) to EnglandoEngland would make finished England would make finished products (like tables and chairs) products (like tables and chairs) oSell them Sell them back to the colonies back to the colonies and to other countriesand to other countries

•What did England do that made South Carolina rich off rice?

MercantilismEngland had very stiff

rules about tradeRice was on the list of items that could only be sold to EnglandHowever, they didn’t enforce the law on South Carolina’s rice

Rice, along with Indigo, helped to make the colony very rich = $$

• What was England doing that made Eliza Pinckney, and other planters, want to grow indigo?

• How did Eliza Lucas Pinckney contribute to South Carolina’s economy?

Eliza Lucas PinckneyEngland highly valued blue dye & offered to pay subsidies (bonuses) to anyone who would grow itEliza experimented with the plant indigo & eventually learned the secret to growing it

Indigo became a major cash crop for South Carolina

Eliza Lucas Pinckney had a major impact on Carolina economy

Eliza Lucas Pinckney

Skeins of thread dyed with indigo

• Who were the first Africans to come to America and with whom did they come?

• What increased the need/demand for slave labor in South Carolina?

Slavery and PlantationsThe 1st Africans to come to America were explorers that

came with the Spanish

They were NOT slavesNOT slavesAs South Carolina’s demand to grow rice and indigo increased, the need for slave labor increasedA triangle trade route was established betweenEngland, Africa, & the CarolinasBrought many slaves to Charles Town, South Carolina

Description Low Country Up Country

Rich or Poor

How many white settlers?

How many slaves?

Plantation or Subsistence farm?

Importance of Education

Court system

Representation in the Assembly

Regional Differences

The geographic differences in SC caused a separation of two main regions

The Up Country &

The Low Country

Up Country

Low Country

The different cultures, lifestyles, and belief systems that developed there

eventually led to major problems that can be seen during the American

Revolution

Low Country

The Low Country of South Carolina became known as the “tidewater region” because the rivers rose and fell with the tidesThis was very helpful to rice plantations that needed to flood their fields

Same location at low tide &

at high tide

Low Country

Many of the Low Country settlers were planters and there were many plantations plantations

Their plantations had many slaves that grew rice and indigo

Rice trunk

Young rice in a flooded field

Low Country•Low Country was settled first•The largest population

–Made it the colony’s most important region

•The majority of the Low Country population was slaves•Most Assembly members lived here , SO…

–The plantation owners had a lot of influence in making laws– Well represented

•All of the courts & the majority of wealth were located here

Until the passage of the Circuit Court Act of 1769

Hopsewee Plantation

Up Country•The largest part of the colony •It was the area that was located away from the coast•The Up Country had a majority white populationmajority white population & only a few slaves•Settlers mostly subsistence subsistence farmers, farmers, but there were some small plantations•There wasn’t a lot of money to pay for an education

–The people in this region were usually less educated than in the usually less educated than in the Low CountryLow Country

Upstate homestead

Up CountryThere were no courts, jails, or sheriffs no courts, jails, or sheriffs in the Up Country until the passage of the Circuit Court Act of 1769 Settlers often feared attacks by Indians, and got little help from the Low Country because they were not adequately represented in Assembly

•Three reasons children in SC did not attend school

•Slave owners did not want slaves educated because…

Colonial EducationAccording to the colonial leaders of SC, the parents were responsible for education

–There was something called a “free school” but students had to pay a tuition to go

3 main reasons that SC children didn’t go to school

1.Were no free schools where children needed them2.Parents could not afford tuition or simply needed the children at home3.Parents did not value education

could not read or write themselves

Slave owners did not want slaves to be educated –Felt education could lead to revoltsFelt education could lead to revolts

•Who were the Regulators?

•Why did the Regulator movement start?

The Regulator Movement“The Regulators”

•Were self appointed• Vigilantes

–people who took the law into people who took the law into their own hands their own hands

•Thought it was necessary to help establish law & order in the Up Country

The people of the Up The people of the Up Country were tired of Country were tired of having to travel to Charles having to travel to Charles Town to go to court or to Town to go to court or to get help with a legal get help with a legal problem problem

•Two reasons that the Regulator Movement did not work in the long run.

The Regulator Movement

The Regulator Movement worked ~

at 1st

1.1.The Regulators used The Regulators used their position to settle their position to settle old scoresold scores

2.2.Innocent people Innocent people started to get hurt & started to get hurt & sometimes killedsometimes killed

Regulator

Cleetus

Circuit Court Act of 1769 1.2.3.4.

The Regulator Movement

Circuit Court Act of 1769Established law & order in the Up Country

1.1.Ended the Regulator Ended the Regulator Movement Movement

2.2.Established 7 judicial Established 7 judicial districtsdistricts

3.3.Each district had a jail, a Each district had a jail, a sheriff, and a courthousesheriff, and a courthouse

4.4.A judge rode in a circuit A judge rode in a circuit (a circle like pattern) (a circle like pattern) visiting the courtsvisiting the courts

Seven Judicial districts

Electrical circuit

• The Cherokee had the best relationships with the colonists.

• This relationship between the Cherokee & Colonists became strained when…

Native American Relationships

Native American & colonists relationships were still mixed

The Cherokee had the best relationship with the colonists

It began to get strained It began to get strained when people moved to the when people moved to the Up CountryUp Country

An area considered Cherokee land

•What happened to the Catawba population?

Native American Relationships

SC was basically at peace with the Native Americans

The Catawba •Were very friendly •Helped protect colonists from attacks from hostile tribes •Were nearly wiped out Were nearly wiped out from a small pox from a small pox epidemic epidemic •By 1760, less than 500 Catawba remained

Skeletons at a Native American burial site.

• What did France do that caused England to want to sign a treaty with the Cherokee?

Native American Relationships

France & England constantly fought over rights for landBy 1729, the Cherokee relationship with South Carolina colonists began to get badAt the same time French fur traders tried to time French fur traders tried to create a treaty with the Cherokee in SCcreate a treaty with the Cherokee in SC

South Carolina needed to create an alliance with the Cherokee to keep them from joining sides with the French

• When the Cherokee signed a treaty with Sir Alexander Cuming, to what did they think they agreed?

• To what did England think they agreed?

Native American Relationships

Sir Alexander Cuming •Went to talk with the Cherokee

–He actually created a misunderstanding

•He persuaded the Cherokee to enter into a treaty•The Cherokee thought that The Cherokee thought that they were now allies with the they were now allies with the British & that they were still British & that they were still equalsequals•The British thought the Native The British thought the Native Americans were now subjects Americans were now subjects of the King of Englandof the King of England

As Sir Alexander Cuming spoke lighting flashed in the sky.

Native American Relationships

The Cherokee realized their mistake with the treaty when settlers started to take their land and build fortsAnother treaty lasted for awhile

–until Governor William Lyttelton took office

Gov. Lyttleton•Did not get along with the Cherokee •Tried to force them to do what he wanted rather than solve problems with them

Examples of colonial forts

• What did Gov. William Lyttleton do that directly caused the Cherokee War?1234

The Cherokee WarGov. Lyttleton imposed an embargo preventing colonists from trading with the Cherokee The Cherokee felt Gov. Lyttleton had violated trade agreements 31 Cherokee chiefs went to Gov. Lyttleton to try to work things out, he took them hostagehe took them hostage

The Cherokee attacked near by forts making the British angry British killed the chiefs Directly leads to the Cherokee War

• What other war was occurring at the same time as the Cherokee War?

The Cherokee War

1759-1763oFought entirely within South Carolina oHappened at the Happened at the same time as the same time as the French and Indian War French and Indian War (1753-1763(1753-1763))oThe fighting lasted until 1761 oA treaty was not signed until 1763

Stono RebellionThe slave population in South Carolina was continually growingThe Assembly began to worry about there being too many slaves in the colonyBut… But… Slaves were important to plantations & there was little they could do

• What was the Stono Rebellion?

• Two Causes of the Stono Rebellion12

Stono RebellionSlave revoltSlave revoltBetween 60 and 80 slaves were involved Took place near the Stono River in Charles TownBy the end of the revolt, 20 whites and at least 40 slaves were dead Causes:1.1.Brought on by the cruel Brought on by the cruel system of slaverysystem of slavery2.2.Spanish law that gave Spanish law that gave freedom to any slave who freedom to any slave who reached Floridareached Florida

The Slave Codes were created as a result of the Stono Rebellion.

• The Slave Codes …>>

Stono RebellionThe Slave Code was

established•It set penalties for any It set penalties for any owner that was too owner that was too harsh or demandingharsh or demanding• It placed strict laws on It placed strict laws on slavesslaves

–preventing slaves from preventing slaves from assembling without assembling without permissionpermission–made educating slaves made educating slaves illegal illegal

•Slave codes did not end revolts, but it limited their success

Spikes, called cheveax de frise, appeared on gates in Charleston after

the Stono Rebellion as protection from future slave revolts.

• Why did the population of South Carolina continue to grow even though there was disease and war?

Colonial LifeSouth Carolina had difficulties financially because of…• Numerous diseases• High infant mortality rate•Wars with Native Americans•Poor sanitation

Killed many of the colonists

The population continued to The population continued to grow in spite of the death rate grow in spite of the death rate being higher than the birth ratebeing higher than the birth rate

massive number of immigrantsmassive number of immigrants slaves and European settlers