A Review Of The ThreatA Review Of The ThreatTo Civil Aviation To Civil Aviation

&&The International ResponseThe International Response

Gabriel ChowGabriel Chow

OverviewOverview

1.1. The threatThe threat

2.2. The International ResponseThe International Response

3.3. Concluding remarksConcluding remarks

1. The Threat To Civil Aviation1. The Threat To Civil Aviation

Who poses a threat?Who poses a threat?

Unruly passengersUnruly passengers Asylum seekersAsylum seekers CriminalsCriminals People with psychiatric People with psychiatric

disordersdisorders TerroristsTerrorists

Attacks against aircraftAttacks against aircraft

Attacks against airportsAttacks against airports

Using Aircraft as weapons of Using Aircraft as weapons of mass destructionmass destruction

The terrorist threat to civil aviationThe terrorist threat to civil aviation

Attacks against aircraftAttacks against aircraft

HijackingHijacking

Bomb attacks against aircraftBomb attacks against aircraft

Suicide BomberSuicide Bomber

Richard Reid alias ‘The Shoe Bomber’Richard Reid alias ‘The Shoe Bomber’

22.12.2001 - Attempted to blow up AA Flight 63From Paris CDG to Miami22.12.2001 - Attempted to blow up AA Flight 63From Paris CDG to Miami

MANPAD attackMANPAD attack

28.11.2002 – Mombasa, KenyaSurface to air missile attack Against an Israeli charter aircraft

28.11.2002 – Mombasa, KenyaSurface to air missile attack Against an Israeli charter aircraft

Attacks against airportsAttacks against airports(and ground operations)(and ground operations)

Mortar attack against airport Mortar attack against airport facilitiesfacilities

9.3.1994 - IRA mortar9.3.1994 - IRA mortar

attack on Heathrowattack on Heathrow

Home-made mortars fired from a carin a parking area

Home-made mortars fired from a carin a parking area

Armed attacks against passengers in airport Armed attacks against passengers in airport concoursesconcourses

5.7. 2002 – lone gunman 5.7. 2002 – lone gunman attacked El Al passengers attacked El Al passengers in check-in area at LAXin check-in area at LAX

Hesham Mohamed HadayetHesham Mohamed Hadayet

Attacks against air crewAttacks against air crew

Attack on El Al crew at hotel – London (20.8.1978)Attack on El Al crew at hotel – London (20.8.1978)

CBRN attacksCBRN attacks Chemical, Biological, Chemical, Biological,

Radiological or Radiological or Nuclear agent attackNuclear agent attack

Sarin Gas Attack – Tokyo 20.3.95Sarin Gas Attack – Tokyo 20.3.95AnthraxAnthrax

                                   

                                     

                                   

                                     

Dirty BombsDirty Bombs

Suicide Bomb AttackSuicide Bomb Attack

7.7.2005 - 4 suicide bombers attacked London transport system7.7.2005 - 4 suicide bombers attacked London transport system

Using aircraft as weapons Using aircraft as weapons of mass destructionof mass destruction

Using an aircraft as a weaponUsing an aircraft as a weapon

Using Remote Controlled AircraftUsing Remote Controlled Aircraft(to deliver bombs or disperse CBRN agents)(to deliver bombs or disperse CBRN agents)

2. The International Response2. The International Response

Legal FrameworkLegal Framework Convention on Convention on

International Civil International Civil AviationAviation

( ’The Chicago Convention’)( ’The Chicago Convention’)

International International ConventionsConventions

International Civil International Civil Aviation OrganisationAviation Organisation

(ICAO)(ICAO)

Annex 17 ‘Security’Annex 17 ‘Security’

Preventive Security MeasuresPreventive Security Measures

Additional Preventive Security MeasuresAdditional Preventive Security Measures

1970’s 1970’s

1980’s1980’s

1990’s1990’s

2000’s2000’s

Sterile AreasSterile Areas Passenger / Hand Baggage Passenger / Hand Baggage

ScreeningScreening

Access controlAccess control Passenger / Baggage Passenger / Baggage

ReconciliationReconciliation

Hold Baggage ScreeningHold Baggage Screening

Hardening the cockpitHardening the cockpit Suicide bombersSuicide bombers Liquid explosivesLiquid explosives

3. Concluding Remarks3. Concluding Remarks

Reactive Reactive Proactive Proactive

In the past aviation security -In the past aviation security - has reacted to new threatshas reacted to new threats

In the future aviation security –In the future aviation security – needs to predict new threatsneeds to predict new threats

Improvement StrategyImprovement Strategy

1.1. Improve the security processesImprove the security processes More intelligent processesMore intelligent processes Focus resources on those that present a riskFocus resources on those that present a risk Better facilitiesBetter facilities

2.2. Improve the performance of security staffImprove the performance of security staff Develop and apply ‘Human Factors’ best Develop and apply ‘Human Factors’ best

practicespractices

3.3. Improve and increase the use of technologyImprove and increase the use of technology Explosive detection equipment in passenger Explosive detection equipment in passenger

screeningscreening

Secure the Global Supply ChainSecure the Global Supply Chain

Regulated agent Regulated agent regime needs to be regime needs to be strengthenedstrengthened

Majority of air cargo –Majority of air cargo –

travels on passenger travels on passenger aircraftaircraft

is not security is not security screenedscreened

Restoring the Balance -Restoring the Balance -Security and FacilitationSecurity and Facilitation

Security requirements Since 9/11

Passenger numbers Complexity of processes Airport efficiency Passenger experience Operating costs Airport retail revenue

Restriction on liquids (etc.)

in hand baggage –

Potential major impact on facilitation

Restriction on liquids (etc.)

in hand baggage –

Potential major impact on facilitation

Thank youThank you