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Working PaperNovember 2016
Policy and planning; Urban
Keywords:Humanitarian response; Conflict; Urban; Refugees; Local Government
A Review of Needs Assessment Tools, Response Analysis Frameworks, and Targeting Guidance for Urban Humanitarian Response Lili Mohiddin and Gabrielle Smith
URBAN C R I S E S
International Institute for Environment and Development 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 email: [email protected] www.iied.org
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About the authorsGabrielle Smith is a freelance consultant with over ten years’ experience in social and economic development, social protection and humanitarian programming. She is a cash transfer specialist with extensive knowledge of markets based programming and of cash assistance in urban contexts. Recent assignments include a lessons-learnt review of cash coordination during the response to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, and an evaluation of the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO) department’s global cash and voucher programme portfolio. Prior to this she worked as a technical adviser for cash transfers and safety nets at Concern Worldwide, supporting cash-based operations in eleven country programmes including Nairobi, Mogadishu and Port-au-Prince. She has extensively researched the use of electronic payments in emergency and development programmes. [email protected]
Lili Mohiddin has worked in the humanitarian sector for over15 years in food security and livelihoods. She has technical experience in cash-based programming, urban needs assessments, market analysis and capacity building. Although currently working as a freelance consultant, previously she worked for the Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) as their technical coordinator and with Oxfam GB as a technical adviser. Recent deployments undertaken by her with the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), CaLP and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) in Lebanon, the Philippines, Nepal and Ethiopia have highlighted the challenges surrounding protracted refugee and urban emergencies and the importance of strategic coordination and host-government engagement in preparedness and response planning – areas she is particularly interested in. [email protected]
Produced by IIED’s Human Settlements Group The Human Settlements Group works to reduce poverty and improve health and housing conditions in the urban centres of Africa, Asia and Latin America. It seeks to combine this with promoting good governance and more ecologically sustainable patterns of urban development and rural-urban linkages.
PurposeThis desk review was produced by the Norwegian Refugee Council as part of the Stronger Cities Initiative. The Stronger Cities Initiative is a consortium led by the International Rescue Committee (IRC), in partnership with the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and World Vision International (WVI).
This paper is part of a series of research pieces produced under the ‘Urban Crises Learning Fund’ managed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), the Urban Crises Learning Fund aims to build an in-depth understanding of how the humanitarian sector can most effectively operate in urban contexts.
Published by IIED, November 2016
Mohiddin, L. and Smith, G. 2016. A Review of Needs Assessment Tools, Response Analysis Frameworks, and Targeting Guidance for Urban Humanitarian Response. IIED Working Paper. IIED, London.
http://pubs.iied.org/10796IIED
ISBN 978-1-78431-385-2
Printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based inks.
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The magnitude of urban disasters, high population densities, and a complex social, political and institutional environment has challenged the manner in which humanitarian agencies are used to working. Humanitarian agencies are now grappling with how to change their approaches to this reality. This desk review aims to provide an audit and analysis of existing needs assessments, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches for use in urban post-conflict emergency response. The review found that despite the increasing number of urban responses, the development of tools or guidelines remain behind. Needs assessment and response frameworks tend to be sector or thematic specific, making it hard to identify priorities between sectors, whilst urban targeting approaches have not been translated into detailed available guidance. There is a need for development of urban tools that are inclusive, coherent, cost-effective, rigorously tested, and build on existing good practice.
ContentsAbbreviations 4
Acknowledgements 5
1 Introduction 6
2 Methodology 8
3 Justification 10
3.1 Needs Assessment Tools 103.2 Response Analysis Frameworks 163.3 Approaches for Targeting 23
4 Key Conclusions and Recommendations 34
References 36
Annexes 38
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AbbreviationsACAPS The Assessment Capacities ProjectALNAP Active Learning Network for Accountability and PerformanceCBT Community Based TargetingCTP Cash Transfer ProgrammingDFID Department for International DevelopmentDRC Danish Refugee CouncilEMMA Emergency Market Mapping and AnalysisERC Enhance Response CapacityFAO RAF Food and Agricultural Organisation Response Analysis Framework FIVIMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information ManagementGFSC Global Food Security ClusterHCT Humanitarian Country TeamHPC Humanitarian Programme CycleIASC Inter-Agency Standing CommitteeIDP Internally displaced personMEB Minimum Expenditure BasketMENA Middle East and North Africa MIFIRA Market Information and Food Insecurity Response Analysis FrameworkMIRA Multi-Sector Initial Rapid AssessmentMPG Multi-Purpose GrantMSNA Multi-Sector Needs AnalysisMSRAF Multi-Sector Response Analysis FrameworkNAF Needs Analysis FrameworkNRC Norwegian Refugee CouncilPDNA Post-Disaster Needs AssessmentPMT Proxy Means TestProGres UNHCR Refugee Registration PlatformRAM Rapid Assessment for MarketsRRP Rapid Response Plan SNAP Syria Needs Analysis Project UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentVAF Vulnerability Assessment FrameworkVaSyr Vulnerability Assessment for SyriansWASH Water Sanitation and HygieneWFP World Food ProgrammeWFP VAM World Food Programme Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Unit
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AcknowledgementsThis desk review was produced by the Stronger Cities Initiative Consortium, which is part of the Urban Crises Learning Fund. The consortium is funded by DFID and managed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and was established to:
(i) Improve how stakeholders in urban crises engage with each other to form new partnerships and make better decisions, and
(ii) Improve mitigation of disasters, preparedness and response by developing, testing and disseminating new approaches to forming relationships and systems.
Two consortia have been developed to undertake the work. The first consortium includes Habitat for Humanity Great Britain (HFHGB), Oxfam GB, University College London (UCL) and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI). It aims to research urban responses to natural hazards in urban areas. The second consortium is the Stronger Cities Initiative Consortium led by the IRC, the NRC and WVI. It is leading on research and developing tools and guidance on urban response in conflict, displacement, and natural hazard settings.
The authors are pleased to present this review on existing tools used by humanitarian actors in urban areas to IIED and the UK Department for International Development (DFID).
The authors would like to thank the policymakers and practitioners engaged in urban humanitarian programming that have generously shared their time and input into this review in the form of documents, sharing key contacts and guidance. This includes contributions from ACAPS, Habitat for Humanity, IOM, the Food Security Urban Cluster, IMPACT, UNHABITAT, Stanford University, JIPS, REACH, CaLP, DRC, UNHCR, WFP and SCUK. Full details of key informants can be found in Annex A.
In particular, the authors would like to thank Laura Phelps (NRC), Andrew Meaux (IRC), David Sanderson (University of New South Wales Australia), and Barri Shorey (IRC) for their guidance throughout the process and their constructive feedback on the draft report.
This is an independent report and does not necessarily reflect the views of IIED or DFID. Any errors are on part of the authors. This publication was funded with the generous contributions of UK aid from the UK government.
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1 Introduction
The nature and scale of humanitarian crises is changing. Recent years have seen increasing frequency and severity of crises and a growth in the protracted nature of crises and the levels of forced displacement. At the same time the rising cost of providing international assistance is resulting in a widening gap between the level of humanitarian need and international resources (GHA 2015). This is increasing focus on aid effectiveness and critical appraisals of the humanitarian system, with greater realisation of the need for new approaches.
One factor driving this has been the increasing engagement of the humanitarian community in densely populated urban areas. By 2030, almost 50 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas in low- and middle-income countries and almost half are likely to live in informal settlements (Parker and Maynard 2015). This unplanned urban expansion is contributing to increase the vulnerability of poor urban households and a rise in frequency of humanitarian crises in urban environments (Dickson et al. 2012; McCallin and Scherer 2015).
Urban disasters differ from the ‘traditional’ humanitarian contexts of rural communities and camp-based settings. They occur in a dense and highly complex (physical and non- physical) environment that has adapted, formally and informally, to absorb large populations in informal settlements, a range of economic activities and livelihood strategies, resource availability and governance and public expectations. There is also
increased likelihood for compound and complex disasters; and potential for secondary impacts on rural or regional producers (O’Donnell et al. 2008). The magnitude of urban disasters, high population densities, mobile populations and complex social, political and institutional environment challenge the very manner in which humanitarian agencies are used to working, and the tools and systems used by policy makers and practitioners have not been conceived of in these environments (Smith and Mohiddin 2015).
This raises the questions: do humanitarian agencies lack the tools and guidance documents that enable effective and efficient response in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders and governing bodies? Are there are sufficient ‘tried and tested’ tools and/or guidance documents that support the assessment and analysis of an urban context, the identification of potential responses and the targeting of the most vulnerable affected population?
The humanitarian community has experienced challenges in urban crises such as the Syrian refugee crisis (ongoing in its fifth year), Typhoon Haiyan (Philippines 2013), Chennai floods (India 2015) and the Haiti earthquake (2010). These have underlined the lack of tools, experience, knowledge and capacity for urban response in the humanitarian sector and led to growing acknowledgement of the need to prepare for and engage with humanitarian crises in towns and cities. There is significant emerging interest in addressing this
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problem, as evidenced by various research initiatives1 and the establishment and growth of urban information sharing platforms2 as well as strategies and initiatives within clusters, the UN system and donors.3
The aim of this review, led by NRC, is to provide i) a snapshot of available and planned needs assessment tools, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches for use in urban post-conflict
emergency response; and ii) an overview of the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in existing tools, frameworks and approaches. The purpose of the desk review is to inform the development of an urban adapted multi-sectoral needs assessment tool and related guidance for response analysis and targeting. For the purpose of this review, these tools and approaches are defined in Box 1.1.
1 An example is Bartlett et al. (2015) Urban Crises and Humanitarian Responses: A Literature Review, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL.2 Examples include ALNAP and UNHABITAT Urban Humanitarian Response Portal http://www.urban-response.org/; and UNHCR Good Practice for Urban Refugees http://www.urbangoodpractices.org/ 3 Examples include The Food Security Cluster Urban Working Group http://foodsecuritycluster.net/working-group/food-security-and-livelihoods-urban-settings-working-group; and the IASC Strategy, whose aim is ‘to recommend actions which humanitarian actors can take to make their responses to humanitarian crises in urban areas more effective and thereby save more lives and accelerate early recovery’ (IASC 2010: p5).
Box 1.1 DefInIng the tools AnD AppRoAChes to Be InCluDeDNeeds Assessment Tools: Methodological guidance and questionnaires that guide practitioners in the process of data collection in order to generate the evidence base for strategic planning, as well as the baseline information upon which situation and response monitoring systems will rely.
Adapted from www.humanitarianresponse.info
Response Analysis Framework (RAF): A series of steps and tools that guide humanitarian practitioners in how to make use of information collected during situation analysis (needs assessments and other contextual information such as market analyses) to make decisions for programme design including selection of programme response options, modalities and target groups, based on their appropriateness and feasibility and taking into account potential risks.
Adapted from http://www.cashlearning.org/resources/glossary
Targeting Approach: The process by which areas and populations are selected to receive assistance in a timely manner. It comprises mechanisms to define target groups, to identify members of the target populations, to ensure that assistance reaches intended beneficiaries and to ensure it meets their needs.
Adapted from WFP (2006) Targeting in Emergencies
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2 Methodology
The review has included tools that either reference elements of conflict in their guidance, or that may be applicable to multiple contexts including conflict settings. This is due to an initial scoping of available tools that highlighted the lack of tools specifically developed for urban post-conflict contexts, as was also highlighted by Creti (2010).
This desk review has been orientated towards identifying published approaches, guidance and frameworks as opposed to methodologies utilised in a particular setting that are a hybrid of a number of approaches, of which there are a plethora, especially in needs assessments.5 Besides this, consideration has also been given to a number of relevant reviews, evaluations, peer reviewed or grey literature highlighting the utilisation of particular tools/approaches in urban contexts and lessons from this including strengths, weaknesses and gaps. Those used are specified in the References section. This is particularly relevant in the case of targeting, where – in contrast to the development and publication of defined tools for needs assessments and response analysis that are owned and promoted by particular agencies – the sector has tended to utilise generic targeting approaches.
The key questions that guided the review and key informant discussions included:
1. To identify existing tools: What existing tools or frameworks are applied in urban contexts to assessing needs, undertaking response analysis and for targeting (with a specific emphasis on post-conflict contexts)? What are the tools’ strengths and weaknesses?
2. To ascertain any work in progress: Are you aware of any new tools/framework for needs assessments, response analysis or targeting approaches being developed for urban contexts, especially for post-conflict contexts? If so, what is the tool/framework being developed to do and when will it be completed?
3. To acquire recommendations: Do you have any recommendations regarding urban needs assessments, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches? Can you recommend a colleague/contact that may have the information we seek?
5 In the formation of approaches and tools, post-conflict contexts seemingly utilise a ‘mix and match’ approach for a number of reasons including: the complexity of each context that demands a more tailored approach, lack of tried and tested methodologies, and a trend towards joint agency initiatives in which there could be a demand to include organisationally sanctioned approaches.
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The search approach to the desk review has comprised:
• Database and website searches using key words and phrases to identify tools and other supporting literature, as illustrated in Annex A.
• Reaching out to key informants working in urban response, urban-related research and urban knowledge platforms, in order to share existing publications and details of ongoing or planned initiatives. A full list of contacts is shown in Annex A.
• Linking up with and building on other complementary research and reviews in this field including:
– A review of needs assessments undertaken by the Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS) in 2014.
– An audit of assessment tools undertaken on behalf of the World Food Programme (Creti 2010).
– Outputs from the IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee) Task Force on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas and their ongoing programme ‘Adapting to an urban world’ (IASC 2010).
– Work of an inter-agency ECHO-funded Enhanced Response Capacity (ERC) project 2014–15, led by UNHCR, which focused on capacity building for agencies to implement multi-purpose grants (MPGs) and which collated documents on existing targeting approaches as well as documentation relating to the new initiatives in Lebanon and Jordan to identify refugees for support through MPGs.
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3 Justification
The humanitarian principle of impartiality requires organisations to provide assistance on the basis of and in proportion to need alone. This demands an understanding of what constitutes ‘need’, a way of measuring it with reasonable consistency, the ability to discern the most appropriate manner of providing that need and identifying who requires it the most (Darcy and Hofmann 2003).
Recent years have seen a rise in donor and organisational emphasis on appropriate humanitarian programming and programme cost-effectiveness. Information needed to ensure implemented responses are appropriate has highlighted gaps, especially in understanding the links between situation and response analysis (FAO 2011a). In 2015 the Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS) undertook a review of 105 multi-sector coordinated needs assessments that had been released over the previous 10 years. Their findings indicated that although the amount of useful information collected increased considerably over the years, weaknesses persisted in varying degrees in the aspects including: disaggregation of needs per population group (e.g. host communities, IDPs, etc.) and data collection techniques (ACAPS 2016).
The tables and figures below provide a summary of the currently available needs assessment tools, response analysis frameworks and targeting guidance for urban contexts. Boxes are used to illustrate learning or the application of specific approaches. Following these tables is an overview of the strengths, weaknesses and gaps of the approaches and tools and an outline of work in progress. Lastly, a summary of key reflections follows.
3.1 Needs Assessment Tools3.1.1 Audit of existing needs assessment toolsA fundamental step in ascertaining whether or not a humanitarian response is necessary and what type of response is appropriate is the completion of a needs assessment. Needs assessments are required to understand, identify and measure the humanitarian needs of a disaster-affected community and can be undertaken using a variety of methods (ACAPS 2014).
Disasters in urban contexts are challenging needs assessment approaches for a number of reasons including but not limited to: population heterogeneity, cultural and linguistic diversity, density and dynamism, physical and geographical scale of urban environments, range of stakeholders and political interest (Cross and Johnston 2011; Currion 2015). In comparison to rural contexts, urban contexts require additional layers and dimensions of analysis, as is well summarised in the introduction of Cross and Johnston (2011). These are components that are not always present in the tools used in the immediate aftermath of a shock – especially if specialist skills are required for a better understanding of conflict, protection and political economy (Creti 2010; Cross and Johnston 2011). Box 3.1 illustrates how information needs on the evolving humanitarian situation during the Syria crisis were met using specialist agencies.
As can be seen in Annex C there are a large number of humanitarian needs assessment tools that could be adapted to urban contexts (24 tools are listed). However, the desk review did not find any designed specifically for urban contexts, a situation that has not
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altered significantly since Creti (2010) and IASC’s audit of needs assessment tools (IASC 2010). Table 3.1 below summarises the technical guidance tools that have been developed for urban contexts specifically, although not necessarily for post-conflict contexts. The food security and livelihoods sector appears to be ahead of other sectors in the development of urban-specific guidelines.
The humanitarian sector requires impartial, regular and timely needs assessments and collective coherent analysis to enable effective prioritisation of appropriate responses (as illustrated in Box 3.1) (Darcy and Hofmann 2003; Parham et al. 2013). These challenges and the complexity of urban displacement contexts following conflict, especially in the face of the Syrian crisis, have led to projects such as the Syria Needs Analysis Project (SNAP) (see Box 3.1), REACH6 and JIPS.7 Online assessment resource banks such as PARK8 enable the sharing of tried, tested and adapted methodologies across agencies.
The UN Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) provides a twice a year country-level overview of multi-sector needs based on assessments undertaken by the UN and partner agencies (such as the MIRA). The HNO is structured along the analytical framework developed
for the MIRA and includes a severity ranking to support the prioritisation of needs based on categorising and weighing indicators along geographical areas, sectors, inter-sectoral aspects and demographics. The ranking scale condenses large amounts of humanitarian needs information into a format that allows for comparison and discussion. Its application requires agreement between technical practitioners to identify contextually relevant indicators and assign scores that represent a level of need. Its usefulness and applicability depends heavily upon its appropriate use. Findings are analysed in inter-cluster meetings in conjunction with all other available data (UN 2014).
The growing use of the internet is changing the way in which needs assessment guidance is provided. An example is UNHCR’s online handbook9 where users are able to navigate handbook webpages and seek guidance on specific topics at the click of a button. Additionally, the use of hand-held devices is transforming assessment data collection practices in urban areas, allowing organisations to undertake larger scale assessments using applications such as Kobo.10 The possibility to apply question conditionality11 in electronic assessment formats enables faster and more tailored data collection. Data analysis programmes
6 REACH is a joint initiative of IMPACT, its sister organisation ACTED, and the United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT). REACH was created in 2010 to facilitate the development of information tools and products that enhance the humanitarian community’s decision-making and planning capacity. All REACH activities are conducted in support of and within the framework of inter-agency aid coordination mechanisms. http://www.reach-initiative.org/7 JIPS (Joint IDP Profiling Service) is an inter-agency service established in 2009 to provide technical support to government, humanitarian and development actors seeking to improve their information about internally displaced populations. http://www.jips.org/8 PARK (Profiling and Assessment Resource Kit) was created to complement existing guidance on profiling and assessment activities by making methodologies, tools and other practical resources used in previous profiling and assessment exercises readily available to practitioners around the world.9 https://emergency.unhcr.org/10 KoBoToolbox is a suite of tools for field data collection in challenging environments http://www.kobotoolbox.org/11 Questions can be added or skipped in assessments on the basis of the answer to a previous question: for example ‘If respondent answers “no”, skip question’.12 http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=87 17 June 2016
Box 3.1 syRIA neeDs AssessMent pRoJeCt, ACAps AnD MApACtIon CollABoRAtIonThe Syria Needs Analysis Project (SNAP) ran from December 2012 to June 2015 in response to a demand for information in a complex, predominantly urban, humanitarian situation in the region (up to 80 per cent of Syrian refugees in Jordan reside in urban areas12). The operational context suffered from limited information sharing and few publications on the humanitarian situation, mainly due to the scale and fluidity of the situation and relative inconspicuousness of displaced populations living in urban areas. SNAP’s goal was to create a shared situational awareness among humanitarian actors, contributing to better-targeted and needs-based responses. SNAP achieved this with a combination of independent information products, technical support and capacity
building for humanitarian assessments. Products and services provided included:
• Scenarios of varying levels of fighting/political and military fragmentation, government collapse and negotiated settlement.
• Analysis at regional, thematic and sector levels. Thematic reports included legal status of individuals fleeing Syria, impact of the conflict on the Syrian economy and livelihoods.
• Secondary data reviews as part of multi-sector needs analysis.
• Technical support to coordinated assessments, assessment working groups and clusters.
Source: http://www.acaps.org/en/pages/syria-snap-project (11/04/2016)
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Table 3.1: Needs assessment tools and technical guidance that can be adapted for post-crisis urban contexts
Document name, organisation and date
Brief description Disaster phase and sectors covered
Conflict specific?
Urban-appropriate needs assessment tool
Technical guidance to accompany existing assessment methodologiesTechnical Guidance Sheet (TGS) on urban food security and nutrition assessments WFP (2008).
The purpose of the TGS is to identify and provide guidance for addressing a number of substantive and methodological issues associated with conducting food and nutrition security assessments in urban areas. The TGS focuses on information needs, data collection methods, indicator measurement issues, and sampling issues rather than beneficiary identification. Applicable as a complementary guidance to WFP assessments: EFSA13, CFSVA14 and JAM.15
Phases: All disasters, post-crisis and early recovery phase.
Sectors: Food security and Nutrition.
Not specifically designed for conflict contexts. Little/no questions related to conflict contexts.
Emergency Handbook UNHCR (online tool).
This handbook does contain some urban guidance but seems to focus primarily on rural-orientated guidance that may need adapting to an urban context.
The online Emergency Handbook guidance (of which the NARE16 is part) is published in the form of ‘Entries’, self-contained units of content. Entries are structured along seven main topic areas including:
‘Delivering the response’: Programme planning and management, sector guidance and good practices by operational context (urban, rural, camps), standards and indicators, UNHCR management procedures for administration, finance, human resources, supply and information and communication technology.
Phases: Significant sudden forced displacement of populations across borders.
Sectors: Multiple sectors.
The section related to ‘Protecting and empowering’ includes links to numerous assessment tools and methodologies across sectors, including: health, food security and nutrition.
Links to joint or recognised tools such as the MIRA and NARE are made.
Chapter 6: Adaptations of HEA; The Practitioners Guide to the Household Economy Approach (HEA).
RHVP, FEG and Save the Children UK (2008).
There are seven chapters included in the Practitioner’s Guide and two supplemental guides. Urban guidance is within Chapter 6 (Adaptations of HEA).
The chapters are presented in an order sequential to the implementation of the HEA framework, starting with an overview of the framework and moving through practical fieldwork to outcome analysis and response planning.
Phases: Preparedness and recovery. Rapid HEA available for rapid onset contexts (see Chapter 6).
Sectors: Food Security and Livelihoods.
No specific guidance on conflict contexts is included in the technical guidance sheets. However, conflict-related information is available in the main guidance.
13 Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook (EFSA), WFP (2005)14 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) Handbook, WFP (2009a)15 Joint Assessment Mission Guidelines (JAM) Guidelines, UNHCR/WFP (2008)16 Needs Assessment for Refugee Emergencies (NARE)is designed to assist UNHCR operations with initial multi-sectorial needs assessments when there has been a significant sudden forced displacement of populations across borders.
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Document name, organisation and date
Brief description Disaster phase and sectors covered
Conflict specific?
Urban-appropriate needs assessment tool
Technical guidance to accompany existing assessment methodologiesHumanitarian Assessment in Urban Settings, Technical Brief.
Paul Currion for ACAPS (2015)
This Technical Brief is intended to be a starting point for improving coordinated needs assessments in urban areas. It provides guidance on carrying out joint rapid assessments of humanitarian needs in urban environments within the first weeks of a disaster.
Phases: All disaster phases.
Sectors: Multiple sectors.
Not specifically designed for conflict contexts. References the importance of a conflict lens, providing numerous question prompts, case studies and examples.
Cash Transfer Programming in Urban Emergencies. Cross and Johnston for CaLP (2011).
Although developed as a guide to implementing cash transfers in urban contexts, Topic 1 of the toolkit includes a guide on how existing assessment tools can be applied to urban contexts. The section also provides guidance on urban mapping and defining urban communities, and vulnerability criteria.
Phases: All disaster phases.
Sectors: Multiple sectors.
Not specifically designed for conflict contexts. References the importance of a conflict lens, providing numerous case studies and examples.
SADC RVAA (Regional Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis) Urban Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis Guidelines (WFP 2015).
The purpose of the guidance document is to support Member State NVACs (National Vulnerability Assessment Committees) with a harmonised framework for integrating a range of tools and approaches for vulnerability assessments in urban and peri-urban contexts. For the SADC RVAA (Regional Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis) Programme, the main objective is to support harmonised VAA in both rural and urban areas.
Phases: All disaster phases.
Sectors: Food Security and Nutrition.
Not specifically. Annex 5 (Hazard mapping and response strategies) includes tools that document when conflict took place and the impact that it may have had on vulnerability.
REACH
Assessment Tools
(http://www.reach-initiative.org/tag/assessment)
REACH combines the utility of modern information technology with tailored assessment methodologies, tools and processes that are adapted to each emergency context and to the requirements of aid actors and coordination mechanisms. There does not appear to be one approach to assessments or a specific methodology as such.
Phases: All disaster phases.
Sectors: Multiple sector and single sector depending on context and request.
Reach assessment tools can be and have been adapted to conflict contexts.
Joint IDP Profiling Services Essential Toolkit (JIPS JET)
http://jet.jips.org/
JET is a compilation of generic tools and guides for profiling exercises in IDP situations. The JET represents the JIPS best practice tools and assessments (stored in PARK - Profiling and Assessment Resource Kit http://www.parkdatabase.org/) an independent database. JIPS JET includes a household questionnaire for use in paper or electronic formats (on a hand-held device). JIPS’s online data analysis platform DART (Dynamic Analysis and Reporting Tool http://www.dart.jips.org/) is a great resource enabling the visualisation of assessment findings and data analysis.
Phases: All types of emergency, post-crisis phase involving displaced and host populations.
Sectors: Multiple sector and single sector depending on context and request.
Not specifically conflict-focused. The focus is more on displacement. However, the questionnaire or suggested focus Group discussions could be modified to accommodate this.
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aligned to data collection platforms also facilitates faster analysis of large volumes of data. The JIPS-DART17 tool is an example of a web-based data management system that allows the visualisation and exploration of profiling data online. JIPS also provide assessment formats suitable for use on platforms such as Kobo.
REACH and JIP’s assessment tool, JET (JIPs Essential Toolkit), demonstrate how more recent assessments in urban conflict and post-conflict contexts are being tailored, using specialist knowledge, skills and modern approaches such as satellite imagery and mapping technology, hand-held data collection devices and data analysis packages. Although not specifically designed for urban contexts, these two tools are listed in Table 3.1 due to their flexibility and application in urban areas.
3.1.2 Needs assessment tools: strengths, weaknesses and gapsOn analysis of all available needs assessment tools (see Annex C), the following overarching strengths, weaknesses and gaps have been identified and summarised, see Figure 3.1. Creti (2010) provides more detailed analysis, providing an overview of strengths and weaknesses of specific urban adapted/specific food security assessment tools.
3.1.3 Needs assessment tools: work in progressOn the basis of key informant communication and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group ‘Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas’ work plan for 2015–2016 (see Annex B), the following projects (see Table 3.2) are under way in relation to assessments. Please note that despite the efforts to capture work in development, this list may not reflect all work in this regard.
3.1.4 Needs assessment tools: a reflection Despite the plethora of needs assessment tools, especially in food security and livelihoods, there is a gap with regard to urban multi-sector needs for post-conflict contexts. In an update of the 2010 IASC audit of urban food security and livelihood needs assessment tools the author states: ‘There are more desk reviews and cataloguing than the development, testing and standardization of tools’, reflecting the need within the sector to develop and test tools (Nyemah 2015: 4).
17 Dynamic Analysis and Reporting Tool.
• Diverse range of needs assessment tools available that can be adapted to an urban context.
• Existing guidance enables tailoring of assessments.
• Range of tools to cover breadth of emergency phases from immediately following the disaster to more indepth analysis for recovery programmes.
• Tools increasingly incorporate market analysis and beneficiary preferences.
• Lack of urban-specific tools, especially for conflict contexts and in health, WASH and shelter.
• Majority of needs assessment tools are single sector or thematic in focus.
• Adapting existing methodologies using guidance documents requires time and research.
• Loose/poor connections between assessment tools and response analysis approaches.
• Tools that reflect variations in population in urban post-conflict contexts and capture the governing body and private sector opinions and plans.
• Assessment tools that enable the prioritisation of contextual aspects for immediate analysis on the basis of risk analysis.
• Applied (tried, tested and adapted) multi-sector assessment tools that are linked to response analysis frameworks.
stRengths
WeAKnesses
gAps
Figure 3.1: Needs assessment: strengths, weaknesses and gaps
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ACAPS, an organisation specialising in assessments acknowledging the gap in urban assessments have developed guidance on how to undertake good enough humanitarian assessments and technical briefs for assessing in urban areas (ACAPS 2014; Currion 2015). However, these are guidance documents and not complete approaches with templates that take the user from needs assessment to response analysis and targeting. Over the duration of the desk review the following recommendations in relation to needs assessment content were identified and are listed in no specific order:
• Poor inclusion of contextual/situation analysis in needs assessments. Needs assessments and subsequent analysis (and their application in response analysis) would benefit from a better understanding of the wider operational context, and the wider situation in which the displaced populations originate and reside in. There appears to be a lack of robust and consistent analysis of the political economy, governance structures or power dynamics in the tools applied.
• Identification of priority needs across sectors. Multi-sector needs assessments could be used to prioritise needs across sectors informing immediate responses and guide more detailed sector-specific assessments. This is the approach the MIRA aims to undertake within the first weeks of an emergency. The value of understanding household needs from
a holistic multi-sector approach, as opposed to a single sector silo approach, is gaining momentum. This has been largely due to the rise of cash transfer programming and multi-purpose cash grants20 in particular.
• Nuances between displaced population types needed. Assessments should provide data needed to have an understanding of the nuances between different types of displaced populations across sectors within a city. Agencies need to be able to distinguish between displaced population groups within a city to enable the identification of types and scale of needs. Some groups may already have urban coping mechanisms and ‘city skills’; others may have been displaced into a city for the first time (Crawford et al. 2010).
• Identifying sources of urban vulnerability and diversity in needs across urban population groups. The identification of immediate needs of crisis-affected people tends to be based on a presumed link between vulnerability and social identity, therefore overlooking the underlying sources of acute and chronic urban vulnerability between distinct population groups such as the urban poor and IDPs. This tends to be the case when displacement is of a protracted nature and both categories compete for the same finite resources and jobs (Brown et al. 2015).
18 Global Food Security Cluster19 World Food Programme Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Unit20 ‘Multipurpose Cash Grants are unrestricted cash transfers that ‘place beneficiary choice and prioritisation of his/her needs at the forefront of the response’. MPGs recognise that people affected by crisis are not passive recipients of aid who categorise their needs by sector. Any provision of direct assistance (whether cash, voucher or in-kind) is a form of income for aid recipients, who must make difficult decisions to prioritise various and changing needs over time’ (ERC 2015).
Table 3.2: Needs assessment tools: work in progress
pRoDuCt expeCteD outCoMe stAtus leADIng AgenCy
Rapid City and Neighbourhood Profiles (Syria)
Rapid multi-sectoral urban assessment methodologies to assess up-to-date impacts of crisis on cities for the Syrian context (Homs, Aleppo, Dara’a and Latakia and neighbourhood profile for Old Homs).
Ongoing UN Habitat
Adapting to an Urban World
‘Adapting to an Urban World’ to develop a toolkit of vulnerability indicators, food security assessment tools and guidelines and an early warning system specific to urban settings. The tools will be piloted across various urban contexts with case studies developed to capture lessons and contribute to guidance materials.
Ongoing GFSC18 and WFP/VAM19 (in collaboration with 7 other international agencies)
NRC NRC is in the process of finalising the development of a multi-sector needs assessment tool for urban areas and displaced populations.
Ongoing. Piloted in Ethiopia in 2015
NRC
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• Capturing the voices and needs of the vulnerable. Needs assessment methodologies may not capture the voices and needs of vulnerable groups, for example urban IDP needs tend to be less understood. This includes those affected by disability (physical and psychosocial) and those excluded for economic, ethnic and religious reasons. Humanitarian agencies have better developed skills and mechanisms for identifying refugee needs compared to IDPs (Brown et al. 2015).
• Urban mapping is vital and informative. Mapping should become a vital and very informative part of urban assessments (and monitoring of needs) especially in dynamic contexts such as those affected by conflict (Parker and Maynard 2015). The Caerus ‘Mapping the conflict in Aleppo, Syria’ project provides area-specific data on needs and the evolving context in relation to conflict and other humanitarian determinants such as market closure and assistance access and coverage.21 The REACH Initiative has also harnessed the potential of satellite imagery and mapping in shelter and WASH needs assessments, although these approaches have not been documented as a specific approach.
• Include local government as a potential target in needs assessments. The capacity and needs of local governments is not well included in needs analysis and is vital for response analysis. Tools developed for the development sector such as USAID’s programme ‘Making Cities Work’ Toolkit could be adapted and utilised for humanitarian contexts. The Toolbox includes assessment methodologies, implementation toolkits, and other resources for three core areas: Managing Municipal Service Delivery, Municipal Finance Services, and Local Economic Development (USAID).
• The use of tailored assessment approaches created by professionals for specific contexts. The REACH Initiative is an example of an organisation with specialist skills that are being used by organisations including: UNICEF, UNHCR, The Shelter Cluster and IOM. ‘REACH combines the utility of modern information technology with tailored assessment methodologies, tools and processes that are adapted to each emergency context and to the requirements of aid actors and coordination mechanisms to develop and implement context and sector specific needs assessment tools’ (REACH22). In doing so, the complexity of a specific urban context, and the interests of an organisation, can be reflected in the tools developed. However, this approach does not render the role of a standard needs assessment tools that can be tailored accordingly obsolete.
3.2 Response Analysis Frameworks3.2.1 Audit of existing frameworksAlthough there is no formal definition of response analysis, it is understood to be the following (Maxwell et al. 2013):
• Being the link between situation analysis (where needs assessments are one of many sources of information) and programme design;
• Involving the selection of programme response options, modalities and target groups based on the information collected during situation analysis; and
• Decision making informed by considerations of appropriateness and feasibility, to simultaneously address the needs identified whilst analysing and minimising potential harmful side-effects.
Response analysis frameworks and processes should foster greater accountability and transparency in humanitarian response decisions as they should provide ‘a way of linking situation analysis with response planning, conceptually, analytically and in terms of process – given prevailing institutional architecture. It must do this in a way that builds on existing processes, tools and frameworks and not re-invent them. It should avoid bias, foster dialogue and ensure an acceptable level of analytical rigour so that response options pass tests of appropriateness and feasibility’ (FAO 2011a: 13).
Therefore, response analysis process carries with it inherent consultation, collaboration and coordination obligations inside and outside an organisation, involving stakeholders that include governing bodies, donors, private sector entities and other implementing agencies. Decision makers have to consider available experience, resources, opportunities and response strategies and in doing so consider short-, medium- and long-term responses. As highlighted by Levine and Chastre (2011), response analysis requires the application of various ‘lenses’ such as feasibility analysis (technical, political), cost efficiency and effectiveness and aspects relating to capacity (technical and resources) as well as acceptance of the community (targeted and non-targeted).
21 Visit http://aleppo.firstmilegeo.com/ to see an online version of the report.22 Visit: http://www.reach-initiative.org/reach/about-reach/what-we-do (6/4/2016)
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As can be seen in Table 3.3 there are only a handful of humanitarian response analysis frameworks, none of which have been developed specifically for urban contexts, and none following conflict. One recently developed response framework not included in Table 3.3 is the Situation and Response Analysis Framework (SRAF) published by Save the Children in 2015. The framework is not included due to its application in preparedness for slow onset disasters in arid and semi-arid environments, making it less adaptable to urban sudden onset post-conflict contexts.
However, in the development of a response analysis, it would be worth consulting to gain insights and lessons learned in response analysis approaches.
Although processes can be modified to specific contexts, due to the variety of elements specific to urban contexts, having an urban post-conflict response analysis framework may be judicious to ensure all key aspects are included. Table 3.3 below summarises the tools that can be adapted to urban contexts, although not necessarily for post-conflict contexts.
Box 3.2: huMAnItARIAn pRogRAMMe CyCle AnD Refugee Response plAnsThe Humanitarian Programme Cycle (HPC) runs from assessment and analysis of needs to strategic response planning, resource mobilisation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of operations. In both OCHA and UNHCR managed crisis,23 needs assessment tools and needs assessment reports are utilised to inform strategic response planning and appeals.
In the case of refugee crises, sector leads in close collaboration with UNHCR undertake programme response analysis, developing a Refugee Response Plan (RRP). RRPs are comprehensive inter-agency plans for responding to refugee emergencies and are a key feature of the RCM (Refugee Coordination Model) providing the vehicle through which leadership and coordination of a refugee response may be exercised. An RRP articulates the protection and solution priorities and describes the needs of refugees, host communities, and other persons of concern, states how and by whom these needs will be addressed, and defines the financial requirements of all the humanitarian actors involved. RRPS build on national preparedness measures and prior contingency plans.
A number of steps are followed in the development of a RRP in which the development of sector-level responses takes place under the leadership of the UNHCR Representative/Refugee Coordinator including:
• the convening of a core strategy group and establishment of a coordination structures;
• analysis of the situation and development of the overall planning assumptions that should guide the response, including protection priorities;
• convening of a multi-sector operations team that includes all sector co-coordinating agencies and the head of the Refugee Protection Working Group.
Sector-level planning and objective setting is undertaken under the high-level guidance of the Representative/Coordinator, utilising needs assessment findings and based on pre-identified protection priorities and strategic objectives. In doing so, this ensures that the collective response meets the needs of refugees and uses the capacity of all actors.
Sector plans should include: a sector-specific situation analysis including an overview of needs and vulnerabilities, overall planning figures for targeted populations (broken down by region or location where relevant, and disaggregated as a minimum by gender and age), identified key geographic locations in which partners should develop interventions and key assumptions that may affect the work of the sector (such as government policies, refugee-specific needs and protection related risks, security issues, etc.).
The RRP should be inclusive and involve all key actors, including representatives of the host Government, members of the UN/Humanitarian Country Team, development actors, and participating responders. Step-by-step guidance of developing RRPs are available, with the roles and responsibilities of coordinators and sector leads clearly articulated.
Source: https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/65138/refugee-response-plans-rrps-interagency
23 To ensure humanitarian coordination is streamlined, complementary and mutually reinforcing, in 2014 UNHCR and OCHA signed the ‘OCHA-UNHCR Joint Note on Mixed Situations: Coordination in Practice’. The documents articulates mutual roles and responsibilities, and outlines respective leadership and coordination functions in mixed situations: where a complex humanitarian emergency or natural disaster is taking place, a Humanitarian Coordinator has been appointed, and a UNHCR-led refugee operation is also underway https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/60930/refugee-coordination-model-rcm (11/04/2016).
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Table 3.3: Response analysis frameworks that can be adapted to urban post-conflict contexts
Response AnAlysIs fRAMeWoRK
BRIef DesCRIptIon DIsAsteR phAse AnD seCtoRs CoveReD
ConflICt speCIfIC?
Refugee Coordination Model (RCM); UNHCR
UNHCR Handbook (online): https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/60930
Sector leads undertake response analysis in close collaboration with UNHCR, developing the Refugee Response Plan. The role of UNHCR in ensuring an appropriate implementation of the response analysis process is not very clear (see Box 1 for additional information).
OCHA follow a similar decentralised approach whereby cluster leads in consultation with their members identify responses.
Although the RCM is not designed for urban contexts, it would utilise information from the analysis of urban contexts. However, there is no guidance on how to apply these processes to an urban context in which the stakeholders and contextual aspects such as conflict and protection may require greater sensitivity.
Phases: All refugee situations and throughout a refugee response, whether it is in a new or protracted emergency, or located in a camp, rural dispersed or in urban settings or in mixed situations.
Sectors: Multiple sectors depending on results from needs assessments.
Inherently as UNHCR has a protection mandate. However, the NARE and related needs assessment guidance does not provide robust guidance on how to respond in such contexts.
Multi-Sector Response Analysis Framework (draft);
Save the Children 2015
(not available online)
The MSRA is designed to facilitate the consolidation of sector assessment data into a multi-sector analysis process, and as such responsibility lies with sector specialists or assessment and analysis specialists, in line with standard humanitarian programme planning. Therefore, ensuring the engagement of any additional leadership and/or decision makers in the process. The MSRA is relatively new and has not yet been field tested.
To be used in conjunction with the Operational Guidance and Toolkit for Multi-Purpose Cash Grants (ERC 2015).
Phases: All phases.
Sectors: Multi-sector approach using expenditure basket calculations.
Not specifically. However, relevant tools are suggested.
Response Management Procedure;
Save the Children 2016
(not available online)
Although not a framework per se, this procedure is designed to guide Response Team Leaders and Deputy Response Team Leaders through the key actions and processes of managing a Save the Children response, from launch to close or transition.
Essentially an internal tool, providing step-by-step guidance and checklists to support the implementation of an accountable, quality and timely response. There is clarity as to who is involved in the various stages of developing a response strategy, however, less information on how the decisions related to responses are made.
Phases: All phases.
Sectors: Multi-sector approach.
Not specifically. However, relevant tools are suggested.
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Response AnAlysIs fRAMeWoRK
BRIef DesCRIptIon DIsAsteR phAse AnD seCtoRs CoveReD
ConflICt speCIfIC?
Integrated Phase Classification (IPC);
Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU) 2009
http://www.fsnau.org/ipc/user-guide
The IPC tool is a standardised scale that integrates food security, nutrition and livelihood information into a clear statement about the severity of a crisis and implications for humanitarian response. Severity indicators include water access and health status. Aligned to the severity scale is a strategic response framework that varies according to the severity of the situation.
The response options are aligned to the classification of the context and are broad in scope. The IPC approach requires consensus and buy-in from a range of actors.
Phases: All phases.
Sectors: Mainly food security and livelihoods with some water and health.
Yes, although limited and dependent on the findings from needs assessments. Conflict is one of the indicators within the phase classification table.
FAO Response Analysis Framework (RAF);
FAO 2011
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/emergencies/docs/Response_Analysis_Framework_Discussion_Papers.pdf
The core of the RAF process involves multi-stakeholder meeting in which various responses are scored according indifferent categories in a ‘Response Analysis Matrix’. Individual item scores are examined and the cumulative scores summed up. Any response with an individual score above a certain level is excluded from consideration. The categories for consideration are security, technical appropriateness, timeliness, capacity (technical and logistical), likelihood of adverse impacts, and budget. The Framework proposed under the RAF spans the conceptual, analytical and institutional space between situation analysis and response planning. The roots of the RAF are in situation analysis and the ‘fruits’ in response planning. The RAF has been designed to build on the outputs of the IPC where this is being used.
In order to make the link with response planning, the RAF provides a tool for evaluating the appropriateness and feasibility of different response options. This tool is called the Response Analysis Matrix (RAM), on which there is mixed feedback, mainly due to the drawn-out consensus building processes involved.
Phases: All phases.
Sectors: Mainly food security and livelihoods.
Yes, has been piloted in Somalia.
IDPS in Host Families and Host Communities: Assistance for hosting arrangements;
Anne Davies UNHCR 2012
http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4fe8732c2.pdf
The documents provides a ‘scenario framework’ to guide decision makers in choosing the kind of assistance programme that is appropriate to their particular context. The overriding objective is to improve the protection of IDPs who opt to stay with host families rather than staying in camps, or who have little other choice because camps are not available.
Response options and modalities are fairly generic and not detailed. Urban aspects are integrated in the document. The report recommends the development of a framework for future hosting assistance programmes.
Phases: The scenario framework is applied to stable, semi-stable and unstable contexts.
Sectors: Multiple sectors depending on needs identified.
Not specifically - document and framework is orientated towards IDPs and host families.
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One tool listed in Table 3.3 that is not a framework per se, but considers multi-sector responses and includes valuable supporting documents is Save the Children’s recently completed institutional Response Management Procedure. Documents supporting the process of response strategy development provide tips and examples of programmes with a multi-sector focus, encouraging users to consider interventions from a child protection or education lens in WASH and food security, for example. However, it lacks clarity as to the process of decision making regarding response programme choices and weighting of responses between sectors.
It is clear that UN agencies such as UNHCR play a key role in coordinating and undertaking needs assessments, response analysis, coordination and targeting, as articulated in Box 3.2, providing an intervention ‘one-stop-shop’. However, recent Syria refugee crisis urban responses have highlighted the challenges faced by a single organisation undertaking all key roles in an impartial manner (Voon 2013). Box 3.3 reflects upon UNHCR in this regard, summarising a recent evaluation of its role in the Syria crisis response.
3.2.2 Response analysis framework: strengths, weaknesses and gapsSave the Children (2015) identified the lack of response analysis frameworks in a recent draft document proposing a framework for multi-sector responses using cash transfers. They state that ‘Multi-sector response analysis is challenged by different approaches to analysing needs and seeking solutions, but it presents an opportunity to consider “problems” as they affect populations, rather than “sector specific” needs’ (Save the Children 2015: 1).
FAO’s work on developing a response analysis framework for food security and livelihoods included a mapping of existing frameworks alongside a reflection of the learning from their application. The document states that although response analysis is supposed to be incorporated into all programme design choices, there is in fact limited evidence of this even in organisations that have developed their own tools (FAO 2011b). This includes:
• The rapid/pre post disaster needs assessment (PDNA) process led by the Needs Assessment Task Force, chaired by OCHA. Weaknesses to this approach are outlined by FAO (2011b) and include: the lack of technical response analysis in the processes used to develop emergency and recovery plans.
Box 3.3: ConflICt In syRIA Response; RefleCtIons fRoM unhCRs evAluAtIonThe conflict in Syria and displacement of refugees to mainly urban contexts has highlighted gaps that require consideration in response analysis. A recent evaluation of UNHCR’s response provides some reflections relevant to response analysis including:
Coherent response: The importance of developing a coherent, longer-term refugee response strategy under a set of common objectives that facilitates effective response coordination across all stakeholders.
Local communities/ government: The local/ hosting governments and communities play a significant role in identifying, providing and delivering responses. The needs of host communities and local governments should be considered and included as a response.
Capacity of local services and economy: Understanding the capacity of local economies and infrastructures is vital in response analysis due to the
impact displaced populations, their activities and the humanitarian assistance that they receive has on the economy and available (and potentially insufficiently resourced) services. Considerations of the potential impact on costs of living, access to employment and community relationships and complex protection needs (which vary across population groups) is needed.
Information is a vital response: Establishing outreach and information provision services that reach scattered and invisible populations.
Legal and policy frameworks: Understanding legal frameworks with regards access and use of land and housing is a required in response analysis as are elements related to policies related to social protection.
Source: Voon 2013
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• The PDNA is also chaired by OCHA. This takes a multi-sector perspective, identifying inter-relationships and dependencies between sectors. However, limitations include a lack of analytical framework, difficulties in reaching consensus and prioritising actions.24
• Consolidated Appeals Processes (CAPS) are also implemented by OCHA. In 2005 OCHA unsuccessfully introduced the Needs Analysis Framework (NAF) tool to try and improve the identification of multi-sector humanitarian needs. The NAF failed due to a number of reasons including poor and inconsistent use as it was not mandatory, and challenges in prioritising response options.
On analysis of the available response analysis frameworks, Figure 3.2 summarises strengths, weaknesses and gaps that should be considered in assessments and response analysis in urban conflict contexts. Box 3.3 highlights some learning related to response analysis and strategy development from the conflict in Syria.
3.2.3 Response analysis framework: work in progressOn the basis of key informant communication and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group ‘Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas’ work plan for 2015–2016 (see Annex B), the following projects (see Table 3.4) are under way in relation to response analysis frameworks. Please note that despite the efforts to capture work in development, this list may not reflect all work in this regard.
3.2.4 Response analysis frameworks: a reflectionIn undertaking the desk review the following reflections in relation to response analysis frameworks were identified and are listed in no specific order:
• Proof of response analysis value lies in its application. The value of response analysis will only be seen when the humanitarian sector has evidence
24 For a detailed list of limitations see page 11 of FAO (2011b).
Figure 3.2: Response analysis framework: strengths, weaknesses and gaps
• Frameworks tend to be process orientated, acknowledging the importance of harnessing dialogue, consensus and collaboration across a large number of stakeholders.
• Frameworks consider a range of aspects from organisational capacity and risk to effectiveness.
• Frameworks in food security and livelihoods aim to align causal factors.
• Frameworks are designed to appply findings from needs assessments and local resources, priorities and capacities.
• Majority of frameworks are single sector tools or thematically orientated (markets, livestock).
• Process-orientated approaches require strong leadership and can be difficult to implement, resulting in challenges in reaching consensus especially across sectors.
• Private sector and local government actors could be more involved in response analysis processes.
• Lack of urban-specific frameworks, especially in conflict contexts.
• Response analysis frameworks that prioritise actions for host and displaced populatons, considering their immediate, medium and long term needs.
• Response frameworks appropriate to the scale and diversity of urban population needs and responses.
• Applied (tried, tested and adapted) multi-sector assessment tools and response analysis frameworks in urban contexts for short term and protracted displaced populations.
stRengths
WeAKnesses
gAps
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of better responses as a result of their application (FAO 2011a). This places an onus on humanitarian evaluations including a reflection of decisions relating to programmes implemented and response analysis processes undertaken, elements that are a key component of ALNAP’s ‘Evaluation of humanitarian action’ (ALNAP).
• Response analysis frameworks have to be fit for purpose for an urban context. In doing so, they need to be able to accommodate the scale of an urban response and reflect the number of people that should be part of the discussions (O’Donnell et al. 2008: 13).
• Frameworks could foster collaboration in addition to coordination and cooperation between humanitarian actors and governing bodies and the private sector (FAO 2011a; Creti 2010). Opportunities to collaborate with the private sector are often overlooked, despite the importance of the sector to the lives and livelihoods of the affected population. The contribution of the private sector to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines bares testament to this, supporting the rehabilitation of supply networks among other actions (Brown et al. 2015). Urban contexts offer more opportunities to collaborate with the private sector (banks, financial institutions) through market interventions (e.g. cash, vouchers).
• The necessary burden of process. Response analysis frameworks can be very process orientated involving a large number of processes, tools, key stakeholders and requiring strong leadership, without which the process can fail.25 As with the FAO RAF,
the Multi-Sector Response Analysis Framework (MSRAF) is designed to facilitate the consolidation of sector needs assessment data into a multi-sector analysis process. Therefore the responsibility to undertake this process lies with sector specialists or assessment and analysis specialists, in line with standard humanitarian programme planning. However, there is need to ensure the engagement of additional leadership and/or decision makers in the process (Save the Children 2015).
• Governing body role in response analysis is overlooked. The importance of involving governing bodies in urban response analysis, especially in the case of displaced populations, should not be overlooked and can be budgeted and planned for, as in Colombia (Brown et al. 2015). Creti underlines the importance of local government involvement in response analysis in promoting the sustainability of responses, harnessing synergies and reducing duplication (Creti 2010).
• As frameworks tend to be sector and/or thematic specific, this makes it hard to identify priorities between sectors (FAO 2011b). Inspection of a list of response analysis tools and decision trees by Maxwell et al. (2013) indicates a significant number of either modality or sector-specific tools. Only three process-orientated tools were available at the time of their review, two of which were developed by WFP and FAO (included in this desk review) and another by Oxfam that is fairly generic in nature. Recently developed market analysis tools such as Oxfam’s EMMA,26 the Red Cross and Red
25 Maxwell et al (2013) indicate the number of processes and tools involved in food security response analysis as well as the number of factors requiring consideration including organisational capacity and risk (see Figure 1 p. 8 and Figure 3 p. 24).26 Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis
Table 3.4: Response analysis frameworks: work in progress
pRoDuCt expeCteD outCoMe stAtus leADIng AgenCy
Addressing Displacement due to Urban Violence
New tools and guidance for adapting operational responses to populations displaced by urban criminal violence based on analyses in Mexico and other Central American cities
NRC/IDMC, Sebastian Abuja ([email protected])
Ongoing NRC/Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)
Preparedness Guidance for Economic Security
Develop and field-test preparedness guidance for food and security and livelihoods responses to conflict in urban areas.
Ongoing British Red Cross
NRC NRC is in the process of developing a response analysis framework aligned to the multi-sector needs assessment tool for urban areas and displaced populations.
Ongoing, to be piloted in Ethiopia in 2017
NRC
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Crescent’s RAM,27 WFPs Market Analysis Framework, and CARE US’s MIFIRA,28 include response analysis frameworks and decision trees. However, as these are related to market analysis, they only provide one angle in situation analysis and cannot be used in isolation of other response analysis considerations. An additional thematic example is LEGS29 in which the response analysis step uses a Participatory Response Identification Matrix, a tool designed to facilitate discussions with local stakeholders in order to identify appropriate livestock-based responses. There do not appear to be examples of UNOCHA’s severity ranking scale being applied in urban contexts to identify the severity of needs, undertake response analysis and design programme activities.
• Common conceptual frameworks are needed. A lack of common conceptual or casual framework affects the capacity of agencies to implement complementary multi-sector interventions and identify appropriate responses. FAO reflect that ‘… a common conceptual framework and appropriate coordination mechanism can help to ensure that the targeting and sequencing of activities provide mutual reinforcement’ (FAO 2005: 68). The FIVIMS30 framework aims to do this, aligning the causal pathways of nutrition and food security, seen as a complication in inter-sectoral collaboration required to address under-nutrition (Levine and Chastre 2011). WFP have developed a food security and livelihoods conceptual framework as part of their assessment methodology and one that acknowledges the role of markets in achieving food security (WFP 2009a; WFP 2009b).
• Urban legal frameworks are challenging. Understanding of legal frameworks including displaced person status, land tenure and property rights are challenges in designing appropriate
humanitarian aid responses (Feinstein International Center 2012). Working within the confines of existing legal frameworks is a challenge, especially when there is an overlap between modern and traditional, written and oral rights in practice (Grünewald et al. 2011).
• Conflict analysis lens is needed. Response analysis should include conflict analysis to ensure response neither exacerbates or causes conflict or divisions between populations (Creti 2010). The complexity of power dynamics and cultural differences cannot be overlooked, especially in contexts where displaced populations originate from more than one location and where there may be a history of differences and/or clashes.
3.3 Approaches for Targeting3.3.1 Audit of existing guidance on targeting approaches in urban contextsTargeting is a way to focus scarce resources on the populations that need support most. Targeting on an emergency programme involves making three major decisions as outlined in Figure 3.3. Targeting comes at the end of the response analysis process that defines the parameters of the intervention. Identifying appropriate targeting criteria and methods will draw on information gathered during needs assessments concerning the geographic, livelihood, demographic and other characteristics of the populations affected by the disaster, as well as being informed by the risk assessment during response analysis.
Figure 3.3: Stages of the targeting process
tARgetIng DeCIsIon
• Is targeting necessary?
tARgetIng DeCIsIon
• What type of people are we trying to target?
• In which areas are we going to work?
tARgetIng DeCIsIon
• How do we want to identify these people and areas?
27 Rapid Assessment for Markets28 Market Information and Food Insecurity Response Analysis Framework29 Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards 30 Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information Management
Source: MacAuslan and Farhat (2013)
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Targeting is not appropriate in every situation, such as the immediate aftermath of a crisis. However in almost all emergency responses, targeting is necessary at some stage. When taking into consideration the urban context, population concentration and size, alongside a reduction in global funding, targeting of assistance in urban contexts will be of greater importance (MacAuslan and Farhat 2013; UNHCR 2016).
It is also becoming increasingly clear that practitioners implementing responses in urban areas generally find targeting the ‘most vulnerable’ more methodologically and logistically challenging than in rural areas, and studies on this subject have identified several reasons for this:31
• Large, dense and fluid populations and a lack of up-to-date data on the urban poor and/or vulnerable populations such as IDPs in most cities.
• The multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of urban vulnerability and extensive chronic poverty in urban areas mean that i) different socio-economic and demographic vulnerabilities co-exist and ii) whilst emergency conditions may transform vulnerability into acute and life threatening situations, it is difficult to identify this within the prevailing day-to-day impoverishment of living conditions.
• The complex pattern and spatial distribution of urban vulnerability means that communities that humanitarian actors seek to target are often geographically fragmented and widely dispersed across a city.
• Some of the most vulnerable urban groups, including refugees and IDPs, or those living in informal settlements are often unregistered/lacking formal ID (and some wish to remain so).
• Urban communities tend to be less cohesive and without clearly designated authority figures, and finding someone to credibly represent the multiple elements within the urban community is difficult.
As pointed out by CaLP in their Urban Toolkit for CTPs, ‘best practice in urban targeting requires clear definition of urban-specific vulnerability criteria, a selection process that prioritises the neediest families, and a verification process that can ensure that exclusion and inclusion errors are corrected transparently and quickly’ (Cross and Johnston 2011). Given the challenges listed above, guidance in these areas is clearly of great importance.
As highlighted by MacAuslan and Farhat in their review of targeting approaches in EFSL programmes, most experience with targeting approaches in emergency responses is with food security, livelihoods and nutrition programmes as emergency shelter and WASH activities are more likely to focus at the community level and blanket target wider communities.32 This is also reflected on the findings of this desk review, which uncovered guidance documents, reviews of targeting approaches and ongoing initiatives relating to either the food security and livelihoods sectors or to multi-sector programmes.
Indeed MacAuslan and Farhat reflect that experiences of targeting in urban emergencies are not yet well developed. In their review of documentation they identified no specific guidelines for targeting in urban emergency programmes. This is backed up by the findings of this desk review, which identified only a few guidance documents relating to targeting, some of which have been developed specifically for urban contexts. These are summarised in Table 3.5. A detailed overview of these documents is provided in Annex D. Most have not been developed specifically for conflict/post-conflict contexts but would be applicable to such emergencies. We have included MacAuslan and Farhat’s review of targeting in urban contexts here. Whilst published as a report rather than a guidance document it is a useful resource as i) it collates and documents the experiences, best practices and (in some cases) tools developed for targeting on urban programmes by various humanitarian agencies and ii) gives detailed guidance on targeting approaches, best practices and steps to consider when targeting in urban contexts.
31 See MacAuslan and Farhat (2013); Grünewald et al. (2011); O’Donnell et al. (2008); IASC (2010); Creti (2010); Cross and Johnston (2011); Sanderson and Knox-Clarke (2012); MacAuslan and Phelps (2012); and Smith and Mohiddin (2015) for more detailed review.32 MacAuslan and Farhat (2013) state that some types of interventions (such as shelter or water interventions) are not typically targeted on individuals (but may be targeted on areas) because targeting would reduce the effectiveness of the intervention as disease control requires universal coverage within a geographical area. These interventions are often at a systemic level – such as putting chlorine in water in camps, and providing water supply to an entire camp or area.
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Several other urban-focused reviews of humanitarian practices include lessons and best practice guidance on targeting (Creti 2010; O’Donnell et al. 2008). These are not included in the review of tools but their findings are taken into account in the findings cited in sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2.
These documents introduce a number of common targeting approaches, or mechanisms, for use in urban contexts, which are summarised in Box 3.4.33
Table 3.5: Overview of targeting guidelines
puBlICAtIon DevelopeD By
uRBAn-speCIfIC? ConflICt RelevAnt?
Draft Operational Guidelines for Targeting (2016)
UNHCR No – designed for use in all emergency contexts but no mention of urban contexts.
Yes – though only limited specific guidance provided.
Urban Toolkit for Cash transfer Programming (2011)
CaLP Yes Should be applicable to any emergency context including conflict settings.
Operational Toolkit for Multi-Purpose Grants (MPGs) (2015)
ERC project Not specific to urban but MPGs have been conceived in urban displacement contexts and much of the learning underpinning these guidelines will be from relevant contexts.
Explains that MPGs can be used regardless of context – urban and rural, rapid and slow onset, chronic and acute crises, and natural and complex disasters. As such the guidance is relevant for all, but should be informed by a context-specific Situation and Response Analysis.
Review of Urban Food Security Targeting Methodology and Emergency Triggers (2013)
OPM report for Oxfam and ACF.
MacAuslan and Farhat (2013)
Urban-specific guidance. Draws on examples across emergency contexts including natural disaster, economic shocks and conflict/protracted crises.
Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical Review of Food-based Program Options (2008)
USAID Yes – though not only guidance related to targeting but rather the whole project cycle.
Designed to be relevant for sudden-onset natural disasters, protracted conflict or governance-related insecurity and slow-onset economic crises. Little specific guidance provided relating to conflict environments.
Targeting in Emergencies (2006)
WFP No mention of urban environments, challenges or solutions.
General guidance applicable to all emergency contexts. Specific advice in relation to conflict settings given in some places.
33 This review follows the definitions of UNHCR (2016); ERC (2015) and Cross and Johnston (2011), which consider household survey-based mechanisms (through census/PMT survey) to be forms of administrative targeting (whereas in USAID (2008), O’Donnell et al. (2008) and MacAuslan and Farhat (2013) these mechanisms are classified separately).
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3.3.2 Targeting approaches and guidelines: strengths, weaknesses and gapsThe strengths and weaknesses of the various targeting approaches applied in urban contexts have been documented in several of the aforementioned guidance papers plus a number of review papers (USAID 2008, O’Donnell et al. 2008; Cross and Johnston 2011; IASC 2010). The conclusions are consistent across the
documents reviewed and are summarised in Table 3.6. All guidance and reviews point to there being no single approach which is ‘best’ for urban contexts, rather all have pros and cons according to the context and it is likely that several approaches will need to be used simultaneously.
This review also assessed the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the existing guidance and these findings are summarised in Figure 3.4.
Box 3.4: suMMARy of tARgetIng CRIteRIA AnD AppRoAChes In uRBAn Contexts
CriteriaMost targeting approaches in urban contexts will use variations of the following indicators:
• Food security. Household hunger score and dietary diversity are comparatively easy and fast to measure, though can be hard to get reliable information.
• Demographic indicators. Often (but not always) relevant and quite easy to collect.
• Livelihoods and income. Income is critical in urban areas but hard to measure directly, hence the use of proxies. Questions on type of employment are more likely to succeed and are often useful. Questions on debt are important but can be unreliable and sometimes ambiguous.
• Expenditure. Highly relevant but hard to collect and time consuming. Proxies are better.
• Assets and housing. Easy and reliable because can be verified by visiting targeting teams, but not always well correlated to poverty following an emergency (therefore weakening the usefulness of proxy means tests).
• Nutritional status. Reliable and highly relevant but can be expensive to collect.
• Health status. Relevant but not always reliable.
• Receipt of assistance from formal or informal sources. Usually highly relevant but can be difficult to interpret in contexts where informal sharing is very common.
Source: MacAuslan and Farhat (2013)
Approaches• Geographic targeting. Beneficiaries are selected
on basis of geographic location by poorest or most vulnerable districts.
• Self-targeting. Beneficiaries ‘self-select’ to participate. Aspects of programme design encourage target group to participate and others not to.
• Community-based targeting. Beneficiaries are identified through community leaders’ knowledge based on vulnerability criteria predetermined by community (using categorical indicators).
• Administrative targeting. Beneficiaries are selected from a population list using standard observable criteria. Often makes use of quantitative mechanisms such as means testing and proxy means testing (below).
• Means testing (where beneficiaries are selected on basis of income, expenditures, wealth, or assets).
• Proxy means testing and/or scoring (where beneficiaries are selected on basis of observable characteristics that are strong indicators of poverty and/or vulnerability) and which are used to develop a household score.
• Institutional targeting. Beneficiaries are selected based on affiliation with a selected institution.
Source: MacAuslan and Farhat (2013), O’Donnell et al. (2008) and UNHCR (2016)
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Table 3.6: Documented strengths and weaknesses of targeting approaches in urban contexts
AppRoACh ADvAntAges DIsADvAntAgesCommunity-based targeting
Community engagement
Not limited to small number of proxy criteria.
Difficulties in defining what constitutes a ‘community’.
Community cohesion weak in urban areas and lack of accountable community structures with knowledge of the vulnerable.
Risk of exclusion of marginal social or political groups or new arrivals.
Social pressure on those representing the community.
Self-targeting Avoids time and resource expenses of other targeting approaches.
Risk of significant leakage to those who are less vulnerable.
Geographical targeting
Easy and quick.
A pragmatic first stage of targeting in order to focus resources.
Low targeting accuracy if vulnerable households are widely dispersed.
Administrative targeting
Simple to use when lists are available.
Can reduce risk of bias if selection is undertaken by an independent authority (e.g. humanitarian agency).
Risk of exclusion if lists are incomplete or out of date.
Prone to exclusion if community leaders undertake selection.
Means testing High potential targeting accuracy where such data can be obtained.
Time/resource intensive; requires detailed (registration/other) data for, or census of, all potential beneficiaries.
Accurate data on income is difficult to obtain. Expenditure data may be better.
Proxy means testing (PMT)/use of score cards
Provides an objective approach to selecting beneficiaries.
Easy to implement once proxies and scoring formulas are identified.
Multi-proxy targeting increases
targeting accuracy.
Could enable use of national poverty scorecards in contexts where these have been developed, for consistency and coordination with national approaches.
Time and resource intensive; requires detailed (registration/other) data for, or census of, all potential beneficiaries.
Risk of exclusion errors if proxies do not capture true vulnerability.
Complex to identify suitable proxies and design surveys and may require statistical/ econometric expertise.
PMT identifies indicators that are good predictors of consumption expenditure poverty that does not provide a comprehensive picture of urban poverty and vulnerability such as isolation, remoteness and poor social capital.
Hard for the population to understand why they have or have not been selected.
Institutional targeting Relatively easy – only institutions are selected and beneficiaries are those that attend the institution
Excludes people that are vulnerable but who are not registered to receive services at targeted institutions eg IDPs,
Source: adapted from MacAuslan and Farhat (2013) incorporating findings from UNHCR (2016); IASC (2010); USAID (2008); Creti (2010); ERC (2015); O’Donnell et al. (2008); Cross and Johnston (2011); and Grünewald et al. (2011)
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3.3.3 Targeting approaches: work in progressThis review identified the following projects under way in relation to urban targeting. These are summarised in Table 3.7. Please note that despite the efforts to capture work in development, this list may not reflect all work in this regard. The targeting initiatives in relation to the Syrian refugee crisis response in the MENA region have been extensive and are summarised in Box 3.5.
• There is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ approach to targeting, rather detailed guidance is provided on the pros and cons of different approaches to inform agency decision making.
• Guidance and checklists are provided for each targeting activity of the programme management cycle from determining appropriateness of targeting to establishing targeting criteria, identifying eligible cases and managing errors.
• Several of the guidance documents are urban specific.
• Whilst most are designed for use in multitple emergency contexts including conflict/protracted crises there is little if any guidance relating specifically to the needs and challenges in these contexts.
• Majority of guidance is oriented to food security and livelihoods sectors. ERC (2015) guidance is the first focusing on mutli-sector approaches.
• Whilst a couple include simple SOPs and examples of tools/templates that can be adapted by agencies, the guidance does not provide technical details on the ‘how to do’ which would be useful particularly for targeting through score cards which can be complex.
• Guidance on development of vulnerability maps.
• Guidance on how to do political economy (or power) analysis around vulnerable groups, in order to identify and develop targeting strategies that acknowledge power imbalances and better ensure the inclusion of ‘hidden’ and socially or politically marginalised groups.
• Technical guidance on how to design and implement adminstrative targeting systems based on household profiling or surveys.
stRengths
WeAKnesses
gAps
Figure 3.4: Strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the targeting guidance
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Table 3.7 Summary of ongoing targeting initiatives
InItIAtIve expeCteD outCoMe stAtus leADIng AgenCy
Comparing the Proxy Means Test (PMT) and VaSyr34 for targeting urban refugees (Lebanon)
Defining statistical methods to identify economic vulnerability in the urban displacement contexts of the Syria refugee crisis response.
A lessons learned document is publically available (Sharp 2015). This aims to document the process and capture the viewpoints and reflections of the people involved, and to examine emerging issues and lessons which should be considered in future guidance and operations. No further technical guidance has been developed (Sharp 2015).
Ongoing (operational since end 2014)
UNHCR/
World Bank
Developing the Vulnerability Assessment Framework (VAF) for targeting urban refugees (Jordan)
Improving Systems to Assess and Target Household Vulnerability in Cash Transfer Programming (Turkey)
Defining non-statistical methods to identify economic and protection vulnerability in the contexts of the Syria refugee crisis response. A weighted vulnerability index was used to compute a vulnerability score for each household based on questionnaire responses. A lessons learned document is publically available, which contains the targeting tool in the Annex (Armstrong and Jacobsen 2015).
Ongoing (operational since 2014)
DRC
Defining indicators of vulnerability to slow onset crises in urban areas (Kenya)
The project is designing indicators sensitive to changes in the urban context that have a predictive capacity and a surveillance tool to enable frequent and routine monitoring of the urban situation, in order to develop thresholds to trigger early action and identify hotspots for geographical targeting.
The project is compiling evidence to influence government and donor policy. It has produced newsletters providing updates on progress and lessons learned. Final report and guidance are planned.
Ongoing since 2013
Concern Worldwide Kenya
Targeting refugees through national safety net programmes (Turkey)
Plans to pilot provision of cash assistance to Syrian refugees in Turkey through the national Conditional Cash Transfer programme, following standard or slightly adapted targeting procedures (eligibility criteria and methods) used on the national programme for identifying beneficiaries.
No guidance is planned at the present time.
Ongoing since Feb 2016. Approach still TBC
UNICEF
UNHCR/WFP joint operational guidance on targeting (global)
Both agencies are in the process of developing organisational tools and guidance to assist their operations in the targeting process and the aim is to align these as much as possible so as to develop a common approach to targeting. The draft UNHCR Targeting Guidelines listed in section 3.3.1 (Table 3.5) is the first output from this. WFP will produce a Reference Kit on Targeting (UNHCR/WFP 2016). These are not urban specific.
Ongoing UNHCR/WFP
34 Vulnerability Assessment Syrians
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Box 3.5 stAtIstICAl AppRoAChes to tARgetIng BAseD on eConoMIC vulneRABIlIty In JoRDAn AnD leBAnon In 2014 in Lebanon and Jordan, UN and other agencies worked together to develop a common methodology for defining vulnerability and therefore targeting multi-sector material assistance through common criteria. A major goal of the work was to improve understanding of economic vulnerability for the targeting of cash assistance. This is a relatively new approach in refugee contexts. In both contexts the aim was to undertake statistical analysis of UNHCR’s ProGres database35 and existing household surveys to develop an index of weighted indicators and a formula to give each household an overall score, to more objectively determine inclusion/exclusion of households on cash assistance programmes.
UNHCR engaged technical support from the World Bank econometricians in both countries, who reviewed the household survey data. Vulnerability in both contexts was commonly defined as ‘economic vulnerability’, or ‘welfare’ to use the World Bank terminology, measured by household expenditure.
Jordan provides an illustration of the process. There, efforts focused on developing a common multi-sector Vulnerability Assessment Framework (VAF) for targeting, led by the VAF Steering Committee. The World Bank established a poverty line of estimated per capita expenditure of less than 50JD. A workshop of all stakeholders in Jordan came up with a standard set of 16 or 17 questions. These indicators were then tested with refugee focus groups and most of them were considered relevant. Regression analysis then identified which combination of variables had the highest predictive value for expenditure and identified 6 or 7 indicators which could be taken as proxies for expenditure. This included house crowding, the debt-to-expenditure ratio, family size, coping strategies to meet basic food needs, the saving ratio, and income per capita. This was used to develop a standard VAF questionnaire with a core set of questions and UN agencies encouraged partners to use this, to which they can add sector-specific questions as needed. In this way the VAF tool was incorporated into household visits (about 20,000 – or 18 per cent – of household visits were made with the VAF questionnaire. The VAF questionnaires were entered into the database and algorithms produce a score for each household.
In Lebanon UNHCR established the Interagency Targeting Task Force (TTF). However, several different indexes were proposed. World Bank worked with UNHCR to develop a PMT based on proxy indicators identified through statistical analysis of almost 30,000 household records that correlated to expenditure. This led to inclusion of family size, disability-adjusted dependency ratio, shelter type, occupancy type, toilet type, luxury assets, basic assets, extreme negative coping, and number of working adults in the PMT.
Simultaneously WFP were investing in their VASyr verification index in Lebanon. This also uses proxies, but instead of being for expenditures are proxies of multi-sectoral vulnerability. Indicators have been developed based on a mix of expert opinion and statistical analysis. The VASyr index is made up of sub-indexes of multiple indicators regarding economic vulnerability, education vulnerability, food security, health score, NFI, protection vulnerability, shelter score, and WASH. Those indicators from the VaSyr that correlated with economic vulnerability as defined by expenditure included family size, dependency ratio, and single headed household.
In the end the approach taken was to develop a ‘minimum’ questionnaire that included expenditures and proxy indicators and use of the PMT for agencies targeting cash assistance, along with full VaSyr verification for those targeting food assistance. The PMT formula was effectively a ‘reduced’ VaSyr formula that focuses on economic vulnerability (rather than broader vulnerabilities described by the VaSyr).
This can be compared to approaches in neighbouring Turkey, where agencies did not have the capacity to devise a vulnerability formula or apply statistical analysis, and instead developed an index based on expert opinion and using scores that could be easily adjusted with input from non-technical staff.
Source: UNHCR (2014a); (2014b); Sharp (2015); Armstrong and Jacobsen (2015)
35 This is UNHCR’s IT platform for registering and managing data on refugees.
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3.3.4 Targeting approaches in urban areas: a reflectionIn undertaking the desk review the following reflections in relation to targeting were identified:
There is no one best way to target. Rather, as emphasised by Sharp (2015), targeting ‘advice’ should present options that can be selected based on context, resources and capacity available. Sharp (2015) recommends that for each of these options, the advantages and risks should be highlighted and risk mitigation strategies proposed. More than one targeting tool and process may be used, to triangulate the decision and to catch needy people who fall through the net. Sharp also recommends that it is also possible to combine continuous (e.g. economic scores) and categorical (e.g. protection/demographic) targeting criteria.
In a displacement setting, and in urban settings, community-based targeting will need to be adapted. The essential step of understanding who represents the ‘community’, to ensure inclusion of potentially marginalised groups, is problematic in urban contexts (Sharp 2015; MacAuslan and Phelps 2012; MacAuslan and Farhat 2013; Smith and Mohiddin 2015). Also if standardised targeting criteria are needed (e.g. if one poverty line or MEB is to be used across a large refugee population), this is not compatible with empowering local communities to decide criteria. However, there are ways in which both refugee and host communities can still participate in targeting, such as ground-truthing concepts of vulnerability through validating indicators or criteria from statistical analysis or expert task forces; developing the Minimum Expenditure Basket; testing questionnaires (ERC 2015; Sharp 2015; MacAuslan and Farhat 2013).
Consider the time and resources that are required to improve targeting approaches. The ERC paper and other reviews highlight that the complexity and the resource requirements of collecting, managing and analysing reliable socio-economic survey data had been widely underestimated both within UNHCR country offices and by their implementing partners (Sharp 2015; Maunder et al. 2016; UNHCR/WFP 2016). As highlighted by Sharp, a great deal of the time and effort spent on targeting in the MENA region involved profiling the population and choosing targeting criteria. This is an essential component of the targeting system, but it is only one component. Many stakeholders involved did not realise at the beginning that the extensive data-collection and analysis exercises undertaken would not directly result in a useable targeting tool
(i.e. questionnaire or scorecard) and this led to widespread frustration at the perceived slowness of the process. The cost of data collection can also run to hundreds of thousands of dollars. These costs need to be considered in relation to the potential benefit of improved targeting, and the value of the transfer.
Sharp reported that in Lebanon stakeholders were frustrated that the indicators used in the final formula were very similar to those that would have been used in traditional vulnerability targeting (family size, dependency ratios and living conditions) and did not feel that the elaborate process constituted value for money. A related challenge identified in Jordan was that this extensive process gives households a score according to their economic circumstances at a point in time, but economic vulnerability is a dynamic concept meaning other households will fall into poverty and/or become extremely poor in the future. However, updating registers of the most vulnerable as and when household circumstances change requires repeated rounds of data collection, which is time consuming and expensive (Sharp 2015). This is a challenge that is well known in the social protection sphere where social assistance programmes have used score-based mechanisms to target the poor and vulnerable (Smith 2016; MacAuslan and Farhat 2013; Smith and Mohiddin 2015).
Need for investment in capacities. As highlighted in several papers, the development of economic targeting criteria in the Syria crisis by UNHCR relied on significant assistance from the World Bank, in methods of econometric analysis (i.e. identifying reliable predictors of consumption poverty through statistical analysis) and applying a PMT approach well tested in poverty-reduction programmes. Such skill sets are not common in humanitarian agencies. It was reportedly difficult for non-specialists to engage with the debates and decision making around the highly technical analytical models (Armstrong and Jacobsen 2015; Maunder et al. 2016; Sharp 2015; UNHCR 2014a; UNHCR/WFP 2016). Sharp recommends that UNHCR should consider establishing a cadre of experts within the organisation who could be called on as needed to provide more consistent technical support. Furthermore despite the intense time and effort that has gone into developing these approaches in the MENA region there is as yet no guidance on ‘how to’ develop and implement economic targeting criteria that could be used to implement the same approach elsewhere. Sharp reports that some of this will be addressed under UNHCR’s forthcoming ‘Use of Income and Expenditure Data in Socio-economic Targeting’ guidance (Sharp 2015).
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Integration of protection concerns into economic targeting of refugees. The discussions in the MENA region on targeting cash assistance for urban refugees drew consensus on targeting the ‘economically vulnerable’, defined as people who, for lack of money, are unable to meet their basic needs. Whilst this group is very likely to overlap with people who are ‘at-risk’ in terms of UNHCR’s protection criteria it is not identical. UNHCR aim to develop operational guidance to bring out protection considerations more centrally in general and to provide examples on targeting using socio-economic indicators through a protection lens (UNHCR/WFP 2016; Sharp 2015).
Targeting refugees in urban areas through national social protection systems is not necessarily straightforward. UNICEF’s feasibility study outlines a number of challenges in using targeting criteria designed for a particular purpose (in this case the identification of poor and vulnerable families with children) to achieve these new objectives (identification of vulnerable refugees). Furthermore the methods used to identify households fitting these criteria may not be directly applicable to the refugee caseload on account of time and capacity constraints.36
The use of scores and thresholds are not well understood by communities and can generate complaints. One lesson learned from Lebanon and Jordan is that when working with a ‘score’ it is important to find a balance and allow for some exceptions when vulnerable households are borderline. Sharp cites the example of the appeals process in Lebanon which re-included 23 per cent of cases who appealed after being excluded from food assistance, based on a household interview, and an additional 5 per cent were re-included based on the subjective evaluation of team members including protection staff. In Turkey, evaluation of DRC’s targeting approach found that in cases where households excluded based on small decreases in their vulnerability scores were called individually, and had the reasons for their exclusion explained to them, they overwhelmingly reacted in a more understanding way. This emphasises the importance of explaining the system to beneficiaries as well as host communities.
There are benefits and limitations seen in the process of developing targeting multi-sectoral assistance through proxy means testing in Lebanon and Jordan (UNHCR 2014a; 2014b; Sharp 2015; Maunder et al. 2016).
Benefits identified include:
• The ProGres data were demonstrated to be useful in targeting poor refugee households without a household visit, something that can then reduce the cost of targeting without compromising accuracy. Meanwhile targeting criteria using both ProGres and household data derived from statistical analysis are allowing for more accurate targeting of cash assistance (95 per cent predictive value).
• The process improved understanding of refugee vulnerability and the characteristics that predict whether or not a household is likely to be able to meet its basic needs.
• It contributed to a refined understanding of food insecurity – that it is largely but not entirely the result of economic vulnerability.
• It allowed for the testing of assumptions about ‘traditional’’vulnerability indicators including female headed households and households with disabled members.
Limitations and challenges include:
• Agencies have experienced challenges in the development of a common framework for targeting (specifically there are differences in the analytical methods of World Bank and WFP for identifying the ‘most vulnerable’, despite conceptual linkages between approaches). Household food security is a function of economic access to food, and whilst food assistance contributes to overall household budgets, there is some overlap in the conceptualisation of vulnerability of these two organisations. However, the analytical methods are very different. In Jordan WFP bought into the welfare score through the VAF whereas in Lebanon WFP had invested heavily in developing the VASyR. Whilst effectively targeting the economically vulnerable and, by proxy, a large proportion of the food insecure, the PMT formula does not include food security indicators. In the end a dual targeting system was developed in Lebanon that combined the PMT and the VaSyr.
36 Smith (2016) provides further detail.
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• It is recognised that the development of proxy indicators for vulnerability in urban contexts requires a new way of thinking– in terms of cash or equivalents – which works for generic material assistance (cash, vouchers, NFIs). However those developed to date have proved not so useful for sectors such as WASH in that the economic vulnerability score does not t tell you which households to help. However, it does provide information on the geographic spread of households with a high chance of facing WASH-related problems, to inform strategy.
• Socio-economic data is normally collected and analysed on the basis of a household unit, which can be defined in a variety of ways (e.g. people who ‘eat from the same pot’) but is basically the smallest economic unit within which income, assets, food supplies, shelter etc. are shared. UNHCR, however, registers refugees as a ‘case’, usually the principal applicant plus dependents. As such a ‘household’ (people living together and pooling resources) may be comprised of multiple cases. ProGres data are collected at individual level and grouped into cases. It is technically possible to combine cases to give household-level data, but the challenge is establishing which cases are living together as households. This issue has caused confusion and potentially targeting errors at assessment interviews (Sharp 2015).
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4 Key Conclusions and RecommendationsThe development of tools for needs assessment, response analysis and targeting relevant in urban and post-conflict contexts evidently still necessities investment. The following overarching conclusions and recommendations can be drawn:
Urban programming is taking place but tools and guidelines are lagging behind. Many multi-sector displaced population needs can be met through markets. This has implications for urban response programming, with growing interest in multi-sector approaches, the provision of multi-purpose cash grants to meet all manner of needs, and targeting based on ‘multi-sectoral’ economic vulnerability. However, development of tools or guidelines to support this is lagging behind. For example, frameworks tend to be sector and/or thematic specific, making it hard to identify priorities between sectors, whilst targeting approaches that have been invested in the MENA region have not been translated into detailed guidance for the sector.
With this in mind, urban developed tools and approaches should take into consideration the opinions and needs of key stakeholders (such as governing bodies, employers and service providers) as well as hosting, non-displaced populations. As displaced population urban programmes increasingly support non-displaced populations and local government structures and service providers that facilitate access to basic needs, the inclusion of these actors in assessments, response analysis and targeting processes is required.
There is a need to move forward with developing and standardising urban tools on the basis of tried and tested approaches, creating templates for tools that can be tailored per context. In the food security sector, a follow-up of a desk review of urban tools concluded that deliberative tool development, field testing and standardisation (especially harnessing the skills and approaches of various agencies) was still lacking, compared to the undertaking of desk reviews and cataloguing (Nyemah 2015). It is important to take stock of what exists but there is a need to go beyond this, to take action to fill the gaps identified.
Urban needs and response analysis tools and approaches developed have to be coherent due to their interdependency in as much that most of the information required for good response analysis and targeting can be collected in needs assessment data and operational contextual analysis, especially that related to the political economy and power dynamics. Ensuring that these approaches and tools relate to one another could result in a more cost-efficient approach. For example, as stated by FAO ‘Improved Response Analysis and Planning is itself limited by the quality of situational analyses and needs assessments’ (FAO 2011a: 12), and it can be supposed that targeting methods are also limited in this regard.
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Investment in assessments, response analysis and targeting must strike a balance between accuracy, timeliness and cost. Although this is not an urban-specific recommendation, it is particularly valid in urban humanitarian contexts since the dynamism of urban contexts and highly mobile urban populations (such as refugees) demands the use of tools that enable quick decisions. Ensuring that there is availability of sufficient, updated, good enough information regarding the needs, gaps and priorities and immediate future trends following any shock can be a challenge. ACAPS reviews of four recent disasters (Nepal, Syria, Nigeria and Ebola-affected countries) indicate varieties of information gaps (Benini et al. 2016). However, compilation of data on needs is a time consuming and costly process that can prevent a rapid response. Similarly in the case of targeting in urban areas, good approaches take time, resources and good preparedness (MacAusland and Farhat 2013). Efforts to develop approaches based on the extensive household surveys or proxy means tests can improve objectivity and perhaps also accuracy but is very costly and time consuming, which must be taken into consideration when deciding approaches. In their report Benini et al. propose that such compromise may be the best approach: ‘if an assessment covers the areas affected (and the affected social groups living there), speaks to key concerns of preserving life and dignity, enables comparisons by areas, social groups or sectors, and is available within useful time, then its information is sufficient’ (Benini et al. 2016: p.13).
Monitoring and evaluation processes must capture evidence of effectiveness, efficiency and relevance of new urban tools and approaches to improve the uptake of response analysis and of new targeting approaches in urban contexts. The contribution of these tools and processes must be measured in terms of the extent to which they improve the overall effectiveness of responses. Humanitarian evaluations should include a reflection of decisions relating to programmes implemented, response analysis processes undertaken and targeting approaches (timeliness, cost and inclusion and exclusion errors) to enable this valuable advocacy and awareness raising.
Specialist organisational leadership in coordinating need assessments, response analysis and targeting approaches in complex, protracted post-conflict urban contexts is required. This not only ensures that specialist resources from organisations are utilised, but also to ensure that what is ‘good enough’ is applied. This is already happening in an ad hoc manner with UNHCR taking a lead in the development of targeting approaches based on economic vulnerability and in coordination with WFP to align this with targeting approaches for food assistance. In urban displacement contexts they are therefore a natural stakeholder to take the lead in such coordination.
Community awareness of urban tools and approach development could be improved to harness cross-fertilisation, piloting and application of new approaches. Despite warm and timely responses from the IASC and gFSC in undertaking this desk review, a challenge was faced in accessing sufficient information related to ongoing and/or planned work in urban post-conflict contexts. The authors are in favour and see the benefit of specialist groups undertaking specific pieces of research and development, but would encourage greater transparency via discussion groups and learning portals, such as ALNAP’s urban portal.
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ReferencesACAPS (2014) Humanitarian Needs Assessments: The Good Enough Guide. Practical Action Consulting.
ACAPS (2016) Meeting Information Needs? A Review of Ten Years of Multi-sector Coordinated Needs Assessment Reports. The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL.
ALNAP, Evaluating humanitarian action. http://www.alnap.org/what-we-do/evaluation/eha Armstrong, P. and Jacobsen, K. (2015) Improving Systems to Assess and Target Household Vulnerability in Cash Transfer Programming: An Analysis of the Danish Refugee Council’s E-card Project in Southern Turkey. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, USA.
Benini, A et al. (2016) Information Gaps in Multiple Needs Assessments in Disaster and Conflict Areas. With Guidelines for their Measurement Using the Nepal 2015 Earthquake Assessment Registry’. A note for ACAPS.
Brown, D., Boano, C., Johnson, C., Vivekananda, J. and Walker, J. (2015) ‘Urban Crises and Humanitarian Responses: A Literature Review’. The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL for the DFID Humanitarian Policy and Partnerships Group, CHASE
Crawford, K., Suvatne, M., Kennedy, J. and Corsellis, T. (2010) Urban Shelter and the Limits of Humanitarian Action. Article in Forced Migration Review ‘Adapting to urban displacement’ Issue 34.
Creti, P. (2010) Review of Existing Approaches, Methods and Tools Used by Humanitarian Agencies to Measure Livelihoods, Food Insecurity and Vulnerability in Urban Contexts. WFP.
Cross, T. and Johnston, A. (2011) Cash Transfer Programming in Urban Emergencies: A Toolkit for Practitioners. CaLP, Oxford.
Currion, P. (2015) Humanitarian Assessment in Urban Settings. Technical Brief for ACAPS.
Darcy, J. and Hofmann, C.A. (2003) Humanitarian Needs Assessment and Decision Making. Humanitarian Policy Group, ODI.
Dickson, E. et al. (2012) Urban Risk Assessments: Understanding Disaster and Climate Risk in Cities. Urban Development Series, the World Bank.
ERC (2015) An Operational Toolkit for Multipurpose Cash Grants: Improving Cash-based Interventions,
Multipurpose Cash Grants and Protection. Enhanced Response Capacity Project/UNHCR.
FAO (2005) Protecting and Promoting Good Nutrition in Crisis and Recovery: Resources Guide’. FAO Rome.
FAO (2011a) Developing a Response Analysis Framework for Food Security Emergencies: Discussion Papers. FAO Rome.
FAO (2011b) Developing a Response Analysis Framework for Food Security Emergencies: Mapping of On-going Response Analysis Processes. FAO Rome.
Feinstein International Center (2012) Refugee Livelihoods in Urban Areas: Identifying Program Opportunities. Case Study Egypt. Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, USA.
GHA (2015) Global Humanitarian Assistance: Report 2015. Development Initiatives, Bristol.
Grünewald, F., Boyer, B., Kauffmann, D. and Patinet, J. (2011) Humanitarian Aid in Urban Settings: Current Practice, Future Challenges. URD Group.
IASC (2010) Matrix Summary: Assessment of Tools and Approaches in Urban Areas.
IASC Task Force on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas.
IASC (2015a) Multi-Sector Initial Rapid Assessment Guidance, Revision. Interagency Standing Committee.
IASC (2015b) Multi-Year Strategic Response Plan Guidance. Interagency Standing Committee. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/system/files/documents/files/SRP%20Guidance%202015%20final_2.pdf
Levine, S. and Chastre, C. (2011) ‘Nutrition and food security response analysis in emergency contexts’. Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.
MacAuslan, I. and Farhat, M. (2013) Review of Urban Food Security Targeting Methodology and Emergency Triggers: Final Report. OPM.
MacAuslan, I. and Phelps, L. (2012) Oxfam GB Emergency Food Security and Livelihoods Urban Programme Evaluation: Final Report. Oxfam GB, Oxford.
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Maunder, N. et al. (2016) Global Evaluation of ECHO’s Cash and Voucher Programmes 2011–2014. ADE.
Maxwell, D., Stobaugh, H., Parker, J. and McGlinchy, M. (2013) Response Analysis and Response Choice in Food Security Crises: a Roadmap. Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.
McCallin, B. and Scherer, I. (2015) Urban Informal Settlers Displaced by Disasters: Challenges to Housing Responses. IDMC and NRC.
Nyemah, J. (2015) Adapting to an Urban World: Tracking the Development of Urban Food Security Assessment Tools 2010 to 2015. WFP and Global Food Security Cluster.
O’Donnell, I., Smart, K. and Ramalingam, B. (2008) Responding to Urban Disasters: Learning from Previous Relief and Recovery Operations. A report for ALNAP and Provention.
Parham, N., Tax, L., Yoshikawa, L. and Lim, K. (2013) Lessons from Assessing the Humanitarian Situation in Syria and Countries Hosting Refugees. Humanitarian Exchange Special Feature on ‘The Conflict in Syria’, Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.
Parker, E. and Maynard, V. (2015) Humanitarian Response to Urban Crises: A Review of Area-based Approaches. IIED, London.
REACH, What We Do. http://www.reach-initiative.org/reach/about-reach/what-we-do Sanderson, D. and Knox-Clarke, P. (2012) Responding to Urban Disasters: Learning from Previous Relief and Recovery Operations. ALNAP.
Save the Children (2015) Multi-Sector Response Analysis Framework. Draft publication developed as part of the Emergency Response Capacity programme. Save the Children UK.
Sharp, K. (2015) Review of Targeting of Cash and Food Assistance for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt. A report for UNHCR/WFP.
Smith, G. (2016) Developing Strategic Options for Building Social Assistance for Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Findings and Policy Options. A report for UNICEF.
Smith, G. and Mohiddin, L. (2015) A Review of Evidence of Humanitarian Cash Transfer Programming in Urban Areas. IIED Briefing Paper. IIED, London.
UN (2014) Guidance: Humanitarian Needs Comparison Tool. 2015 Humanitarian Needs Overview
UNHCR (2014a) Targeting and the Vulnerability Assessment Framework: Lessons Learned. Meeting Notes from Lessons Learned. Meetings held in Jordan (December 2014).
UNHCR (2014b) UNHCR Lebanon: Review of Targeting System and Tools. UNHCR Lebanon, September.
UNHCR (2016) Draft Operational Guidelines for Targeting. UNHCR. [accessed 24 March 2016]UNHCR/WFP (2016) Joint UNHCR-WFP Targeting Discussion – Agenda and Action Points from High Level Meeting on Targeting, 15 February, Geneva.
USAID, Making Cities Work Toolkit. http://www.makingcitieswork.org/toolkit USAID (2008) Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical Review of Food Based Program Options. USAID.
Voon, F. (2013) The Syrian Refugee Crisis: Findings from a Real-time Evaluation of UNHCRs Response. Humanitarian Exchange Special Feature on ‘The Conflict in Syria’, Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.
WFP (2008) Technical Guidance Sheet: Urban Food Security & Nutrition Assessments. WFP
WFP (2009a) Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) Handbook. WFP.
WFP (2009b) Hunger and Markets. World Hunger Series, WFP.
WFP (2014) Cash and Vouchers Manual Second Edition. WFP.
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38 www.iied.org
Annex AStakeholders contactedno Key InfoRMAnt nAMe oRgAnIsAtIon / posItIon 1 Paul Currion Urban consultant
2 Patrice Chataigner ACAPS Assessment lead
3 Liz Babbister Habitat for Humanity
4 Joseph Ashmore IOM
5 Marina Angeloni Food Security Urban Cluster
6 Gaia Vanderesch IMPACT
7 Esteban Leon UNHABITAT
8 Michelle King Part of the targeting systematic review – Stanford University
9 Assanke Koedam JIPS
10 Quentin Legallo NRC Nairobi
11 Matthew Wencel REACH
12 Isabelle Pelly CaLP Technical Coordinator and involved in all ERC grant tool development in Lebanon
13 Paula Armstrong DRC
14 Louisa Seferis DRC
15 Joanna Friedman UNHCR
16 Carla Lacerda UNHCR
17 Kerren Hedlund Independent, previously UNHCR cash lead
18 John McHarris WFP VAM
19 Sara Pavanello ODI
20 Jenny Lamb Oxfam WASH – TwIG Markets lead
21 Jake Zarins Habitat for Humanity
22 Sam Carpenter British Red Cross urban delegate
23 Alan Brouder Habitat for Humanity, Urban Crises Learning Manager
24 Jessica Saulle SCUK/Senior advisor EFSL
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Websites researched WeBsItes: 1 Cash Learning Partnership www.cashlearning.org
2 UNHCR Emergency Information Management Toolkit
http://data.unhcr.org/imtoolkit/
3 ALNAP http://www.alnap.org/what-we-do/urban
4 PARK database (part of JIPS) http://www.parkdatabase.org/
5 World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/publication/urban-risk-assessments
6 USAID - Making cities work website http://www.makingcitieswork.org/toolkit
7 IIED website http://www.iied.org/
8 ERC project samepage website Restricted access
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
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Annex BInter Agency Standing Committee Working Group Subsidiary Bodies Update on progress and upcoming priorities January 2016 Reference Group: Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas Work Plan for 2015–16stRAtegIC oBJeCtIve
InteRventIon AnD IntenDeD Result/pRoDuCt
expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon
IMple- MentIng AgenCIes
upDAte JAnuARy 2016
pRIoRItIes foR 2016
Strategic Objective 1. Develop Operational Strategies early-on that ensure multi-stakeholder partnerships for enhanced coordination, impact and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance in urban areas
1a. World Humanitarian Summit Urban Segment: Enhanced Coordination
1a. New norms and guidelines for support to humanitarian agencies to improve humanitarian operations in urban areas through better coordination with critical urban partners at community, local government, private sector and external development partner levels and through building upon related SDGs.
UN-Habitat, Filiep Decorte; OCHA/NY, Kathryn Yarlett, Hansjoerg Strohmeyer
1a.UN-Habitat (lead), OCHA, IASC
Urban Alliance is leading on the coordination of humanitarian, development and governance stakeholders within the framework of the WHS.
Launch of Urban Alliance in March 2016.
Organisation of side events during the WHS focusing on urban responses.
Follow-up on WHS recommend-ations post-May 2016.
1b. Community Outreach and Coordinated Service Delivery in Urban Responses
1b. Pilot a new operational approach for community outreach to facilitate assistance and protection of affected urban populations through community engagement, coordination and service delivery.
UNHCR, Annika Sjoberg ([email protected]/Steven Corliss ([email protected])
1b. UNHCR, gCCCM Cluster
UDOC has been established:
• Dedicated WG in place.
• Pilots close to finalisation, lessons learned. document to be finalised by early 2016.
• Multi-stakeholder training to be piloted in Gaza.
1c. Settlement strategy guidance
1c. Guidance to country clusters on enabling an area/settlements approach through the cluster-related tools and mechanisms incl. SRPs, the intercluster coordination process, cross-cluster interventions, etc.
IFRC, Graham Saunders ([email protected]), Shaun Scales ([email protected])
Global Shelter Cluster
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stRAtegIC oBJeCtIve
InteRventIon AnD IntenDeD Result/pRoDuCt
expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon
IMple- MentIng AgenCIes
upDAte JAnuARy 2016
pRIoRItIes foR 2016
Strategic Objective 2. Strengthen Technical Capacity for Emergency Response in Urban-based Challenges
2a. Improved Post-Disaster Urban Informal Housing Responses
2a. Recommendations of good practices and increased awareness of humanitarian actors in disaster response and prevention in urban informal housing.
IDMC/NRC-CH, Sebastian Abuja ([email protected])
2.a. IDMC
2b. Online self-learning on post-disaster shelter and settlements
2b. No fee self-learning course widely available on different platforms to raise awareness and understanding of post-disaster shelter and settlement issues including in urban areas.
2.b Global Shelter Cluster
Strategic Objectives 3. Develop or Adapt Humanitarian Approaches and Tools
3a. Housing Policies and Practices in Support of Durable Solutions for Urban IDPs
3a. Best Practices to support achievement of durable solutions for urban internally displaced persons by making available to policy makers and practitioners comparative analyses of approaches, policies and practices that have improved tenure security and housing and can guide the design, funding and implementation of housing policies/programmes in urban settings.
IDMC/NRC, Barbara McCallin ([email protected]), Huma Gupta ([email protected])
3a. IDMC with MIT-DRAN (Displacement Research and Action Network)
3b. Rapid City and Neighbourhood Profiles (Syria)
3b. Rapid multi-sectoral urban assessment methodologies to assess up-to-date impacts of crisis on cities, developed in Syrian context for Homs, Aleppo, Dara’a and Latakia, and neighbourhood profile for Old Homs.
UN-Habitat, Szilard Fricska, Andre Dzikus
3b. UN-Habitat
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expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon
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upDAte JAnuARy 2016
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Strategic Objectives 3. Develop or Adapt Humanitarian Approaches and Tools
(cont.)
3.c Urban displacement profiling tools and approaches
3c.1. Improved capacity of humanitarian community to conduct urban profiling of displacement situations, with particular focus on survey methodology in urban settings.
3c.2. Development of a comprehensive urban profiling approach to facilitate coordinated and evidence-based responses to urban displacement situations.
UN-Habitat: Szilard Fricska; JIPS: Natalia Baal; FIC: Karen Jacobsen
3c.1 JIPS
3c.2. UN-Habitat, JIPS, Feinstein International Centre
JIPS urban profiling guidance launched in 2014 and continuous dissemination during 2015, including urban profiling coordination training materials and delivery.
Support provided to urban profiling exercises in Somalia, Honduras, Iraq, Yemen and elsewhere.
A technical workshop organised in Beirut, Lebanon in November 2015 to discuss urban data challenges and refine project objectives.
• Continued availability of JIPS support for partners in urban settings.
• Delivery of regional and global training with integrated urban profiling element.
Launching the project, including desk review of existing urban analysis methodologies and tools; development of new, consolidated profiling approaches; piloting in different urban contexts.
3d. Systematic sharing and uptake of good urban refugee programme practices
3d. Ensure the systematic sharing and uptake of new ideas, approaches, tools and good practices through the promotion and maintenance of the Urban Good Practices website (www.urbangoodpractices.org) as a rich resource of good practices from urban settings targeting practitioners.
UNHCR, Annika Sjoberg ([email protected])
3.d. UNHCR and Urban Refugee Task Team
JIPS urban profiling webinar conducted in Nov 2015.
3e. Indicator Development for Surveillance of Urban Emergencies – Next Phase
3e. New set of thresholds established to determine the earliest point of entry of humanitarian assistance to avert crises and to graduate urban communities in Kenya. Indicators and thresholds to be determined with potential replicability to other urban areas with potential crises.
Concern-Kenya, Wendy Erasmus ([email protected])
3.e. Concern Kenya; Red Cross Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia; World Vision; UN-Habitat
In November, Concern set thresholds against which to analyse the data collected on urban emergencies indicators, and analysis is ongoing.
3f. CMAM Surge in urban settings
3f. Adaptation of the community management of acute malnutrition surge model in the urban context of Kenya.
3f. Concern Kenya
Funding secured from the START network; programme to be launched in the coming months.
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expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon
IMple- MentIng AgenCIes
upDAte JAnuARy 2016
pRIoRItIes foR 2016
Strategic Objectives 3. Develop or Adapt Humanitarian Approaches and Tools (cont.)
3g. Shelter recovery/urban planning surge support
3g. Inclusion of dedicated technical capacity/expertise in shelter recovery/urban planning in country cluster coordination teams.
3.g. Global Shelter Cluster
3h. Revised Health Equity Assessment Response Tool (HEART)
3h. Set of validated, standardised core indicators (health and non-health as determinants of health) for urban officials to identify and monitor inequities at neighbourhood level. New health emergency management module will be added. http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/urbanheart/en/; http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/en/; http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/en/
WHO, Alex Ross ([email protected]), Guillaume Simonian ([email protected])
3.h. WHO Kobe Center
HEART is being revised to include module on emergencies and urban responses, and will be finalised by end 2015.
WHO-UNHABITA global report on urban health to published early 2016.
Strategic Objective 4. Promote Protection and Conflict Mitigation among Vulnerable Urban Populations against Violence and Exploitation.
4a. City Labs for Safer Cities: Towards an Integrated Approach to Urban Safety and Peacebuilding
4a. Pilot programme to establish locally led innovative policies and practices to prevent and reduce violence and crime in 10 urban areas; to build lasting relationships between residents and authorities; and to facilitate exchange of best practice/learnings across urban safety and peacebuilding expert communities in pre/post/current crisis contexts.
UN-Habitat, Juma Assiago; Geneva Peace-building Platform, Achim Wennmann ([email protected])
4a. UN-Habitat, UNOG and Geneva Peacebuilding Platform
International Review Conference on Safer Cities +20 to take place in Geneva on 6–8 July 2016.
4b. Addressing Displacement due to Urban Violence
4b. New tools and guidance for adapting operational responses to populations displaced by urban criminal violence based on analyses in Mexico and other Central American cities.
NRC/IDMC, Sebastian Abuja ([email protected])
4b. IDMC
4c. Peace-building through youth-led development activity
4c. Pilot programme building on early youth intervention led by UN-Habitat (One Stop Youth Resource Centers) and new research under way by World Bank and UN-Habita, the pilot will identify modalities for youth to be catalytic agents of positive change, with initial focus on internally displaced youth and urban youth refugees fleeing protracted conflicts.
UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis and Doug Ragan
4c. UN-Habitat, World Bank, UNICEF
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expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon
IMple- MentIng AgenCIes
upDAte JAnuARy 2016
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Strategic Objective 5. Restore Livelihoods and Economic Opportunities, including Food/Nutrition Security, in the Emergency Phase for Expedited Early Recovery.
5a. Adapting to an Urban World
5a. Ongoing project co-managed by the gFSC and WFP/VAM: ‘Adapting to an Urban World’ to develop a toolkit of vulnerability indicators, food security assessment tools and guidelines, and an early warning system specific to urban settings. The tools will be piloted in case studies across various urban contexts to capture lessons and contribute to guidance materials.
WFP, Aysha Twose ([email protected])
5a. gFSC, WFP, UNHCR, IFRC, ALNAP, WVI, Samaritan’s Purse, Oxfam, World Animal Protection
• Finalise lessons learned and reports for Somalia and Haiti assessments.
• Consolidation of lessons from assessments to date.
• Fundraising for future project activities, including specific urban innovations and development of guidance.
5b. Enabling Sustainable Livelihoods
5b. Roll-out of the Graduation Approach as a proven approach to building sustainable livelihoods to move affected populations out of extreme poverty through time-bound, sequenced interventions to meet basic consumption needs, build savings and develop livelihood assets. Approach enhances economic opportunities for displaced but also host communities. Based on pilots in Cairo and San Jose.
UNHCR, Annika Sjoberg ([email protected]) and Steven Corliss ([email protected])
5b. UNHCR Partners to further pilot this approach in other contexts (countries and timeframe to be confirmed).
Strategic Objective 6. Strengthen Preparedness and Resilience into Humanitarian Assistance Policies and Programmes for more Effective Emergency Responses and Save More Lives in Urban Areas
6a. Building More Resilient and Sustainable Cities in Post-Crisis Contexts and consistent with the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
6a. Programme of pilot projects to provide advisory/technical support and capacity building to partners and local authorities on urban risk reduction, preparedness, contingency planning, resilience, settlement rehabilitation and reconstruction by addressing immediate needs of land and tenure, shelter/permanent housing, environmental remediation, basic infrastructure rehabilitation and immediate economic recovery and restoration of livelihoods.
UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis & David Evans
6a. UN-Habitat (lead) with World Bank, GFDRR, UNOCHA and IFRC
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Strategic Objective 6. Strengthen Preparedness and Resilience into Humanitarian Assistance Policies and Programmes for more Effective Emergency Responses and Save More Lives in Urban Areas
(cont.)
6b. City Resilience Profiling Project
6b. More effective humanitarian-development planning and delivery based on verifiable assessments of resilience capacity and production of urban resilience action plans through addressing gaps/weaknesses in urban systems, and capacity constraints with partners and local authorities.
UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis and Filiep Decorte
6b. UN-Habitat (lead) with World Bank/GFDRR, Rockefeller, IADB, C40, UNISDR, ICLEI, UCLG
6c. Fragile Cities Programme
6c. Improve humanitarian-development delivery effectiveness by introducing new mechanisms for linking humanitarian and development actors through an urban systems resilience framework.
UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis & Filiep Decorte
6c. UN-Habitat (lead) with Rockefeller Foundation, World Bank and others (TBD)
6d. Preparedness Guidance for Economic Security
6d. Develop and field-test preparedness guidance for food and security and livelihoods responses to conflict in urban areas.
British Red Cross, Sam Carpenter ([email protected])
6d. British Red Cross and partners
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tern
ally
D
ispl
aced
P
eopl
e (I
DP
s)
from
con
flict
af
fect
ed a
reas
of
NW
FP,
Pak
ista
n’ o
nly
incl
uded
sca
nt
mar
ket r
elat
ed
info
rmat
ion.
Hou
seho
ld te
mpl
ate
mor
e or
ient
ated
to
war
ds a
rura
l se
ttin
g, b
ut c
ould
be
mod
ified
.
Not
test
ed
exte
nsiv
ely
(as
far a
s w
e ca
n te
ll –
mai
nly
Pak
ista
n). U
rban
ap
prop
riate
ness
is
que
stio
nabl
e.
The
McR
AM
pr
ojec
t was
co
mm
ence
d in
P
akis
tan
in M
arch
20
08
with
the
aim
of
des
igni
ng a
po
st- e
mer
genc
y as
sess
men
t by
utili
sing
Per
sona
l D
igita
l Ass
ista
nt
(PD
A) t
echn
olog
y.
http
://d
ocum
ents
.w
fp.o
rg/s
telle
nt/
grou
ps/p
ublic
/do
cum
ents
/ena
/w
fp20
8647
Ann
ex C
Nee
ds A
sses
smen
ts
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 47
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Com
preh
en-
sive
Foo
d S
ecur
ity a
nd
Vuln
erab
ility
A
naly
sis
(CFS
-VA
) Han
dboo
k,
WFP
(20
09a)
.
Gui
de to
ana
lyse
food
se
curit
y st
atus
of v
ario
us
popu
latio
n gr
oups
ove
r va
rious
par
ts o
f a c
ount
ry
or re
gion
, to
indi
cate
un
derly
ing
caus
es
of v
ulne
rabi
lity
and
reco
mm
end
appr
opria
te
inte
rven
tions
. A C
FSVA
ca
n pr
ovid
e a
base
line
profi
le o
f the
food
sec
urity
an
d vu
lner
abili
ty s
ituat
ion
of h
ouse
hold
s in
nor
mal
(p
re-c
risis
) situ
atio
ns.
Sen
sitiv
e to
spe
cial
issu
es
such
as
gend
er, H
IV/
AID
S a
nd ID
Ps.
Incl
udes
a
broa
d ra
nge
of v
ulne
rabi
lity
caus
es: p
hysi
cal
vuln
erab
ility
(di
sabl
ed
and
thos
e liv
ing
with
HIV
/A
IDS
), so
cio-
econ
omic
(w
omen
, chi
ldre
n an
d ot
her
pote
ntia
lly d
isen
fran
chis
ed
grou
ps),
pol
itica
l (et
hnic
or
gen
der d
iscr
imin
atio
n),
phys
ical
inse
curit
y or
lim
ited
gove
rnan
ce (
IDP
s).
CFS
VAs
are
gene
rally
un
dert
aken
in p
artn
ersh
ip
with
oth
er U
N s
yste
m
agen
cies
, gov
ernm
ent
coun
terp
arts
and
key
civ
il so
ciet
y or
gani
satio
ns.
It is
con
duct
ed
at n
orm
al
times
, and
not
du
ring
a cr
isis
, in
cou
ntrie
s su
bjec
t to
vuln
erab
ilitie
s.
Typi
cally
co
nduc
ted
in
cris
is-p
rone
, fo
od-in
secu
re
coun
trie
s, in
a
‘nor
mal
’ (st
able
) si
tuat
ion.
A
pplic
able
in
cam
ps,
host
fam
ilies
, di
sper
sed
popu
latio
ns.
Alth
ough
not
sp
ecifi
cally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
, po
st-c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
wer
e co
nsid
ered
as
one
of t
he
situ
atio
ns in
w
hich
the
guid
ance
m
ay b
e us
ed.
Ther
efor
e th
e do
cum
ent
high
light
s th
e im
port
ance
of
a c
onfli
ct
lens
, pro
vidi
ng
num
erou
s qu
estio
n pr
ompt
s.
Food
sec
urity
w
ith d
ata
rela
ted
to
livel
ihoo
ds
and
unde
rlyin
g ca
uses
of
vuln
erab
ility
in
clud
ed.
Incl
usio
n of
mar
ket-
rela
ted
data
is
enco
urag
ed
from
initi
al
desk
revi
ew/
seco
ndar
y da
ta a
naly
sis
and
thro
ugho
ut
the
docu
men
t. A
sec
tion
sugg
estio
ns
the
rele
vanc
e of
mar
ket
info
rmat
ion
to th
e C
FSVA
pr
oces
s an
d w
hat t
ype
of m
arke
t in
form
atio
n ne
eds
to b
e co
llect
ed a
nd
anal
ysed
for a
C
FSVA
.
CFS
VA a
pplic
atio
n re
quire
s hi
ghly
sk
illed
and
trai
ned
staf
f as
wel
l as
time.
Adv
ice
on h
ow to
ap
ply
the
CFS
VA
met
hodo
logy
to
urba
n co
ntex
ts
is a
vaila
ble
thro
ugho
ut th
e do
cum
ent.
http
://d
ocum
ents
.w
fp.o
rg/s
telle
nt/
grou
ps/p
ublic
/do
cum
ents
/m
anua
l_gu
ide_
proc
ed/
wfp
2032
08
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
48 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Em
erge
ncy
Food
Sec
urity
A
sses
smen
t H
andb
ook
(EFS
A) W
FP
(20
05
)
An
Em
erge
ncy
Food
S
ecur
ity A
sses
smen
t (E
FSA
) ana
lyse
s th
e im
pact
of
a c
risis
on
the
food
se
curit
y of
hou
seho
lds
and
com
mun
ities
. An
EFS
A
is c
ondu
cted
whe
n a
natu
ral d
isas
ter,
a co
nflic
t or
an
econ
omic
sho
ck
caus
es fo
od in
secu
rity
due,
for i
nsta
nce,
to
popu
latio
n di
spla
cem
ents
. A
n as
sess
men
t can
be
trig
gere
d by
a s
udde
n ev
ent
such
as
an e
arth
quak
e or
a fl
ood
or b
y a
slow
on
set c
risis
, for
exa
mpl
e a
prog
ress
ive
dete
riora
tion
of
the
econ
omic
situ
atio
n. A
n E
FSA
ans
wer
s th
e fo
llow
ing
key
ques
tions
: Doe
s th
e cr
isis
hav
e an
impa
ct o
n th
e po
pula
tion’
s fo
od s
ecur
ity
and
thei
r liv
elih
oods
? H
ow
seve
re is
the
situ
atio
n? H
as
the
leve
l of m
alnu
triti
on
been
exa
cerb
ated
by
the
cris
is?
How
are
peo
ple
copi
ng?
How
man
y pe
ople
ar
e fo
od in
secu
re a
nd
whe
re a
re th
ey?
An
EFS
A
incl
udes
a fo
reca
st o
f how
th
e si
tuat
ion
may
evo
lve
and
an a
naly
sis
of p
ossi
ble
food
an
d no
n-fo
od re
spon
ses.
The
EFS
A c
an
be in
the
form
of
an
initi
al (
6 to
10
days
afte
r th
e cr
isis
), ra
pid
(3 to
6 w
eeks
af
ter t
he c
risis
) or
an
in-d
epth
(6
to 1
2 w
eeks
) as
sess
men
t.
Alth
ough
not
sp
ecifi
cally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
, co
nflic
t co
ntex
ts w
ere
cons
ider
ed
as o
ne o
f the
si
tuat
ions
in
whi
ch th
e gu
idan
ce
may
be
used
. Th
eref
ore
the
docu
men
t hi
ghlig
hts
the
impo
rtan
ce
of a
con
flict
le
ns, p
rovi
ding
nu
mer
ous
ques
tion
prom
pts,
cas
e st
udie
s an
d ex
ampl
es.
Food
sec
urity
(w
ith a
wat
ch
on m
alnu
triti
on
leve
ls).
A c
hapt
er
of th
e E
FSA
G
uida
nce
docu
men
t is
devo
ted
to
unde
rsta
ndin
g m
arke
ts a
nd
thei
r lin
kage
to
the
food
se
curit
y of
ho
useh
olds
.
Met
hodo
logi
cal
appr
oach
es a
re
suita
ble
for m
ost
FS te
chni
cal
staf
f, en
hanc
ed
by th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
tem
plat
es a
nd
form
ats.
Not
es o
n ur
ban
cons
ider
atio
ns
are
incl
uded
th
roug
hout
th
e gu
idan
ce
docu
men
t.
http
s://
ww
w.w
fp.
org
/foo
d-se
curit
y/as
sess
men
ts/
emer
genc
y-fo
od-s
ecur
ity-
asse
ssm
ent
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 49
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Join
t A
sses
smen
t M
issi
on
Gui
delin
es
(JA
M)
Gui
delin
es,
UN
HC
R/W
FP
(20
08
).
JAM
is
a jo
int U
NH
CR
/W
FP n
eeds
ass
essm
ent.
The
JAM
see
ks to
un
ders
tand
the
situ
atio
n,
need
s, ri
sks,
cap
aciti
es a
nd
vuln
erab
ilitie
s of
refu
gees
an
d ID
Ps
(and
hos
t po
pula
tions
) with
rega
rds
to
food
and
nut
ritio
nal n
eeds
.
All
kind
s of
em
erge
ncy,
po
st-c
risis
ph
ase
invo
lvin
g di
spla
ced
refu
gee
popu
latio
ns.
Rec
omm
ends
: fo
r an
effe
ctiv
e an
d co
mpr
ehen
sive
re
spon
se to
re
fuge
e cr
isis
an
d co
nflic
t-re
late
d in
tern
al
disp
lace
men
t, jo
int U
NH
CR
/W
FP n
eeds
as
sess
men
t is
cru
cial
. G
uide
lines
hi
ghlig
ht a
reas
w
here
con
flict
m
ay o
ccur
.
Mai
nly
food
se
curit
y an
d nu
triti
on. T
he
JAM
is n
ot a
co
mpr
ehen
-si
ve n
utrit
ion,
fo
od s
ecur
ity
or li
velih
oods
su
rvey
nor
do
es it
in
clud
e he
alth
, ed
ucat
ion,
sh
elte
r or
othe
r sec
toria
l is
sues
un
less
they
ar
e di
rect
ly
rela
ted
to th
e nu
triti
on a
nd
food
sec
urity
si
tuat
ion.
Mar
kets
re
fere
nced
th
ough
out t
he
docu
men
t and
th
e re
ader
is
reco
mm
ende
d to
refe
r to
a sp
ecifi
c te
chni
cal
guid
ance
sh
eet ‘
Mar
ket
Ana
lysi
s Te
chni
cal
Gui
danc
e S
heet
’.
It ca
n ta
ke u
p to
6 m
onth
s to
co
mpl
ete
the
proc
esse
s in
clud
ed
in a
JA
M. P
rovi
des
gend
er a
naly
ses
and
give
s sp
ecia
l co
nsid
erat
ion
to w
omen
em
pow
erm
ent
and
prot
ectio
n/sa
fety
issu
es
for p
rogr
amm
e pl
anni
ng.
Par
tner
ship
s ca
n ta
ke p
lace
with
: go
vern
men
ts, U
N
agen
cies
, nat
iona
l an
d in
tern
atio
nal
NG
Os.
Impo
rtan
ce
of u
rban
co
nsid
erat
ions
ar
e hi
ghlig
hted
in
the
Gui
delin
es
and
the
read
er
is re
com
men
ded
to re
fer t
o a
spec
ific
tech
nica
l gu
idan
ce s
heet
‘R
efug
ees
in
Urb
an A
reas
Te
chni
cal
Gui
danc
e S
heet
’ w
hich
is p
art
of a
num
ber
of te
chni
cal
guid
ance
do
cum
ents
that
in
clud
e: R
efug
ees
in u
rban
are
as;
Mar
ket a
naly
sis
in
a JA
M; P
rote
ctio
n,
tran
sfer
m
odal
ities
, en
viro
nmen
t and
en
ergy
. UN
HC
R
WFP
(20
13)
‘Join
t Ass
essm
ent
Mis
sion
s,
Tech
nica
l G
uida
nce
She
ets’
ht
tp:/
/ww
w.u
nhcr
.or
g/5
2161
7009
.pd
f
http
://w
ww
.unh
cr.
org
/521
616c
69.
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
50 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Tech
nica
l G
uida
nce
She
et
(TG
S) o
n ur
ban
food
se
curit
y an
d nu
triti
on
asse
ss-
men
ts, W
FP
(20
08
).
The
purp
ose
of th
e TG
S
is to
iden
tify
and
prov
ide
guid
ance
for a
ddre
ssin
g a
num
ber o
f sub
stan
tive
and
met
hodo
logi
cal i
ssue
s as
soci
ated
with
con
duct
ing
food
and
nut
ritio
n se
curit
y as
sess
men
ts in
urb
an
area
s. T
he T
GS
focu
ses
on in
form
atio
n ne
eds,
da
ta c
olle
ctio
n m
etho
ds,
indi
cato
r mea
sure
men
t is
sues
, sam
plin
g is
sues
ra
ther
than
ben
efici
ary
iden
tifica
tion.
App
licab
le a
s a
com
plem
enta
ry g
uida
nce
to E
FSA
, CFS
VA a
nd J
AM
s.
All
disa
ster
s,
post
-cris
is a
nd
early
reco
very
ph
ase.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. Litt
le/
no q
uest
ions
re
late
d to
con
flict
co
ntex
ts.
Food
sec
urity
an
d N
utrit
ion
A s
ectio
n on
how
to
inte
grat
e m
arke
ts
in u
rban
as
sess
men
ts is
in
clud
ed.
The
TGS
str
esse
s th
e ne
ed to
co
nsid
er H
IV/
AID
S, g
ende
r and
ag
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
hou
seho
lds,
im
mig
rant
s,
refu
gees
, ID
Ps
and
host
fam
ilies
.
http
://w
ww
.al
nap.
org
/re
sour
ce/7
028
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 51
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Loca
l Est
imat
e of
Nee
ds fo
r S
helte
r and
S
ettle
men
t (L
EN
SS
) To
ol K
it.
UN
HA
BIT
AT
(20
09).
Com
mun
ity le
vel o
f an
alys
is. I
nclu
des
tool
s to
co
llect
spe
cific
dat
a ab
out
shel
ter a
nd s
ettle
men
t in
an a
ffect
ed lo
calit
y. T
he
guid
e pr
ovid
es a
ste
p-by
-st
ep m
etho
dolo
gy o
f how
to
con
duct
an
em
erge
ncy
shel
ter a
sses
smen
t, su
gges
ting
wha
t dat
a to
lo
ok fo
r, w
hy, f
rom
who
m
and
how
to c
olle
ct, s
how
an
d sh
are
the
info
rmat
ion.
E
mph
asis
es th
e im
port
ance
of
con
duct
ing
an
asse
ssm
ent a
s so
on a
s po
ssib
le a
fter a
dis
aste
r, of
ear
ly c
onsu
ltatio
ns w
ith
surv
ivor
s an
d o
f bei
ng
awar
e of
loca
l, cu
ltura
l and
so
cio-
eco
nom
ic n
orm
s;
argu
es fo
r im
med
iate
and
co
ordi
nate
d st
rate
gic
pl
anni
ng c
over
ing
land
us
e, te
nure
, liv
elih
oods
and
cr
itica
l ser
vice
s in
add
ition
to
hou
sing
reco
nstr
uctio
n as
ess
entia
l to
long
-term
re
cove
ry.
All
disa
ster
s,
post
-cris
is a
nd
early
reco
very
ph
ase.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
, bu
t has
in
corp
orat
ed
confl
ict
elem
ents
into
th
e as
sess
men
t fo
rmat
.
She
lter
Ref
eren
ced
in
the
docu
men
t bu
t not
in a
ny
grea
t dep
th.
The
tool
kit w
as
desi
gned
with
fiel
d us
ers
in m
ind,
with
da
ta c
olle
ctio
n flo
w
char
ts a
nd d
ata
colle
ctio
n to
ols
avai
labl
e fo
r use
.
Des
igne
d to
be
com
patib
le w
ith
othe
r she
lter
asse
ssm
ent
reso
urce
s. L
ocal
ac
tors
can
use
th
e to
ol k
it w
ithou
t in
volv
emen
t of
‘pro
fess
iona
l’ sh
elte
r act
ors.
http
://u
nhab
itat.
org
/boo
ks/
enss
-tool
-kit-
loca
l-est
imat
e-of
-ne
eds-
for-s
helte
r-an
d-se
ttle
men
t-fie
ld-v
ersi
on-
iasc
-em
erge
ncy-
shel
ter-c
lust
er/
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
52 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Rap
id H
ealth
A
sses
smen
t of
Ref
ugee
or
Dis
plac
ed
Pop
ulat
ions
’ M
edic
ins
San
s Fr
ontie
res
(20
06
)
The
obje
ctiv
e is
to e
valu
ate
the
mag
nitu
de o
f an
ongo
ing
emer
genc
y an
d to
de
term
ine
the
maj
or h
ealth
an
d nu
triti
on re
late
d ne
eds
of th
e di
spla
ced
popu
latio
n.
Sud
den
on-s
et
shoc
k.N
ot s
peci
fical
ly
desi
gned
fo
r con
flict
co
ntex
ts. L
ittle
/ no
gui
danc
e is
pr
ovid
ed o
n ho
w
to a
ppro
ach
confl
ict
cont
exts
.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
s;
mai
nly
due
to
the
influ
ence
ot
her s
ecto
rs
have
on
heal
th
outc
omes
or
mor
talit
y an
d m
orbi
dity
. S
helte
r, W
AS
H a
nd
food
sec
urity
-re
late
d co
nten
t is
not
as in
-dep
th a
s he
alth
rela
ted
aspe
cts.
Non
eTe
chni
cal,
spec
ialis
t sk
ills
and
know
ledg
e is
requ
ired
to u
tilis
e th
e to
ol.
http
://r
efbo
oks.
msf
.org
/m
sf_d
ocs/
en/
rapi
d_h
ealth
/ra
pid
_hea
lth_
en.p
df
The
Live
lihoo
d A
sses
smen
t To
ol-k
it:
Ana
lysi
ng a
nd
Res
pond
ing
to
the
Impa
ct o
f D
isas
ters
on
the
Live
lihoo
ds
of P
eopl
e’, F
AO
IL
O (
2009
).
An
asse
ssm
ent t
ool t
hat
capt
ures
cap
aciti
es a
nd
oppo
rtun
ities
for r
ecov
ery
and
incr
ease
d re
silie
nce.
LA
T sh
ould
be
inte
grat
ed
as m
uch
as p
ossi
ble
into
co
untr
y-le
vel d
isas
ter
prep
ared
ness
sys
tem
s an
d st
ruct
ures
and
su
ppor
ted
by g
loba
l lev
el
capa
citie
s w
here
rele
vant
. Th
e ap
proa
ch is
aim
ed to
se
t up
resp
onse
ana
lysi
s fr
amew
ork
and
can
be u
sed
by C
ount
ry T
eam
s, n
atio
nal
and
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
an
d N
GO
s. A
ddre
sses
vu
lner
abili
ty a
ccor
ding
to
the
asse
t bas
e th
at p
eopl
e ha
ve p
rior t
o th
e cr
isis
and
th
eir a
bilit
y to
eng
age
in
vario
us c
opin
g st
rate
gies
(s
usta
inab
le li
velih
oods
fr
amew
ork)
.
Sud
den
onse
t di
sast
ers,
em
erge
ncy
phas
e.
App
licab
le fo
r ca
mps
, hos
t fa
mili
es a
nd
disp
erse
d po
pula
tions
.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. Litt
le/
no g
uida
nce
is
prov
ided
on
how
to
app
roac
h co
nflic
t co
ntex
ts.
Live
lihoo
dsM
arke
ts
refe
renc
ed
thou
gh o
ut th
e do
cum
ent b
ut
no d
etai
led
data
col
lect
ion
or a
naly
sis
is
incl
uded
.
Not
es o
n ur
ban
cons
ider
atio
ns
are
incl
uded
th
roug
hout
th
e gu
idan
ce
docu
men
t.
http
://w
ww
.fao.
org
/file
adm
in/
user
_upl
oad
/em
erge
ncie
s/do
cs/L
AT_
Bro
chur
e_Lo
Res
.pd
f
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 53
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
The
Pra
c-tit
ione
rs’
Gui
de to
the
Hou
seho
ld
Eco
nom
y A
ppro
ach
(Cha
pter
6:
Ada
ptat
ions
of
HE
A).
RH
VP,
FEG
an
d S
ave
the
Chi
ldre
n U
K (
200
8).
This
gui
de is
aim
ed
at th
ose
carr
ying
out
H
EA
ass
essm
ents
. The
P
ract
ition
ers’
Gui
de is
pr
esen
ted
as a
ser
ies
of
chap
ters
; the
exp
ecta
tion
is n
ot th
at th
is g
uide
will
be
read
cov
er to
cov
er,
but r
athe
r tha
t ind
ivid
ual
chap
ters
will
be
used
as
‘mod
ules
’, ea
ch s
elf-
cont
aine
d an
d sp
ecifi
c to
a
part
icul
ar a
spec
t of H
EA
. Th
is is
not
mea
nt to
be
used
as
a ‘d
o-it-
your
self’
gui
de
for t
hose
with
no
expo
sure
to
HE
A. T
here
are
sev
en
chap
ters
incl
uded
in th
e P
ract
ition
er’s
Gui
de a
nd
two
supp
lem
enta
l gui
des.
Th
e ch
apte
rs a
re p
rese
nted
in
an
orde
r seq
uent
ial t
o th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e H
EA
fram
ewor
k, s
tart
ing
with
an
over
view
of t
he
fram
ewor
k an
d m
ovin
g th
roug
h pr
actic
al fi
eldw
ork
to o
utco
me
anal
ysis
and
re
spon
se p
lann
ing.
Pre
pare
dnes
s an
d re
cove
ry.
Rap
id H
EA
av
aila
ble
for
rapi
d on
set
cont
exts
(se
e C
hapt
er 6
).
No
spec
ific
guid
ance
on
confl
ict c
onte
xts
is in
clud
ed in
th
e te
chni
cal
guid
ance
sh
eets
. H
owev
er,
confl
ict r
elat
ed
info
rmat
ion
is
avai
labl
e in
the
mai
n gu
idan
ce.
Food
S
ecur
ity a
nd
Live
lihoo
ds
Mar
ket
asse
ssm
ent
elem
ents
are
in
clud
ed in
re
latio
n to
fo
od s
ecur
ity
and
livel
ihoo
d ac
tiviti
es a
nd
outc
omes
of
the
popu
latio
ns
bein
g as
sess
ed. T
he
guid
e in
clud
es
a ‘M
arke
t A
sses
smen
t S
uppl
emen
t’ th
at p
rovi
des
an in
trod
uctio
n to
the
use
of
mar
ket a
naly
sis
in d
eter
min
ing
the
appr
opria
te
rang
e of
re
spon
ses
to
acut
e fo
od
inse
curit
y.
Sig
nific
ant v
olum
e of
info
rmat
ion
is c
olle
cted
and
th
orou
gh d
ata
colle
ctio
n an
d an
alys
is c
an b
e tim
e co
nsum
ing,
unl
ess
a ra
pid
appr
oach
is
app
lied.
May
be
bett
er a
pplie
d fo
r th
orou
gh a
naly
sis
prio
r to
sign
ifica
nt
food
sec
urity
an
d liv
elih
ood
prog
ram
min
g or
as
a ba
selin
e in
con
text
s th
at e
xper
ienc
e fr
eque
nt d
isas
ters
.
HE
A is
a tr
ied
and
test
ed
met
hodo
logy
that
ha
s be
en a
dapt
ed
to a
num
ber o
f co
ntex
ts in
clud
ing
urba
n an
d hu
man
itaria
n. S
ee
the
HE
A w
ebsi
te
(htt
p://
ww
w.
heaw
ebsi
te.o
rg/)
, w
hich
hos
ts o
ver
200
HE
A re
port
s.
http
://w
ww
.sa
veth
e ch
ildre
n.or
g.uk
/ re
sour
ces/
on
line-
libra
ry/
prac
titio
ners
%
E2
%8
0%
99-
guid
e-ho
useh
old-
ec
onom
y-ap
proa
ch
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
54 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Rap
id
Ass
essm
ent f
or
Mar
kets
’ IC
RC
(2
015
).
The
Rap
id A
sses
smen
t for
M
arke
ts (
RA
M) p
rovi
des
a qu
ick
and
basi
c sn
apsh
ot
of h
ow k
ey m
arke
ts
oper
ate
imm
edia
tely
afte
r a
shoc
k, to
sup
port
initi
al
deci
sion
s on
the
feas
ibili
ty
of re
spon
se o
ptio
ns (
cash
vs
in-k
ind,
initi
al m
arke
t su
ppor
t) a
nd to
iden
tify
whe
ther
or n
ot m
ore
deta
iled
mar
ket s
yste
m
anal
ysis
is n
eede
d, a
nd
if so
, for
wha
t. G
uida
nce
invo
lves
a s
tep-
by-
step
gui
de th
roug
h th
e pr
oces
s of
mar
ket a
naly
sis
imm
edia
tely
afte
r the
sh
ock.
Gre
ater
em
phas
is
on g
eogr
aphi
cal l
ocat
ions
, bu
t als
o co
nsid
ers
mar
ket
syst
ems
to a
n ex
tent
. S
uppo
rts
an u
nder
stan
ding
of
com
mod
ity d
eman
d.
Pro
vide
s so
me
tech
nica
l in
form
atio
n on
mar
ket
conc
epts
and
gui
danc
e on
repo
rtin
g. A
nnex
in
clud
es w
orks
heet
s an
d qu
estio
nnai
res
to s
uppo
rt
all s
teps
of t
he p
roce
ss.
Sud
den
onse
t (a
lthou
gh c
ould
po
tent
ially
be
adap
ted
to
a sl
ow o
nset
cr
isis
).
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. R
efer
ence
s th
e im
port
ance
of
a c
onfli
ct
lens
, pro
vidi
ng
num
erou
s ca
se s
tudi
es,
ques
tion
prom
pts
and
exam
ples
.
Rel
evan
t for
al
l, al
thou
gh
orie
ntat
ed
mor
e to
war
ds
basi
c ne
ed
com
mod
ities
.
Yes,
this
is
a m
arke
t as
sess
men
t to
ol, t
hat
incl
udes
gu
idan
ce o
n re
spon
se
anal
ysis
and
re
port
ing.
Dat
a co
llect
ion
form
s ca
n be
ad
apte
d an
d us
ed
for l
onge
r ter
m
anal
ysis
and
for
mul
tiple
con
text
s,
incl
udin
g ur
ban.
App
licab
le to
bo
th u
rban
and
ru
ral c
onte
xts.
S
ome
RA
M
ques
tionn
aire
s w
ere
edite
d an
d de
velo
ped
to
colle
ct d
ata
on
mar
kets
in N
epal
in
resp
onse
to th
e 20
15 e
arth
quak
e.
48-H
our
Ass
essm
ent
tool
’ Oxf
am
ECB
201
2.
The
purp
ose
of th
e 48
-hou
r as
sess
men
t too
l is
to o
btai
n a
quic
k un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e em
erge
ncy
food
se
curit
y an
d liv
elih
ood
(EFS
L) s
ituat
ion
with
in th
e fir
st fe
w d
ays
afte
r a ra
pid-
onse
t dis
aste
r. Th
e to
olki
t co
mpr
ises
que
stio
nnai
re
tem
plat
es, g
uida
nce
note
s an
d a
resp
onse
ana
lysi
s de
cisi
on tr
ee.
Imm
edia
te
afte
rmat
h of
a
shoc
k.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed fo
r co
nflic
t con
text
s
Food
S
ecur
ity a
nd
Live
lihoo
ds
Min
imal
This
is m
eant
to
be a
tool
that
non
-te
chni
cal s
taff
can
utili
se.
http
://w
ww
.ec
bpro
ject
.org
/ec
b/e
fsl-4
8-h
our-
asse
ssm
ent-t
ool
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 55
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Em
erge
ncy
Mar
ket
Map
ping
an
d A
naly
sis’
(E
MM
A),
Alb
u,
M. (
2010
).
The
Em
erge
ncy
Mar
ket
Map
ping
Ana
lysi
s (E
MM
A)
tool
kit p
rovi
des
guid
ance
on
the
sele
ctio
n an
d an
alys
is o
f crit
ical
mar
ket
syst
em(s
) afte
r a s
hock
to
info
rm re
spon
se o
ptio
ns,
incl
udin
g bo
th d
irect
an
d in
dire
ct s
uppo
rt
to m
arke
ts, f
rom
relie
f to
reco
very
. Gui
danc
e in
volv
es p
ract
ical
10
-ste
p pr
oces
s fo
r pre
parin
g fo
r an
d ca
rryi
ng o
ut fi
eldw
ork
for m
arke
t ana
lysi
s, w
ith
thor
ough
exp
lana
tions
. P
rovi
des
deta
iled
tech
nica
l in
form
atio
n on
mar
ket
conc
epts
and
on
repo
rtin
g of
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
resp
onse
opt
ions
.
All
disa
ster
ph
ases
as
the
scal
e an
d de
pth
of in
form
atio
n ca
n be
var
ied
acco
rdin
gly.
A
pplic
atio
n in
pr
epar
edne
ss
cont
exts
has
gi
ven
rise
to a
to
ol P
CM
A (
Pre
-C
risis
Mar
ket
Ana
lysi
s).
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. R
efer
ence
s th
e im
port
ance
of
a c
onfli
ct
lens
, pro
vidi
ng
num
erou
s qu
estio
n pr
ompt
s, c
ase
stud
ies
and
exam
ples
.
Rel
evan
t for
al
l; al
thou
gh
less
test
ed fo
r se
rvic
e m
arke
t sy
stem
s.
Yes,
this
is
a m
arke
t as
sess
men
t to
ol, t
hat
incl
udes
gu
idan
ce o
n re
spon
se
anal
ysis
and
re
port
ing.
With
rega
rds
reso
urce
s re
quire
d;
this
var
ies
but
is g
over
ned
by
how
man
y m
arke
t sy
stem
s ar
e be
ing
anal
ysed
and
how
m
any
geog
raph
ical
lo
catio
ns a
re b
eing
vi
site
d. T
he te
am
size
can
var
y fr
om
2 to
10
peop
le.
The
dura
tion
of a
n E
MM
As
can
be 2
–4
wee
ks d
epen
ding
on
the
scop
e of
the
anal
ysis
. The
team
le
ader
sho
uld
have
te
chni
cal k
now
ledg
e of
mar
ket a
naly
sis,
an
d is
nor
mal
ly
resp
onsi
ble
for
build
ing
the
capa
city
of
the
team
.
App
licab
le in
bo
th u
rban
and
ru
ral c
onte
xts.
Th
e ap
proa
ch
and
tool
s ha
ve
been
use
d fo
r ass
essi
ng
deve
lopi
ng/
oppo
rtun
ity
ww
w.
emm
atoo
lkit.
org
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
56 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Mul
ti-S
ecto
r In
itial
Rap
id
Ass
essm
ent
Gui
danc
e’
IAS
C (
2015
a).
A M
IRA
is a
n in
ter-a
genc
y ne
eds
asse
ssm
ent a
nd
anal
ysis
pro
cess
, fro
m
whi
ch a
join
t str
ateg
ic p
lan
for e
mer
genc
y re
spon
se
is d
evel
oped
by
the
hum
anita
rian
Cou
ntry
Tea
m.
The
MIR
A m
ay b
e m
odifi
ed
for v
ario
us e
mer
genc
y co
ntex
ts a
nd c
an b
e us
ed
to re
spon
d to
IDP
or n
on-
refu
gee
emer
genc
ies.
The
M
IRA
pro
cess
focu
ses
on p
rodu
cing
a s
ituat
iona
l an
alys
is d
urin
g th
e fir
st
thre
e da
ys o
f the
ons
et o
f a
disa
ster
, fol
low
ed b
y a
MIR
A re
port
to b
e re
leas
ed
with
in 2
wee
ks o
f the
sta
rt
of a
dis
aste
r.
It is
mos
t ef
fect
ive
in
a su
dden
on
set n
atur
al
disa
ster
, and
is
cond
ucte
d in
the
first
wee
ks o
f a
disa
ster
.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. Litt
le/
no g
uida
nce
is
prov
ided
on
how
to
app
roac
h co
nflic
t co
ntex
ts.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
sR
efer
ence
s to
mar
kets
ar
e m
ade
in
the
guid
ance
do
cum
ent,
and
seve
ral
ques
tions
re
late
d to
m
arke
ts a
re
incl
uded
in th
e as
sess
men
t te
mpl
ate.
Gre
ater
incl
usio
n of
mar
ket r
elat
es
aspe
cts
have
bee
n hi
ghlig
hted
as
nece
ssar
y fo
llow
ing
rece
nt d
isas
ters
, su
ch a
s Ty
phoo
n H
aiya
n.
Ada
ptat
ions
to th
e M
IRA
are
ofte
n m
ade
in c
ount
ry
(by
the
UN
le
adin
g ag
ency
in
con
junc
tion
with
inte
rest
ed
agen
cies
) to
ens
ure
its
appl
icab
ility
to
the
cont
ext.
As
such
the
asse
ssm
ent t
ools
ca
n be
urb
anis
ed
if ne
cess
ary
and
addi
tiona
l qu
estio
ns (
such
as
thos
e re
late
d to
mar
kets
) can
be
incl
uded
.
http
s://
cms.
em
erge
ncy.
unhc
r. or
g/d
ocum
ents
/ 11
982
/501
75/
MIR
A+
July
+
2015
/a23
165a
0-
c7af
-434
3-8
c77-
8721
c648
1d3f
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 57
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Rap
id
Hum
ani-
taria
n A
sses
s-m
ent i
n U
rban
S
ettin
gs,
Tech
ni-
cal B
rief’
Cur
rion,
P.
for A
CA
PS
(2
015
).
This
Tec
hnic
al B
rief i
s in
tend
ed to
be
a st
artin
g po
int f
or im
prov
ing
coor
di-
nate
d ne
eds
asse
ssm
ents
in
urb
an a
reas
, with
out
whi
ch th
e hu
man
itaria
n co
mm
unity
will
not
be
able
to
ens
ure
the
qual
ity a
nd
acco
unta
bilit
y of
urb
an
resp
onse
itse
lf. It
pro
vide
s gu
idan
ce o
n ca
rryi
ng o
ut
join
t rap
id a
sses
smen
ts
of h
uman
itaria
n ne
eds
in
urba
n en
viro
nmen
ts w
ithin
th
e fir
st w
eeks
of a
dis
aste
r. Th
e br
ief a
ssum
es a
bas
ic
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
goo
d pr
actic
e in
nee
ds a
sses
s-m
ent,
and
is in
tend
ed to
co
mpl
emen
t exi
stin
g sp
ecif-
ic te
chni
cal g
uida
nce,
par
-tic
ular
ly re
sour
ces
alre
ady
publ
ishe
d by
AC
AP
S (
e.g.
th
e G
ood
Eno
ugh
Gui
de to
N
eeds
Ass
essm
ent)
, and
th
e R
evis
ed M
ulti-
Clu
ster
/ S
ecto
r Ini
tial R
apid
Ass
ess-
men
t (M
IRA
) dev
elop
ed b
y th
e In
ter-
Age
ncy
Sta
ndin
g C
omm
ittee
(IA
SC
).
All
disa
ster
ph
ases
.N
ot s
peci
fical
ly
desi
gned
fo
r con
flict
co
ntex
ts.
Ref
eren
ces
the
impo
rtan
ce
of a
con
flict
le
ns, p
rovi
ding
nu
mer
ous
ques
tion
prom
pts,
cas
e st
udie
s an
d ex
ampl
es.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
sIm
port
ance
of
incl
udin
g m
arke
t ana
lysi
s is
hig
hlig
hted
an
d th
e re
ader
is
adv
ised
to
appl
y sp
ecifi
c to
ols
such
as
EM
MA
.
Cas
h Tr
ansf
er
Pro
gram
-m
ing
in
Urb
an
Em
erge
n-ci
es’ C
ross
T.
and
Jo
hnst
on
A. f
or
CaL
P
(201
1).
Alth
ough
dev
elop
ed a
s a
guid
e to
impl
emen
ting
cash
tr
ansf
ers
in u
rban
con
text
s,
Topi
c 1
of th
e to
olki
t in
clud
es a
gui
de o
n ho
w
exis
ting
asse
ssm
ent t
ools
ca
n be
app
lied
to u
rban
co
ntex
ts. T
he s
ectio
n al
so
prov
ides
gui
danc
e on
urb
an
map
ping
and
defi
ning
urb
an
com
mun
ities
, vul
nera
bilit
y cr
iteria
and
suc
h lik
e.
All
disa
ster
ph
ases
.N
ot s
peci
fical
ly
desi
gned
fo
r con
flict
co
ntex
ts.
Ref
eren
ces
the
impo
rtan
ce
of a
con
flict
le
ns, p
rovi
ding
nu
mer
ous
case
st
udie
s an
d ex
ampl
es.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
sG
uida
nce
on
the
incl
usio
n of
m
arke
t-rel
ated
in
form
atio
n is
pr
ovid
ed, a
s ar
e lin
ks to
po
tent
ial t
ools
an
d ch
eckl
ists
of
asp
ects
th
at re
quire
co
nsid
erat
ion.
The
tool
kit h
as
exte
nsiv
e an
nexe
s of
use
ful r
esou
rces
in
clud
ing:
FG
D
ques
tionn
aire
s,
hous
ehol
d su
rvey
s an
d, a
sses
smen
t re
port
ing
form
ats.
The
docu
men
t ta
kes
the
user
fr
om a
sses
sing
a
cont
ext t
o pl
anni
ng a
n in
terv
entio
n,
mak
ing
this
a
usef
ul g
uide
to
thos
e w
ho
are
likel
y to
im
plem
ent a
cas
h in
terv
entio
n in
an
urba
n ar
ea.
ww
w.
cash
lear
ning
.org
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
58 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Nee
ds
Ass
essm
ent
for R
efug
ee
Em
erge
ncie
s (N
AR
E)
Che
cklis
t’
Dra
ft do
cum
ent.
UN
HC
R
As
the
lead
coo
rdin
ator
in
a re
fuge
e em
erge
ncy,
U
NH
CR
has
a
resp
onsi
bilit
y to
coo
rdin
ate
a m
ulti-
sect
oria
l nee
ds-
base
d re
spon
se. T
he N
AR
E
is p
rinci
pally
des
igne
d to
as
sist
UN
HC
R o
pera
tions
w
ith in
itial
mul
ti-se
ctor
ial
need
s as
sess
men
ts
whe
n th
ere
has
been
a
sign
ifica
nt s
udde
n fo
rced
dis
plac
emen
t of
pop
ulat
ions
acr
oss
bord
ers.
The
NA
RE
can
also
be
used
whe
n th
ere
is a
sud
den
influ
x of
a
popu
latio
n in
to a
n ex
istin
g op
erat
iona
l ref
ugee
en
viro
nmen
t or i
n a
refu
gee
oper
atio
n w
here
inad
equa
te
asse
ssm
ents
hav
e be
en
cond
ucte
d. T
he N
AR
E
high
light
s in
form
atio
n th
at
is d
eriv
ed fr
om p
re-c
risis
an
d po
st-c
risis
sec
onda
ry
data
ana
lysi
s, b
efor
e pr
imar
y da
ta c
olle
ctio
n be
gins
. For
prim
ary
data
co
llect
ion,
the
NA
RE
su
gges
ts d
ata
elem
ents
th
at m
ay b
e de
rived
from
fa
cilit
y vi
sits
, obs
erva
tions
, ke
y in
form
ants
and
focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons.
It
prom
otes
the
cros
s-an
alys
is
of in
form
atio
n de
rived
from
m
ultip
le m
etho
dolo
gies
ac
ross
mul
tiple
sec
tors
to
ensu
re a
rapi
d, re
lativ
ely
com
plet
e pi
ctur
e of
nee
ds
in a
refu
gee
emer
genc
y.
Sig
nific
ant
sudd
en fo
rced
di
spla
cem
ent
of p
opul
atio
ns
acro
ss b
orde
rs.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. Litt
le/
no g
uida
nce
is
prov
ided
on
how
to
app
roac
h co
nflic
t co
ntex
ts.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
sQ
uest
ions
re
late
d to
m
arke
ts a
re
inco
rpor
ated
ac
ross
sec
tors
.
Eac
h se
ctor
has
a
dedi
cate
d ch
eckl
ist
of q
uest
ions
for
incl
usio
n, in
clud
ing
cam
p m
anag
emen
t an
d co
mm
unal
liv
ing,
edu
catio
n an
d cr
oss-
cutt
ing
elem
ents
suc
h as
pr
otec
tion.
Ref
eren
ces
urba
n co
ntex
ts a
nd is
ad
apta
ble
due
to
the
brea
dth
of th
e as
pect
s lis
ted
in
the
chec
klis
ts.
http
s://
emer
genc
y.un
hcr.
org
/ent
ry/5
0209
/ne
eds-
asse
ssm
ent-
for-r
efug
ee-
emer
genc
ies-
nare
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 59
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Em
erge
ncy
Han
dboo
k U
NH
CR
(o
nlin
e to
ol)
**Th
is
hand
book
do
es
cont
ain
a lo
t of u
rban
gu
idan
ce
but s
eem
s to
incl
ude
mor
e ru
ral-
orie
ntat
ed
guid
ance
th
at m
ay
need
ad
aptin
g to
an
urba
n co
ntex
t.
The
onlin
e E
mer
genc
y H
andb
ook
guid
ance
(of
w
hich
the
NA
RE
is p
art
of) i
s pu
blis
hed
in th
e fo
rm
of ‘E
ntrie
s’, s
elf-c
onta
ined
un
its o
f con
tent
. Ent
ries
are
stru
ctur
ed a
long
sev
en
mai
n to
pic
area
s in
clud
ing:
–
‘Pro
tect
ing
and
empo
wer
ing’
: Com
mun
ity-
base
d pr
otec
tion;
pr
otec
tion
inte
rven
tions
, as
ylum
, spe
cific
nee
ds,
regi
stra
tion,
lega
l sta
ndar
ds
and
prin
cipl
es.
– ‘D
eliv
erin
g th
e re
spon
se’:
Pro
gram
me
plan
ning
an
d m
anag
emen
t, se
ctor
gu
idan
ce a
nd g
ood
prac
tices
by
oper
atio
nal
cont
ext (
urba
n, ru
ral,
cam
ps),
stan
dard
s an
d in
dica
tors
, UN
HC
R
man
agem
ent p
roce
dure
s fo
r adm
inis
trat
ion,
fina
nce,
hu
man
reso
urce
s, s
uppl
y an
d in
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logy
(I
CT)
.
Sig
nific
ant
sudd
en fo
rced
di
spla
cem
ent
of p
opul
atio
ns
acro
ss b
orde
rs.
In th
e as
sess
men
t ch
apte
r (an
d to
ol -
see
UN
HC
R N
AR
E)
ther
e is
lim
ited
advi
ce o
n co
nflic
t con
text
s is
pro
vide
d in
a
num
ber o
f ur
ban
spec
ific
docu
men
ts fo
r ex
ampl
e: H
ealth
in
urb
an a
reas
. A
spe
cific
se
ctio
n on
se
curit
y lo
oks
at c
ivil-
mili
tary
co
ordi
natio
n. A
se
ctio
n of
the
hand
book
on
Pro
tect
ing
and
Em
pow
erin
g pr
ovid
es
guid
ance
on
wor
king
in
con
flict
co
ntex
ts.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
sG
uida
nce
on
the
incl
usio
n of
m
arke
t rel
ated
in
form
atio
n is
pr
ovid
ed, a
s ar
e lin
ks to
po
tent
ial t
ools
an
d ch
eckl
ists
of
asp
ects
th
at re
quire
co
nsid
erat
ion.
The
sect
ion
‘Del
iver
ing
the
resp
onse
’ inc
lude
s gu
idan
ce o
n ur
ban
cont
exts
in re
latio
n to
a n
umbe
r of
sect
ors
incl
udin
g:
heal
th, f
ood
secu
rity,
liv
elih
oods
, nut
ritio
n an
d W
AS
H.
The
sect
ion
rela
ted
to
‘Pro
tect
ing
and
empo
wer
ing’
in
clud
es li
nks
to n
umer
ous
asse
ssm
ent
tool
s an
d m
etho
dolo
gies
ac
ross
sec
tors
, in
clud
ing:
hea
lth,
food
sec
urity
an
d nu
triti
on.
Link
s to
join
t or
reco
gnis
ed to
ols
such
as
the
MIR
A
and
NA
RE
are
mad
e.
http
s://
emer
genc
y.un
hcr.
org
/
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
60 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Sph
ere
Han
dboo
k’,
The
Sph
ere
Pro
ject
(20
11).
Focu
sing
on
the
perio
d of
hu
man
itaria
n re
spon
se,
the
Sph
ere
min
imum
st
anda
rds
cove
r act
iviti
es
that
mee
t the
urg
ent
surv
ival
nee
ds o
f dis
aste
r-af
fect
ed p
opul
atio
ns.
The
Cor
e S
tand
ards
an
d m
inim
um s
tand
ards
co
ver a
ppro
ache
s to
pr
ogra
mm
ing
(incl
udin
g as
sess
men
ts) a
nd fo
ur
sets
of l
ife-s
avin
g ac
tiviti
es:
wat
er s
uppl
y, s
anita
tion
and
hygi
ene
prom
otio
n;
food
sec
urity
and
nut
ritio
n;
shel
ter,
sett
lem
ent a
nd
non-
food
item
s; a
nd h
ealth
ac
tion.
Sph
ere
Cor
e S
tand
ard
3 re
late
s to
as
sess
men
ts. A
spe
cific
gu
idan
ce d
ocum
ent
‘Sph
ere
for A
sses
smen
ts’
deve
lope
d by
the
Sph
ere
Pro
ject
and
AC
AP
S is
a
shor
t gui
de to
he
lp s
taff
iden
tify
and
impl
emen
t sec
tions
of t
he
Sph
ere
Han
dboo
k m
ost
rele
vant
to a
sses
smen
t. (h
ttp:
//w
ww
.sph
erep
roje
ct.
org
/silo
/file
s/sp
here
-for-
asse
ssm
ents
)
From
a fe
w d
ays
or w
eeks
to
man
y m
onth
s an
d ev
en y
ears
, pa
rtic
ular
ly
in c
onte
xts
invo
lvin
g pr
otra
cted
in
secu
rity
and
disp
lace
men
t.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. R
efer
ence
s th
e im
port
ance
of
a c
onfli
ct
lens
, pro
vidi
ng
exam
ples
, qu
estio
n pr
ompt
s an
d re
fere
nces
for
furt
her r
eadi
ng.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
sO
nly
in th
e fo
od s
ecur
ity
sect
ion.
H
owev
er,
the
Sph
ere
com
pani
on
guid
e:
‘Min
imum
R
equi
rem
ents
fo
r Mar
ket
Ana
lysi
s in
E
mer
genc
ies’
is
ava
ilabl
e fo
r us
e.
Sph
ere
stan
dard
s fo
r app
licat
ion
in
urba
n ar
eas
are
unde
r ela
bora
tion.
Eac
h ch
apte
r co
verin
g a
sect
or
(suc
h as
food
se
curit
y, h
ealth
, W
AS
H, e
tc.)
has
a ch
eckl
ist
of a
sses
smen
t qu
estio
ns in
ap
pend
ix.
http
://w
ww
.sp
here
hand
book
.or
g/
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 61
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Initi
al R
apid
A
sses
smen
t (I
RA
)’ IA
SC
(H
ealth
, N
utrit
ion
and
WA
SH
C
lust
ers)
(2
009
)
The
purp
ose
is to
pro
vide
a
rapi
d ov
ervi
ew o
f the
em
erge
ncy
situ
atio
n in
or
der t
o id
entif
y th
e im
pact
s of
the
cris
is, m
ake
initi
al
estim
ates
of n
eeds
, and
de
fine
the
prio
ritie
s fo
r hu
man
itaria
n ac
tion
in th
e ea
rly w
eeks
of r
espo
nse.
It
shou
ld a
nsw
er th
e fo
llow
ing
core
que
stio
ns:
1. W
hat h
as h
appe
ned?
Is
ther
e an
em
erge
ncy
situ
atio
n an
d, if
so,
wha
t are
its
key
feat
ures
? 2.
How
hav
e th
e po
pula
tion
and
esse
ntia
l ser
vice
s be
en
affe
cted
? W
ho a
re w
orst
af
fect
ed a
nd li
kely
to b
e m
ost v
ulne
rabl
e? W
hy?
How
man
y pe
ople
are
af
fect
ed?
Whe
re a
re th
ey?
3. A
re in
terv
entio
ns
requ
ired
to p
reve
nt fu
rthe
r ha
rm o
r los
s of
life
? If
so,
wha
t are
top
prio
ritie
s?
4. W
hat c
ontin
uing
or
emer
ging
thre
ats
coul
d es
cala
te th
e em
erge
ncy?
5.
Wha
t res
ourc
es a
nd
capa
citie
s ar
e av
aila
ble?
W
hat a
re th
e m
ost
impo
rtan
t, im
med
iate
ca
paci
ty g
aps?
6
. Wha
t are
the
key
info
rmat
ion
gaps
that
sh
ould
be
addr
esse
d in
fo
llow
-up
asse
ssm
ents
?
As
soon
as
poss
ible
afte
r th
e on
set o
f a
new
sud
den-
onse
t cris
is
(with
in 7
2 ho
urs,
max
imum
1
wee
k). T
he
who
le p
roce
ss
incl
udin
g an
alys
is a
nd
prep
arat
ion
of a
re
port
sho
uld
be
com
plet
ed w
ithin
1
to 3
wee
ks.
Whe
n an
are
a in
an
ongo
ing
confl
ict/
com
plex
em
erge
ncy
beco
mes
new
ly
acce
ssib
le, o
r in
a p
rotr
acte
d em
erge
ncy
affe
cted
by
a su
dden
, ad
ditio
nal s
hock
or
det
erio
ratio
n in
con
ditio
ns.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. R
efer
ence
s th
e im
port
ance
of
a c
onfli
ct
lens
, pro
vidi
ng
num
erou
s ca
se s
tudi
es,
ques
tion
prom
pts
and
exam
ples
.
Hea
lth,
Nut
ritio
n an
d W
AS
H
??Th
e da
ta c
olle
ctio
n fo
rmat
s ar
e us
er-
frie
ndly
. For
ms
can
be u
sed
as a
che
cklis
t an
d w
orks
heet
fo
r rec
ordi
ng
obse
rvat
ions
and
ta
king
not
es d
urin
g in
terv
iew
s.
Eac
h qu
estio
n ha
s a
code
sug
gest
ing
the
sour
ce(s
) fro
m
whi
ch to
col
lect
the
data
. The
se c
odes
ar
e ex
plai
ned
on
the
fron
t she
et o
f th
e fo
rm. S
ome
ques
tions
hav
e m
ore
than
one
co
de, i
ndic
atin
g th
at m
ultip
le
sour
ces
shou
ld b
e us
ed a
nd th
e da
ta
tria
ngul
ated
.
The
guid
ance
do
cum
ent
reco
mm
ends
cu
stom
isat
ion
of th
e to
ols
to
the
coun
try
situ
atio
n w
hile
m
aint
aini
ng th
e ba
sic
stru
ctur
e,
and
be tr
ansl
ated
, if
nece
ssar
y.
Idea
lly, t
his
shou
ld b
e do
ne in
ad
vanc
e as
par
t of
inte
r-age
ncy
cont
inge
ncy
plan
ning
. As
such
an
urba
n fo
cus
coul
d be
in
clud
ed.
http
://
was
hclu
ster
.ne
t/to
pics
/as
sess
men
t/
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
62 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
G
uide
lines
for
Ass
essm
ent i
n E
mer
genc
ies’
IA
SC
E
mer
genc
y S
helte
r Clu
ster
(2
00
6).
Thes
e gu
idel
ines
pro
vide
ad
vice
on
the
orga
nisa
tion
of in
itial
rapi
d as
sess
men
ts
and,
to th
e ex
tent
pos
sibl
e,
atte
mpt
to s
potli
ght
the
emer
genc
y sh
elte
r in
terv
entio
n. T
he s
eque
nce
of s
ectio
ns c
orre
spon
ds
to th
e or
der i
n w
hich
ta
sks
coul
d be
car
ried
out:
plan
ning
, fiel
dwor
k,
anal
ysis
and
repo
rtin
g.
The
asse
ssm
ent s
houl
d id
eally
be
an IA
SC
Cou
ntry
Te
am in
itiat
ive
unde
r th
e ov
eral
l coo
rdin
atio
n of
the
Hum
anita
rian
Coo
rdin
ator
. The
as
sess
men
t tea
m, i
nvol
ving
th
e go
vern
men
t, st
aff f
rom
U
N a
nd in
terg
over
nmen
tal
agen
cies
, the
Red
Cro
ss/
Red
Cre
scen
t Mov
emen
t an
d N
GO
s sh
ould
be
mul
tifun
ctio
nal:
it is
no
t mea
nt to
con
sist
of
repr
esen
tativ
es o
f sep
arat
e se
ctor
s of
ass
ista
nce,
but
sh
ould
rath
er fo
cus
on th
e jo
int c
apac
ities
and
ski
lls
of it
s m
embe
rs to
car
ry o
ut
its ta
sk.
Imm
edia
te
afte
rmat
h of
a
shoc
k.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
. Litt
le/
no g
uida
nce
is
prov
ided
on
how
to
app
roac
h co
nflic
t co
ntex
ts.
Mul
tiple
se
ctor
sN
oTh
e fo
rmat
pro
vide
d co
uld
be a
dapt
ed to
in
clud
e m
ore
urba
n re
late
d el
emen
ts.
The
chec
klis
t an
nexe
d to
th
e do
cum
ent
cons
olid
ates
ch
eckl
ists
fr
om a
num
ber
of s
ourc
es,
incl
udin
g tw
o U
NH
CR
sou
rces
an
d th
e S
pher
e H
uman
itaria
n C
hart
er a
nd
Min
imum
S
tand
ards
in
Dis
aste
r R
espo
nse.
http
s://
ww
w.
hum
anita
rian-
resp
onse
.info
/en
/ope
ratio
ns/
Col
ombi
a/do
cum
ent/
emer
genc
y-sh
el-
ter-c
lust
ergu
ide-
lines
-ass
essm
ent-
emer
genc
ies
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 63
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
RE
AC
H A
sses
smen
t Too
ls
(htt
p://
ww
w.re
ach-
initi
ativ
e.or
g/t
ag/a
sses
smen
t)
RE
AC
H c
ombi
nes
the
utili
ty o
f mod
ern
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gy w
ith ta
ilore
d as
sess
men
t met
hodo
logi
es,
tool
s an
d pr
oces
ses
that
are
ada
pted
to e
ach
emer
genc
y co
ntex
t and
to
the
requ
irem
ents
of a
id
acto
rs a
nd c
oord
inat
ion
mec
hani
sms.
All
disa
ster
ph
ases
.R
each
as
sess
men
t to
ols
are
adap
ted
to c
onfli
ct
cont
exts
.
Mul
ti-se
ctor
an
d si
ngle
se
ctor
de
pend
ing
on n
eeds
and
co
ntex
t.
Dep
endi
ng
on th
e co
ntex
t un
der a
naly
sis.
As
asse
ssm
ents
ar
e de
velo
ped
acco
rdin
g to
the
cont
ext,
RE
AC
H
cont
extu
alis
e th
e as
sess
men
t for
mat
s ac
cord
ingl
y.
In a
form
alis
ed
part
ners
hip
with
the
She
lter
Clu
ster
, RE
AC
H
supp
orts
sh
elte
r clu
ster
as
sess
men
ts in
th
e af
term
ath
of a
dis
aste
r by
(1) p
rovi
ding
, up
on re
ques
t, de
dica
ted
hum
an
reso
urce
s (2
) fa
cilit
atin
g as
sess
men
ts
coor
dina
tion
and
roll-
outs
in th
e fie
ld (
3) e
nsur
ing
timel
y as
sess
men
t da
ta a
naly
sis
and
diffu
sion
of
its
resu
lts to
en
able
qui
ck a
nd
info
rmed
dec
isio
n m
akin
g. A
s su
ch,
the
asse
ssm
ents
ut
ilise
d ca
n be
m
ade
urba
n sp
ecifi
c.
http
s://
ww
w.
shel
terc
lust
er.
org
/libr
ary/
asse
ssm
ents
-2
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
64 www.iied.org
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
CA
RE
H
ouse
hold
Li
velih
ood
Sec
urity
A
sses
smen
ts:
A to
olki
t for
pr
actit
ione
rs,
prep
ared
for
the
PH
LS U
nit
by T
AN
GO
In
tern
atio
nal
Inc.
, Tus
con
Ariz
ona
(20
02).
Hou
seho
ld L
ivel
ihoo
d S
ecur
ity (
HLS
) is
CA
RE
’s
basi
c fr
amew
ork
for
prog
ram
me
anal
ysis
, de
sign
, mon
itorin
g an
d ev
alua
tion.
HLS
gro
ws
out o
f a fo
od s
ecur
ity
pers
pect
ive,
but
is b
ased
on
the
obse
rvat
ion
that
food
is
onl
y on
e im
port
ant b
asic
ne
ed a
mon
gst s
ever
al, a
nd
adeq
uate
food
con
sum
ptio
n m
ay b
e sa
crifi
ced
for o
ther
im
port
ant n
eeds
. Giv
en
that
the
caus
es o
f pov
erty
ar
e co
mpl
ex, H
LS p
rovi
des
a fr
amew
ork
to a
naly
se
and
unde
rsta
nd th
e w
eb
of p
over
ty a
nd p
eopl
e’s
mec
hani
sms
for d
ealin
g w
ith it
. HLS
is d
efine
d as
ad
equa
te a
nd s
usta
inab
le
acce
ss to
inco
me
and
reso
urce
s to
mee
t bas
ic
need
s (in
clud
ing
adeq
uate
ac
cess
to fo
od, p
otab
le
wat
er, h
ealth
faci
litie
s,
educ
atio
nal o
ppor
tuni
ties,
ho
usin
g, a
nd ti
me
for
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion
and
soci
al in
tegr
atio
n).
All
phas
es –
th
e ty
pe a
nd
mix
of H
LS
asse
ssm
ent
tool
s an
d m
etho
ds w
ill
vary
acc
ordi
ng
to th
e sp
ecifi
c ob
ject
ives
, co
nditi
ons
and
cons
trai
nts
of
the
emer
genc
y si
tuat
ion.
Not
spe
cific
ally
de
sign
ed
for c
onfli
ct,
incl
udes
as
pect
s th
at c
an
be ta
ken
into
co
nsid
erat
ion.
Mai
nly
livel
ihoo
ds
and
food
se
curit
y w
ith s
ome
cons
ider
atio
n of
oth
er
sect
ors
as
they
influ
ence
ho
useh
old
pove
rty.
Ele
men
ts o
f in
clud
ed b
ut
no s
peci
fic
tool
.
HLS
use
s an
in
tegr
ated
or
syst
ems
appr
oach
to
ana
lysi
s, w
ith
reco
gniti
on th
at
poor
peo
ple
and
poor
hou
seho
lds
live
and
inte
ract
w
ithin
bro
ader
so
cio-
econ
omic
an
d so
cio-
polit
ical
sy
stem
s th
at
influ
ence
reso
urce
pr
oduc
tion
and
allo
catio
n de
cisi
ons.
http
://w
ww
.sca
rp.
ubc.
ca/s
ites/
scar
p.ub
c.ca
/fil
es/H
ouse
hold
-Li
velih
ood-
Ass
essm
ent.p
df
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 65
nA
Me
of
too
l/ A
pp
Ro
AC
h/
Me
tho
D-
olo
gy,
Ag
en
Cy
(p
uB
lIC
AtIo
n y
eA
R)
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nu
se
In W
hIC
h
pA
Rt
of
the
e
Me
Rg
en
Cy
?
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
po
st-
Co
nfl
ICt
Co
nte
xts
?
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Ch
AR
AC
teR
IstI
Cs
:W
eB
sIt
e
uR
BA
n
gu
IDA
nC
e
oR
te
Ch
nI-
CA
l s
he
et
to A
C-
Co
Mp
An
y
ex
IstI
ng
g
uID
e-
lIn
es
De
sIg
ne
D
foR
u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
no
t D
es
Ign
eD
fo
R u
RB
An
C
on
tex
ts
Bu
t A
DA
ptA
Ble
Se
CTO
RS
C
Ov
eR
ed
* In
Clu
sIo
n
of
MA
RK
et
As
se
ss
Me
nt
Co
Mp
on
en
t?
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts o
f n
ote
AD
DIt
Ion
Al
Co
MM
en
ts
Join
t ID
P
Pro
filin
g S
ervi
ces
Ess
entia
l To
olki
t (JI
PS
JE
T)
The
JIP
S E
ssen
tial T
oolk
it (J
ET)
is a
com
pila
tion
of
gene
ric to
ols
and
guid
es
for p
rofil
ing
exer
cise
s in
IDP
situ
atio
ns. T
he
JET
repr
esen
ts th
e JI
PS
be
st p
ract
ice
tool
s (t
hat
are
stor
ed in
PA
RK
–
Pro
filin
g an
d A
sses
smen
t R
esou
rce
Kit
http
://w
ww
.pa
rkda
taba
se.o
rg/ )
and
al
so a
n in
depe
nden
t da
taba
se, w
here
use
rs c
an
brow
se fo
r ass
ista
nce
and
insp
iratio
n at
all
stag
es o
f an
IDP
pro
filin
g ex
erci
se.
The
JIP
S J
ET
incl
udes
a
hous
ehol
d qu
estio
nnai
re fo
r us
e in
pap
er o
r ele
ctro
nic
form
ats
(on
a ha
nd-h
eld
devi
ce) a
s w
ell a
s fo
cus
grou
p di
scus
sion
.
All
kind
s of
em
erge
ncy,
po
st-c
risis
ph
ase
invo
lvin
g di
spla
ced
and
host
po
pula
tions
.
Not
spe
cific
ally
. Th
e fo
cus
is m
ore
on
disp
lace
men
t. H
owev
er, t
he
ques
tionn
aire
co
uld
be
mod
ified
to
acco
mm
odat
e th
is.
Mul
ti-se
ctor
an
d si
ngle
se
ctor
de
pend
ing
on n
eeds
and
co
ntex
t.
No,
not
in
any
deta
il.
How
ever
, th
is c
ould
be
adde
d.
The
JET
docu
men
ts
can
be a
dapt
ed fo
r sp
ecifi
c co
ntex
ts.
JIP
S h
ave
anot
her p
rodu
ct,
an o
nlin
e da
ta
anal
ysis
pla
tform
D
AR
T (D
ynam
ic
Ana
lysi
s an
d R
epor
ting
Tool
ht
tp:/
/ww
w.d
art.
jips.
org
/) th
at
thei
r ass
essm
ent
form
ats
can
be
(with
sup
port
) up
load
ed to
. The
D
AR
T to
ol is
a
grea
t res
ourc
e en
ablin
g th
e vi
sual
isat
ion
of a
sses
smen
t fin
ding
s an
d da
ta
anal
ysis
.
http
://je
t.jip
s.or
g/
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
66 www.iied.org
Ann
ex D
O
verv
iew
of T
arge
ting G
uida
nce
pu
BlI
CAt
Ion
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nR
ele
vAn
Ce
tAR
ge
tIn
g
Me
Ch
An
IsM
s
Co
ve
Re
D
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts
of
no
teC
oM
Me
nts
?
Emer
genc
y ph
ase?
Rele
vant
to co
nflic
t se
ttin
gs?
Des
igne
d fo
r urb
an?
Sect
ors c
over
ed?
UN
HC
R (2
016
) D
raft
Ope
ratio
nal
Gui
delin
es
For T
arge
ting
(acc
esse
d 24
M
arch
201
6.)
Thes
e gu
idel
ines
pre
sent
the
glob
al
stra
tegi
c di
rect
ion
for t
arge
ting
with
in
UN
HC
R in
clud
ing
spec
ific
need
s an
alys
is, e
ligib
ility
pro
cess
es a
nd
iden
tifica
tion
of p
erso
ns o
f con
cern
. Th
e pu
rpos
e of
thes
e gu
idel
ines
is
to p
rovi
de th
e or
gani
satio
n w
ith a
co
mm
on fr
amew
ork
for t
arge
ting
that
will
form
the
basi
s fo
r sec
tor-
base
d ta
rget
ing
acro
ss c
ount
ries
and
diffe
rent
ope
ratio
nal c
onte
xts.
The
gu
idan
ce is
foun
ded
upon
a n
umbe
r of
prin
cipl
es in
clud
ing:
pro
tect
ion/
do n
o ha
rm; a
ccou
ntab
ility
(thr
ough
co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d fe
edba
ck
with
per
sons
of c
once
rn);
cost
-ef
fect
iven
ess;
upd
ated
regu
larly
to
enco
mpa
ss d
ynam
ic e
nviro
nmen
ts;
evid
ence
-bas
ed; s
tand
ards
and
qua
lity
cont
rol;
data
pro
tect
ion
and
secu
rity;
an
d co
ordi
natio
n an
d co
llabo
ratio
n w
ith o
ther
act
ors.
It d
efine
s th
e en
try
poin
ts fo
r dec
isio
ns o
n ta
rget
ing
with
in th
e O
pera
tions
Man
agem
ent
Cyc
le a
nd o
utlin
es fi
ve k
ey s
teps
in
the
targ
etin
g pr
oces
s al
ong
with
gu
idan
ce o
n im
plem
enta
tion
of e
ach
(1) U
nder
stan
d ne
eds;
2) C
hoos
e ta
rget
ing
mec
hani
sms;
3) E
stab
lish
Elig
ibili
ty; 4
) Man
age
erro
rs; 5
) Mon
itor
and
eval
uate
.
Gui
delin
es a
pply
‘in
all
UN
HC
R o
pera
tions
and
in a
ll ph
ases
of d
ispl
acem
ent f
rom
co
ntin
genc
y pl
anni
ng a
nd
prep
ared
ness
to e
mer
genc
y re
spon
se, p
rotr
acte
d si
tuat
ions
an
d lo
nger
term
dev
elop
men
t’.
Ther
efor
e th
ey a
re a
lso
rele
vant
to c
onfli
ct/p
ost-
confl
ict.
Des
igne
d fo
r all
disp
lace
men
t co
ntex
ts. N
o sp
ecifi
c re
fere
nce
to u
rban
/rur
al o
r ide
ntifi
catio
n of
urb
an-s
peci
fic p
robl
ems
or
solu
tions
.
Aim
is to
pro
vide
the
orga
nisa
tion
with
a c
omm
on
fram
ewor
k fo
r tar
getin
g th
at
will
form
the
basi
s fo
r sec
tor-
base
d ta
rget
ing.
Intr
oduc
es
seve
ral t
arge
ting
mec
hani
sms
- inc
ludi
ng
adm
inis
trat
ive,
ge
ogra
phic
al, C
BT,
an
d se
lf-ta
rget
ing.
Ta
rget
ing
base
d on
sco
re-b
ased
sy
stem
s us
ing
hous
ehol
d su
rvey
da
ta (
regi
stra
tion
data
/PM
T/sc
ore-
card
s) is
cla
ssifi
ed
unde
r adm
inis
trat
ive
targ
etin
g ra
ther
th
an a
s a
sepa
rate
m
echa
nism
.
Em
phas
ises
it s
houl
d in
corp
orat
e a
right
s-ba
sed
appr
oach
– b
ut n
o m
etho
dolo
gica
l gui
danc
e on
how
to
do
this
. Pro
vide
s de
finiti
ons,
gu
idan
ce a
nd g
uidi
ng q
uest
ions
re
latin
g to
: how
to a
sses
s th
e ap
prop
riate
ness
of t
arge
ting
and
whe
n ta
rget
ing
may
not
be
poss
ible
; in
refu
gee
cont
exts
, co
nsid
erat
ion
of w
hen
targ
etin
g gr
oups
out
side
of t
hose
with
R
efug
ee S
tatu
s D
eter
min
atio
n is
feas
ible
/app
ropr
iate
; how
to
dete
rmin
e ne
eds;
how
to e
stab
lish
targ
etin
g cr
iteria
; mec
hani
sms
to id
entif
y el
igib
le c
ases
bas
ed
on th
ese
crite
ria; a
nd m
anag
ing
erro
rs. I
t inc
lude
s so
me
field
‘c
ase
stud
ies’
in b
oxes
to il
lust
rate
ce
rtai
n op
erat
iona
l poi
nts.
The
m
etho
dolo
gica
l gui
danc
e is
ce
ntre
d on
UN
HC
R’s
man
date
as
wor
king
with
regi
ster
ed re
fuge
es
and
the
UN
HC
R re
fuge
e da
taba
se
is th
e st
artin
g po
int f
or a
ll ta
rget
ing
oper
atio
ns. P
ropo
ses
usin
g a
flexi
ble
com
bina
tion
of h
ouse
hold
su
rvey
s, P
roG
res
data
and
co
mm
unity
-bas
ed ta
rget
ing.
Not
yet
fini
shed
so
as
yet n
ot im
plem
ente
d.
Gui
danc
e is
gen
eral
an
d no
spe
cific
tool
s ar
e in
clud
ed -
thou
gh s
ome
tool
s de
velo
ped
by o
ther
U
NH
CR
offi
ces
(in c
ities
) ar
e re
fere
nced
: Mal
aysi
a’s
Live
lihoo
ds V
ulne
rabi
lity
Ass
essm
ent T
ool (
LVAT
) to
targ
et c
ash-
base
d as
sist
ance
for p
rote
ctio
n an
d so
cio-
econ
omic
pu
rpos
es. T
he to
ol
prod
uces
a s
core
of 0
to
100
to s
ort a
pplic
atio
ns
into
four
gro
ups
acco
rdin
g to
thei
r soc
io-e
cono
mic
st
atus
and
thei
r spe
cific
ne
eds.
The
LVA
T al
so
sugg
ests
an
amou
nt
for c
ash
supp
ort a
nd
also
the
use
of J
orda
n’s
vuln
erab
ility
ass
essm
ent
fram
ewor
k (V
AF)
.
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 67
pu
BlI
CAt
Ion
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nR
ele
vAn
Ce
tAR
ge
tIn
g
Me
Ch
An
IsM
s
Co
ve
Re
D
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts
of
no
teC
oM
Me
nts
?
Emer
genc
y ph
ase?
Rele
vant
to co
nflic
t se
ttin
gs?
Des
igne
d fo
r urb
an?
Sect
ors c
over
ed?
US
AID
(200
8)
Em
erge
ncie
s in
U
rban
Set
tings
: A
Tec
hnic
al
Rev
iew
of F
ood-
base
d P
rogr
am
Opt
ions
.
Aim
s to
pro
vide
tech
nica
l inf
orm
atio
n an
d le
sson
s le
arne
d to
sup
port
US
AID
an
d its
par
tner
s to
effe
ctiv
ely
desi
gn
and
impl
emen
t em
erge
ncy
food
as
sist
ance
pro
gram
mes
in u
rban
and
pe
ri-ur
ban
sett
ings
.
Gui
danc
e fo
r foo
d se
ctor
in
terv
entio
ns th
at is
spe
cific
to
urba
n co
ntex
ts. D
esig
ned
to
be re
leva
nt fo
r sud
den-
onse
t na
tura
l dis
aste
rs, p
rotr
acte
d co
nflic
t or g
over
nanc
e-re
late
d in
secu
rity
and
slow
-ons
et
econ
omic
cris
es. L
ittle
spe
cific
gu
idan
ce p
rovi
ded
rela
ting
to
confl
ict e
nviro
nmen
ts.
Men
tions
CB
T an
d pr
oxy
targ
etin
g bu
t do
es n
ot d
efine
th
ese
or e
xpla
in p
ros
and
cons
.
Not
focu
sed
only
on
targ
etin
g bu
t rat
her r
eflec
ts a
ll st
ages
of
the
prog
ram
me
cycl
e, th
eref
ore
guid
ance
rela
ting
to ta
rget
ing
is
not p
artic
ular
ly d
etai
led.
Pro
vide
s an
ove
rvie
w o
f tar
getin
g te
rms
and
the
key
thin
gs to
rem
embe
r ab
out t
arge
ting
that
are
diff
eren
t in
an
urba
n as
opp
osed
to ru
ral
envi
ronm
ents
.
CaL
P u
rban
to
olki
t for
ca
sh tr
ansf
er
prog
ram
mes
.
The
tool
kit b
rings
toge
ther
the
colle
ctiv
e kn
owle
dge
of b
est p
ract
ices
, ke
y is
sues
in p
rogr
amm
ing,
and
ad
apta
tions
of C
TP p
rogr
amm
e m
etho
dolo
gies
for u
rban
set
tings
.
Spe
cific
to u
rban
con
text
s.
It ai
ms
to re
flect
the
mul
ti-se
ctor
al n
atur
e of
CTP
s in
ur
ban
cont
exts
and
sho
uld
be a
pplic
able
to a
ny c
onte
xt
incl
udin
g co
nflic
t set
tings
.
Intr
oduc
es
seve
ral t
arge
ting
mec
hani
sms
- inc
ludi
ng
adm
inis
trat
ive,
ge
ogra
phic
al, C
BT,
an
d se
lf-ta
rget
ing,
al
ong
with
gui
danc
e on
the
pros
and
co
ns o
f eac
h.
Det
ails
the
chal
leng
es to
be
awar
e of
whe
n ta
rget
ing
in u
rban
co
ntex
ts. P
rovi
des
deta
iled
guid
ance
on
the
step
s to
follo
w
whe
n ta
rget
ing
on u
rban
CTP
s,
incl
udin
g be
st p
ract
ices
; an
over
view
of S
OP
s fo
r tar
getin
g an
d th
e st
aff t
o be
invo
lved
at
each
sta
ge; a
nd a
n ov
ervi
ew o
f ta
rget
ing
mec
hani
sms.
The
re is
al
so g
uida
nce
prov
ided
on
the
pros
and
con
s of
usi
ng n
atio
nal
hous
ehol
d po
vert
y sc
orec
ards
for
targ
etin
g em
erge
ncy
CTP
s an
d ho
w to
ada
pt th
ese.
Ann
exes
tool
s in
clud
ing
i) S
ampl
e Vu
lner
abili
ty
Crit
eria
Prio
ritis
atio
n Fl
ow C
hart
(W
eigh
ted)
; ii)
Sam
ple
Hou
seho
ld
App
licat
ions
with
Ben
efici
ary
Sel
ectio
n C
riter
ia; i
ii) S
ampl
e Ve
rifica
tion
Spr
eads
heet
; and
iv
) Sam
ple
SO
Ps
for B
enefi
ciar
y S
elec
tion
in U
rban
Pro
gram
mes
.
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
68 www.iied.org
pu
BlI
CAt
Ion
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nR
ele
vAn
Ce
tAR
ge
tIn
g
Me
Ch
An
IsM
s
Co
ve
Re
D
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts
of
no
teC
oM
Me
nts
?
Emer
genc
y ph
ase?
Rele
vant
to co
nflic
t se
ttin
gs?
Des
igne
d fo
r urb
an?
Sect
ors c
over
ed?
ER
C (2
015
) A
n O
pera
tiona
l To
olki
t for
M
ultip
urpo
se
Cas
h G
rant
s.
UN
HC
R
Com
preh
ensi
ve a
nd p
ract
ical
gu
idan
ce fo
r hum
anita
rian
acto
rs to
as
sess
the
feas
ibili
ty, c
once
ptua
lise
the
desi
gn a
nd s
truc
ture
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
MP
Gs.
Th
e to
olki
t foc
uses
on
MP
Gs
who
se p
rimar
y ob
ject
ive
is to
mee
t ba
sic
need
s as
defi
ned
by a
ffect
ed
peop
le th
emse
lves
. It p
rovi
des
guid
ance
on
how
to im
plem
ent a
m
ulti-
sect
or a
nd o
ften
inte
r-age
ncy
appr
oach
to a
sses
smen
ts, a
naly
sis,
ca
sh p
rogr
amm
e de
sign
and
im
plem
enta
tion,
bey
ond
sect
or-
spec
ific
tool
s.
The
guid
ance
exp
lain
s th
at
MP
Gs
can
be u
sed
rega
rdle
ss
of c
onte
xt –
urb
an
and
rura
l, ra
pid
and
slow
on
set,
chro
nic
and
acut
e cr
ises
, and
eve
n na
tura
l and
co
mpl
ex d
isas
ters
. As
such
th
e gu
idan
ce is
rele
vant
fo
r all,
but
info
rmed
by
a co
ntex
t-spe
cific
Situ
atio
n an
d R
espo
nse
Ana
lysi
s. N
ot
spec
ific
to u
rban
but
MP
Gs
have
bee
n co
ncei
ved
in u
rban
di
spla
cem
ent c
onte
xts.
Mul
ti-se
ctor
.
Intr
oduc
es
seve
ral t
arge
ting
mec
hani
sms
- inc
ludi
ng
adm
inis
trat
ive,
ge
ogra
phic
al, C
BT,
an
d se
lf ta
rget
ing,
al
ong
with
gui
danc
e on
the
pros
and
co
ns o
f eac
h.
Som
e be
st p
ract
ice
guid
ance
is
prov
ided
on
i) th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of ta
rget
ing
crite
ria (
as p
art o
f vu
lner
abili
ty a
sses
smen
t and
re
spon
se a
naly
sis)
and
ii) t
arge
ting
mec
hani
sms
- how
to id
entif
y th
ose
who
fit t
he c
riter
ia. T
his
is
gene
ral g
uida
nce
for p
ract
ition
ers
on th
e di
ffere
nt a
ctiv
ities
invo
lved
in
targ
etin
g, p
rovi
ding
det
ail o
n th
e pr
os a
nd c
ons
of d
iffer
ent
targ
etin
g m
echa
nism
s, c
heck
list
s of
the
esse
ntia
l thi
ngs
to d
o, h
ow to
en
sure
targ
etin
g do
esn’
t do
harm
, as
wel
l as
less
ons/
best
pra
ctic
es
from
inte
rnat
iona
l exp
erie
nce
of
MP
Gs.
It d
oesn
’t pr
ovid
e de
taile
d m
etho
dolo
gica
l gui
danc
e on
‘h
ow to
impl
emen
t’ th
e ta
rget
ing
mec
hani
sms
as h
ave
been
use
d on
M
PG
pro
gram
mes
in L
eban
on a
nd
Jord
an (w
hich
bot
h us
ed v
aria
tions
of
Adm
inis
trat
ive
targ
etin
g th
roug
h de
velo
pmen
t of a
pro
xy m
eans
te
st),
alth
ough
an
Ann
ex p
rovi
des
a w
orki
ng e
xam
ple
(fro
m ta
rget
ing
of
MP
G in
Leb
anon
w) o
f i) t
he s
teps
in
volv
ed in
the
targ
etin
g pr
oces
s an
d ii)
the
hous
ehol
d qu
estio
nnai
re.
This
is b
ased
on
expe
rienc
es d
esig
ning
an
d im
plem
entin
g M
PG
s in
the
ME
NA
regi
on
durin
g th
e S
yria
refu
gee
cris
is re
spon
se. I
t is
new
ly
publ
ishe
d.
IIED WorkIng papEr
www.iied.org 69
pu
BlI
CAt
Ion
BR
Ief
De
sC
RIp
tIo
nR
ele
vAn
Ce
tAR
ge
tIn
g
Me
Ch
An
IsM
s
Co
ve
Re
D
Me
tho
Do
log
ICA
l A
sp
eC
ts
of
no
teC
oM
Me
nts
?
Emer
genc
y ph
ase?
Rele
vant
to co
nflic
t se
ttin
gs?
Des
igne
d fo
r urb
an?
Sect
ors c
over
ed?
Mac
Aus
lan
and
Farh
at (2
013
) R
evie
w o
f Urb
an
Food
Sec
urity
Ta
rget
ing
Met
hodo
logy
an
d E
mer
genc
y Tr
igge
rs.
This
doc
umen
t is
aim
ed a
t fiel
d pr
actit
ione
rs to
ass
ist i
n ca
paci
ty
build
ing
and
prov
ide
guid
ance
dur
ing
emer
genc
y re
spon
ses
in u
rban
are
as,
focu
sing
on
food
sec
urity
, liv
elih
oods
, an
d nu
triti
on. I
t cov
ers
emer
genc
y tr
igge
rs a
nd ta
rget
ing
emer
genc
y re
spon
ses
in u
rban
are
as.
Urb
an-s
peci
fic g
uida
nce
focu
sing
on
food
sec
urity
an
d liv
elih
oods
, dra
win
g on
ex
ampl
es a
cros
s co
ntex
ts
incl
udin
g na
tura
l dis
aste
r, ec
onom
ic s
hock
s an
d co
nflic
t/pr
otra
cted
cris
is.
Intr
oduc
es ta
rget
ing
mec
hani
sms
incl
udin
g ad
min
istr
ativ
e,
geog
raph
ical
, C
BT,
sel
f-tar
getin
g,
cate
goric
al ta
rget
ing
and
PM
T al
ong
with
gu
idan
ce o
n th
e pr
os a
nd c
ons
of
each
acc
ordi
ng to
th
e co
ntex
t.
Pro
vide
s fie
ld e
xam
ples
of t
he p
ros
and
cons
of d
iffer
ent t
arge
ting
appr
oach
es a
nd s
olut
ions
, bas
ed
on e
xper
ienc
es fr
om ta
rget
ing
food
se
curit
y in
terv
entio
ns in
urb
an
cont
exts
with
in O
xfam
, AC
F an
d C
once
rn.
Pro
vide
s so
me
exte
nsiv
e re
com
men
datio
ns o
n w
ays
to
impr
ove
targ
etin
g in
urb
an c
onte
xts
incl
udin
g th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
urba
n co
ordi
natio
n m
echa
nism
s an
d vu
lner
abili
ty m
appi
ng;
pow
er a
naly
sis
to p
rovi
de d
ata
on v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
and
risk
s;
enga
gem
ent w
ith lo
cal g
over
nmen
t to
take
acc
ount
of l
ocal
pol
itica
l is
sues
; and
est
ablis
hmen
t of
targ
etin
g cr
iteria
and
sel
ectin
g a
targ
etin
g m
echa
nism
.
WFP
(200
6)
Targ
etin
g in
E
mer
genc
ies.
The
pape
r pro
vide
s ba
sic
prin
cipl
es
to g
uide
dec
isio
n m
akin
g fo
r tar
getin
g of
food
ass
ista
nce.
It re
view
s th
e de
finiti
ons
of ta
rget
ing
and
WFP
po
licie
s re
late
d to
targ
etin
g in
em
erge
ncie
s. A
nd it
sum
mar
ises
th
e pr
oces
s of
targ
etin
g an
d ta
rget
ing
erro
rs b
efor
e of
ferin
g re
com
men
datio
ns fo
r goo
d ta
rget
ing
prac
tice.
Mor
e ge
nera
l gui
danc
e,
focu
sing
on
food
sec
urity
and
ap
plic
able
to a
ll em
erge
ncy
cont
exts
. Spe
cific
adv
ice
in
rela
tion
to c
onfli
ct s
ettin
gs
give
n in
som
e pl
aces
. N
o m
entio
n of
urb
an
envi
ronm
ents
, cha
lleng
es o
r so
lutio
ns.
Intr
oduc
es
seve
ral t
arge
ting
mec
hani
sms
incl
udin
g ge
ogra
phic
ta
rget
ing
as w
ell
as m
echa
nism
s to
id
entif
y ho
useh
olds
or
indi
vidu
als
thro
ugh
dire
ct o
r pr
oxy
indi
cato
rs
of e
cono
mic
, ph
ysio
logi
cal,
soci
al
and
polit
ical
vuln
erab
ility
.
Ref
eren
ces
WFP
’s a
ppro
ach
to
iden
tifica
tion
of fo
od in
secu
re
popu
latio
ns th
roug
h vu
lner
abili
ty
anal
ysis
and
map
ping
(VA
M).
WFP
’s V
AM
use
s a
stan
dard
an
alyt
ical
fram
ewor
k th
at c
onsi
sts
of th
ree
elem
ents
:
com
preh
ensi
ve fo
od s
ecur
ity a
nd
vuln
erab
ility
ana
lyse
s (C
FSVA
); fo
od-s
ecur
ity
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
s (F
SM
S);
and
geog
raph
ic in
form
atio
n sy
stem
s (G
IS) a
nd m
appi
ng. T
he g
uida
nce
does
not
go
into
the
‘how
to d
o’.
VAM
is m
anag
ed b
y sp
ecia
list s
taff.
A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce
70 www.iied.org
Knowledge Products
IIED is a policy and action research organisation. We promote sustainable development to improve livelihoods and protect the environments on which these livelihoods are built. We specialise in linking local priorities to global challenges. IIED is based in London and works in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and the Pacific, with some of the world’s most vulnerable people. We work with them to strengthen their voice in the decision-making arenas that affect them — from village councils to international conventions.
International Institute for Environment and Development 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 email: [email protected] www.iied.org
Funded by:
The magnitude of urban disasters, high population densities, and complex social, political and institutional environment has challenged the manner in which humanitarian agencies are used to working. Humanitarian agencies are now grappling with how to change their approaches to this reality. This desk review aims to provide an audit and analysis of existing needs assessments, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches for use in urban post-conflict emergency response. The review found that despite the increasing number of urban responses, the development of tools or guidelines remain behind. Needs assessment and response frameworks tend to be sector or thematic specific, making it hard to identify priorities between sectors, whilst urban targeting approaches have not been translated into detailed available guidance. There is a need for development of urban tools that are inclusive, coherent, cost-effective, rigorously tested, and build on existing good practice.
This research was funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK Government.