A review of intensity data banks online

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ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004

Key words earthquake – intensity – database – online

1. Introduction

The boost that historical seismology has beengiven in the last twenty years, the rapid develop-ment of Information and Communication Tech-nology since the mid 90s and the will to invest ininformation dissemination initiatives allow us tohave at our disposal a wealth of informationabout long-term seismicity over the Internet.

This information consists of several cate-gories; a preliminary inventory performed inthe framework of the initiatives for the dissem-ination of long-term seismicity data of the Eu-ropean Mediterranean Seismological CentreEMSC/CSEM lists dozens of pointers to online re-sources provided by more than twenty institu-tions in the European-Mediterranean area.These resources vary from seismicity maps andlists of main earthquakes to full catalogues and

databases of primary data, out of which the cat-egory most represented is earthquake catalogue(http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/EMSC-KNM/).

When dealing with online intensity data-banks, that is collections of Intensity DataPoints - IDPs, bearing at least time, location(place-name and coordinates) and intensity ofsites, we see that in Europe only three countrieshave consistent, online accessible sets of inten-sity data: Italy, France and Switzerland.

IDPs collections are of unquestionable val-ue: on the one hand they expand the informa-tion synthesized in earthquake catalogues, al-lowing to access the reliability of the cataloguerecords themselves, and therefore to better un-derstand long-term seismicity, and on the oth-er, they serve as input for further analysis, suchas seismic hazard evaluation; IDPs can beprofitably used to determine preliminary mod-els of seismogenic sources and calibrate seis-mic hazard estimates; for example see respec-tively Gasperini et al. (1999) and Mucciarelliet al. (2000), exploiting the Italian intensitydatabases described in this paper.

The compilation of an intensity database is anexacting work, which requires formalised anduniform procedures in analysing sources – histor-ical records – and in assessing parameters. More-

A review of intensity data banks online

Giuliana RubbiaIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano, Italy

AbstractThe investigation of the records of past earthquakes in Europe and in other countries of the world produced inrecent years a large amount of information, such as historical seismicity studies, earthquake catalogues and col-lections of intensity data points. The rapid growth of computerized information systems allowed for manage-ment of data in digital form, while the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies initiated anew era of sharing, transferring and disseminating the output of this investigation. This paper outlines the avail-ability and use of collections of intensity data points which are increasingly being offered to users through In-ternet such as: DOM and CFTI, Italy; SISFRANCE, France; ECOS, Switzerland; EMID, a starting point towardsa European-Mediterranean Intensity Database; NGDC/NOAA database, US; CERESIS catalogue, South America.

Mailing address: Dr. Giuliana Rubbia, Istituto Nazionaledi Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; e-mail: [email protected]

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over, once the database is compiled, according tohomogeneous criteria and reproducible proce-dures, its quality has to be preserved in the onlinerelease: further efforts and investments are re-quired in its development and maintenance.

The paper presents those datasets which arecurrently available in Internet (table I): DOM,an intensity database of damaging earthquakein the Italian area and the Catalogue of StrongItalian Earthquakes; SISFRANCE accounting forFrance, French Antilles and the Caribbean;ECOS, the Earthquake Catalogue Of Switzer-land; the United States Earthquake IntensityDatabase; the intensity catalogue of SouthAmerica, by Centro Regional de SismologíaPara America del Sur, and the European-Mediterranean Intensity Database – EMID; foreach of them, it describes which data are avail-able and how they are presented to the users.

2. DOM, an intensity database of damagingearthquakes in the Italian area

DOM, an intensity database of damagingearthquakes in the Italian area (Monachesi andStucchi, 1997) has been compiled within theframework of investigations of the NationalGroup for Defence from Earthquakes of Italy

(Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti,GNDT) during the years 1988-1996. It consists ofthe intensity data derived from studies producedby GNDT itself and by other institutions in Italy(ENEA, ENEL, ING), which have been geo-ref-erenced and made homogeneous according to agiven format. This dataset was used to compilethe parametric catalogue of damaging earth-quakes in the Italian area, NT (Camassi and Stuc-chi, 1997), accounting for one thousand events.DOM was published over the Internet as an onlinesearchable database in 1997, and progressivelyupdated during the following two years (Padulaand Rubbia Rinaldi, 1999) and it is presently runby INGV at http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/DOM/

DOM stores 37 000 intensity data points,referring to 904 earthquakes in the time win-dow 1000-1980 and more than 10 000 locali-ties, 935 intensity maps, and relies on 81macroseismic studies.

Two types of query are available: query byearthquake, to extract the intensity data points, andby locality, to provide seismic histories at sites.

In the query by earthquake, users locate theearthquake of interest scrolling the parametric cat-alogue; a click on this record fires the visualiza-tion of the intensity data points as a list, and on aninteractive map. The list of observations includelocality name, coordinates, intensity at site in

Table I. Online available intensity databanks.

Year of releaseonline

Data bank Institution Area Number of IDPs Time-span

1997 DOM INGV Italy 37 000 1000-19801999 CFTI INGV Italy 31 047 -461-19902001 SISFRANCE BRGM, EDF,

IPSNFrance 88 000

463-2001

2002 SISFRANCE

AntillesBRGM Antilles 4900

1465-2001

2002 ECOS SED Switzerland 26 061 250-20011997 US NGDC/NOAA United States 157 015 1638-19851996 CERESIS CERESIS South America 16 318 1520-19811999 EMID (*) INGV Europe (*) (*)

(*) In progress.

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Fig. 1a,b. DOM query by earthquake (a), by local-ity (b).

MCS scale, and a parameter which codifies spe-cial cases with regard to the assessment of inten-sity and of coordinates (fig. 1a).

Each intensity map consists of different levelsof information: beyond the intensity data pointsand the epicentre, a Digital Elevation Model(DEM) with a regular grid of 250 m, administra-tive boundaries, hydrography, main cities and lo-cality names are displayed; each map is centredon the epicentre, covering an area the extent ofwhich varies according to the geometry of theearthquake: scale, meridians and parallels are al-ways provided. Maps are interactive: clicking oneach intensity data point, the related informationis displayed in the status bar. This feature wasadded to allow the identification of IDPs, espe-cially in those cases for which the density of IDPsmakes impossible labelling them all over the map.

The query by locality allows one to select a lo-cality of interest from an alphabetical list, and toextract the seismic history either in tabular form,

b

a

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listing – in descending order – the intensities ob-served at sites and main earthquake parameters(date, epicentral area, epicentral intensity and mag-nitude), or as a diagram of intensity versus time.2501 seismic histories are available, for those sitesaffected by at least five earthquakes (fig. 1b).

The whole database with its main variables(date and identity of earthquake, name, coordi-nates, intensity of the observed locality) isfreely downloadable.

3. CFTI, Catalogue of Strong ItalianEarthquakes

The Catalogue of Strong Italian Earthquakesis the result of several years of investigation per-formed by the ING-Istituto Nazionale di Ge-ofisica, now Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica eVulcanologia, in collaboration with the Italianfirm SGA-Storia Geofisica Ambiente. Two ver-sions of the catalogue were first published onCD-ROM, CFTI1 in 1995 (Boschi et al., 1995)and CFTI2 in 1997 (Boschi et al., 1997), whilethe online version CFTI2.1 was published in1999 over the Internet (see Boschi et al., 2000).

CFTI is at the same time a parametric cat-alogue and a collection of original studies thatprovides intensity data and historical/criticalcommentaries for nearly one half of the earth-quakes listed in the catalogue.

At the time of this survey, CFTI on the web,available on http://www.ingv.it/banchedati/banche.html, covers the period 461 B.C.-1990,and stores 31 047 seismic effects regarding11 107 sites and 559 earthquakes, 29 251 de-scriptive syntheses of the effects and 21 178bibliographic references. Download of thewhole database is not yet available.

In the access menu of CFTI users find threemain entry points: query by earthquake, by lo-cality and by map (fig. 2).

Intensity data points and related informationare accessed by the «query by earthquake»choosing the earthquake of interest in a list.This list can be the whole catalogue, or an ex-traction obtained specifying range values fordate and intensity, and coordinates and radiusfor a rectangular or circular area. The web pagewith the retrieved data includes: the earthquake

record with main parameters, a multiple choicelist of available comments about the earth-quake, the list of references, the list of observa-tions with locality name, coordinates, and in-tensity at site. Both reference and observationlists can be easily saved on disk, for further useand analysis. The available comments can in-clude several categories: information availablein previous catalogues, state and developmentof earthquake review, effects in the social con-text, elements of local demography, concurrentnatural and man-induced disasters, administra-tive/historical affiliation and boundaries, socialand economic effects, institutional and admin-istrative response, reconstructions and reloca-tions, theories and observations, associated nat-ural phenomena, major earthquake effects, ef-fects on the environment, and full chronologyof the earthquake sequence (fig. 2).

The query by locality allows one to ex-tract the seismic histories of localities of in-terest, which can be selected over an alpha-betical list or by a spatial query. The seismichistory lists the event main parameters andintensity at site, and it is provided also asASCII file ready to be saved to disk.

A set of ten historical maps of epicentresare available for defined time-periods showingadministrative boundaries. Maps are interac-tive, providing for each plotted epicentre therelative information described above; togetherwith each historical map, the web page lists al-so the earthquakes for that time-window, withmain parameters and more details, e.g., relia-bility code of the estimate of the epicentral lo-cation.

4. SISFRANCETM, Histoire et caractéristiquesdes séismes ressentis en Francemétropolitaine et sur ses abords

Based on the SIRENE database (Lambert etal., 1996), the SISFRANCETM database is co-pro-duced by BRGM – Bureau de RecherchesGéologiques et Minières, EDF – Electricité deFrance and IPSN – Institut de Protection et deSûreté Nucléaire of France, which hold the in-tellectual rights, and promoted by the Ministèrede l’Écologie et du Developement Durable.

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Available at http://www.sisfrance.net since 2001,it covers the seismicity of French territory andbordering areas since 463 and since the end of2002 it has been enriched with SISFRANCE-An-tilles, covering a region between the South ofFlorida and French Guyana since 1495. Bothdatabases are updated regularly. Download ofwhole datasets is not available, and large ex-tractions of data are allowed upon agreementbetween users and co-producers.

SISFRANCE-metropolitaine contains 88 000observations referring to 6000 earthquakes inthe time period 463-2001, and 9000 biblio-graphic references; SISFRANCE-Antilles contains

4900 IDPs referring to 2600 earthquakes in theFrench departments of Guadalupe, Martiniqueand French Guyane in the time period 1495-2001, plus 400 references.

Three types of query are available: i) spa-tial, by rectangular or circular area; ii) geo-graphic, by province («département») and bylocality («commune»); iii) by time-window(«chronologie»). Queries of type i) and ii) canbe refined by defining intensity range and/ortime span. For each retrieved earthquake, its«identity» is summarized in a «card» providingdate and type of event (aftershock, foreshock,main shock, or sequence), epicentral area, epi-

Fig. 2. CFTI query by earthquake.

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central coordinates and epicentral intensitieswith associated reliability codes for values; thecorresponding intensity data points are dis-played on request in tabular form as the «ob-servations list», or are plotted on a macroseis-mic map (fig. 3). The list of observations, themap and the bibliographic references are al-ways present as navigation options.

Lists of observations include for each locality:province or country, a reliability code for the as-signed intensities, intensity at site in MSK, a codefor other associated natural phenomena (earth

movement, tsunami, hydrological and light ef-fects, site effects), and coordinates of locality.

In the macroseimic map intensity datapoints are plotted as dots over a colour legendof intensities; a click on an IDP retrieves abovedescribed data. Macroseismic maps are dy-namically generated by MapX®, a module ofMapinfo Professional®‚ the wide spread GISsoftware developed for Windows platform.Features of pan, zoom and info on a selectedsymbol typically embedded in most GIS soft-ware are therefore available.

Fig. 3. SISFRANCE query by earthquake: main parameters of the event, IDP list and macroseismic map.

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Bibliographic references are listed for eachearthquake; for some of them, original docu-ments are provided as scanned images.

Query by locality retrieves a table of basicinformation of earthquakes that affected theselected locality, that is: time, epicentral area,present province/country of the epicentre, epi-central intensity and the observed intensity atsite for each earthquake.

5. ECOS, Earthquake CatalogueOf Switzerland

The Macroseismic Earthquake CatalogueOf Switzerland – MECOS (1021-1999) was pub-lished over the Internet by the Swiss Seismo-logical Service SED in 1999, followed by theInstrumental catalogue, IECOS (1975-2000) in2001. ECOS, the current Earthquake Cata-logue Of Switzerland (250-2002) published in2002 and available at http://histserver.ethz.ch,is the result of a revision process performedduring 1999-2002 (Fäh et al., 2003); its coreconsisting of the revised MECOS, calledMECOS_02. ECOS covers the region includedin the Swiss national map at the scale of1:500.000 plus a buffer of 30 km (Swiss km-coordinates: 460-882/20-350; Geographic co-ordinates: (in the region of 5.6-11.1E/45.4-48.3N); the completeness of the cataloguevaries through time and region for differentlevels of magnitude. 26 061 intensity pointsare available for 518 earthquakes.

Default query is by time-span or year, whilethe option «design your own catalogue» allowsfor tailoring query and customizing output: aquery can be performed by time-window, momentmagnitude and/or epicentral intensity range,and/or a rectangular or a circular area centred ona desired town identified by its post code. Data re-trieved by default consist of date/time, earthquaketype, historical certainty, geographic coordinates,place name, hypocentral depth, the SED momentmagnitude, epicentral intensity and the datasource; additional information can be chosen,such as the number of IDPs for the earthquake.

Once the desired earthquake and its param-eters are retrieved, a click on «details» columnfires the visualization of a page displaying in-

formation regarding how and on the basis ofwhich sources and agencies parameters havebeen assessed, and links to the macroseismictable, the macroseismic map and the bibliog-raphy (fig. 4).

The macroseismic table consists of list ofIDPs, including for each locality: name, coun-try, coordinates, a code identifying the sourcefor IDPs, site quality, intensity in EMS-98; thetable is also downloadable as a comma-separat-ed values file.

Macroseimic maps are provided through a typ-ical interface of ArcIMS, the widespread softwareby ESRI used to access and interact with Internetmapping and GIS data. A set of tools is available tovisualize and query the plotted data: select whichlayer is visible and active for hot-linking, identify-ing, and making queries; the layers are: epicentre,site points, topography, main hydrography (rivers,lakes), country borders, towns; zoom, pan, meas-ure, select by rectangle over a map, obtain attrib-utes of a feature by clicking on it, query featuresbased on their attribute values.

The catalogue – not the whole database – withrelated explanations, is downloadable.

6. US Earthquake Intensity Database

The US Earthquake Intensity Database is runby the National Geophysical Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-ministration and is available at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/eqint.html/ It containsmore than 157 000 records referring to over23 000 US earthquakes in the time span 1638-1985, freely downloadable as a whole.

The database can be searched by specifyingearthquake parameters, such as date, epicentrecoordinates in a rectangular area, earthquakemagnitude or intensity in Modified MercalliScale, or by specifying a locality by its name orcoordinates.

Retrieved data include epicentral coordinates,magnitudes, focal depths, and name, coordinates,observed intensity and epicentral distance of thelocality, and a code for the data source. For eachretrieval, a description of the database format andlegend of codes is presented at the bottom of theweb page displaying results (fig. 5).

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7. CERESIS catalogue, Catálogo deintensidades para América del Sur

The CERESIS catalogue, released over the In-ternet in 1996 is presently run by CERESIS – Re-gional Center of Seismology for South Americaat http://www.ceresis.org/producto/intensi.htm/Also referred as «Catálogo de terremotos paraAmérica del Sur» (CERESIS, 1985), it was com-piled within the framework of the project SISRA,funded by Office of Foreign Disaster Assistancein the United States, through the U.S. GeologicalSurvey.

Together with earthquake parameters, itstores up to 16 000 intensity data points, refer-ring to nearly 3000 South America earthquakes,covering globally the period 1520-1981 for thefollowing countries: Argentina (1692-1985),Colombia (1566-1981), Brazil (1767-1981), Pe-ru (1471-1981), Trinidad and Tobago (1825-1981), Chile (1730-1977), Bolivia (1650-1981),Ecuador (1541-1980), Venezuela (1530-1969).

In this compilation, however, intensity datapoints are intermingled with earthquake recordsand IDP records coming from different coun-tries are not homogeneous. The whole data set

Fig. 4. ECOS query by earthquake: main parameters of the event, IDP list and macroseismic map.

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(all countries) is downloadable as a zippedASCII file. Data are formatted as flat files dis-played on screen (fig. 6).

8. EMID, European-MediterraneanIntensity Database

The scope of EMID is to inventory the in-tensity data of earthquakes located in the Eu-ro-Mediterranean region, put them together,compile the data according to a uniform stan-dard and format, make them available to the

public and keep them updated. This task isperformed within the framework of the initia-tives of the EMSC/CSEM Key Nodal Memberfor the dissemination of long-term seismicitydata (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vul-canologia, Sezione di Milano), with the con-tribution of the investigators who supply in-tensity data.

Only a demo version for EMID is availableon http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/EMID/ It hosts theIDPs for twenty selected earthquakes, in thetime window 1400-1899 of the European-Mediterranean region, serving as a starting

Fig. 5. US Intensity Database: main page, query by city and state parameters and related results.

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point for the implementation. The scheme tobrowse the data is the same of the online inten-sity database of damaging earthquakes in theItalian area, DOM. IDP lists and intensity mapsare retrieved by «query by earthquake», click-ing on an item of the earthquake list. As only asubset of IDPs is available, query by locality isnot active yet. The presentation outlines thestate of the art and main problems to cope within homogenising the database, and it suggests apreliminary format for the compilation ofEMID in a uniform way, as described in Stuc-chi et al. (2000).

For EMID implementation, the followingprocedures are envisaged: i) to perform a sur-vey of existing data; ii) to analyse existing data-bases in order to cope with their differences; iii)to assess a reference standard format for bothrecompilation of existing IDPs and compila-tion of new ones; iv) to populate progressively

the database with: homogenised IDPs for largeearthquakes coming from datasets alreadystructured (Italy, France, Switzerland), and da-ta on recent events from field investigation andregional datasets as they will be compiled,with the aim of covering the main Europeanregions for which seismic hazard is signifi-cant.

Through the web interface, it is foreseenthat users will be able to: i) access data byearthquake to extract the intensity data points;ii) access by locality in order to provide seis-mic histories at the sites; iii) when possible,access the text – or abstract – of the studywhich provide the intensity data and the com-plete list of the historical sources used for theinvestigation; iv) obtain multiple views andrepresentations of accessed data highlightingtheir relationships in space and time, e.g.,maps of intensity distribution in the case of

Fig. 6. CERESIS catalogue: entry point from the list of available countries, hypocentre parameters and IDPs fora selected country.

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query by earthquake and graphical seismichistories in the case of query by locality; v)easily save retrieved information to local disk,downloading in standard formats, in order totransfer data from the database to user’s ownprograms.

With this premise, EMID should over-come both present heterogeneity and disper-sion of the large amount of data which is cur-rently produced in Europe, and users’ difficul-ties in reaching this information, and offer atrans-national comprehensive homogeneousarchive, freely accessible over the Internet, inwhich will be highly relevant to seismic haz-ard and risk studies (Stucchi, 2002).

9. Conclusions

A review of earthquake intensity data-banks released over the Internet in the secondhalf of the 1990’s and currently available hasbeen presented. Apart from NGDC/NOAA andCERESIS ones, which are trans-nationaldatasets, covering U.S.A. and South Americarespectively, there are four online databases,DOM, CFTI, SISFRANCE, ECOS that coverthree European countries (Italy, France,Switzerland), as results of compilation anddissemination activities performed on a na-tional basis in the past. The establishment ofa European intensity archive, outlinedthrough the EMID prototype, within the ini-tiative of EMSC, should serve as a starting

point for a trans-national comprehensive re-source in Europe.

With regard to the way by which these in-formation products can be accessed on line, wefind similarities and differences, which can bepartly ascribed to design decisions and to limi-tations or benefits of available technology. Themain features are summarized in table II.

Most of these web-based products providetwo main options to search the data, «by earth-quake» and «by locality». Those products thathave been released earlier, e.g., the NGDC/NOAA

earthquake intensity database, do not provide on-line intensity distribution mapping capabilities; incontrast these appear to be as a standard feature inthose databases that have been recently released,e.g., SISFRANCE and ECOS, which exploit web-GIS

technology. In some cases download of the wholeIDP set is provided, in some others it is possibleonly to save IDPs for a single earthquake at atime, a feature that can affect user productivity.When sources of information are provided, theyrange from bibliographic references, macroseis-mic studies, to the historical sources themselves.This latter feature can be regarded as a specialcase of a credibility component, in the sense ofFogg (2002), as it allows users to have trust in thedata, as it makes possible the back-tracing of thecompilation procedures.

REFERENCES

BOSCHI, E., G. FERRARI, P. GASPERINI, E. GUIDOBONI, G.SMRIGLIO and G. VALENSISE (Editors) (1995): Catalogo

Table II. Main features of the online available intensity databanks.

Data bank Query by Query by Materials Whole

earthquake locality Studies Maps download

DOM yes yes (×) yes yes

CFTI yes yes yes no no

SISFRANCE yes yes yes yes no

ECOS yes no yes yes no

US yes yes no no yes

CERESIS no no no no yes

EMID (×) (×) (×) (×) (×)

(×) Planned facility.

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dei Forti Terremoti in Italia dal 461 a.C. al 1980 (ING,Roma - SGA, Bologna), pp. 973.

BOSCHI, E., E. GUIDOBONI, G. FERRARI, G. VALENSISE and P.GASPERINI (1997): Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti inItalia dal 461 A.C. al 1990 (ING, Roma - SGA.Bologna), pp. 644.

BOSCHI, E., E. GUIDOBONI, G. FERRARI, D. MARIOTTI, G.VALENSISE and P. GASPERINI (2000): Catalogue ofStrong Italian Earthquakes, Ann. Geofis., 43 (4), pp.268 (with full database on CD-ROM).

CAMASSI, R. and M. STUCCHI (Editors) (1997): NT4.1: unCatalogo Parametrico di Terremoti di Area Italiana aldi Sopra della Soglia di Danno (v. 4.1.1), (Milano), pp.93 (on line: http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/NT/).

CERESIS (Centro Regional de Sismología para América delSur) (1985): Catálogo de terremotos para América delSur, Programa para la mitigación de los efectos de losterremotos en la región andina, Earthquake MitigationProgram in the Andean Region v. 1-9 (Project SISRA),edited by B. ASKEW and S.T. ALGERMISSEN.

FÄH, D., D. GIARDINI, F. BAY, F. BERNARDI, J. BRAUNMILLER,N. DEICHMANN, M. FURRER, L. GANTNER, M. GISLER, D.ISENEGGER, M.J. JIMENEZ, P. KÄSTLI, R. KOGLIN, V. MAS-CIADRI, M. RUTZ, C. SCHEIDEGGER, R. SCHIBLER, D.SCHORLEMMER, G. SCHWARZ-ZANETTI, S. STEIMEN, S.SELLAMI, S. WIEMER and J. WÖSSNER (2003): EarthquakeCatalog Of Switzerland (ECOS) and the related macro-seismic database, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 96/1.

FOGG, B.J. (2002): Stanford Guidelines for Web Credibility.A research Summary from the Standford PersuasiveTecnology Laboratory of the Stanford University (online: http://www.web credibility.org/guidelines/

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(1999): Defining seismogenic sources from historicalearthquake felt reports, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 89, 94-110.

LAMBERT J., A. LEVRET-ALBARET, M. CUSHING and C.DUROUCHOUX (1996): Mille Ans de Séismes en France.Catalogue d’Epicentres Paramètres et Références(Ouest Editions, Nantes), pp. 75.

MONACHESI, G. and M. STUCCHI (1997): DOM4.1, undatabase di osservazioni macrosismiche di terremotidi area italiana al di sopra della soglia del danno,Rapporto Tecnico (GNDT, Milano-Macerata), pp.1052 (on line: http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/DOM/home.html).

MUCCIARELLI, M., L. PERUZZA and P. CAROLI (2000): Tuning ofseismic hazard estimates by means of observed site inten-sities, J. Earthquake Eng., 2, 141-159.

PADULA, M. and G. RUBBIA RINALDI (1999): Mission-criti-cal Web applications: a seismological case, Interac-tions, 4, 53-65.

STUCCHI, M. (2002): A European-Mediterranean databaseof historical earthquake data for the assessment oflong-term seismic hazard, in Proceedings of EU-MEDIN Workshop on Natural and Technological Haz-ard Research in Europe: ‘Contribution to MEDIN’, ed-ited by K. FABBRI and M. YEROYANNI, Bruxelles, 15-16November 2000, 70-77.

STUCCHI, M., P. ALBINI and G. RUBBIA RINALDI (2000): His-torical earthquake data in Europe and the Euro-Mediterranean Intensity Database, Euro-Mediter-ranean Seismological Centre Newsletter, 16, 5-7 (online: http://www.emsc-csem.org/).

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A review of intensity data banks online