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Honor Educate Inspire Promote
Report prepared for LaserFest 2010
Dr. Thomas M. BaerStanford University
President 2009Optical Society of America
Dr. Fred SchlachterLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
American Physical Society
Report date: June 15, 2010Updated August 4, 1020
Lasers in Science and Industry:A report to OSTP on the contribution of lasers to American
jobs and the American economyHonoring the 50th Anniversary of the Laser
Boltzman
Lamb Townes
Schawlow
Bloembergen
Bloch Gould
Prokorov
Basov JavanEinstein
LadenburgBohrPlanckMaxwell
Sorokin
Kroemer
Tolman
Robert Hall
Quantum Physics Pre-Laser Era Maser Era Laser Era
Alverov
Maiman
192019101800s 1900 1930 1940 1950 19901970 1980
The theoretical foundation for the laser can be traced back over 100 years.
Early in the 20th century modern quantum physics replaced the classical theories of light and matter. WesternEurope was the epicenter of this extraordinary scientific revolution until the events surrounding World War IIdisrupted this remarkably productive period in physics. Many leading Western European scientists involved inquantum mechanics theory and experiment were displaced by the war, often choosing to migrate to the USto continue their research. After the war the US offered unparalleled resources supporting scientificresearch and innovation: intact and well-funded university, government and industry enterprises, as well asa free-market economy which rewarded entrepreneurship.
This dynamic research environment in the US created the perfect setting for theinvention of the laser.
1960
Classical Physics Era
Kastler
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Laser History Timeline
19901970 1980
CO2 & FiberLasers
$1.3 Billion
Diode & FiberLasers
$3.2 Billion
Solid-state &Excimer Lasers
$400 Million
The laser has moved in fifty years from “a solutionlooking for a problem” to a key technology which enablesmajor sectors of the US economy.
2000
Laser devices are the core technology in instrumentsperforming vital functions in many industries includingtransportation, healthcare, and telecom.
1960
May 16, 1960Ted Maiman demonstrates
the first ruby laser.
Hughes Research Laboratory
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Lasers Play a Key Role in the US Economy
Early Laser-compatible slitlamp
Laser printer HPvintage 1960’s
Vintage laser andfiber-optic cable
Vintage laser bar-code scanner
Laserdisk and player
Vintage Corningfiber-optic cable andlaser assembly.
Lasers Empower Our World: Enabling Business Creating Jobs Improving Lives
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Information technology: Lasers fabricate CPUs and memory integratedcircuits, manufacture LCD display screens, and encode/read information to and fromoptical CDROM and DVD disks.
Medicine: Lasers help prevent blindness and improve vision,provide personalized medicine by decoding a patient’s genome, anddiagnose cancer and AIDS.
Science, environment, energy, time-keeping: Lasers are the invisible gears in themechanisms of the world’s most accurate clocks. Lasers provide the fastest strobe lights for studying chemical reactionsand are the sources powering research to develop inertial fusion––a limitless carbon-free source of energy.
Manufacturing: Lasers cut sheet metal for cars and airplanes, cloth for clothes, scribe photovoltaicpanels for solar energy, print serial and lot numbers on food and medicine packaging, shell peanuts, and sort eggs.Commerce: Lasers enable e-commerce online transactions. Bar-
codes printed on the packaging of almost every commercial product are readby laser scanners.
Telecommunications and internet: Lasers transmit virtually all theinformation on the internet and almost all voice communications over fiber-optic networks.
Laser-based CD and DVDplayers are common featuresin almost every US household.
Information in a card catalog canbe easily stored on a single opticaldisk.
Instant news updates,‘anytime’television and movies, videoconference virtual meetings, alldepend on lasers.
Voice and data are encodedonto laser light andtransmitted over fiber-opticnetworks.
Consumers are shifting from“Bricks and mortar” toconvenient on-line shopping,saving much time and energy.
Laser based genesequencers are millionsof times faster than oldermethods.
Newspaper adsCraigslist
Next generation Global Positioning Satellites willuse lasers to drive atomic clocks for greatlyimproved accuracy and reliability
Lasers are used to create the hottest temperatureson earth to study laser fusion (NIF) and the coldestobjects on earth to study new states of matter (BEC).
Barcode scanner
The US motion pictureindustry generates $3 Billionselling movies on DVDs
Laser produced music CDsyield $5 billion in the US.
Lasers power the U.S.telecommunications industry,$1.1 trillion in 2008.
Lasers have created a millionjobs in the telecommunicationsIndustry in America.
Lasers are essential for morethan $3 trillion of e-commerceconducted annually in America
Lasers save manylives each year andhelp reduce the costof medical care.
Lasers in Manufacturing: Lasers make light work in heavy industry
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Automobile doors: Lasers weldwhere classic arc welding does not work.
Traditional arc welding warpssheet metal when attaching hingesto door frames.
Laser make cars stronger, saferlighter and cheaper.
Courtesy of Tim Morris at TRUMPF Inc
Engine Clutch
Gear box
WheelHub
Differential gears
Lasers make hundreds of parts fora modern car.
• weld seat frames
• harden torsion springs
• mark parts
• cut and weld airbags
• weld antilock brakes
• cut body parts
• drill holes in fuel injectors
Driveshaft
Automobile sales inUS: $200 billion
Solar panels: Lasers improvefabrication and efficiencies of thin-film solar cells.
Laserbeam
Glass
Front ContactAbsorber
Back Contact
Lasers are a tool which never gets dull.Their use produces better products andreduces heavy-metal contamination of theecosystem.
Lasers easily weld materials ofdifferent thickness: car doorsare made lighter in weight andstronger, improving fueleconomy.
Turbine engines: Improving efficiency requires advances in cooling. Lasers quickly drill millions of small holes.
Pre-laser era. 21st centuryHoles drilled by mechanical means* Lasers drill millions of precision holes
Jet engines and gas turbinesbenefit from laser-drilled holes.
Powerful lasers can be used to drill millions ofprecisely shaped and accurately located holesin difficult materials.
• Engine components requirehardened steel and ceramicmaterials which dull drill bitsand blunt saw blades.
• A laser beam never dulls,and is ideal for precisiondrilling and cutting. Jet engines and gas turbines for generation
of electricity are more efficient becauselaser-drilled holes improve cooling.
Lasers precisely machine borders on thin-film solar cellsand provide accurate dopant profiles to increase solar cellefficiencies.
Precise sterile machiningof hard materials
Lasers in Medicine and Biotechnology: Saving Lives Improving Health Reducing Cost
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Eye surgery: Lasers improve health and well-being of patients.
Lasers allow ophthalmologists to correct many problemsin different locations in the eye, fixing retinas, reshapingcorneas, and helping forestall blindness in diabeticpatients.
Cornea LASIK
UltravioletLaser
Cataract Surgery
Pulsed InfraredLaser
Retina Reattach
Green Laser
Detached retina repairedwith laser: Gold-medalChinese diver GuoJingiing (courtesy tksteven)
Gene sequencing: Lasers power the latest medical diagnostic instruments.1975: 2000 base pairs/day 1990’s: 100,000 base pairs/day Today: two billion base pairs/day
One day’s data would fill one half page in a book. One day’s data would fill a chapter in a book. One day’s data would fill ten encyclopedias.
Pre-laser DNA sequencers(1970’s) could sequence 2000base pairs per day.
Time to sequence a singlehuman genome: 4000 years.
Today’s laser-based DNA sequencers cansequence two billion base pairs per day.
Time to sequence a singlehuman genome: 1 day.
A million-fold improvement in speed since 1975!
Data
Data
Medical devices: Lasers save lives.Lasers produce “impossible” micromachined components
Stents
A new lease on life: laser-made stents.
Rapid laser-based sequencing of human genomes opens the door to personalized medicine and individualized therapies.
1990’s laser-based DNA sequencerscould sequence 100,000 base pairsper day.
Time to sequence a single human genome: 80 years.
Lasers in Telecom and Information Technology: Internet E-commerce Personal Computers
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
--
Real-time two-way communication: Lasers and fiber optics have greatly increased the speed of real-time communication.
Ancient times through 19th century 20th century 21st centuryInformation transmitted by smoke and fire Electrons through copper wires Laser light through fiber optics
Visual information carried over100 km distance with very lowbandwidth.
RATE ~ 1 character/10 sec
Time to transmit the GettysburgAddress: hours
Electrons carry informationthrough copper wire over 1000skm with moderate bandwidths.
RATE~100 characters/sec(1970’s); ~100,000 charactersper second (1990’s)
Time to transmit the GettysburgAddress: seconds
High-bandwidth communicationusing infrared lasers and fiberoptics to guide the light.
RATE~100 billion characters/seca million times faster than copper wire
Time to transmit the GettysburgAddress: 10’s of nanoseconds
Lasers in information storage: CDs and DVDs
A case study in enabling technology: The invention of the laser spurred development of
many applications. Diode lasers have an annualimpact on the U.S. market of more than $200 billion.
In 2010, 500 millioninfrared diode lasers
will be produced
Basic research:
Laser invented in 1960
For example:CDROM/DVD
Optical disk drives$3 billion
Optical drivesincorporated into
personal computers$60 billion
Watchtower Fire Smoke signals
Smoke
Vintage telephone switchboardLaser
Early laser
Laser
Laser disk drive
The laser in 1960 wasdeemed: “A solutionlooking for a problem”
These lasers power manydifferent instruments.
Laser instruments are builtinto larger systems
Microelectronics: Lasers produce almost all microprocessors and memory chips in personal computers.
UV Lasers in Photolithography
Pulsed lasers in redundant memory repair
Microprocessor10 Billion CPUs Produced in 2008
Memory Chip$20 Billion in 2009
Lasers print the vast majority of IC circuits inthe $260 Billion micro electronics industry
New breakthroughs build upon the unique propertiesof the laser
High frequency: encodes enormous amounts of informationApplication: supercomputing, telecommunication
Focusability: focuses to small spots (less than 1/100 of width of hair)Application: optical data storage
Power: precisely delivers high intensities to small areasApplication: manufacturing, cutting and welding, surgery
Short pulses: generates pulses shorter than 1 femtosecond (a million billionth of a second)Application: advancing our understanding of biology, physics, andchemistry, stroboscopic pictures of atoms and molecules in action
High fields: produces ultra-strong electric fieldsApplication: compact particle accelerators
Large pulse energies: creates pulses shorterthan 10 billionths of a second with energiesgreater than a stick of dynamiteApplication: drilling, laser fusion
Monochromaticity: emits ultra-pure colorsApplication: atomic clocks, astronomy, metrology
Coherence: forms highly order light wavesApplication: holography, astrophysics
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Cornell Wieman Ke,erle
Glauber Hall HänschChu Cohen-‐Tannoudji
Phillips
Livermore Lab Fusion Laser (NIF)
Stanford X-ray Laser
Keck telescopeLaser Guide Star
StanfordUniversity
NISTCollège de France
NISTUniversityof Colorado
MIT
HarvardUniversity
NIST Max PlanckInsJtute
1997 2001 2005
Laser Cooling& Trapping
Bose EinsteinCondensate
Optical FrequencyComb
Basic Research in Laser Science Continues to Drive Innovation
Going where no laser has gone before!
Zewail
Cal Tech
1999
FemtosecondChemistry
Disclaimer
This report is for educational use only. Commercial use is not allowed.The list below shows the web sites where the images were found.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_laser.jpghttp://parts.digikey.com/1/parts-cats/laser-diodes-optoelectronicshttp://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/73056/SC_Fiber_Optic_Communication_cable.jpghttp://www.psilogo.co.za/Products.asphttp://obsoleteblog.com/2009/11/10/laser-disc-players-you-had-a-good-run/http://www.rewindmuseum.com/philipslaserdisc.htmhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dreamstime.com/movie-projector-thumb1475529.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-movie-projector-image1475529&usg=__E0szyhfgte3aO-WNj9PqHv3wNAA=&h=350&w=248&sz=37&hl=en&start=1&sig2=SLkanHJPCoI8npzJQ7Y0vw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=llKcSGXBZLIKaM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Bmovie%2Bprojectors%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=WWf1S4XlCY67rAfdl8DDCghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.slipperybrick.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/portable-handheld-dvd-player.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.slipperybrick.com/2006/12/portable-handheld-dvd-player/&usg=__o_G7RZeEOvIKOrwJq0Fz4EFvpN0=&h=348&w=392&sz=69&hl=en&start=10&sig2=zPmQd1a6Lavs0zwd2tHVdw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=p55fp2paHZKO8M:&tbnh=109&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddvd%2Bplayer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=wGf1S9SNH5GxrAeCwqXACghttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/euvl.htm/printablehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://greenernews.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/euvl-sandia-wafer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://greenernews.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/imagining-the-tech-world-in-2050/&usg=__yILGXEwWiUaHJ8MKHQswiOKC8sw=&h=412&w=400&sz=47&hl=en&start=1&sig2=PR8ug2kRHQ1WzvJoeahWPQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JST4imXiKHeROM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Deuvl-sandia%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=rmv1S-yND4jHrAf-5Ji1Cg3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=jGz1S83dIJLHrAeA_eC3Cghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hewnandhammered.com/.a/6a00d8341c5fc853ef0112790717c328a4-300wi&imgrefurl=http://www.hewnandhammered.com/hewn_and_hammered/woodworking/&usg=__z9LODfXmXEVPuc2Y_CEKb6lJAUk=&h=450&w=300&sz=31&hl=en&start=43&sig2=006kvGJccbvjlFvx5B_ifQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=KQaL5yyqHMuTgM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Blibrary%2Bcard%2Bcatalog%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=L2r1S4W1BYi4rAeem7iwCghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.laserfest.org/lasers/images/inn-cds.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.laserfest.org/lasers/innovations.cfm&usg=__KuieO3HveGc5D80wzCvJEVF5cyA=&h=281&w=310&sz=16&hl=en&start=1&sig2=6BGpzoz035XksdiXbEhTYw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=EXCwsruH8ZTq0M:&tbnh=106&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinn-cds%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=jGz1S83dIJLHrAeA_eC3Cghttp://www.usposttoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/resized_ap_black_friday_04_081128_ssh-150x150.jpghttp://cutslist.com/symbol-handheld-point-of-sale-ps2-laser-barcode-scanner/http://www.commercecarts.com/images/girl_online-shopping.jpg OR http://www.ultimatecoupons.com/blog/2009/12/cyber-monday-sales-soar/
Disclaimer con’t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dcooper%26part%3DA448%26blobname%3Dch3f25.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi%?ie=UTF8&s=electronics&qid=1274380997&sr=1-22 (and other amazon sites)http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alexdavisassoc.com/gallery/king_new_machinery/king_kc712bc_king_bandsaw.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.alexdavisassoc.com/print/king_kc712bc_metal_bandsaw_page.htm&usg=__TgCu58YxxefYkOw8gwNul-B3VKg=&h=285&w=320&sz=50&hl=en&start=2&sig2=UTdkspdITUvyYPze9_FjKQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=GFuQD4r6uji5lM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dking%2Bbandsaw%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg3Fbook%3Dcooper%26part%3DA448&usg=__NaCQguhjHhuytv9wyWQOA3Lpy7w=&h=528&w=701&sz=112&hl=en&start=1&sig2=hiACvvL_67K1tXJmYwVxHA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3qqr1WpTqNW2-M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddna%2Bsequencing%2Bfluorescence-labeled%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DPnV%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=o3_1S7ioM4TysgP3rbCJBQhttp://lasikeyesurgery4.blogspot.com/2009/12/cost-lasik-eye-surgery.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/Crosley-Kettle-Classic-Phone-CR62-Black/dp/B000ASKN90/ref=sr_1_22.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=14X1S4nAGMu0rAfPsr26Cghttp://www.lanteksms.com/en/noticia.asp?id=473http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787family/gallery/k63211-1.htmlhttp://www.stylehive.com/tag/pure_silkhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.strima.com/image/1021772/DS4-FREESTYLE-3-CO2---200W-Machine-for-laser-engraving-and-cutting-on-fabrics--plastics-and-other-materials.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.strima.com/item/1021772/en/&usg=__T8srKrK5plL3Koq8zr5vhiBShnw=&h=865&w=470&sz=122&hl=en&start=1&sig2=i7iBuC7m8csgrJXA17fz-Q&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LN85lZJV6exv8M:&tbnh=145&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDS4-freestyle%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=K4f1S9fINITysgP3rbCJBQCourtesy of Tim Morris at US Trumpf. Email [email protected]://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.techzonics.com/vintage-hand-drill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.techzonics.com/hand-tools-electric-tools.htm&usg=__TDoUNbuOSl8J5dct7jezcceYtsc=&h=342&w=400&sz=19&hl=en&start=11&sig2=xd7680oU-_juhcUwfsE_0Q&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=lekytS_V3-FWaM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Bhand%2Bdrill%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=VY_1S5PvFdG3rAezq63gCghttp://boky.en.hisupplier.com/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.pennnet.com/articles/ils/thm/th_129369.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.optoiq.com/index/lasers-for-manufacturing/display/ils-article-display/183493/articles/industrial-laser-solutions/volume-18/issue-8/features/drilling-holes-in-turbine-engines.html&usg=__VB3rXH4eoqATiMRDJ70DhpBGuL8=&h=236&w=325&sz=13&hl=en&start=57&sig2=IzFI0PHrxzCdrFUSADgENA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=_QNfqBwOtIULIM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Bdrilling%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=-ZL1S9mfIYuStgPBtdiIBQhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressebilder/2010/photonews/072dpi/PN201002/PN201002-06_072dpi.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/pictures-photonews/2010/pn201002.php&usg=__MskMtLxdiCXAMXQB0rbAMtBxiLE=&h=400&w=289&sz=77&hl=en&start=12&sig2=6GoSZZlU9XqHFQnqvMEgTg&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JeswDe54D_71YM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=90&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dturbine%2Bblade%2Bholes%2Bsiemens%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=mJH1S7XNOcq_rAer-fXCCghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xCW4Jfa-SWE/Sy7yRRSHFnI/AAAAAAAAIhE/PqfOS5HN5JI/s400/jetengine.jpg&imgrefurl=http://alditta.blogspot.com/2009/12/missing-jet-engine.html&usg=__ADig3gsDrhAmMJzx984yowifsy4=&h=297&w=330&sz=21&hl=en&start=64&sig2=HTuUAb0J6q7j9SJEa8pumA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LSFsRFw5axB3TM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djet%2Bengine%26start%3D63%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=QJL1S7iXJ8nGrAfo2tiyCghttp://www.siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pictures_of_the_future/pof_herbst_2007/materialien_fuer_die_umwelt/gasturbine_irsching.htmhttp://www.twi.co.uk/content/laser_thin.htmlhttp://www.metacafe.com/watch/yt-0bkyjZ5j-VQ/diy_cheapest_solar_panel_system_ever_part_2/
Disclaimer con’t II
http://www.myinkblog.com/2010/01/31/myinktrail-best-of-the-design-community-january-2010/ ORhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.laservisionrepair.co.uk/images/laser_eye_surgery_image_03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.laservisionrepair.co.uk/&usg=__R5aPl5es1wu9kLNC_sNviI9d84o=&h=279&w=274&sz=85&hl=en&start=43&sig2=JnGEmrZC_33nu8lLjxJjCQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=1Om_KSsKo9XiHM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Beye%2Bsurgery%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=eK31S62rDIewrAfq_fy1Cghttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.calgaryoptometry.com/images/LaserEye-RGB.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.calgaryoptometry.com/LaserSurgery.htm&usg=__gs_g3GSQVDA8LwyHcdkUZjOmECs=&h=240&w=320&sz=19&hl=en&start=18&sig2=_uKwFVtzAiBVVBBgTl_fbQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=35dGxA_NFJ-DAM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Beye%2Bsurgery%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=S631S4W6JofDrAfYzaneCghttp://www.ocalaeye.com/html/cornea.htmlhttp://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200808/0821_2663_736679_2.shtml I SUGGEST OBTAINING PERMISSION TO USE THIS IMAGEhttp://www.severnbiotech.com/images/seq-3341.JPGhttp://appliedbiosystems.com/http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Editors/dp/0852299613/ref=pd_sim_sbs_b_2http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/19867/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/miriam9173.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/&usg=__UPj8ZRwJDIdniGK1dEka4aMoj9M=&h=2560&w=1920&sz=688&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=dfHq8O-up6fWCM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmiriam9173%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1http://www.google.com/images?q=stent-01_m02&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wihttp://www.gettyimages.com/detail/sb10066182j-001http://www.trackofthewolf.com/News.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1&as=1http://www.hail-tec.com/content/aktuelles/praezisionslasermaschine.phphttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/sept/angioopti.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/sept/angio.htm&usg=__jEB496UpTDzDMRX7o8D2qp5cHMs=&h=359&w=312&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&sig2=jfnMdYQkJ_-hUdkobtApJA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=wnevdpr-DF36oM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dangioopti%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=rLL1S-jNI4z0tAPiv6WIBQ(attributed to US Dept Health and HumanServices)http://home-insurance.lhjk.com/home-commercial-insurancehttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/miriam9173.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/&usg=__UPj8ZRwJDIdniGK1dEka4aMoj9M=&h=2560&w=1920&sz=688&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=dfHq8O-up6fWCM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmiriam9173%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Den%26tbs%3Disch:1WE PROBABLY NEED PERMISSION FOR THIS PHOTOhttp://www.mobi.ru/Articles/1742/SFB_MORZE.htmhttp://piano.dsi.uminho.pt/museuv/ac_ttochas.htmlhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/ironrodart/4155664186/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://roncore.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/2008_01_26_telephone_poles.jpg&imgrefurl=http://roncore.wordpress.com/2008/01/&usg=__G1L3mte8uhPWH6flSZkcD1BWNWk=&h=799&w=500&sz=252&hl=en&start=3&sig2=mNDE7GF2uRbjEO9-Bn3F8w&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=gV-sGgyhNrkWXM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtelephone%2Bpoles%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=1o71S7qXNI_ctgOwrbCIBQhttp://bak2.beareyes.com.cn/2/lib/200711/14/20071114007.htm
Disclaimer con’t III
http://www.esi.com/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://focus.aps.org/files/focus/v15/st4/pic-v15-st4-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://focus.aps.org/story/v15/st4&usg=__M8x9f93dg_eYIEs0iwSak5BXRUI=&h=308&w=250&sz=41&hl=en&start=11&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=A9BYawWLG-hE2M:&tbnh=117&tbnw=95&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtownes%2Bmaser%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dkevin8408.diytrade.com1219141065.jpghttp://kevin8408.diytrade.com/sdp/727357/3/pd-3 safari%26sa%3DNhttp://www.prepuzio.com/2010/03/god-vibrations.html/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratorywww.slac.stanford.edunasimages.orgphysicsworld.comhttp://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sp/kids/funphysics4.shtmlhttp://www.bergdorfgoodman.com/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/health/clinton300x450.jpg