Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PERFORMANCE OF MORTAR WiTH EGG ALBUMEN
SHARON YONG WIN TIN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Recourses
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
III
NOVEMBER 2010
ABSTRACT
This study is to investigate the performance of mortar with 1% and 5% egg
albumen. The field of studies covered the important parameters in determining the
engineering properties such as compressive and flexural strength and drying
shrinkage of egg albumen additive in mortar. It was achieved by compression test
and flexural test conducted to determine the highest strength development between
samples for 7, 14 and 28 age days of both air and water curing time. There were three
types of samples That has been tested, which are mortar containing 1% of egg
albumen, 5% of egg albumen and mortar with plain ordinary Portland cement as the
control samples. The result obtained showed that the compressive strength for water
curing for 100% mortar control samples achieved the highest strength where is it
5.78Mpa and it is 3.58% higher strength than the air cured samples, while mortar
with 5% egg albumen achieved 5.02Mpa of strength where it is 9.37% higher than sir
cured samples. Next it is mortar with 1% egg albumen that achieved 4.64Mpa where
it is only 4.71% higher than air cured samples. For flexural test, the result obtained
where mortar with 5% egg albumen achieved the highest flexural strength for water
cured samples where it is 36.27% higher than the air cured samples, while for mortar
with 1% egg albumen has achieved flexural strength of 2.4Mpa for air cured
samples, where it is 20.6% higher than the water cured samples. As for 100% mortar
control samples has achieved the lowest strength, where it is 1,98Mpa for air cured
samples. As for the result achieved from drying shrinkage test, result obtained for air
cured samples achieves highest shrinkage if compared with water cured samples. The
used of concrete as samples besides mortar is recommended for future works and
studies.
VII
ABSTRAK
Penyelidikan ml bertujuan untuk niengetahul prestasi mortar dengan 1% dan
5% albumen telur. Bidang kajian meliputi parameter penting dalam menentukan sifat
teknikal seperti tekanan dan lenturan dan susut pengeringan albumen telur sebagain
bahan penambahan di dalam mortar. Hal ml semua dengan uji tekanan dan uji
lenturan dilakukan untuk menentukan penbangunan kekuatan yang lebih tinggi
antara sampel untuk han ke 7, 14 and 28, baik udara dan air semasa peneraman. Ada
tigajenis sampel yang telah diuji, iaitu mortar mengandungi 1% dari albumen telur,
5% dari albumen telur dan. mortar dengan simen Portland biasa sebagai sampel
kawalan. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa kuat tekan untuk air
rnenyembuhkan untuk sampel mortar 100% kawalan mencapai kekuatan tertinggi di
mana itu 5.78Mpa dan itu adalah kekuatan 3,58% lebih tinggi berbanding hawa
sembuh sampel, sedangkan mortar dengan albumen ttlur .5% semua 5.02Mpa
dari Kekuatan mana 9,37% Iebih tinggi daripada sampel sembuh Sir. Berikut mi
adalah mortar dengan albumen telur 1% yang dicapai 4.64Mpa yang biayanya hanya
4,71% lebih tinggi danipada sampel hawa sembuh.Untuk ujian lentur, hasilnya
diperolehi di mana mortar dengan albumen telur 5% mencapai kekuatan lentur
tertinggi bagi sampel air disembuhkan dimana 36,27% lebih tinggi berbanding hawa.
sembuh sampel, sedangkan untuk mortar dengati albumen telur 1% telah mencapai
kekuatan lentur 2.4Mpa unflik sampel hawa disembuhkan, di mana 20,6% Iebih
tinggi daripada sampel air sembuh. Adapun 100% sampel kawalan mortar telah
mencapai kekuatan yang paling rendah, di mana 1 .98Mpa untuk sampel hawa
sembuh. Adapun hasil yang dicapai dari uji susut pengeningan, keputusan yang
diperolehi untuk sampel hawa disembuhkan rnencapai penyusutan tertinggi jika
dibandingkan dengan sampel air sembuh. Yang digunakan sebagai sampel konkrit
mortar selain disyorkan untuk bekeijbekeija di masa mendatang dan kajian.
VII'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
SUBJECT
PAGE
CERTIFICATION OF THESIS
1
CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISOR ii
TITLE PAGE Ill
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION
iv
DEDICATION
V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Vi
ABSTRACT VI'
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ix
LIST OF TABLES xi'
LIST OF FIGURES xl"
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
lx
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study
12 Problem Statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scope of Work
1.5 Significance of Study
1.6 Summary
1
2
3
3
7
8
x
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Introduction to Mortar 10
2.3 History Development of Mortar 11
2.4 Properties of Fresh Mortar 12
2.4.1 Workability 13
2.4.2 Water Retentivity 13
2.4.3 Air content 14
2.4.4 Stiffening and hardening 14
2.4.5 Bulk Density 15
2.5 Properties of Hardened Mortar 15
2.5.1 Bond 16
2.5.2 Compressive Strength 16
2.5.3 Durability 17
2.5.4 Flexural Strength 18
2.5.5 Thermal Properties 18
2.6 Introduction of Egg Albumen 19
26.1 Properties of Egg Albumen 19
2.7 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Laboratory Work 22
3.3 Experiment Program 22
3.4 Preparation of Materials 24
3.4.1 Cement 24
3.4.2 Water 26
3.4.2 Fine Sand 27
3.4.2 Egg Albumen 28
3.5 Apparatus and Test Equipment 29
3.5.1 Apparatus for Mixing, Casting and Curing 29
3.5.2 Test Equipments for Testing 32
3.6 Procedure for Mixing of Sample 33
3.6.1 Mix Design Process 35
2%I
3.6.2 Casting and Curing of Mortar 36
3.7 Testing of Sample 37
3.7.1 Compression Test 37
3.7.2 Flexural Strength Test 38
3.7.3 Drying Shrinkage Test 39
3.8 Summary 40
4 .RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Data Analysis 42
4.3 Compressive Test 42
4.4 Flexural Strength Test 50
4.5 Drying Shrinkage 56
4.6 Summary 60
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Conclusion 62
5.2.1 Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength 62
5.2.2 Drying Shrinkage 63
5.3 Recommendation 64
5.4 Summary 65
REFERENCES 66
APPENDICES 68
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE
1.0 Number of Samples and Tests for Laboratory Work 5
3.1 Mineral Compounds of Portland Cement 24
3.2 Properties Of Mineral Compounds 25
3.3 Mix Proportions for Mortar Prism85
3.4 Mix Proportional for Cube of Mortar 35
4.1 Result of Compression Test 43
4.2 Flexural Strength (ME a) of Mixtures 50
4.3 Water Curing- Drying Shrinkage 56
4A Air Curing for Drying Shrinkage 58
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO ITITLE PAGE
1.1 Dimension of Cubes Samples 4
1.2 Dimension of Prism Samples 4
1.3 Flow chart of Study 6
3.1 Experimental Program 23
3.2 Portland Cement 25
3.3 Where Laitance is being Clean 26
3.4 Fine Sand 27
3.5 Egg Albumen 28
3.6 Cubes (lSOmmxiSOmnix 150mm) and Prism
(500mm x 100mm x 100mm) mold 29
3.7 Cement Mixer 30
3.8 Food Mixer 30
3.9 Curing Tank 31
3.10 Trowel 31
3.11 Compression Testing Machine for Cubes 32
3.12 Flexural Testing Machine for Prism 32
3.13 Drying Shrinkage Dial Gauge Set 33
314 Tamping of Mortar Layer by Layer 34
3.15 Air Curing of Samples 34
3.16 Curing Tank with Concrete Cube inside 36
3.17 Failure Form of Compression Test 38
3.18 Failure Form of Flexural Test 39
XIII
xi',
4.1 100% OF Mortar for Air and Water Curing
(Compression test) 44
4.2 Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and
Water Curing (Compression Test) 45
4.3 5% Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and
Water Curing (Compression Test) 46
4.4 Compression of Compressive Strength og Types of
Samples for Water Curing 48
4.5 Compression of Compressive Strength of Types of
Samples for Air Curing 49
4.6 100% of Mortar for Air and Water Curing (Flexural Test) 51
4.7 1% of Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and
Water Curing (Flexural Test) 52
4.8 5% of Egg Albumen with 100% Mortar for Air and
Water Curing (Flexural Test) 53
4.9 Comparison of Compressive Strength of Type if
Samples got Water Curing 54
4.10 Compression of Flexural Strength of Type of
Samples for Air Curing 55
4.11 Assessment of Drying Shrinkage of Mortars for
Water Curing 57
4.12 Assessment of Drying Shrinkage of Mortar for Air
Curing 59
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
lBS - Industrial Building System
EA - Egg Albumen
MEA - Mortar with egg albumen
BS - British standard
w/c - Water to cement ratio
s/c - Sand cement ratio
w/b - Water to binder ratio
IRA - Initial rate of absorption
FKASA - Fakulti kejuruteraan await dan sumber alam
UMP - Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- Celcius
MPa - Mega Pascal
kg - Kilogram
mm - Millimeter
Itnt - Micrometer
- - Negative
% - Percent
EM
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A BS 4551: Part 1: 1998 (Table 3: Percentages of
fraction of standards fine aggregate (sand) and
Table 4: Composition of Laboratory Mixes) 68
B BS4551: Part 1:1998 (12.3 Determination of Flexural
Strength and 12.4 Determination of Compressive
Strength.) 71
C Concrete Mixed Design Calculation 73
D Compression test result 84
E Flexural Test Result 88
F Drying Shrinkage Result 92
G Gantt Chart Of Study 96
xv'
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background. of Study
Industrialized building system or IDS has been adapted by Malaysia to
improving the construction sector in Malaysia. IBS roadmap 2003-2010 was to let the
construction sector to improve its productivity and its efficiency of the industry. The
roadmap was formulated for improving the construction output through five main issues,
namely manpower; materials, management, monetary and marketing Nowadays
building should build with low density material but high in strength to reduce cost and
density for example in bricks or bind construction blocks together and more, so by using
mortar with. egg albumin can solve this problem. Beside using normal foaming agent in
concrete, by using waste material such as egg white as foam in concrete and as one of
the material that can improving the strength of concrete can already to follow up this
improvement to the construction industry by turning waste to wealth.
Egg albumin (EA) or egg white were the main material in this project to test its
strength in mortar and it was an organic material that full of protein to test the
performance of it in mortar. Egg white that have been beaten and turn into a foam can
increase the strength of mortar. According to S. Chandra and J. Aavik (1987) egg
albumen or also can be protein work as air entraining agents in cement mortar. Steam
curing has an adverse effect on the strength of mortar specimens mixed with protein.
Protein addition introduces hydrophobic properties in the cement mortar.
1.2 Problem Statement
The current cost of construction materials was too high, resulting the expenditure
for construction project was increasing. It was worth to know that the use of egg
albumen have the potential to reduce the material cost since the egg albumen itself was a
waste material.
High density concrete or normal concrete cost was very high, but with mortar it
can help to reduce cost and it was low density when it's come in making the bricks and
the lining and even the finishing. Beside that it was important to having high stability, so
the stability of foam concrete was the consistency at which the density ratio was nearly
one without any segregation and bleeding. As K. Ramamurthy et. al (2009) stated that
mortar was very durable and have a lot of advantages.
Egg albumin was a waste-material that can increase the- strength of mortar, hence
egg albumen. was a material that was not widely used in Malaysia, this material cannot
convince a lot of people in construction industry because there were lack of information
about the usage of this material in the construction industry and they do not noticed the
advantages and the behaviors properties of this material. In term of environment
concern, the egg albumen leaves the positive effect to the environment.
3
1.3 Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of foam concrete
with egg albumin due to compression tests. The specific objectives of this study were:
I. To determine the engineering properties of mortar in term of strength for
1% and. 5% of egg albumen as additive material.
II. To study the effect of the curing conditions to the compressive strength
and flexural test of mortar.
III. To study the performance of egg albumen as additive material and its
effectiveness in improving the properties of mortar.
1.4 Scope Of Work
The scope of this study involved the experimental works where the experimental
study was carried out to investigate the performance of mortar with egg albumen (MEA).
The purpose of the research was determined that was the compressive strength, flexural
strength and the drying shrinkage of the mortar. In this study the dimension of the- cube
were 10mm x 150mm x 150mm, while the prism were 500mm x 100mm x 100mm, in
determining the compressive strength, flexural strength and drying shrinkage that
accordance to BS81 10-4:1997. In order to ensure that the concrete mortar cubes were
properly tested for their compressive strength, flexural strength for cubes samples, d
drying shrinkage wider standard condition, they should carefully store in a curing. Both
cubes and prisms was tested at the appropriate age while still damped on the surface in a
properly calibrates testing machine and at a set-loading rate.
P5OHI
4
In this study, 54 cubes of sample were prepared, which was 18 specimens for 1%
egg albumen (EA) with 100% mortar, 18 specimens for 5% egg albumen (EA) with
100% of mortar and 18 specimen of 100% mortar. For prisms, also 54 samples were
prepared, which 18 specimens were 1% egg albumen (EA) with 100% mortar, 18
specimens for 5% egg albumen (EA) with 100% of mortar and 18 specimen of 100%
mortar. All 108 samples were curing under air and water condition, on the seventh day
3 specimen of each sample for cubes were tested under compression for cubes samples,
flexural test and drying shrinkage test for prisms samples. Figure 1.1 shows the
dimensions of cubes samples, while figure 1.2 shows the dimensions of prism samples.
Table 1.1 shown the number of samples and tests for laboratory work while Figure 1.3
shown the flow chart of this study.
Figure 1.1: Dimension of Cubes Samples
iO0mmI1 a__
I100mm]
500mm
Figure 1.2: Dimension of Prism Samples
Table 1.0: Number of Samples and Tests for Laboratory Work
Percentages Control Samples 1% egg albumen 5% egg albumen
Typeof
yof Sample
Curing 7
day
14
day
28
day
7
day
14
day
28
day
7
day
14
day
28
day
Cube Air curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Water curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Prism Air curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Water curing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Total 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Total samples 108 of samples
L Selection of structural element
L Prepare molds of cubes and prisms 1 JJ. [ Construct the specimen- sampling and mortar ]
-JIlL Instrumentation of specimen
1J [ Experimental set- up and calibration of equipment ]
NO
YES
Testing on specimen
Interpretation. of results
-a
Report writing
LL Submission of report J
Figure 1.3: Flow Chart of Study
7
1.5 Significance of Study
The application of egg albumen as part of materials for mortar or even in
concrete in Malaysia was still not widely applied in normal construction whereas mostly
the egg albumen was being used in the cooking factor. The properties of egg albumen
were not fully understood as the result of less information about the usage of egg
albumen in foam concrete which was amazingly capable to reduce the cost for
constructionmaterials, can also expected to increase the strength of the foam concrete.
It was appears that it was possible to use egg albumen as one of the material in
mortar which was predicted to cause some changes to some of the engineering properties
such as drying shrinkage, flexural strength and especially compressive test.
This study conducted to study the advantages of 'using egg albumen as an
additive material for Portland cement in mortar. The advantages of using egg albumen
were discussed in term of its ultimate strength which corresponding to its compressive
and flexural strength. Other engineering behaviors that discussed were included its
drying shrinkage and its workability.
8
1.6 Summary
An overview about the egg albumen application was presented. This study was
about an experimental works in the laboratory, the performance of mortar due to
compression test, flexural test and drying shrinkage by using 1% and 5% of egg albumen
as a partial material to the mortar haven been investigated. The purpose of this study was
to identify the effectiveness of egg albumen in mortar. As by using egg albumen as a
partial material in mortar, the effectiveness of egg albumen to mortar for example high
strength, high durability, high performance and high quality have achieved. Other than
that, it was also be superior environmental friendly due to 'ecological disposal of large
quantities of waste material.
Through this studies all the testing that has been conducted, it was believed that
mortar with additive egg albumen have better quality in its engineering behaviors such
as its compressive and flexural strength.
ChAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The purpose of a literature review was to analyze, convey to the reader what
knowledge and ideas have been established on literature published related to mortar with
egg albumen and what were the strength and weaknesses. Other than that, the purpose of
a literature review were also to see what has and has not been investigated, to identify
data sources that-other researchers have used, and to discover how a research project was
related. to the work of others. In this chapter, related literature from the primary
resources of published materials such as books, journal articles, conference articles,
research papers and thesis were reviewed and presented..
10
2.2 Introduction to Mortar
According to Amateur Work Magazine and Masonry Advisory Council, cement
mortar was a mixture of cement as a binding agent and sand mixes with sufficient water
to produce a plastic mass. When the sand and cement mixed together with water, a
chemical reaction will occur which was called hydration. Sand in the mortar was used
to avoid cracks due to shrinkage of cement in setting and for the sake of economy.
Where great strength was required, there should be at least sufficient cement to fill the
voids or air spaces in the sand, and a slight excess was preferable in order to
compensate for any uneven distribution in the mixing. The common ratios for Portland
cement mortar were 3 parts of sand to 1 part of cement, and for natural cement mortar
was 2 parts of sand and to 1 part of cement. Refer to Masonry Advisory Council,
Mortar plays an important role in the performance of the structure. It does not only
bonds the individual units together but it also seals the building against moisture and air
penetration. The most important qualities of mortar were bond strength and durability.
There were several properties of mortar that can influence bond strength and durability.
Defined by the Masonry Advisory Council, other characteristics that influent
general performance of the mortar was aggregate grading, water receptivity, and water
flow. Water retentivity allows mortar to resist the proper curing. It was the mortar's
ability to retain its plasticity. Less retentive mixes can "bleed" moisture, creating a thin
layer of water between mortar and masonry unit and substantially decreasing bond
strength. Masonry was the building of structures from individual units laid in and
bound together by mortar.
Also the Masonry Advisory Council tells that the compressive strength of mortar
was sometimes used as a principal criterion for selecting mortar type, and it commonly
relates to some other properties, such as tensile strength and absorption of the mortar.
The compressive strength of mortar depends largely upon the cement content and the
I
water-cement ratio. The accepted laboratory means for measuring compressive strength
was to test 2 in. cubes of mortar.
Flexural strength was also important because it measures the ability of a mortar
to resist cracking. Often overlooked were the size or shape of mortar joints in that the
ultimate compressive load. The single most important property of mortar was the bond
strength, and it was critical that this bond be complete, strong, and durable. The
strength and extent of the bond were affected by many variables of material and
workmanship. The moisture content and suction of the units, the water retention of the
mortar, and curing conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind
combine to influence the completeness and integrity of the mechanical and chemical
bond.
2.3 History Development of Mortar
According to R.T. Kreh(2003), clay was the first material to be used for mortar.
It has been used through history in masonry wall of unburned brick, but the lack of a
hard binding agent makes clay impractical in humid climates. In 2690 B.C. the great
pyramid of Giza was built in Egypt. The huge blocks of this structure were cemented
together with mortar made form burned gypsum and sand. Many years later, the Greeks
and Romans developed mortar from volcanic waste and sand. Structures built with this
mortar still stand.
Mortar made from lime- sand was commonly used until the later nineteenth
century. However, in 1824, Portland cement was developed, an occurrence that marked
the beginning of modem- day cement.
Portland cement was a much stronger material than had been used before,
whether it was applied alone or combined with lime. Mortar used today was a
combination of Portland cement, hydrated lime, and masonry sand. More recently,
masonry cements have been developed which require that only sand water be added for
the formation of mortar.
The formula or percentage of ingredients were usually not printed on bag of
mortar must pass specifications for a mortar of medium strength. This mortar may be
sold under various brand names, but Portland cement was always specified by type.
Besides binding the masonry materials into a permanents structure, mortar seals the
joints against penetration of air and moisture. Mortar acts as a bond for various parts of
the structure such as reinforcement rods, anchor bolts, and metal ties so they may
become an integral part of the walls which can be attributed directly to the used of
defective mortar.
2.4 Properties of Fresh Mortar
According to Mortar Industry Association the role of fresh mortar during
construction were a very important and complex one, where the mortar must spread
easily and remain workable longs enough to enable the accurate laying to line and level
of the masonry units. Other than that, it also must retain water so that it does not dry out
and stiffen too quickly, especially when using absorbent masonry units. Then it must
then harden in a reasonable time to prevent it deforming or squeezing out under the
weight of the units laid above. These various properties of fresh mortar were described
in the following sections below.
13
2.4.1 Workability
Workability may be defined as the behavior of a mortar in respect of all the
properties required during application, subsequent working and finishing. The
operative's opinion of workability was greatly influenced by the flow properties of the
mortar, its cohesiveness and retention of moisture against the suction of the substrate. A
mortar with good. workability has the following property, where it was ease of use, as we
can see the way it adheres or slides on the trowel. The next workability property was
ease of spread in the masonry unit. Other than that mortar also can ease of extrusion
between courses without movement due to its own weight of additional courses. Mortar
also can ease of positioning of the masonry unit without movement due to its own
weight and the weight of additional courses.
If a mortar were harsh, that was of poor workability, the output of craftsmen was
reduced. Picking up and spreading can be slow and difficult was in placing the cross or
perpendicular joints and in obtaining a good finish.
2.4.2 Water Retentivity
This was the property of mortar that resists water loss by absorption into the
masonry units and to the air, in conditions of varying temperature, wind and humidity.
Water retentivity was related to workability. A mortar with good water retentivity
remains plastic long enough to allow the masonry units to be aligned and plumbed
without breaking the intimate bond between the mortar units.
Low- absorption units in contact with mortar with high water retentivity may
"float" and move out of alignment and plumb. Therefore, water retentivity should be
neither too low nor too high. Adjustments can be made by varying the amount of