A QIP Course on Smart Grid Technology: Smart Grid Architecture

Ankush SharmaAssistant Professor

Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur

E-mail: ansharma@iitk.ac.in

Contents

Smart Grid Domains

Smart Grid Overall Architecture

Smart Grid Communication Architecture

Smart Grid IT Architecture

Smart Grid Services Architecture

Customer PremisesGeneration Transmission Distribution

MeterMV to LV

Transformer

Substation

HV to MV

Step down

transformer

HV linesPower

PlantLoads

750, 500, 345, 230,

and 138 kV69, 26, 13 & 4kV

Coal 45%

Natural Gas 23%

Nuclear 20%

Hydro 7%

Other 5%

120 & 240V

Basic Power Grid

Wind Farm

Solar Farm

Roof Top

Solar

Wind

Farm

EV

Microgrid

Intelligent ICT Network

Smart Grid

Generation

Energy Storage

Industry

Commercial

Residential

Power Flow in Smart Grid

Power Flow in conventional Power System

Distribution

Network

(Fig. Source: Internet)

Participative Customer

Operations

Service ProvidersMarket

Smart Grid DomainsSmarter -

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Customer participation

Operations

Markets

Service Providers

Source: http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/

Smart Grid: Customer Domain Customers can be classified into three main categories: residential, commercial,

and industrial.

Customers are going to play a very important role in distribution system

operation through demand response using peak-load shaving, valley-filling etc.

Smart building or smart home solutions will monitor and control the power

consumption at the consumer premises in an intelligent way.

Proper communication

infrastructure will be

required for the

prosumers to interact

with the operators,

distribution systems, and

the market.

Smart Grid: Market Domain Smart grid power market needs to develop, keeping in mind all the objectives of

the smart grid.

The communication infrastructure integrating all the domains is the key to the

success of the power market in a smart grid.

Appropriate regulatory policies needs to be formulated for seamless integration

of the various domains.

The pricing information

has to be made available

online in real-time.

Smart Grid: Service Provider domain Various service providers will emerge, as the smart grid business model

matures. For example –

Retailer

Aggregator

Communication interface with the operations, market, and consumers will be

needed for effective services.

Examples of services:

Renewable generation

forecasting

Billing and customer

complain management

Smart building and home

management

Installation and

commissioning services.

Account management

Smart Grid: Operations Domain Smart grid operations require communication interface with the other domains

Network operations is one the most important activity responsible for metering,

recording, analysis and controlling operations.

Real-time information exchange with the power market needs to be established

in order to implement power trading and scheduling.

The operators need to

interact with various

service providers for

ensuring proper

functioning of the

smart grid.

Information exchange

with the prosumers is

the key to implement

the demand response

management system.

Smart Grid: Generation Domain Co-existence of various types of renewable and non-renewable generating

technologies, such as coal, hydro, nuclear, solar, biomass, geothermal, etc.

System operator has to coordinate the operation of the generation plants, and

ensure the stable and secure operation of the system.

Use of Wide-area measurement system (WAMS) enabled by communication

technologies generating stations operation control e.g. WAMS based power

system stabilizer

Communication

infrastructure needs to

be in place between the

generating facilities and

the system operator,

electricity market, and

the transmission system.

Smart Grid: Transmission Domain Energy-efficient transmission network will carry the power from the bulk

generation facilities to the power distribution systems.

The transmission network needs to be monitored in real-time, and protected

against any potential disturbance.

The power flow and voltage on the lines need to be controlled in order to

maintain stable and secure operation of the system.

System operator to

ensure optimal utilization

of the transmission

network, by minimizing

the losses and voltage

deviations, and

maximizing the reliability

of the supply.

Smart Grid: Distribution Domain Substation automation and distribution automation will be the key enablers for

the smart distribution systems.

Increasing use of distributed energy resources (DERs) will be an important

feature of future distribution systems.

An important job of the distribution system operator is to control the DERs in a

coordinated way to ensure stability and power quality of the distribution system.

Information exchange

between the distribution

system operator and the

customers for better

operation of the

distribution system

Smart Grid –Layered Architecture

Source: Internet

NIST Smart Grid Architecture Model with DER

Smart Grid Architecture Model

Smart Grid Communication Layer

LAN

NAN/

Base figure Source: Internet

Smart Grid Communication Layer...contd

IEC 62056

Real Time/High Speed Service Bus

Enterprise Service Bus

SCADANetwork

Mgmt

Outage

Mgmt

Network

PlanningControl Centre

Applications

CIS ERP EAM, GIS AMI Market

Standalone / Legacy

Applications

Conventional Field

Device

Intelligent Field

Devices

Historian

Ele

ctricity

Gas

Wate

rS. G. Information Layer overview

18

Smart Grid SOA Model

Ref

: IEC

Sm

art

Gri

d S

tan

dar

diz

atio

n R

oad

map

Smart Grid Model for Information Exchange

Ref: IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap

IEC 62357

IEC 62056

IS 16444

Ref

: IEC

Sm

art

Gri

d S

tan

dar

diz

atio

n R

oad

map

Advanced EMS Architecture

Ref: IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap

IEE

E C

37.1

18

PMU

Pro

ject

Man

agem

ent

Busi

ness

Chan

ge

Man

agem

ent

Cut-

ove

r

Man

agem

ent

Syst

em

s

Inte

grat

ion

Busi

ness

Inte

llige

nce

Dat

a Se

rvic

eIn

tegra

tio

n &

Data

Serv

ices

Tra

nsf

orm

ati

on

Serv

ices

Infr

astr

uct

ure

Man

agem

ent

Oth

er

Serv

ices

Operations

Planning

Customer

Service

Demand Side Management

Energy Efficiency

Customer Relationship

Management

Metering and Billing

Service Management

Network Planning Network ModellingAsset

Management

Meter Data Management

Work Management

Operations

ManagementSCADA/EMS/DMS Outage Management Substation Automation

Infrastructure

Smart Home Infrastructure

(Smart Thermostat, Load

Control Devices, Gateways.)

AMI Infrastructure

(Smart Meter, Data

Concentrators, AMI head

end)

Smsrt Grid Infrastructure

(Sensors, Grid Control

Devices, Grid head end)

Consu

ltin

g

(Road

map

,

Stra

tegy

)

Applic

atio

n

Deve

lopm

ent

&

Mai

nte

nan

ce

CommunicationHome Area Network (HAN)Local Area Network

(LAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)

Electric Vehicle (EV)Credit and Revenue

Protection

System

Operation

Contracts & Settlements

SolutionsDashboarding & Reports

Predictive Analytics & Risk

Management

Secu

rity

, S

tan

dard

s &

In

tero

pera

bilit

ySmart Grid Function & Business Model

Global Smart Grid Agencies

IEEE – Started on 1st Jan 1963 in New Jersey, USA. IEEE-SA for standard making

IEC – Formed on 26 June 1906 in Geneva. An NGO for standardization of E.T.

NIST – Formed in 1901 in Maryland, USA to promote innovation

CIGRE – Founded in Paris in 1921. Facilitate technical exchange in HVE

UCAIug – NFP organization of utilities & service providers for interoperability

EPRI – Formed in 1972, HQ - California. NFP org. to work in industry led R&D

NREL – Started in 1977 in Colorado (funded by DOE). Dedicated for R&D in RES

ISA – Formed on 28th April 1945 in Pittsburgh. Focus - industrial automation

NERC – Formed on 26 March 2006 in Atlanta to promote power reliability

Smart Grid in India India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF): launched by Power Minister on May 26, 2010

NFP voluntary consortium of public & private stakeholders with objective of accelerating development of Smart Grid in the Indian Power Sector.

India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF)

Inter ministerial group to serve as Govt focal point for Smart Grid activity

Distributed control, self-healing of the grid following a disturbance.

NSGM (National Smart Grid Mission)

Established in January 2016 by Govt. of India (under ministry of power) to accelerate Smart Grid deployment in India.

CPRI (Central Power Research Institute): Established by GoI in 1960 in B’lore

1978: became autonomous society under MoP

National lab to undertake applied research in power, also a testing agency

Many utilities have started individual activities at different levels.

Several smart grid pilot projects funded by MOP