A progress report and publication list (if applicable) …10.1007/s11695... · Web view4.Wadden TA, Faulconbridge LF, Jones-Corneille LR, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN, Thomas JG, et

(i) terms synonymous with disordered eating: eating disorder$ or disordered eat$ or eating

behav$ or eating psychopatholog$ or binge$ or grazing or graze$ or bulimia or binge-

eating disorder or eating habit$ or eating pattern$ or eating attitude$ or loss of control or

over eat$;

(ii) terms synonymous with overweight/obesity: weight or BMI or body mass or waist hip

ratio or adipos$ or waist circumference or obes$ or over weight$ or body size or body

fat;

(iii) terms synonymous with surgery: surgery or surgical or obesity treatment or bariatric

surg$ or gastric bypass or gastroplasty or LAGB or Lap-Band$ or gastric band$ or

postoperative outcome$.

Figure S1. Search Strategy Key Words and Mapped Subject Headings.

1

1. eating disorder$ or disordered eat$ or eating behav$ or eating psychopatholog$ or binge$

or grazing or graze$ or bulimia or binge-eating disorder or eating habit$ or eating

pattern$ or eating attitude$ or loss of control or over?eat$ or over eat$

2. exp eating disorders/

3. #1 OR #2

4. weight or BMI or body mass or waist hip ratio or adipos$ or waist circumference or WC

or obes$ or over?weight$ or over weight$ or body size or body fat

5. "body weights and measures"/ or exp body fat distribution/ or exp body mass index/ or

exp body size/ or exp waist-hip ratio/

6. #4 OR #5

7. surgery or surgical or obesity treatment or bariatric surg$ or gastric bypass or

gastroplasty or LAGB or Lap-Band$ or gastric band$ or postoperative outcome$

8. exp general surgery/ OR exp Bariatric Surgery/

9. #7 OR #8

10. #3 AND #6 AND #9

11. Limit #10 to english language

12. Limit #11 to animals

13. #11 NOT #12

14. Limit #13 to All child 0-18yrs

15. #13 NOT #14

Figure S2. Example Search Strategy – Medline Database.

2

Table S1. Studies Assessing Disordered Eating in the Post-operative Bariatric Surgery Population.

Study Sample N Sex (%F) Age yrs (sd/range)

BMI (sd/range) Surgery Length of follow-up

Country & Ethnicity % (n)

[1] 39 90%F 50.3±7.6 90.23±17.88 kg LRYGB 4 yr USCaucasian 75%African American (8)Hispanic (1)

[2] 35 80%F:20%M NR NR RYGB 1 yr USWhite 53%

[3] 1001 804F:187M(80%F)

NR NR RYGB Up to 30 mths US

[4] 131Non-BED: 80 initially, 51 had 12mth weight measure.BED: 51 initially, 30 had 12mth weight measure.

NR NR NR RYGB or AGB 12 mths US

[5] 138 138F (100%F) 42 (22-62) NR NR NR Netherlands

[6] 78 total; 60 (76%) completed questionnairesGrp 1 n: 35, post-op (mths): 6.7±3.0

Grp 2 n: 25, post-op (mths): 18.8±5.8

Grp 1=28F:7M(80%F)Grp 2=21F:4M(84%F)

Grp1=39.7±11.5Grp2=43.9±12.6

Grp1=31.6±5.1Grp2=31.3±4.5

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Grp 1 <1yr;Grp 2 >1 yr

Israel

[7] 16 12F:4M 24-44 (36.8) NR NR NR Sweden

3




(75%F)[8] 70 F (100%F) 38.6 (10.3) 47.4 (7.6) RYGB 1 yr France[9] 43 F (100%F) NR NR NR 1 & 2 yrs Switzerland[10] 136 101F:35M

(74.3%F)41.4±10.6 (20-64)

29.5±4.7 (19.7-42.1) GBP >1yr (22.5±17.2 mths)

Switzerland

[11] 30 NR NR NR VBG 3, 12, 36 mths Greece

[12] 22 NR NR NR LAGB NR UK[13] 132 84F:49M

(63.6%F)43±11 34.4±7.1 (22.1-42.6) BPD ≥1yr

(40±4.3mths)Italy

[14] 27 (variable) 26F:1M(96.3%F)

NR Weight (kg) self-report=86.33±17.26Weight (kg) physician-report=90.23±17.88

LRYGB 4yrs US

[15] 197 (148 participated, 75%)

84%F 45.9 Pre-op=46.2Post-op NR

LRYGB 40.1±15.3 mths (15.4-72.1mths)

USHispanic 20%White 72.3%Black 12.8%Asian 0.7%American Indian or Alaskan Native 3.4%

[16] 6mth=311 (86.1%)12mth=294 (81.4%)24mth=171 (47.4%)

NR NR NR GBP 6, 12, 24 mths US

[17] 1yr=135 (96%)Last visit at 8±1.2yrs=80 (59%)

NR NR 1 yr=31.6±6.2Last visit=34.5±6.2

RYGB 8±1.2 yrs Switzerland

[18] 497 475F:22M 43.2 (8.4) (21- NR RYGB 3-10yrs (4.2) US

4




(95.6%F) 65) White 90.1% (445)Black/African American 5.5% (27)Hispanic/Latino 2.8% (14)Native American 0.8% (4)

[19] 59 NR 50F:9M 32.6 RYGB 1.9yrs (0.4) (18-35mths)

US

[20] 60 44F:16M(73.3%F)

NR Pre=42.3 (38.1-63.5)Post=31.7 (22.3-38.1)

BPD 24-72 mths Italy

[21] 112 NR NR 31.9±5.9 VGB 2 yrs Netherlands

[22] 151 F&M NR Post BMIno T1 diagnosis= 38.3 ± 7.0T1 Anx/dep= 43.9 6.4

LAGB 4yrs Germany

[23] 34BED: 16No BED: 18

F (100%F) BED=38.4 (7.6)No BED=42.7 (6.5)

BED=40.2 (8.2)No BED=35.8 (6.0)

NR BED: 42.6mths (15.1);No BED: 46.0mths (13.1)

Netherlands

[24] 1yr=131

3yr 2mth=122(attended both follow-ups=79)

84%F 1yr=44.03 (11.30)3yr=47.05 (10.35)

1 yr=30.55 (6.09)3 yr=30.18 (6.98)

GBP Mean 1yr, 3yr US

[25] 11 81%F:19%M 52.00±7.59 41.42±5.41 LAGB, RYGB 5.63±2.91mths USWhite 91%Black 9%

[26] 105 (initial) 86 F:14M(81.9%F)

45.8 (10.3) Max BMI=48.6 (9.1)Entry BMI=28.4 (5.6)

RYBG, LAGB NR; Assessment made at 1yr

USSurgical:Caucasian 92.4%

5




after registry in study

African American 6.7%Hispanic 0.0%Others 1.0 %

[27] Wk 20=198Wk 40=147Wk 66=92Wk 92=112

NR NR NR RYGB 20, 40, 66, 92 wks

US

[28] 7 6F:1M(85.7%F)

54 (49-64) 35.0-52.4 GBP & LAGB 2-11 mths USAfrican American (1)Caucasians (6)

[29] 15 12F:3M(80%F)

NR 30.8±3.4 Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

6mths Austria

[30] 129 103F:26M(79.8%F)

NR 35.0±6.0 LAGB 12 mths Australia

[31] 129Same sample as [30]

103F:26M(79.8%F)

NR 35.0±6.0 LAGB 12 mths Australia

[32] 139 123F:16M(88.5%F)

NR NR GBP 6 & 12 mths US

[33] 6mth=881 yr=89

80F:11M(6mth 90.9%F;1 yr 89.9%F)

NR 6mth=34.2±5.01yr=32.6±5.02yr=32.1±6.0

VBG 6, 12, 24 mths Netherlands

[34] 29 28F:1M(96.6%F)

NR NR AGB 5 yrs UK

[35] 21 F (100%F) NR NR LAGB 4, 5, 6 yrs Austria

[36] 236 210F:26M(89%F)

42.9 35.3 (7.02) VGB (201) or GBP (35)

8.2 (4.49) yrs Netherlands

[37] 38 32F:6M(84.2%F)

NR 32.98±5.29 VBG 1, 3, 6mths Italy

[38] 176 140F:36M(79.5%F)

Patients divided into younger

NR LAGB 50mths (30-84)

Austria

6




(18-40) & older (41-65) groups

[39] 13 F (100%F) NR 32.0 (5.8) RYGB 12mth US

[40] 35 31F:4M(88.6%F)

NR 37.8±5.5 LAGB 1 yr Italy

[41] 77 (60% RR) 68F:9M(88.3%F)

NR 38 (7) (25-55) LAGB 12 mths Netherlands

[42] 93 (47.9%) 81F:12M(87.1%F)

44.3±9.7 NR RYGB 78.4±35.7 wks (17.3-199.4)

USCaucasian 75%Hispanic 18.5%

[43] 139 124F:15M(89.2%F)

NR NR GBP 12 mths USWhite 70.5%African American 16.5%Hispanic American 11.5%Other 1.4%

[44] 157 (81.6% response)

144F:13M(91.7%F)

40.0 (7.9) 35.3 (6.9) LAGB 33.9 (15.1) Netherlands

[45] 140 (63% response)

140F(100%F)

NR NR AGB >30mths, 50 (30-84)

Austria

[46] 109 97F:12M(89.0%F)

NR 6mth=37.06 (6.22) 12mth=33.04 (5.61)

GBP 6 & 12 mths USWhite 67% (73)Black 18% (20)Hispanic 14% (15)Asian 1% (1)

[47] 137 122F:15M(89.1%F)

NR NR GBP 12 mths USCaucasian 70.8% (97)African American 16.8% (23)Hispanic-American 10.9% (15)Other 1.4% (2)

[48] 65 NR 43.5 (9.8) (21-65)

34.9 (5.5) LAGB, RYGB (47:9)

3.2 yrs (1.3) (0.2-5.8)

Switzerland

7




[49] 22 21F:1M 40.86±8.39 37.92 (9.75) LAGB (16), RYGB (6)

15 mths (4-48) UKWhite 18Black 3Other 1

[50] 21 21F(100%F)

NR 33.8 LAGB Every 6 mths to 3 yrs

Germany

[51] 149 102F:47M(68%F)

NR 38.6±6.8 VBG or AGB 14±1.5 Germany

[52] 23 20F:3M(87.0%F)

NR 39.2±1.0 LAGB 6 mths Austria

[53] 64 NR NR NR NR ≥6 mths US[54] 56 NR NR NR GBP 12 US[55] 65 65F

(100%F)NR 34.1 (8.5) GBP 16.4 US

White 40%African American 30%Hispanic 30%

[56] 93 ≤2 yrs: 42F:6M; Post>2 yrs: 102F:7M(91.7%F)

≤2 yrs: 40 (24-61); Post>2 yrs: 41 (22-55)

≤2 yrs: 45.5 (37-72); >2 yrs: 45.4 (36-63)

LAGB 68 mths Netherlands

[57] 65 (BE: 33; NBE: 32)

48F:17M(74%F)

NR 40.8 (9.0) RYGB 5-7 mths USWhite 77% (50)Black 20% (13)Hispanic 3% (2)

[58] 45 39F:6M(86.7%F)

42 (20.2-65.1) 34.6 (7.2) (21.9-65.2) RYGB 1.5 yrs (6 mths-3 yrs)

US

[59] 40 34F:6M(85%F)

NR 38.9 (7.5) RYGB 6 mths USCaucasian 79% (31)

[60] 140 BE: 15F:10M; NBE: 95F:20M(78.6%F)

BE: 36.46 (11.72); NBE: 44.61 (9.92)

NR VGB 18 mths Spain

[61] 66 (97; 68%) 87.9%F:12.1 NR 39.7 (9.2) LAGB 3, 6, 9, 12 Switzerland

8




%M mths[62] 99 (156; 63.5%) BE: 31F:13M;

NBE: 46F:6M(77.8%F)

At operation: BE: 40.4 (10.2); NBE: 42.8 (11.2)

BE: 34.4 (7.8); NBE: 33.1 (6.7)

RYGB BE: 4.0 (1.5); NBE: 4.0 (1.4) (>2 - <7 yrs)

US

[63] 99 31F(100%F)

38 (8.87) (20-58)

NR AGB ≥2 yrs Netherlands

[64] 100 85F:15M(85%F)

40.5±11.15 33.49±6.31 VBG 18 mths Spain

[65] 78 65F:13M (83.3%)

54.1 (31-77) 32.8 (22.7-49.5) RYGB 13.8 yrs (12.5-15.6)

USCaucasian 100%

[66] 152 128F:24M(84.2%F)

35.5 (11.3) (15-61)

NR LAGB <3 yrs Italy

[67] NR NR NR NR GBP NR US[68] Same sample

as [64]85F:15M(85%F)

40.50 (11.15) NR VBG 18.0±4.95 mths

Spain

[69] 26 NR NR 39.3 (7.3) (29-53) RYGB 1-3 wks, 6 mth USCaucasian 59%African American 28%Hispanic 6%Other 6%

[70] 56 45F:11M(80.4%F)

42.3 (20-57) Post Grp 2: 49.07 (0.67)

BPD 79 mths (2-15 yrs)

US

[71] 67 86%F:14%M 43.5±9.7 29.2±5.7 GBP: 58% (39); VBG 18% (12); Unspecified: 24% (16)

1.9 yrs USCaucasian 89.6%

[72] 6 mths: 101; 1yr: 90; 2yr: 74

NR NR 39.6 (11.1) NR 6 mths, 1 & 2 yrs & average 5.5 yrs (0.5-10.5 yrs)

USCaucasian 73%

[73] 50 NR NR 41.89 (9.33) RYGB 3.84 (0.89) mths

US

[74] 107 90F:17M 42.5 (10.75) NR GBP or LAGB 9 Australia

9




(84.1%F)[75] 89 81F:8M

(91.0%F)NR NR Gastroplasty 12 mths Canada

[76] 63 48F:15M(76.2%F)

NR NR BPD 3 yrs Italy

[77] 487 327F:160M(67.1%F)

NR M: 31.5; F: 32.5 LAGB, VBG & GBP

2 yrs Sweden

[78] 51 39F:12M(76.5%F)

NR BED: 29.7±4.5; Non-BED: 29.0±5.2

BPD 1, 2, 3 yrs Italy

[79] 111 91.3%F:8.7%M

44.6±10.4 28.7±6.4 NR 32 (30) mths USWhite 94.7%

[80] 27 NR 40.4±10.1 29.86±5.4 GBP 20.8±11.0 mths

US

[81] 34 NR NR GBP kg:71.42 (13.97); Waiting list kg: 111.35 (15.79)

GBP 2 yrs 8 mths (11 mths)

Australia

[82] 65 49F:16M(75.4%F)

NR 28.4 (20.3-40.3) BPD 1, 2 yrs Italy

[83] 20 16F:4M(80%F)

NR Successes: 29.6 (SEM 1.1); Failures: 37.0 (SEM 1.6)

VBG 1, 3, 6, 12 mths

Sweden

[84] Same sample as [76]

48F:15M(76.2%F)

NR 28.6 (0.55) (20.3-40.1)

BPD 1, 2 yrs Italy

[85] Same sample as [76, 84]

48F:15M(76.2%F)

NR 28.6 (0.55) (20.3-40.1)

BPD 1, 2 yrs Italy

[86] 20 16F:4M(80%F)

F: 42 yr 6 mth (9yr 4 mth); M: 47 yr (8 yr 7 mth)

118.13 (17.47) kg GBP 24.42 (9.13) mths

Australia

[87] 68 49:F19M(72.1%F)

NR 30.7 (18-53.4) BPD 12 mths Italy

[88] 98 71F:27M(72.4%F)

40 (18-64) 26 (20-29) BPD NR Italy

[89] 110 ST BPD (39): Post group: 35 28 (17-36) BPD 12-177 mths; Italy

10




28F:11M; LT BPD (71): 56F:15M(76.4%F)

(28-58) ST BPD: 14 (12-23); LT BPD: 53 (26-177)

[90] 16 12F:4M(75%F)

NR NR Scopinaro operation

3 mths, 1 & 2 yrs

UK

[91] 39 36F:3M(92.3%F)

37 (median 38) 80.1 kg (15.6) NR 17 mths (2-24) New Zealand

[92] 29 23F:6M(79.3%F)

NR 226.36 lbs (38.01) VBG 10.54 US

[93] 31 90.3%F 38.3 (24-55) NR Gastric stapling 1.7 yrs (1-4) Canada[94] 100 (1 yr: 100; 3

yr: 60)1 yr: 76F:24M; 3yr: 51F:9M(>75%F)

1 yr: 38±10; 3 yr: 39±9

1 yr F: 118±15 kg; M: 152±23 kg. 3 yr F:120±19; M: 146±17

RYGB 1 (14±2), 3 (35±3) yrs

US

[95] Same sample, methodology & measurement of ED as [94]

1 yr: 76F:24M; 3yr: 51F:9M(>75%F)

1 yr: 38±10; 3 yr: 39±9

1 yr F: 118±15 kg; M: 152±23 kg. 3 yr F:120±19; M: 146±17

RYGB 1 (14±2), 3 (35±3) yrs

US

[96] 33 NR NR NR GBP 24 mths USWhite 76%Black 24%

[97] 3 mths: 17; 6 mths: 13; ≥12 mths: 7

NR NR NR Gastroplasty or GBP

3, 6, 12 mths Canada

[98] 44 37F:6M (1 NR)(84.09%F)

35.2 (22-50) NR NR 11 mths (3-35) USAnglo-American (34)Hispanic (6)Black (1)American Indian (1)Unspecified (2)

[99] Grp 1 (Q): 27; Grp 2 (Int): 20

Grp 1: 20F:7M(74.1%)

Grp 1: 37 Grp 1: 131±46 kg (66-248)

Jejunoileal bypass

>8 ≤18 mths Grp 1: White (22) Black (2) Native American (3)

[100] 69 56F:13M 41±9.9 (21-54) 91 kg (17) Jejunoileal 37±19 mths US

11




(81.2%F) bypass (>1 yr)

AGB: Adjustable Gastric Banding; BED: Binge Eating Disorder; BPD: Biliopancreatic diversion; GBP: Gastric Bypass; LAGB: Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding; NR: Not reported; RYGB/LRYGB: (Laparoscopic) Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass; VBG: Vertical Banded Gastroplasty.

12

Table S2. Methods of Assessing Disordered Eating Following Bariatric Surgery.

Assessment method

Description Validation in BS patients ED criteria used Reported Strengths (S) / Limitations (L)

Times used

Studies using QuestionnairesTFEQ (EI)[26][8][30][31][20][19][29][15][35][13][27][50][51][52][57][59][61][73][75][77][81][83][84][87][89][2][60][62][68][69]

Construct: Assess eating behaviour & cognitions.Items: 51Response Format: T/F & Likert-type scale.Subscales: 3 scales of cognitive restraint of eating (conscious control over food intake, efforts taken for limiting food intake), disinhibition (inability to resist emotional/social eating cues, susceptibility to lose control over food consumption), & hunger (subjective feelings of hunger & food cravings). Clinically abnormal scores are >13 for restraint, >11 for disinhibition, & >10 for hunger.

ReliabilityInternal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

Classification system: n/a S: Simple to administer. The most commonly used measure in BS patients.L: Not indicative of diagnosis. No validation in BS patients.

32

13

Assessment method


Times used

[71][86]Amendments[8] French version[51] German version; extended to

include further questions on eating behaviour to assess 'rigid control' & 'flexible control'

[52][61]

German version

[77] Swedish version[89] Italian version[71] 2 additional items to assess the

number of times per day the subjects typically eat & how often, in an average week, they eat at restaurants.

EDE-Q[39][28][25][16][32][43][46][47][58][62][71]

Construct: Adapted from the EDE structured interview, the EDE-Q reports on attitudes, feelings and behaviour related to eating & body image. Assesses eating disorder psychopathology, including the frequency of overeating and binge eating.Items: 28Response Format: Items are rated on 7pt scales with higher scores reflecting higher severity/frequency. Most items refer to past 28 days.Subscales: Four subscales of dietary restraint, eating concerns, weight concerns, &

ReliabilityInternal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: The four subscales of the EDE and EDE-Q were significantly correlated, with correlation coefficients ranging from moderate (α=0.53) to strong (α=0.80) [58]. Mean differences between the measures for the Restraint and Eating Concern subscales were significant, with scores consistently higher on the questionnaire

Classification system: DSM-IVBED: DSM-IVLOC: presence of any LOC episodes in past 28 days.OBE: eating unusually large amounts of food while experiencing a sense of LOC. SBE: experiencing LOC when eating small or normal amounts of food.

S: Examines objective and subjective bingeing. Assesses the number of episodes and days so that diagnosis can be aligned with BED or BN, and DSM-IV or 5 criteria. Items about the number of days eliminate ambiguity about whether a prolonged OBE counts as 1 episode or several. The subscales have utility for assessing ED attitudinal psychopathology.L: Overestimates certain aspects of ED pathology relative to clinical interview. The volume & quantity of food required to meet binge criteria

12

14

Assessment method


Times used

shape concerns, + global score.

compared to the interview. OBEs and OOEs reported in the EDE-Q were not confirmed by the EDE. EDE-Q and EDE agreement for SBEs was also poor (k=0.28) [58].

are not specified. It relies on subjective self-report (therefore true 'objective overeating' is unknown). Limited utility for assessing OBEs and SBEs post-surgery..

Amendments[43] BED: BE ≥8 times/mth.

Regular BE: ≥ but <8 times/mth.Infrequent BE: <4 times in last mth.

[58] The item 'Definite desire to have a flat stomach' from the shape subscale was removed.

[62] Subjects who did not want to complete the questionnaire were contacted by telephone and asked a screening question about binge eating ('If I define a binge as eating within a concentrated period of time what most people would regard as an unusually large amount of food, how often have you binged in the past month?').

BE: ≥1 episode LOC/wk.OBE & SBE were combined for classification of binge eaters – binges defined by subjective sense of LOC rather than quantity consumed.NBE: <1 episode of LOC/wk (OBE or SBE) for past 4 weeks.

[71] Only used 2 items assessing frequency of binge eating and self-induced vomiting in past 28 days.

BES Construct: Assesses the Reliability Classification system: S: Simple to administer. 11

15

Assessment method


Times used

[39][40][23][37][15][54][56][59][44][60][68]

feelings, cognitions and behavioural aspects of being eating in overweight & obese individuals.Items: 16Response Format: Each item contains 4 statements that reflect severity. Scores range from 0-46; <18 is minimal (mild or none), 18-26 is moderate, and ≥27 indicates severe BE.Subscales: n/a

Internal consistency: α=0.88 in [44].Temporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

Severity. Scores range from 0-46; <18 is minimal (mild or none), 18-26 is moderate, and ≥27 indicates severe binge eating.

Designed for an overweight and obese sample. Dutch version has some validation in BS patients.L: Assesses LOC aspects of episodes of eating, but not objective consumption of a large amount of food. Does not include subscales to diagnose BE disorders. Scores can be high if an individual has very rigid rules about eating & feels guilty for breaking these rules, even if an OBE has not occurred.

Amendments[56][44]

Dutch version Reliability of the D-BES in sample before & after BS proved satisfactory, α=0.87; factor loadings for all items were >0.3. Moderate agreement (k=0.59) between D-BES & D-EDE.

BE group: BES score ≥18.NBE group: BES score <18.

[60] BE absent: <23.Moderate: >23-<27.Severe: >27.

EDI[70][78][81][84][87][88][93][64]

Construct: Measure of psychological & behavioural dimensions of eating disorders.Items: 64Response Format: 6 pt Likert-type scale.Subscales: 8 subscales, 3 to assess eating disorder concerns & 5 to assess


Classification system: NR S: Includes assessment of psychological aspects of eating disorders.L: No validation in BS patients.

10

16

Assessment method


Times used

[68][74]

personality features or psychological constructs associated with eating disorders.

DEBQ[36][11][33][21][56][63][44]

Construct: Measures restrained eating, eating in response to emotional states & eating in response to external food-related stimuli.Items: 33Response Format: 5 pt Likert-type scale.Subscales: 3 subscales of Restrained Eating (conscious restriction of food intake), Emotional Eating (eating in response to emotions), & External Eating (eating in response to external food-related cues).

ReliabilityInternal consistency: α=0.87-0.95 [44].Temporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

Classification system: n/a S: Has Dutch normative scores. Good reliability.L: No validity data available.

7

QEWP-R[18][14][3][69][1]

Construct: Assesses symptoms & history of ED behaviours. Screens for BED & other eating disorders by assessing the components, duration and frequency required for DSM-IV diagnoses. Measures the number of OBEs and SBEs in the past 28 days, and the number of days episodes occurred.Items: 28Response Format: Y/N and


Classification system: DSM-IVBED: DSM-IV

S: Assesses number of episodes and days so that diagnosis can be aligned with BED or BN, and DSM-IV or 5 criteria. Items about number of days eliminate ambiguity about whether a prolonged OBE counts as 1 episode or several.L: Assessment of OBEs and SBEs is over the past 28 days, whereas the duration required for an indication of

5

17

Assessment method


Times used

categorical.Subscales: n/a

diagnosis is 3 to 6 months. No validation in BS patients.

Amendments[18] Modified to consider the

change in stomach capacity following surgery (e.g., ‘did you eat...what most people would regard as an unusually large amount of food for someone who has had weight-loss surgery?’.2 questions added to assess grazing.

BE: consumption of subjectively large amounts of food with experiences of LOC.LOC: cannot stop or control eating.Grazing: pattern of eating or nibbling continuously over an extended period with LOC, for grazing disorder the grazing must be present ≥2 days /wk. for 6mths.

[14] Assessed via telephone interview.

[3] Self-administered eating patterns survey adapted from the QEWP-R; includes items on overeating, LOC and distress related to eating behaviour.

Includes subclinical diagnosis of episodic overeating & binge eating.Patients classified as: normal eating behaviour, episodic overeating, or binge eating behaviour.

EDI-II[17][37][9][21]

Construct: Measure of psychological & behavioural dimensions of eating disorders.Items: 91Response Format: 6 pt Likert-type scale.Subscales: 11 scales evaluate drive for thinness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction,


Classification system: NR S: Includes assessment of psychological aspects of eating disorders.L: No validation in BS patients.

4

18

Assessment method


Times used

ineffectiveness, perfectionism, interpersonal distrust, interoceptive awareness, maturity fears, asceticism, impulse regulation and social insecurity.

EES[28][69]

Construct: Emotional eating. Includes 25 different emotions & participant’s rate their urge to eat in response to that emotion.Items: 25Response Format: Rate strength of urge to eat in categories ranging from ‘no urge to eat’ to ‘overwhelming urge to eat’.Subscales: Depression, anxiety & anger.


Classification system: n/a S: Range of 25 different emotions assessed.L: No published guidelines regarding what constituteshigh or low EES scores. No validation in BS patients.

2

BITE[90][68]

Construct: Detection and description of binge eating.Items: 33Response Format: Frequency of binges assessed on 5pt scale, includes severity scale.Subscales: NR


Classification system:BN: Cut-off score of 20 for symptom scale & 5 for severity score.

S: NRL: NR

2

ESES[28]

Construct: Assess bariatric surgery patients’ perceptions of their overall eating self-efficacy and confidence in their ability to control their eating.Items: 29Response Format: NRSubscales: NR

ReliabilityInternal consistency: α=0.89Temporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

Classification system: NR S: Reliable in BS patients.L: No validity information available.

1

19

Assessment method


Times used

DSQ[5]

Construct: NRItems: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR

ReliabilityInternal consistency: α≥0.80.Temporal (µ=14 days): α=0.32-0.97, p<0.01.ValidityConstruct: Significant correlation between sweet eating (from dietary interview) and DSQ (r=0.33, p<0.01). Significant difference between sweet and non-sweet eaters on DSQ (t=24.72, p<0.01).Criterion: NR

Classification system: NR S: Developed in sample of female BS patients, with some validation.

1

Multidimensional questionnaire[6]

Construct: Assesses health behaviours, food selection, food tolerance and satisfaction. Includes: eating patterns (number of meals p/day), and eating style (eating without chewing, eating without feeling hungry, binge eating, grazing and emotional eating).Items:Response Format: Rated on 3pt scale.Subscales: NR


Classification system: NR S: NRL: NR

1

PFS[10]

Construct: Measures appetite for rather than consumption of palatable foods. Indicates hedonic hunger motivation at different levels of food availability.Items: 15Response Format: Rated on


Classification system: NR S: NRL: Does not permit any conclusion on actual food intake.

1

20

Assessment method


Times used

5pt scale.Subscales: Categorises 3 domains according to food proximity: 1) food readily available in the environment but not physically present (‘food available’); 2) food present but not tasted (‘food present’); 3) food when first tasted but not consumed (‘food tasted’).

Amendments[10] German versionQuestionnaire[24]

Construct: Structured questionnaire reflecting DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of BED.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR


Classification system: DSM-IV

S: NRL: NR

1

Questionnaire[26]

Construct: Frequency of night eating.Items: NRResponse Format: 5pt scaleSubscales: NR



1

Questionnaire[30]

Construct: Assesses eating behaviour, including how many times a day the patient eats (considering all meals and snacks as separate eating episodes), subjective feelings of fullness, return of ‘old eating habits’, and the situations or emotions considered by the



1

21

Assessment method


Times used

subject to stimulate eating/overeating.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR

Screen for NES[31]

Construct: Screen for NES with behaviours confirmed by interview.Items: 6Response Format: NRSubscales: NR


Classification system:NES: persons usually (i) had no appetite for breakfast, (ii) consumed 50% or more of total energy intake after 7 pm, & (iii) had trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep on ≥3 nights/wk within the previous 3 mths.

S: NRL: NR

1

Eating behaviour self-efficacy scale of the Obesity Psychosocial State Questionnaire[41]

Construct: Efficacy of regulation of eating behaviour.Items: 3Response Format: 5pt scale, a high score means the person feels capable of regulating his/her eating behaviourSubscales: NR

ReliabilityInternal consistency: α=0.73 pre-op & 0.84 post-op.Temporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

Classification system: n/a S: Reliable in BS candidates and patients.L: Only 3 items; provides limited information and cannot be used to indicate symptoms of disordered eating.

1

Questionnaire[53]

Construct: Assesses post-surgery eating patterns (e.g., lack of control, return of old patterns, binge eating &/or grazing behaviour, rumination, self-induced vomiting after binge eating, including frequency).Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

Binge Scale Construct: Measures frequency Reliability Classification system: NR S: NR 1

22

Assessment method


Times used

Questionnaire[61]

and intensity of binge eating & concern about binge eating.Items: 9Response Format: NRSubscales: NR

Internal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

L: NR

Questionnaire[67]

Construct: Asks patients to describe a typical day in terms of eating, e.g., if they know when they are full and, if so, if they still continue to eat; if they crave sugars & fats; if they are preoccupied with food; if they notice old eating patterns returning (e.g. grazing, emotional eating); and if they are purging.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

Restraint Scale[70]

Construct: Assesses the cognitive tendency to restrict food intake as a means of losing weight or avoiding weight gain. Contains items regarding both dieting concern & weight fluctuation.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

Questionnaire[72]

Construct: Assesses frequency of binge eating and vomiting.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR


Classification system:Binge eating: ≥1/wk.

S: NRL: NR

1

23

Assessment method


Times used

Eating patterns questionnaire[81]

Construct: NRItems: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

Bulimia Cognitive Distortion Scale (BCDS)[92]

Construct: Measure of cognitive distortions commonly associated with bulimia.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR


Classification system: DSM-III-R

S: NRL: NR

1

Eating Behaviour Questionnaires II & III[96]

Construct: Assess obesity in the psychiatric population. III is a structured interview that includes attitudes about food, patterns of hunger and food intake (e.g., motivation for eating such as boredom, nervousness, parties/holidays, being alone etc).Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

Structured self-rating schedule[97]

Construct: Includes an extensive exploration of eating habits, such as preoccupation with food, eating unaware, number of snacks, night binges and eating alone, eating in response to affective states.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

EAT-26 Construct: Assesses risk of Reliability Classification system: S: NR 1

24

Assessment method


Times used

[12] disordered eating behaviour.Items: NRResponse Format: Score of 20 or more indicates high concerns about body weight, shape, and eating.Subscales: NR

Internal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

EAT score >20 used to identify patients who may be at risk of disordered eating.

L: NR

Survey of frequency of binge eating[42]

Construct: Assesses binge eating, frequency and severity of ‘emotional eating’ before and since surgery, and comparison of actual to expected effect of weight loss on emotional well-being.Items: NRResponse Format: Indicate the frequency of binge eating on 5pt scale: 5 = ≥2 times /wk, 4 = once /wk, 3 = 1-3 times /mth, 2 = <1 time /mth, & 1 = never.Subscales: NR


Classification system:BE: Eating an amount of food that most people would consider to be very large or that, since your surgery, is physically uncomfortable, i.e., you eat the food quickly, feel that you have little or no control over yourself, and tend not to stop until you are physically uncomfortable or the food is all gone. During &/or afterwards, you typically feel ashamed and/or disappointed in yourself.Pre-op BE: 1-2 times/wkNBE: <1/wk.

S: NRL: NR

1

Questionnaire[45]

Construct: Assesses eating behaviourItems: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

Questionnaire[49]

Construct: Includes items to assess experiences of eating, such as ‘Over the past month

ReliabilityInternal consistency: Positive experiences (α=0.62);


1

25

Assessment method


Times used

when you have eaten a meal, to what extent have you felt the following: pleasure, content, satisfaction, nauseated, overfull, the need to be sick’.Items: NRResponse Format: 5pt scale.Subscales: NR

negative experiences (α=0.61).Temporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: NR

Brief Form[79]

Construct: Assessment of NES.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR


Classification system:NES: morning AN, delay of eating after awakening for several hours, excessive evening eating, evening tension &/or feeling upset, and insomnia in the past 2 mths.

S: NRL: NR

1

Questionnaire[91]

Construct: Assesses postoperative changes in eating habits.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR


Classification system:Number of meals p/day, snacks, portion size, bingeing, and self-induced vomiting.

S: NRL: NR

1

Questionnaire[91]

Construct: Assesses the results of the operation on the patient's eating patterns, drinking and ability to cope with a small stomach.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR


Classification system:Number of meals p/day, snacks, portion size, bingeing, and self-induced vomiting.

S: NRL: NR

1

Questionnaire[98]

Construct: Assesses changes in eating habits since surgery. Includes amounts & types of food consumed, eating when bored, frequent thoughts of

ReliabilityInternal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidityConstruct: NR


1

26

Assessment method


Times used

food, eating in secret, snacking between meals, food binges, eating when upset or angry, feelings of starvation, craving for sweets, feeling guilty about overeating, feeling full, vomiting.Items: NRResponse Format: NRSubscales: NR

Criterion: NR

Questionnaire[99]

Construct: Items about food behaviours. Retrospective recall of pre-op eating patterns such as 'night eating syndrome', 'binge eating', and 'eating without satiation'. Assessment of post-op food behaviour including snacking, restricted food intake because of complications or to maintain weight loss.Items: 117Response Format: NRSubscales: NR



1

Total 112

Studies using Interviews

EDE[19][23][34][4][55]

Construct: Structured clinical investigator-based interview to assess eating-related attitudes and behaviours. Yields diagnoses for the major eating disorders. Initially queries past

ReliabilityInternal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidityConstruct: NRCriterion: The four subscales

Classification system: DSM-IVOBE: eating a large amount of food (as defined by the examiner) during a discrete period of time with LOC.

S: Items about number of days eliminate ambiguity about whether a prolonged OBE counts as 1 episode or several. Allows for a more thorough assessment of

9

27

Assessment method


Times used

[56][73][58][80]

28 days, which can be extended to past 3-6mths.Items/Duration: 45-75 mins.Subscales: Four subscales of dietary restraint, eating concerns, weight concerns, & shape concerns, + global score. Items rated by the investigator on a 7pt scale.

of the EDE and EDE-Q were significantly correlated, with correlation coefficients ranging from moderate (r=0.53) to strong (r=0.80) [58]. Mean differences between the measures for the Restraint and Eating Concern subscales were significant, with scores consistently higher on the questionnaire compared to the interview. OBEs and OOEs reported in the EDE-Q were not confirmed by the EDE. EDE-Q and EDE agreement for SBEs was also poor (k=0.28) [58].

SBE: ingestion of an amount of food that is not considered objectively large but a feeling of LOC is present.OOE: ingestion of an objectively large amount of food).

current BE and purging behaviour than the SCID.L: Requires a trained interviewer with good knowledge of EDs. Time consuming. Assessment of OBEs is over the past 3 months, whereas the duration required for diagnosis of BED is 6 months.

AmendmentsEDE-BSV[19]

Extended & adapted to account for altered upper gastrointestinal tract; to differentiate compensatory behaviours for shape or weight reasons from behaviours resulting from surgery (e.g., ‘Did you vomit because of plugging or dumping?’; ‘Have you had thoughts about how vomiting might influence your weight or shape?; ‘Would you be concerned if you vomited less but ate the same?’; ‘Do you sometimes eat certain foods even though you know

EDE-BSV not psychometrically evaluated yet.

Assessed chewing & spitting out food; picking or nibbling food (eating in an unplanned & repetitious way without LOC); nocturnal eating; and compensatory behaviours. All symptoms were rated for presence & monthly frequency during the past 6mths.

28

Assessment method


Times used

there is a high likelihood that this will result in nausea and/or vomiting?’); and questions to assess the adverse physical effects of surgery related to eating (e.g., plugging, defined as food getting stuck in the small opening of the pouch with epigastric discomfort; & dumping, rated using the cut-off of +7 on Sigstad's Clinical Diagnostic Index). Gives clear definitions of aberrant eating behaviours.

[23] BED: Proposed DSM-5 criteria of ≥1 OBE /wk for 3mths.

[4] Abbreviated version to assess OBEs and SBEs; assessed for OEs at screening only.

BED: Proposed DSM-5 criteria of ≥1 OBE /wk for 3mths with associated behavioural characteristics and free of compensatory behaviours.No ED: no OBE and not >1 overeating episode /wk.

[55] Conducted by telephone although interview has only been validated in face-to-face contexts.

[56] Dutch version BE group: ≥1 binge /wk for 3 mths.

[73] Binge eaters: ≥1 binge /wk for past 28 days.Alternative cut-off for Binge eaters: ≥2 binges /wk.

29

Assessment method


Times used

Non-binge eaters: <1 binge /wk over past 28 days.

[58] Additional standardised probe questions added to make sure that restraint was due to weight and shape reasons and not exclusively to physical discomfort, lack of hunger or post-surgery dietary recommendations (e.g., Has this been because you are not hungry? Has this been to avoid physical discomfort, nausea or vomiting? Have you been eating less than you could have eaten? Have you been eating less than recommended by the dietician?).

[80] Supplemental questions about excessive fluid intake (drinking quantities of high caloric beverages such as soda ≥2L/day).

Did not include criteria 'eating large quantities of food in a discrete period'.

Clinical interview[84][87]

Construct: Assesses the presence and frequency of binge eating.Items/Duration: NR


Classification system:BED: Consuming a large amount of food in a discrete period of time with sense of LOC and marked psychological distress. ≥2 binge episodes /wk for 6 mths. No compensatory behaviour.Non-BED: never or seldom report binge episodes.

S: NRL: NR

2

30

Assessment method


Times used

Structure interview[94][95]

Construct: Telephone interview including issues of food and eating. Eating patterns studied in depth were bulimia, night eating syndrome and restrained eating. Post-surgery modified binges were assessed.Items/Duration: One hour



2

SIAB-EX (short version)[22]

Construct: Assesses BN, BED & EDNOS according to DSM-IV criteria.Items/Duration: NR


Classification system: DSM-IVBED: DSM-IVBN: DSM-IVEDNOS: criteria of ≥2 binges /wk not met.

S: Permits assessment of atypical binges (grazing) defined as ‘permanent eating’.L: No validation in BS patients.

1

SCID-I[38]

Construct: Assesses current & lifetime axis I disorders.Items/Duration: NR


Classification system:Overeater: frequent consumption of a large amount of food without LOC.Atypical Eating Disorder (EDNOS): e.g., grazing & NES.

S: NRL: NR

1

Interview[7]

Construct: Questions like ‘can you please describe your relationship to food?’Items/Duration: NR



1

Interview[13]

Construct: NRItems/Duration: NR


Classification system:BED: ≥2 binge episodes /wk for at least 6mths + marked psychological distress and absence of purging behaviour.

S: NRL: NR

1

31

Assessment method


Times used

EE: eating specifically in response to anxiety, boredom, & positive or negative emotions.

Interview[17]

Construct: Screen for eating disorders.Items/Duration: 30 mins


Classification system: DSM-IVBED: DSM-IVNES

S: NRL: NR

1

Clinical interview[25]

Construct:Items/Duration:



1

Semi-structured interview[31]

Construct: Interview to confirm presence of BED, LOC, NES and grazing. Assessed quantity of food consumed, whether LOC was present, extent of associated distress, and frequency of OBEs and SBEs. Emotional disturbance rated on 5pt scale.Items/Duration: NR


Classification system: DSM-IVFull BED: DSM-IVUncontrolled eaters: LOC during OBE or SBE ≥1/wk for 6mths.Grazing behaviour: consumption of smaller amounts of food continuously over an extended period of time, eating more than the subject considers best for them (during previous 6mths).

S: NRL: NR

1


Construct: Semi-structured interview regarding motivation for WL, expectations of the procedure & WL, dieting history

ReliabilityInternal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidity


1

32

Assessment method


Times used

& eating behaviour.Items/Duration: NR

Construct: NRCriterion: NR


Construct: Includes questions regarding weight, height, frequency of binges(present or past), and episodes of vomiting, spontaneous or induced (present or past).Items/Duration: NR


Classification system: DSM-IVBinge: DSM-IV

S: NRL: NR

1

Brief structured interview[48]

Construct: 5 items: 1. Are you on a diet? 2. Do you eat regular meals? 3. Do you eat snacks? 4. Do you eat only until you have satisfied your hunger? 5. Do you drink special high-calorie beverages?Items/Duration: 5 items



1

M-FED semi-structured interview[65]

Construct: Assesses DSM-IV criteria for BED. Uses modules from the EDE and SCID.Items/Duration: NR


Classification system: DSM-IVAlso used modified DSM-IV criteria by eliminating the large amount of food criterion.

S: NRL: NR

1

Structured interview[76]

Construct: Assesses BED and night eating.Items/Duration: NR


Classification system:BED: Recurrent binge eating episodes with LOC on food intake at least twice a week on average for previous 6 mths, accompanied by a marked psychological distress about these occurrences.Night eater: No appetite for

S: NRL: NR

1

33

Assessment method


Times used

breakfast, consuming 50% or more of food intake after 7pm, & having trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep.


Construct: NRItems/Duration: NR


Classification system:Bingers: frequent episodes of binge eating with behavioural indicators of LOC on food intake in past 6 mths.

S: NRL: NR

1


Construct: Includes assessment of eating behaviour.Items/Duration: NR



1

Structured interview[85]

Construct: Assesses eating habits, dieting and hunger, hunger-related feelings, and attitudes towards body and shape.Items/Duration: NR



1

Interview[49]

Construct: Open-ended interview questions including 'Has the operation changed how you feel about food?'Items/Duration: NR



1

Interview[66]

Construct: Assesses eating behaviours and attitudes, including binge eating, sweet eating, nibbling and gorging.

ReliabilityInternal consistency: NRTemporal: NRValidity


1

34

Assessment method


Times used

Items/Duration: NR Construct: NRCriterion: NR


Construct: Includes assessment of eating patterns.Items/Duration: NR



1

Informal interview[99]

Construct: Retrospective recall of pre-op eating patterns such as 'night eating syndrome', 'binge eating', and 'eating without satiation'. Assessment of post-op food behaviour including snacking, restricted food intake because of complications or to maintain weight loss.Items/Duration: NR



1

Structured clinical interview[100]

Construct: Includes questions on changes in eating habits; response options ranged from 'much more than before surgery' to 'much less than before surgery'. Rating of eating behaviour during periods of intense emotion (6 negative and 2 positive emotions).Items/Duration: NR



1

Total 33

AN: Anorexia Nervosa, BE: Binge eating, BED: Binge Eating Disorder, BES: Binge Eating Scale, BITE: Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh, BN: Bulimia Nervosa, BS: Bariatric surgery, DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, DSQ: Dutch Sweet Eating Questionnaire, ED: Eating Disorder, EDE: Eating Disorder Examination, EDE-Q: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, EDI: Eating Disorder Inventory, EDO: Eating Disorders in Obesity, EDNOS:

35

Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, EE: Emotional eating, EES: Emotional Eating Scale, EOQ: Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, ESES: Eating Self-Efficacy Scale, FCQ-T: Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait, IBES: Inventory of Binge Eating Situations, LOC: Loss of control, M.I.N.I.: MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for DMS-IV (Axis I), NEDQ: Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire, NES: Night Eating Syndrome, NEQ: Night Eating Questionnaire, NR: Not reported, OBE: objective binge episode, OE: Overeating episode, PFS: Power of Food Scale, QEWP & QEWP-R: Questionnaire on Eating & Weight Patterns (Revised), SBE: Subjective binge episode, SCID: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, SIAB-EX: Structured Interview for Anorexia & Bulimia Nervosa (short version), TFEQ: Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (also known as the EI: Eating Inventory), WALI: Weight & Lifestyle Inventory, WL: Weight loss.

36

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A progress report and publication list (if applicable) …10.1007/s11695... · Web view4.Wadden TA, Faulconbridge LF, Jones-Corneille LR, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN, Thomas JG, et