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CO2 Sequestration
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A Primer on CO2 Capture and Geological Storage (CCS)
William D. Gunter and Ken BrownAlberta Research Council
Outline• Context• The Science around CCS• Key Components• Storage Options• Provincial, National and International Potential• Economic Analysis• Current Projects• Monitoring tools• National and International Organizations• Looking Ahead• Questions and Answers
Setting the Context
CanadaCanada’’s Climate Change s Climate Change Challenge: The GapChallenge: The Gap
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Kyoto Target (6% below 1990) 2010 emissions: 571 Mt
Business as Usual (BAU) 2010 emissions: 808 Mt or 1990 plus 33%
1990 emissions 607 Mt
Mt o
f CO
2eq
uiva
lent 2000 emissions
726 Mt or 1990 plus 19%
ProjectedActual
The Gap = 240 Mt
Addressing Climate Change
Energy EfficiencyFuel Switching
Carbon Management
Carbon Management
Capture & Storage Sequestration
Geological Ocean UsefulProducts Ocean Biomass
Agriculture Forests
Making the Energy Transition from Combustion to Zero Emissions
2005 Year 2050+Year 20252012
Fossil Fuel:Combustion with Emission Control
Fossil FuelEnergy Conversion
Fossil Fuel:Energy
Conversion
Renewable Sources
Business as Usual Fossil FuelsRenewablesZero Emission Fossil Fuels
Kyoto 1
Innovation in Energy & the Environment
• The Environmental Revolution: GHG emission constraints require new approaches
• Carbon Management is a new field of research in the Environmental Revolution
• CO2 Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) is an important area of Carbon Management
• CCS offers an opportunity for Innovation step changes
Key Components of a CO2Capture and Storage System
What is Carbon Capture & Storage?
CO2 Source CO2 Capture
CO2 Storage CO2 Transport
Hydrocarbon Recovery
CCS
The prize for Canada
CO2 Storage Options
Sedimentary Basins, Fossil Fuels, Greenhouse Gases, and Geological
Storage: A Serendipitous Association• Fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal) are found in
sedimentary basins.• The fluid fossil fuels are transported to traps
through aquifers.• During conversion of the fuels to energy,
greenhouse gases are created.• Extraction of the fossil fuels have created new
storage space (in the subsurface) which can be used for geological storage of greenhouse gases.
Coal Mine
Gas Reservoir
Coalbed Methane
Reservoir
Coal Mine
Oil Reservoir
Gas Reservoir
Saline Aquifer
CO2 pipeline
natural gas pipeline
oil pipeline
Geologic Storage of CO2• Storage in geologic formations
over geologic time• Options include: oil reservoirs,
coalbed methane reservoirs, depleted oil and gas reservoirs and deep saline aquifers
• Injection into oil reservoirs and coalbed methane reservoirs produces oil and gas revenues which can offset costs
• Afford the time to continue to use fossil fuels until renewables are developed
• CO2 for re-pressurization of gas caps
Coalbed Methane
Reservoir
Coal Mine
Oil Reservoir
Gas Reservoir
Saline Aquifer
CO2 pipeline
Natural gas pipeline
Oil pipeline
Provincial, National and International Potential
Fossil Fuel Supply
• Oil
• Gas
• Coal
Alberta’s oil sands reserve is huge- full development will take many
decades
141.932.5Remaining established
1.22.7Cum. production
143.035.2Initial est. reserve
1,517.2113.2Initial in-place
In-situMineableBillion barrelsAEUB as of Dec.31, 2002
Alberta’s Coal: Status• Resource: Huge
– Ultimate Potential: 620 billion tonnes (~ 1860 barrels oil equivalent)
– Remaining Reserves (2000): 34 billion tonnes– Production (2003): 29.3 million tonnes
• Alberta’s coal reserves70% of Canada’s50% of coal produced in Canada 8 Major mines (May 2004)
• 80% used in electricity generation• Sub-bituminous (low S, clean burning)
• 20% exported • Metallurgical
Future Driver in Western Canada
Canada’s Kyoto emissions target is future driver for:
(i) CO2 storage (ii) manufacture of H2 for oil sands upgrading by gasification
in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
Suitability of WCSB for CO2
Fort McMurray
Sample of Initial Stages of a CO2 Backbone Concept
Source: CANiCAP, 2005
CO2 storage needs CO2 supply- 4 CO2 supply hubs in Alberta
• Fort McMurray• Fort Saskatchewan• Red Deer/Joffre• Wabamun, west of Edmonton
Source: Bob Mitchell
CO2 Backbone
• More manifold than pipeline –– No necessary direction of flow– Input CO2 from Emission Hubs– Lateral lines to take CO2 to customers’ sites
• Maybe spots for truck or train loading– Maybe postage stamp toll for input rather than
distance-based toll– Attract new industry to locate along it
Backbone – Pressure-Balance System By:• Excess volume (injected > sales) then inject in
this order:1) temporarily store in salt caverns;2) temporarily store in depleted oil/gas pools;3) permanently store for research
(at an injection rate appropriate for the research); 4) permanent storage in the deep saline aquifer, &5) if absolutely necessary, vent to the atmosphere –
safety valve onlyBackbone makes $15/T for 3 & 4 – Backstop for
Gov’t commitment -- Not offshore creditsVented CO2,(i.e. 5) allocated back to oversuppliers
Large Scale Deployment of CC&S Possible in North America
J.J. Dooley, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Lab (2005)
Alberta’s CO2 Storage Capacity in the Alberta Sedimentary Basin
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Megatonnes CO2 Equivalent
Alberta Power Plants
Alberta GHG
Deep Saline Aquifers
Coalbed Methane Resource
Depleted Oil and Gas Reservoirs
CO2 EORCO2 Sinks (total capacity)
CO2 Sources (annual)
?
?
Capacity for CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Oil Reservoirs in Alberta
o 8118 single-drive oil pools in Albertao 193 primary recovery oil poolso 387 water flood oil poolso 53 solvent flood oil poolso 12 gas flood oil poolso 365 commingled and multi-mechanism pools
(2001 Reserves Database)
Ultimate theoretical CO2 sequestrationcapacity upon depletion: 1,090 Mt CO2
Stefan Bachu
Capacity for CO2 Sequestration in Enhanced Oil Recovery in Alberta
o 9128 oil pools in Alberta 2001 Reserves Database)
o 4371 oil pools meet screening criteria for CO2-flood EOR
o Estimated CO2 capacity at 100% PV
o Estimated incremental recovered oil at 100% PV
690 Mt
304 x 106m3
Stefan Bachu
Enhanced DepletedOil Recovery Oil Reservoirs
• Production technology is mature• Focus on monitoring and maximizing CO2
uptake• Value added• Commercial projects
1. Weyburn, Saskatchewan (Encana)2. Joffre Viking (Penn West)
Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2 Miscible Flooding)
CO2Injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery
00
1010
2020
3030
4040
5050
19551955 19651965 19751975 19851985 19951995 20052005 20152015 20252025
Mbbl/dMbbl/d
Incremental Miscible Flood ProductionIncremental Miscible Flood Production
Base Base WaterfloodWaterflood ProductionProduction
Incremental Horizontal ProductionIncremental Horizontal ProductionIncremental Vertical ProductionIncremental Vertical Production
Prod
uctio
n (b
bl/d
ay)
47
Generalized Reservoir ModelWeyburn Field, Saskatchewan
SW NEJurassicJurassic
MississippianMississippian
MidaleMidale EvaporiteEvaporiteTransition ZoneTransition Zone
MarlyMarly
VuggyVuggyIntershoalIntershoal
VuggyVuggy ShoalShoal
FrobisherFrobisher
(V2)(V2)(V4)(V4)(V6)(V6)
OGB '00OGB '00
(V1)(V1)
(M3)(M3)
(M1)(M1)
(DOL)(DOL)(LS)(LS)
Reservoir Mineral DissolutionCa2+ in produced fluids
Pre-injection 12 months 31 months
Calcite and dolomite dissolution increases the Ca2+ and Mg2+
concentrations in produced fluids.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
Mineral DissolutionTotal Alkalinity [HCO3
-] of produced fluids
Pre-injection 12 months 31 months
Mineral dissolution increases the [HCO3-].
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
Depleted Gas Reservoirs
• Storage technology is mature
• Nothing required at this time
• Currently used to store Natural Gas
Capacity for CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Gas Reservoirs in Alberta
• 28,337 non-associated gas pools• 2,309 associated gas pools
(2001 Reserves Database)
Ultimate theoretical CO2 sequestration capacity upon depletion 13,560 Mt CO2
Stefan Bachu
77198
Number
3720Total 318037033Gas52210552Oil
Storage Capacity (Mt CO2)
Eligible Pools1Total Identified
Pools
Type of Reservoirs
Storage Capacity (Mt CO2)
Province
1Manitoba
79Saskatchewan
780Northeast BC
2812Alberta
•Basin suitable for sequestration in short to medium term (next 3 decades)
•Capable of accepting all CO2 from major point sources in WCSB
•Additional advantage of enhanced oil and gas recovery
Source: Stefan Bachu-AEUB/AERI/NRCan
1Pools with capacity greater than 1Mt CO2 and at a depth range of 900-3500 m
Identified CO2 Sink Capacity in WCSB
Enhanced Coalbed Methane
CH4 CH4CH4
Enhanced Coalbed Methane
• Technology is immature• Requires technical demonstration and
basic research• Value added• Demonstration Projects
– Fenn-Big Valley, Alberta– CSEMP, Alberta (Suncor)
Process of Gas Transport inCoalbed Methane Reservoirs
1. Fluid Production from Natural Fractures
2. Gas Desorptionfrom Cleat surfaces
3. Molecular Diffusion through the coal matrix
Face CleatButt Cleat
New Technology Development Increases Storage Capacity
Forecast Full-Field Development Production
Numerical Modelling - 5-Spot PatternCO2/N2 Content
N2 Injection
1/4 of 5-Spot Pattern
After 1 year After 3 years After 5 years After 7 years
1
0
Constant Injection Rate
CO2 Injection
Generalized flow diagram of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and
generation of methane.Hydrolytic, fermentative bacteria
Syntrophic acetogenic bacteria Methanogenic
bacteria
COMPLEX POLYMERS
(cellulose, polysaccharides, proteins)
MONOMERS(fatty acids, sugars,
amino acids, NH3, HS-, CO2, acetate, H2)
ACETATE, H2O, H2, CO2CH4
ACETATE FERMENTATION CARBONATE REDUCTIONCH3COO- + H+ → CH4 + CO2 CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
Biogenic Methane Production and CO2Sequestration
• Microbial-directed conversion of CO2 to methane.– Either by indigenous or introduced microorganisms.
• “Closed-loop” fossil fuel system.– Sustainable methane economy with near zero net
CO2 emissions.
CO2
CO2
CH4
CH4
CH4
Coalbed DisplaceMicrobial ConversionH2
Aquifers• Injection technology is mature on a small scale• Huge capacity if counting hydrodynamic
trapping in addition to geological trapping• Ubiquitous• Need database for hydrology, capacities,
locations, stability and ranking• Treat oil and gas as related to aquifers• Commercial Projects
– Acid gas disposal, Western Canada
CO2 Injection into Aquifers
Acid Gas Injection Sites in the Alberta BasinAcid Gas Injection Sites in the Alberta Basin
Acid Gas Injection Projects
Security of Storage
• Trapping mechanisms
Subsurface CO2 Storage MechanismsSubsurface CO2 Storage Mechanisms
Migration trapMigration trapSeparate PhaseDissolved in oilDissolved in waterAdsorbed to coalPrecipitated as
Separate PhaseDissolved in oilDissolved in waterAdsorbed to coalPrecipitated as
Stratigraphic trapStructural trapStratigraphic trapStructural trap
Well Scale (cm to m)Well Scale (cm to m) Reservoir Scale (km)Reservoir Scale (km) Basin Scale (100’s km)Basin Scale (100’s km)
Scale IncreasingScale Increasing
GeochemicalTraps
GeochemicalTraps
GeologicalTraps
GeologicalTraps
HydrodynamicTraps
HydrodynamicTraps
a minerala mineralRelative perm effects
Traps for Geological Storage
Representative Cross Section of the Alberta BasinRepresentative Cross Section of the Alberta Basin
Capacity for dissolved CO2 in the Viking Aquifer, Alberta BasinCapacity for dissolved CO2 in the Viking Aquifer, Alberta BasinTotal capacity: 200 Gt Capacity in the suitable region: 106 GtTotal capacity: 200 Gt Capacity in the suitable region: 106 Gt
Storage SecurityStorage Security
Opportunities for Geological Storage
of CO2 in Sedimentary Basins• Depleted Oil Reservoirs Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR)
• Depleted Coalbed Methane (CBM) Reservoir Enhanced CBM
• Depleted Gas Reservoirs Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR)
• Aquifers
Monitoring Tools & Application
Short Circuits
Short Circuit
Short Circuits
Source: Heidug, Shell
Planning Monitoring Program• definition of project conditions• prediction of mechanisms that control
behavior• technical questions to be answered• purpose of monitoring• parameters to be monitored• magnitude of change expected in
parameters• select instrumentation / monitoring systems• instrument / monitoring locations
Monitoring Provides:
• Safety from early warning signals• Security & Liability• Reservoir management tools• Long term activity• Carbon management – to verify and certify
emission trading credits
Operational Monitoring• Represents the basic level
of monitoring required by a company and/or regulatory agency
• Guide 65 application procedures includes monitoring
• Also by well classification: Guide 51– Hydraulic isolation– Annular pressure– Injectivity– Formation pressure
XX
XXXX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XXXX
Verification Monitoring• Builds on the operational monitoring programs
with a focus on measurement and verification of geological storage objectives
• Intensity of verification monitoring (Low, Medium and High) based on risk/performance criteria.
• For example:– a deep injection horizon (saline aquifer) planned for low volume
injection would not require observations wellsor
– a shallow injection horizon planned for high volume injection would require multiple observation wells and detailed sampling
LOW
HIGH
Environmental Monitoring• Represents critical monitoring stage • This stage invoked when verification
monitoring indicates high probability of CO2 seepage into biosphere.
• Environmental monitoring stage implemented when system response deviates significantly from expected behavior (CO2 migrating or leaking in unexpected & unexplainable manner)
Phases of MonitoringOperational
Aquifer
Aquitard
Environmental
Aquifer
Aquitard
Verification
Aquifer
Aquitard
Aquifer
Aquitard
Horizontal &Lateral Migration
Leakage
Migration: Movement of CO2 within injected horizon (within geosphere)Leakage: Movement of CO2 beyond injected horizon through bounding seals (within geosphere)Seepage: Movement of CO2 into biosphere (through wellbores or into potable water horizons)
Seepage
Low RiskLow Risk High RiskHigh Risk
CO2 Storage
Geological Storage of CO2
Baseline & Monitoring Survey
Monitoring Periods
• Baseline• During injection/production ( for 10 years)• At beginning of storage period during
pressure equilibration (for 100 years) • Long term (form 100 to 1000 + years)
Monitoring Frequency (MF)
0.1 1000100101
Baseline InjectionLong Term Storage
PressureEquilibration
Ris
k of
Lea
kage
0.1
Time Years
MF (years) = 2x (where x = 0,1,2 ….)
1
Monitoring Techniques
3D-Seismic
Tilt Meter
3D-SeismicPassive SeismicX-Well SeiemicTilt MeterPressureInjected TracersInsitu TracersLogs
3D-SeismicPassive SeismicX-Well SeismicTilt MeterPressureInjected TracersInsitu TracersLogsInjection Rates
3D-SeismicPassive SeismicX-Well SeismicTilt MeterPressure
Insitu TracersLogs
3D-SeismicTilt Meter
3D-SeismicTilt MeterPressureInsitu TracersLogsPassive Seismic
3D-SeismicTilt MeterPressureInsitu TracersLogsPassive Seismic
3D-SeismicTilt MeterPressureInsitu TracersLogsPassive Seismic
Aircraft
Insitu Tracers
AircraftSoil GasInsitu Tracers
AircraftSoil GasInsitu Tracers
AircraftSoil GasInsitu Tracers
Time Years
Baseline InjectionLong Term Storage
PressureEquilibration
Mon
itori
ng D
epth
Res
ervo
irSu
bsur
face
Surf
ace
0.1 1000100101
*Assumes wellbores are abandoned after 100 years
Project Risk Level• Guidance on the establishment of a risk
level for a given project will be provided• Likely based on volumes injected versus
reservoir pore volume (~ crude measure of region of influence) and depth of injection horizon
• Will also likely include other components of safety or risk assessment (environmentally sensitive area, near highly populated area, etc.)
Framework for Monitoring Plan• CO2 injection into coals, depleted oil/gas reservoirs
and saline aquifers• Establish low, medium and high risk project
classifications• Establish operational, verification and environmental
monitoring levels• Establish a suite of monitoring technologies for each
stage of monitoring• Establish frequency of monitoring based on temporal
risk• Effective and economic framework for existing and
anticipated regulations
Staging Storage Opportunities
Source: Bob Mitchell
Capture&
Economic Analysis
CCS steps offer Innovation OpportunitiesPower Plant
Flue Gas (N2 + CO2)
Separation Compression Pipelining
Injection ofPure CO2
Geological Formations
$ 8 - 10/t
$ 2 - 8/t
$ 0.7 – 4/tPer 100 km
SystemIntegration?
$ 30 - 50/t
Security & Added Value ?
CO2 Capture Technology Options
Coal
Air Combustion
Post-combustion capture
GasificationCO
Shift
Pre-combustion capture
Energy/Power
Oxyfuel Combustion
ASU
CO2 Capture
Oxy-fuel combustion
Energy/ Power
Flue Gas;
>80% CO2
CO2 Capture
Flue Gas;
10-14% CO2
CO2 Capture>40% CO2
Syn-
gas
Energy/ Power
H2
O2
O2
Source: CETC, NRCan, 2005
CO2 storage needs CO2 supply- 4 CO2 supply hubs in Alberta
• Fort McMurray – Oil Sands Hub• Fort Saskatchewan – Multi-Industry Hub• Red Deer/Joffre – Petrochemical Hub• Wabamun, west of Edmonton – Electricity
Generation Hub
Source: CANiCAP, 2005
Developmental Stages of an Oil Sands Emission
Hub
Source: CANiCAP, 2005
Staging a Multi-Industry Emission Hub
Source: CANiCAP, 2005
Developmental Stages of a Petrochemical Emission Hub
Source: CANiCAP, 2005
Developmental Stages of a Electricity Emission Hub
Source: CANiCAP, 2005
Alberta/CAN: CO2 Sources & Needs• Total CO2 Emissions ∼180,000
tpd (excluding Transportation)whereof ∼134,000 tpd from Coal Fired Power Plants
• High-purity CO2 Sources ∼10,600 tpd– Fertilizer Plants– EO Plants– Natural Gas Straddle Plants– Oil sands
• 3 major oil pools estimated to need ∼11,500 tpd of CO2 for EOR
• A springboard to a CO2pipeline?
Source: Enbridge
Current CCS Activities
International Activities• International Organizations
– Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change• Special Report on CO2 Capture and Storage released in 2005
– Framework Convention on Climate Change• CDM office: CO2-EOR project moving through CDM registration process
– Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum• Collaboration on policy and technical issues (e.g. storage potential,
capture technologies, measurement, monitoring and verification technologies
• 21 member nations http://www.cslforum.org/– International Energy Agency / GHG Programme
• Provide a central source of information on CO2 Capture and Storage Research, Development and Demonstration (R, D & D);
• Promote awareness of the extent of R, D & D that is now underway; • Facilitate co-operation between projects
– Carbon Capture Project (CCP)• Public/private partnership to develop new breakthrough technologies to
reduce the cost of CO2 separation, capture, transportation and storage from fossil fuel streams by 50% for existing energy facilities and 75% for new energy facilities.
– Other initiatives led by EU nations, Australia
Canada/US Mechanisms• US
– Regional Partnerships• Alberta and Saskatchewan engaged in Plains Regional Partnership• BC engaged in West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
– FutureGen• $1 billion industry/government partnership to design, build and operate a 275
megawatt coal gasification-based nearly emission-free, electricity and hydrogen production plant
• Canada– International Test Centre for CO2 Capture
• Perform R,D&D in select niche areas where Canada has natural advantages over other nations and develop technologies for use and export
– CANMET Energy Technology Centre• Oxy-fuel combustion, coal gasification, looping combustion
– Canadian Clean Power Coalition• Research, develop and demonstrate commercially viable clean coal
technology• Build a full-scale coal-fired demonstration plant by 2012
– Canada CO2 Capture and Storage Technology Roadmap
By - Stefan Bachu, AGS
Moving Innovation Forward
• Since step changes are required in innovation, government has to establish the environment that attracts innovation in CCS
• Just spending money on research does not necessarily result in commercialization
• Technology adoption can be facilitated by availability of incentives / penalties
Alberta Positioning• Strong market signals for enhanced resource recovery
and waste minimization• Gasification technologies can allow province to utilize its
plentiful coal, coke and bitumen resources– Alternative to natural gas for hydrogen and electricity– CO2-capture ready facilities
• Geological storage pilots helping prove enhanced recovery integrated with storage, monitoring technologies, economics, risk assessment techniques, ensure public acceptability
• CO2 “backbone” pipeline– Link CO2 sources to EOR/ECBM sites
• Integrated systems– Creation of industrial hubs/plexes for CO2 source-sink matching
What is needed to accelerate the commercialization of CCS Innovation?• Innovation in capture systems for CO2 (see
CANiCAP report, and roadmaps on CCS, Oil Sands & Clean Coal)
• Innovation in geological storage systems (see CANiSTORE report and CCS roadmap)
• A CO2 backbone pipeline (see CANiCAP)• Market signals that place value on CO2 storage• Reports and Roadmaps are available from the web
site: www.co2network.gc.ca