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i
A Preliminary Classification of the Rocky Mountain Shrubland Communities of Alberta
Prepared by
Steven Kembel September 2000
ii
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................VI
CONTACT INFORMATION ....................................................................................................VI
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 1 DATA PREPARATION..................................................................................................................... 1 ORDINATION AND CLASSIFICATION .............................................................................................. 2
RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 5 ORDINATION SUMMARIES ............................................................................................................ 5 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PLOTS ........................................................................................ 5 CLASSIFICATION SUMMARIES .................................................................................................... 11 RARE PLANT COMMUNITY TYPES AND FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS ........................................... 17 COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS....................................................................................................... 17 MONTANE GROUPS .................................................................................................................... 19
Picea glauca – Populus tremuloides / Salix bebbiana – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus ............................................................................................................................... 19 Salix myrtillifolia – Betula pumila / Carex spp.. – Juncus balticus ...................................... 20 Salix petiolaris - Betula glandulosa – Salix candida / Deschampsia cespitosa – Juncus balticus .................................................................................................................................. 21 Potentilla fruticosa – Symphoricarpos occidentalis / Festuca scabrella – Festuca idahoensis – Bromus inermis .................................................................................................................. 22 Symphoricarpos occidentalis – Rosa woodsii / Poa pratensis – Bromus inermis ................ 24 Symphoricarpos occidentalis – Artemisia cana / Poa compressa – Stipa spp...................... 25 Juniperus horizontalis – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Agropyron dasystachyum – Calamagrostis purpurascens ................................................................................................ 26 Potentilla fruticosa – Salix planifolia – Rosa woodsii / Agropyron repens – Poa pratensis – Stipa viridula......................................................................................................................... 27 Salix bebbiana – Salix glauca – Salix lanata / Deschampsia cespitosa – Phleum pratense – Poa pratensis......................................................................................................................... 28 Crataegus douglasii / Viola canadensis - Osmorhiza depauperata – Parietaria pensylvanica............................................................................................................................................... 29 Pinus contorta / Vaccinium caespitosum - Amelanchier alnifolia – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Juniperus communis / Umbilicaria deusta............................................................................ 30 Populus balsamifera / Elaeagnus commutata - Amelanchier alnifolia - Juniperus horizontalis / Agropyron dasystachyum................................................................................ 31 Juniperus communis – Shepherdia canadensis / Herb / Stipa columbiana .......................... 32 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Equisetum arvense............................................................. 33
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Pinus contorta – Picea glauca / Shepherdia canadensis - Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Juniperus communis / Elymus innovatus .............................................................................. 34 Picea glauca / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Potentilla fruticosa – Juniperus horizontalis / Carex scirpoidea – Koeleria macrantha............................................................................... 36 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus ................................ 38 Alnus crispa - Symphoricarpos occidentalis – Amelanchier alnifolia – Salix scouleriana / Herbs ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Picea glauca / Alnus tenuifolia – Rosa acicularis – Shepherdia canadensis / Equisetum arvense / Thuidium abietinum............................................................................................... 40 Dryas drummondii – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Elaeagnus commutata / Herb / Koeleria macrantha.............................................................................................................................. 41 Salix arbusculoides / Equisetum fluviatile / Carex spp. / Sphagnum spp. - Tomenthypnum nitens ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Rosa acicularis - Elaeagnus commutata – Salix scouleriana - Rubus idaeus – Lonicera dioica / Urtica spp. / Phleum pratense.................................................................................. 43 Picea engelmannii / Juniperus communis – Shepherdia canadensis / Koeleria macrantha 44 Betula pumila – Potentilla fruticosa – Salix spp. / Carex spp. – Deschampsia cespitosa - Juncus spp. / Drepanocladus spp. – Campylium stellatum................................................... 45 Picea mariana / Ledum groenlandicum – Alnus tenuifolia / Hylocomium splendens .......... 46 Picea mariana / Salix myrtillifolia – Ledum groenlandicum / Carex spp. / Tomenthypnum nitens ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Pinus contorta / Alnus spp. - Linnaea borealis / Cornus canadensis / Elymus innovatus.... 48 Dryas drummondii – Alnus tenuifolia ................................................................................... 49 Salix planifolia / Herb / Poa spp. – Carex spp. / Campylium stellatum ............................... 50
ALPINE/SUBALPINE GROUPS ...................................................................................................... 51 Pinus contorta / Alnus crispa – Salix scouleriana – Linnaea borealis / Festuca idahoensis51 Ledum groenlandicum – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus / Hylocomium splendens – Pleurozium schreberi......................................................................................... 52 Pinus contorta / Shepherdia canadensis – Linnaea borealis / Elymus innovatus / Pleurozium schreberi................................................................................................................................ 54 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Carex aquatilis / Sphagnum warnstorfii – Tomenthypnum nitens ..................................................................................................................................... 56 Salix barrattiana – Salix glauca / Trollius albiflorus / Aulacomnium palustre – Tomenthypnum nitens............................................................................................................ 57 Salix glauca – Salix barrattiana – Betula glandulosa / Fragaria virginiana....................... 59 Salix barrattiana – Salix glauca – Betula glandulosa / Carex aquatilis / Aulacomnium palustre – Tomenthypnum nitens........................................................................................... 61 Salix reticulata – Salix arctica / Potentilla diversifolia........................................................ 63 Betula glandulosa – Salix myrtillifolia / Carex spp. / Tomenthypnum nitens – Sphagnum spp. ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Betula glandulosa – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Salix glauca / Elymus innovatus ................ 66 Salix glauca – Betula glandulosa.......................................................................................... 68 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Juniperus communis / Elymus innovatus .................................... 70 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Carex spp. / Aulacomnium palustre .................................. 72 Salix myrtillifolia / Carex aquatilis – Calamagrostis stricta / Aulacomnium palustre – Sphagnum warnstorfii ........................................................................................................... 73
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Salix drummondiana – Betula glandulosa – Ledum groenlandicum / Carex aquatilis / Sphagnum spp. ...................................................................................................................... 74 Salix spp. – Betula glandulosa / Stipa spp. / Thuidium abietinum........................................ 75 Salix arctica / Aulacomnium palustre ................................................................................... 77 Pinus contorta – Picea engelmannii / Menziesia ferruginea – Shepherdia canadensis / Elymus innovatus / Pleurozium schreberi – Hylocomium splendens.................................... 79 Salix spp. – Potentilla fruticosa – Betula glandulosa / Carex spp. / Aulacomnium palustre81 Vaccinium scoparium – Salix spp. / Dicranum scoparium – Barbilophozia lycopodioides . 83 Betula glandulosa – Salix spp. – Potentilla fruticosa / Carex scirpoidea ............................ 85 Picea engelmannii / Salix vestita – Potentilla fruticosa / Valeriana sitchensis / Carex spp. / Dicranum scoparium............................................................................................................. 87 Pinus contorta – Picea engelmannii / Shepherdia canadensis – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Juniperus communis / Elymus innovatus .............................................................................. 89 Salix arctica / Antennaria lanata – Artemisia norvegica...................................................... 91 Salix barrattiana (- Salix spp.) / Herb / Aulacomnium palustre ........................................... 93 Pinus contorta / Juniperus communis – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – Shepherdia canadensis 95 Salix arctica / Erigeron peregrinus....................................................................................... 96 Vaccinium scoparium – Vaccinium myrtillus........................................................................ 97 Betula glandulosa – Ledum groenlandicum – Salix glauca / Carex aquatilis – Scirpus cespitosus / Tomenthypnum nitens – Aulacomnium palustre................................................ 99 Salix farriae – Salix barclayi (- Salix spp.) / Herb.............................................................. 101 Vaccinium scoparium – Juniperus communis / Epilobium angustifolium / Polytrichum juniperinum ......................................................................................................................... 103 Salix arctica – Salix reticulata / Sibbaldia procumbens / Carex spp. / Polytrichum spp. .. 104 Dryas drummondii............................................................................................................... 105 Salix glauca – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Elymus innovatus ............................................... 106 Salix reticulata – Dryas octopetala – Cassiope tetragona / Lichen ................................... 108 Betula pumila – Vaccinium caespitosum / Fragaria virginiana / Poa alpina .................... 109 Salix glauca – Betula glandulosa – Potentilla fruticosa / Danthonia californica .............. 110 Ledum groenlandicum – Salix glauca / Equisetum arvense / Sphagnum fuscum – Drepanocladus revolvens.................................................................................................... 112 Vaccinium membranaceum / Epilobium angustifolium ...................................................... 114 Potentilla fruticosa – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Elymus innovatus – Koeleria macrantha 115 Salix spp. / Fragaria virginiana – Penstemon procerus / Agropyron violaceum ............... 116 Salix glauca – Salix barrattiana – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi / Koeleria macrantha / Tortula ruralis .................................................................................................................................. 117 Abies lasiocarpa / Salix vestita – Salix glauca – Salix barrattiana / Artemisia norvegica 118 Abies lasiocarpa / Rhododendron albiflorum – Phyllodoce empetriformis........................ 119 Salix arctica / Equisetum scirpoides / Tortula norvegica – Pert dac ................................. 120 Salix glauca / Valeriana sitchensis / Deschampsia cespitosa – Carex aquatilis / Aulacomnium palustre......................................................................................................... 121
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 123
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ALL ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHRUBLAND PLOTS SORTED BY GROUP NUMBER.................................................................................................................................................. 124
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APPENDIX 2. CLASSIFICATION AND ORDINATION OUTPUT FILES............................................... 124 APPENDIX 3. SPECIES BY GROUP SUMMARY TABLES. ............................................................... 124 APPENDIX 4. PLOT LOCATIONS GIS FILE.................................................................................. 124 APPENDIX 5. LIST OF INCLUDED FILES...................................................................................... 124
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Lorna Allen for help with the project and for comments on the report and analyses. Thanks also to Keith Ainsley who provided valuable information about the ESIS database. Finally, I am grateful to Agnes Wong and David Beilman for advice and discussions about the classifications and maps.
Contact Information This report was prepared by: Steven Kembel Apt. 2, 8610 – 99 Street Edmonton, AB T6E 3T8 [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
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Introduction The Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC) collects, analyses and disseminates information on the natural biodiversity of Alberta. One of the elements of diversity which ANHIC monitors are plant community types. Plant communities of special conservation concern are placed on tracking and watch lists which are being developed for the province (Allen 2000). Much of the vegetation of Alberta is still poorly understood, and ANHIC has identified several high priority vegetation groups that require further study and classification. One such high priority group is the shrubland communities of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region. The objective of this report was to develop a better understanding of the shrubland community types of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region through the numerical classification of existing plot data.
Methods This study used a quantitative approach to the classification of Rocky Mountain shrubland communities. The classification system used was based on comparing species abundances within study plot, with plots placed into groups based on their similarity in species composition. The groups identified in this report correspond to the “association” level of classification used in the U.S. National Vegetation Classification System (Grossman et al. 1998). Previous work on Alberta’s Rocky Mountain vegetation has often focused primarily on community types other than shrublands, sampled only a limited area, or described vegetation at a level of organization higher than the fine-scale associations which are useful for identifying rare plant community types (Archibald et al. 1996, Beckingham et al. 1996, Corns and Achuff 1982, Willoughby et al. 1997, Willoughby 1999, Timoney 1999).
Data preparation Raw data for this analysis were obtained from the Alberta Ecological Site Inventory System (ESIS), a database of vegetation survey plots collected from numerous sources. All analyses were performed on data from the ESIS database version “DMR #005S13, NAD27 ASCII data, Extracted May 11, 2000”. The ESIS database is a collection of data from a large number of sample locations in Alberta. Each sample location is referred to as a plot, with each plot having a unique identifier (“Other Plot #”) that can be used to combine species, environmental and location data from different files for that particular plot. All data files from the ESIS database were imported into a Microsoft Access database (ESIS.mdb) as tables, and linked together using the “Other Plot #” field.
The first stage of the data preparation was to extract a list of plots which were located in the Rocky Mountain Natural Region and could be defined as shrublands. Plant species covers were obtained from the exss.txt data file, while the natural subregion each plot occurred in was obtained from the exloc.txt data file. We defined a shrubland plot as any plot in which total shrub cover was greater than 10% and total tree cover less than 25%. This definition allowed the inclusion of plots which might contain less than 25% shrub cover, but in which shrubs were still
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the dominant species, as per the Nature Conservancy’s definition of a shrubland (Grossman et al. 1998).
The ESIS database includes a summary of the total cover for different plant strata in each plot in the file exveg.txt. For trees and shrubs, these strata (e.g. “S1 – Tall Shrubs” or “T1 – Main Canopy Trees”) are defined by plant height, not growth form. For example, the ESIS stratum “S1 – Tall Shrubs” may include shrub species, as well as trees between 2.5 and 5 meters in height (Alberta Environmental Protection 1994). Since this classification required that plots be classified by cover of shrub species, not by cover of both trees and shrubs below a certain height, a summary file (EXSS_AllRecords_Strata.xls) was generated which listed the total cover of tree and shrub species in each plot as defined by the Alberta Master Plant Species List (Alberta Environmental Protection 1993). Total cover of tree species in each plot was calculated from the species covers listed in exss.txt, and these total tree cover values were subtracted from the total cover of all tree/shrub strata (T1, T2, S1, S2) to obtain the corrected total shrub cover in each plot. This list was then queried to include only plots which occurred in the alpine, subalpine or montane subregions in which shrub cover was greater than 10% and tree cover less than 25%, creating a master list of 1363 Rocky Mountain Shrubland plots (Group_ID.xls) which was used for all subsequent analyses.
Exploratory analysis of the data indicated that the montane subregion was very different from the subalpine and alpine subregions in terms of environmental and species characteristics, so the montane plots were analyzed separately from the subalpine and alpine plots. The total number of plots used in the analysis was 1363, of which 1228 were subalpine and alpine, and 135 were montane.
Ordination and classification The initial analysis of the data involved performing ordinations on the Rocky Mountain shrubland plots to better understand the structure of the data, and the relationships between species and environmental variables. This required that the data be formatted in spreadsheet format for use by the analysis software PC-ORD (McCune and Mefford 1997). Since most spreadsheets cannot work with more than 255 columns of data, and since most ordination methods require the number of sites to be greater than the number of species being analyzed (Legendre and Legendre 1999), ordination/classification output files were limited to include 255 species or less. This was achieved by only including species which occurred a given number of times in the data set. For the montane data, there were a total of 135 plots which contained 648 different species. The output data files used in the montane ordination contained only those species which occurred in at least 10 plots, leaving 100 species in the output data file mon-sp10.wk1. For the alpine/subalpine data , there were a total of 1228 data plots containing 1237 species. The output file as-spp33.wk1 used in the alpine/subalpine ordination contained only those species occurring in at least 33 plots, leaving 254 species in the analysis. A possible consequence of only including species which occur a minimum number of times in the data is that the ordinations and classifications could overlook plant communities dominated by rare species which were omitted from the data set. However, the majority of the species omitted from the analysis data sets occurred in very few plots, and they tended to have very low cover when they did occur. In any case, these species would show up in the summaries which were prepared for each group, since the group descriptions were based on a query of the
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complete species data set (exss.txt) for all plots in each group, not the data sets with species omitted. Using information from the exloc.txt and exsias.txt files, I prepared output files (mon-env.wk1 and as-env.wk1) which contained the environmental data associated with each plot included in the analysis. The environmental variables used in the analysis included aspect, slope, drainage, ecological moisture regime, natural subregion and nutrient status. These six variables were selected because most of the Rocky Mountain Shrubland plots had values listed for them; many of the other variables in the ESIS database were only listed for a small proportion of the plots. The location of each plot was also included (as UTM coordinate or latitude/longitude) when it was supplied in the ESIS database, although many of the plots did not have a precise location listed. Ordinations of the two data sets were performed to allow a qualitative evaluation of the species and environmental associations found in the data. Using PC-ORD, I performed Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) on the data. Although numerous ordination methods exist (Legendre and Legendre 1999), DCA was chosen because it produced easily interpretable ordinations that illustrated the trends in the data well.
In order to classify the plots into community types, hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms were used to define groups based on their similarity in species composition. There are a large number of methods available to cluster biological data, but after a literature review and a test of several different methods, I chose to use the Sorensen distance metric and farthest neighbour clustering algorithm (Legendre and Legendre 1999) as the classification methods for this study. These methods are useful when classifying biological communities, since they tend to produce well-defined, distinct clusters, which is desirable when trying to define homogenous species assemblages. Classifications were performed separately on the montane and alpine/subalpine input files (mon-sp10.wk1 and as-spp33.wk1) using PC-ORD software (McCune and Mefford 1997). After the data had been classified, it was necessary to determine a number of groups to recognize. The classification itself merely ranks the plots in terms of their similarity to each other; it is up to the analyst to decide what cutoff level of similarity will be used to define a group. The choice of the number of groups to recognize once the plots had been classified is a difficult and somewhat arbitrary decision. A small number of groups can be easier to interpret, but the groups will tend to be larger in size, and heterogenous in terms of their species composition. Groups of large size may include several rare community types, so when searching for rare communities a higher number of smaller groups is desirable. However, a very large number of groups is difficult to interpret due to the sheer number of different community types which must be summarized and compared, and in some cases differences between the classification algorithm’s groups may not be biologically significant, being merely due to a single species being present or absent, with the same species dominant in both groups. The choice of the number of groups to use in this classification was made based on examination of the data and experimenting with different numbers of groups, keeping in mind the objective of recognizing rare community types and providing a usable classification scheme. The final decision was to recognize 30 groups in the montane data, and 80 groups in the alpine/subalpine data, which gave fairly homogenous community types which correspond to The Nature Conservancy’s “association” level of community organization (Grossman et al. 1998). Several of these groups were later manually combined or eliminated from the analysis. Once each plot had been assigned to a group, the species list exss.txt was queried to
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create a list of all species occurring in each group (mon_group_spp_summary.xls and as_group_spp_summary.xls). Groups were summarized as a list of the species occurring in each group and each species’ mean cover and frequency. Environmental variables were also listed for all plots in each group. This allows individual species (e.g. species on the ANHIC tracking list) to be queried to determine which groups they are associated with. A problem associated with the definition of shrubland plots used in this analysis is that some plots which contain greater than 10 % shrubs and less than 25% trees may still end up being better classified as herbaceous, woodland or sparsely vegetated communities rather than shrublands. For example, a plot might contain 90% cover of grasses, but if it also contained 10% shrubs and no trees, it would meet the definition of a shrubland plot used in this analysis. Clearly, such a plot would be better classified as a herbaceous or grassland community, so a visual inspection of mean stratum covers for each group was used to eliminate groups which were obviously not shrublands due to their being dominated by non-shrub species. Groups were only eliminated if the cover at least one non-shrub stratum was clearly much greater than total shrub cover, and if shrub cover was near the 10% lower limit. Eliminated groups were not included in the descriptive summaries. Several borderline groups which were difficult to classify were included in the descriptive summaries, but were indicated as such in their discussion. I also eliminated groups from the alpine/subalpine classification which were dominated by dwarf shrubs, since these communities were treated in Timoney's 1999 report on high elevation dwarf shrublands. I defined a dwarf shrubland as an alpine or subalpine community that was dominated by Cassiope mertensiana, Cassiope tetragona, Dryas integrifolia, Dryas octopetala, Phyllodoce glanduliflora, Phyllodoce empetriformis, or Empetrum nigrum. After manually eliminating unsuitable groups, 29 montane and 46 alpine/subalpine groups remained, containing 134 montane and 646 alpine/subalpine plots respectively. Each group was given a group number, as well as a descriptive name containing the dominant species in that community type. I used a naming convention similar to the Nature Conservancy's standard for naming plant community associations (Grossman et al. 1998). The dominant species in each community type (those with high cover and/or frequency) were listed in the community name, with different strata separated by a "/" and species within a strata listed in order of their dominance, and separated by a "-" character. When several species of the same genus were dominant in a community type, they were usually combined and the suffix "spp" added to the genus name. The community names used in this report are more verbose than those used by the Nature Conservancy. Since these are provisional groups, descriptive but lengthy community names were chosen over shorter but less descriptive names. For each group, a summary writeup was prepared which includes a list of the characteristic species (those with mean cover across all plots in the group ≥ 2%), a summary of the habitat characteristics associated with the group, and a list of the plots included in the group with their respective locations. Where appropriate, notes were included on the distribution of each group and its potential status as a shrubland community type. Using the UTM coordinates associated with each plot in the ESIS database, a map of the geographic location of the plots was created using ArcView GIS software. Since many of the ESIS plots were missing location data, this map is incomplete, but it gives a general indication of the distribution of ESIS sample plots in the Rocky Mountain Natural Region. The location data is provided with this report as an ArcView shapefile (plot_UTMS_shapefile directory).
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Results
Ordination Summaries Both the montane and alpine/subalpine data sets were very heterogenous, with a large number of species and community types occurring in each subregion (Figures 1 – 4). The main environmental gradients in the montane data were nutrient regime and drainage (Figure 2, Axis 1) and a gradient of decreasing moisture availability at higher elevations (Figure 2, Axis 2). The main environmental gradient in the alpine/subalpine data was elevation (Figure 4, Axis 1). Raw data from the ordination result files can be found in Appendix 2.
Geographic Distribution of Plots A map of plot locations for plots which had location data listed in the ESIS database (Figure 5) indicates that large portions of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region’s vegetation remain poorly represented in the ESIS database. This may be a result of the data sources that are included in the ESIS database, which in the Rocky Mountain Natural Region appear to be primarily National Park surveys. The vast majority of Rocky Mountain Shrubland sample plots in the ESIS database were located in Banff and Jasper National Park, with the rest of the Natural Region very sparsely sampled. Several large protected areas such as Willmore Wilderness Park, White Goat and Siffleur Wilderness Areas, and most of the area south of Banff National Park (e.g. Kananaskis, Crowsnest Pass and Waterton National Park areas) are poorly represented in the ESIS database. The area north of Willmore Wilderness Park which is road-accessible (Grande Cache and surrounding area) has been lightly sampled.
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Figure 1. Ordination diagram of species scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of montane shrubland plots.
ACHIMIL
AGOSGLA
AGRODAS
AGROTRA
ALLICER
ALNUTENAMELALN
ANEMCYLANEMMUL
ANEMPAT
ANTEPAR
ARCTUVA
ARNICOR
ARTEFRI
ARTELUD
ASTECIL
ASTECON
ASTEFAL
ASTELAE
ASTRSTR
BETUOCC
BETUPUM
BROMCIL
BROMINE
CAMPROT
CAREAQU
CARECON
CARESPP
CASTMIN
CERAARV
CLADPYX
COMAUMB
CORNCAN
CORNSTO
DISTCAP
DREPUNC
ELAECOM
ELYMINN
EPILANG
EQUIARV
ERIGCAE
FESTSCA
FRAGVIR
GAILARI
GALIBOR
GENTAMA
GERAVIS
GEUMALE
GEUMTRI
HEDYALP
HEDYBOR
HETEVIL
HYLOSPL
JUNCBAL
JUNICOM
JUNIHOR
KOELMAC
LATHOCH
LINNBOR
LINULEW
MITENUD
ORTHSEC
OXYTSER
OXYTSPL
PELTRUF
PHLEPRA
PICEGLA
PICEMAR
PINUCON
PLEUSCH
POAPRA
POPUBAL
POPUTRE
POTEFRU
POTEGRA
PSEUMEN
PYROASA
RIBEOXY
ROSAACI
ROSAWOO
RUBUIDA
SALIBEB
SALISPP
SENECAN
SHEPCANSISYMON
SMILSTE
SOLISPA
SPIRBET
STIPVIR
SYMPALB
SYMPOCC
TARAOFF
THALVEN
THERRHO
THUIABI
TORTRUR
VICIAME
ZIGAELE
ZIZIAPT
DCA - mont10.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.
Axis 1
Axis
2
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Figure 2. Ordination diagram of plot and environmental scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of montane shrubland plots.
17SW2354
32BKR004
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DrainageE_Moist
Nutrient
Slope
DCA - mont10.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.
Axis 1
Axis
2
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Figure 3. Ordination diagram of species scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of alpine/subalpine shrubland plots.
ABIE LAS
ACHI MILAGOS GLA
AGRO SPP
AGRO VIO
ALEC OCH
ALEC SPP
ANDR CHAANDR SEP
ANEM LIT
ANEM MUL
ANEM OCC
ANEM PAR
ANTE LAN
ANTE PAR
ANTE RAC
ANTE SPP
AQUI FLA
ARCT RUB
ARCT UVA
AREN CAPARNI ANG
ARNI COR
ARNI LAT
ARTE NOR
ASTE CIL
ASTE CON
ASTR ALP
AULA PAL
BARB HAT
BARB LYC
BARB SPP
BETU GLA
BOTR LUN
BRAC GRO
BRAC SPP
BROM INEBRYU CAE
BRYU PSEBRYU SPP
CALA PUR
CALO JUN
CALT LEP
CAMP ROT
CAMP STE
CARE ALB
CARE AQU
CARE ATS
CARE CAP
CARE CON
CARE NAR
CARE NIG
CARE NOR
CARE RUP
CARE SCI
CARE SPE
CARE SPP
CARE VAG
CASS MERCASS TET CAST MIN
CAST OCC
CAST RAU
CERA ARV
CERA PUR
CETR CUC
CETR ERI
CETR ISL
CETR NIV
CETR PIN
CETR SPP
CETR TIL
CLAD ARB
CLAD CAN
CLAD CEN
CLAD CHL
CLAD COC
CLAD COR
CLAD ECM
CLAD GONCLAD GRA
CLAD MIT
CLAD PYX
CLAD SPP
CLAD SQU
CLAD UNC
CLAY LAN
COEL ACU
CORN CAN
DACT ARC
DACT RAM
DANT CALDELP GLA
DESC CES
DESM LAT
DICR BRE
DICR MUE
DICR SCO
DICR SPP
DIST CAPDITR FLE
DRAB SPP
DREP REV
DREP UNC
DRYA INT
DRYA OCT
ELYM INN
EMPE NIG
ENCA RHA
EPIL ANG
EQUI ARV
EQUI SCI
EQUI VAR
ERIG AUR
ERIG PER
EURH PUL
FEST BRA FEST SAX
FEST SPP
FRAG VIR
GALI BOR
GENT AMA
GENT GLA
GENT PRP
HEDY ALP
HEDY BOR
HEDY SUL
HIER TRI
HYLO SPL
HYPN REV
HYPO AUS
JUNC BALJUNC DRU
JUNI COM
JUNI HOR
KOBR MYO
KOEL MAC
LARI LYA
LECA EPI
LECI GRA
LECI SPP
LEDU GRO
LEPR NEG
LETH VULLINN BOR
LOPH SPPLUET PEC
LUZU PIP
LUZU SPI
LYCO ALP
MENZ FER
MINU OBT
MINU RUBMYOS ALP
ORTH SEC
OXYT CUS
OXYT POD
OXYT SPL
PARM AMB
PARM HYP
PARN FIM
PEDI ARC
PEDI BRA
PEDI GRO
PELT APH
PELT CAN
PELT MAL
PELT RUF
PELT SPP
PELT SPU
PHLE COM
PHYL EMP
PHYL GLA
PHYS MUS
PICE ENE
PICE ENGPICE GLA
PICE MAR
PINU ALB
PINU CON
PLEU SCH
POA ALP
POA SPP
POGO ALP
POHL CRU
POHL NUT
POLY JUN
POLY PIL
POLY SPP
POLY VIV
POPU TRE
POTE DIV
POTE FRU
POTE NIV
PSEU RAD
PTIL CRI
PYRO ASARANU ESC
RHAC CAN
RHIZ GEO
RHOD ALB
RHYT RUG
ROSA ACI
RUBU ARC
SALI ARC
SALI BAA
SALI FAR
SALI GLA
SALI MYR
SALI RET
SALI SPP
SALI VES
SAXI BROSAXI OCC
SAXI OPP
SAXI TRI
SEDU STE
SELA DEN
SENE IND
SENE LUG
SENE TRI
SHEP CAN
SIBB PRO
SILE ACA
SMEL CAL
SOLI MUL
SOLI SPA
SOLO CRO
SPHA WAR
STER ALP
STER TOM
THAL OCC
THAM SUB
THUI ABI
TOME NIT
TORT FRA
TORT NOR
TORT RUR
TORT TORTRIS SPI
TROL ALB
UMBI HYP
USNE SOR
VACC CAE
VACC MEM
VACC SCO
VACC VIT
VAHL ATR
VALE DIO
VALE SITVERO ALP
VIOL ADU
XANT ELE
ZIGA ELE
DCA - as33.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.
Axis 1
Axis
2
9
Figure 4. Ordination diagram of plot and environmental scores from Detrended Correspondence Analysis of alpine/subalpine shrubland plots.
17SR252417SR3693
17SR3697
24SD0205
31GP4585
31GP4586
31GP7472
31GP7474
31GP7478
31GP7480
31GP7483
31GP748631GP7489
31GP749431GP7496
31GP7499
31GP8509
31GP8512
31GP8533
31GP8633
31GP8638
32CC0074
32CC0077
32GP6113
32RC0029
32RC003032RC003232RC0035
32RC00A2
32RC00H1
32RC00H5
32RC00H632RC00H7
32RC00H9
32RC0H13
32RC0H14
34CB2459
34CB2460
34CB2470
34CN1001
34GP0105
34GP0125
34KP0011
34PS1601
34RDP001
34RDP003
34RDP004
34RDP006
34RDP01134RDP014
34RDP021
34RDP029
34RDP03634RDP037 34YA1002
37BF1002
37BF1034
37BF1055
37BF1088
37BF1123
37BF1141
37YH1136
37YH1231
37YH1243
57WCA012
57WCA028
57WCA029
57WCA031
57WCA061
67HT4930
67RD4911
94AW5001
94AW5002
94AW5012
94AW5017
94AW5021
94AW5026
94AW5027
94AW5034
94AW5036
94AW5038
94AW5047
94AW5048
94AW5058
94AW5059
94AW5061
94AW5064
94AW5068
94AW5070
94AW507194AW5072
94AW5073
94AW5074
94AW5075
94AW507694AW507794AW507894AW5079
94AW5082
94AW5086
94AW508794AW5088
94AW5089
94AW5090
94AW5091
94AW5092
94AW510194AW5104
94AW5106
94AW5118
94AW511994AW5130
94AW513194AW5132
94AW5133
94AW5134
94AW5140
94AW5149
94AW6001
94AW6029
94AW6030
94AW6050
94AW6063
94AW6064
94AW6070
94AW6073
94AW6080
94AW6081
94AW6087
94AW6098
94AW6100
94AW6102
94AW6103
94AW6104
94AW6105
94AW6106
94AW6108
94AW6115
94AW6120
94AW6127
94AW612894AW6132
94AW6134
94AW7001
94AW7002
94AW7003
94AW7008
94AW7009
94AW7010
94AW7015
94AW7028
94AW7032
94AW7037
94AW7041
94AW7044
94AW7045
94AW7047
94AW7051
94AW7053
94AW7054
94AW7055
94AW7061
94AW706294AW7068
94AW7080
94AW7081
94AW709094AW7091
94AW7093 94AW7094
94AW7095
94AW7099
94AW7100
94AW7101
94AW710394BK5018
94BK5098
94BK6052
94BK6061
94BK6070
94BK6071
94BK607294BK6073
94BK6074
94BK6075
94BK6076
94BK6079
94BK6084
94BK6087
94BK6088
94BK609094BK6091
94BK609894BK6099
94BK6102
94BK6103
94BK6106
94BK6110
94IC6019
94IC6021
94IC6023
94IC6038
94IC6041
94IC6102
94IC6103
94IC610594IC6106
94IC6107
94IC7039
94IC8077
94IC8079
94IC8080
94IC8084
94IC8087
94IC8090
94JC6003
94JC6015
94JC6016
94JC6017
94JC6019
94JC6020
94JC6025
94JC6026
94JC6030
94JC6033
94JC6040
94JC6042
94JC6044
94JC6045
94JC6046
94JC6048
94JC6049
94JC6051
94JC6052
94JC605394JC6055
94JC6056
94JC605794JC6058
94JC6059
94JC6066
94JC6067
94JC6068
94JC6069
94JC6070
94JC6072
94JC6075
94JC6078
94JC6079
94JC6081
94JC608294JC6090
94JC609194JC6092
94JC6093
94JC6094
94JC6095
94JC6101
94JC610594JC610694JC6107
94JC6108
94JC6114
94JC6115
94JC7019
94JC7020
94JC702594JC7031
94JC7036
94JC7045
94JC7046
94JC7052
94JC7053
94JC705794JC7061
94JC706894JC7072
94JC7078
94JC7079
94JC7089
94JC7096 94JC7100
94JC7107
94JC7119
94JC8004
94JC8005
94JC8007
94JC8008
94JC8011
94JC8012
94JC8017
94JC8018
94JC8019
94JC8020
94JC8023
94JC8026
94JC8030
94JC8033
94JC8034
94JC8039
94JC8040
94JC8048
94JC8050
94JC8055
94JC8056
94JC8057
94JC8060
94JC8068
94JC8069
94JC8070
94JC8071
94JC8072
94JC8073
94JC8074
94JC8076
94JC8077
94JC807994JC8080
94JC8089
94JC8092
94JC8093
94JC8094
94JD5017
94JD5031
94JD5032
94JD5033
94JD5034
94JD5037
94JD5043
94JD5044
94JD5046
94JD5048
94JD5051
94JD5052
94JD5054
94JD5060
94JD5063
94JD5064
94JD5069
94JD5072 94JD507594JD5084
94JD5092
94JD5097
94JD5098
94JD5099
94JD5100
94JD5126
94JD6026
94JD6035
94JD6041
94JD6042
94JD6044
94JD6050
94JD6053 94JD6062
94JD6063
94JD6071
94JD6078
94JD6081
94JD6082
94JD6083
94JD6087
94JD6088
94JD6093
94JD7008
94JD7014
94JD7015
94JD7020
94JD7027
94JD7031
94JD7040
94JD7044
94JD7047
94JD7052
94JD7053
94JD7054
94JD7079
94JD7080
94JD7081
94JD7082
94JD7086
94JD7089
94JD7093
94JD7094
94JD7096
94JD7099
94JD7101
94JD710394JD7104
94JD7107
94JD7112
94JD7116
94JD9005
94JD9007
94JD9008
94JD9009
94JD9010
94JD9021
94JD9025
94JD9026
94JD9031
94JD9037
94JD9049
94JD9050
94JD905294JD905494JD9060
94JD906494JD9065
94JD9070
94JD9071
94JE8006
94JE8007
94JE8009
94JE8012
94JE8020
94JE8024
94JE8025
94JE8026
94JE8027
94JE8028
94JE8029
94JE8030
94JE803194JE8033
94JE8034
94JE8035
94JE8037
94JE8038
94JE8040
94JE8042
94JE8044
94JE8046
94JE8047
94JE8048
94JE8049
94JE8050
94JE8051
94JE8056
94JE8057
94JE8060
94JE8065
94JE8066
94JE8070
94JE8071
94JE8072
94JE807394JE8075
94JE8076
94JE8078
94JE8081
94JE8082
94JE8083
94JE808494JE8085
94JE8087
94JE8088
94JE8090
94JE8091
94JE8092
94JE809394JE8094
94JE809894JE8100
94JE8101
94JE810294JE8103
94JE8104
94JE8110
94JE8111
94JE8112
94JE8113
94JE8114
94JE811694JE8121
94JE8123
94JE8124
94JE8125
94JE8126
94JE8128
94JE8129
94JE8130
94JE813194JE813294JE8135
94JE8137
94JE8139
94JE8140
94JE8141
94JE8142
94JE8143
94JE8144
94JE8147
94JE8148
94JE8149
94JE8156
94JE8158
94JE8159
94JE8162
94JE8163
94JE8164
94JE9001
94JE9002
94JE9011
94JE9013
94JE9020
94JE9022
94JE9023
94JE9024
94JE9026
94JE9028
94JE9029
94JE9030
94JE9032
94JE9033
94JE9034
94JE9035
94JE9036
94JE9037
94JE904294JE9047
94JE9051
94JE9052
94JE9053
94JE9055
94JE9057
94JE9058
94JE9059
94JE9060
94JE9061
94JE9064
94JE9070
94JE9071
94JE9074
94JE9075
94JE9076
94JE9077
94JE9079
94JE9080
94JE9081
94JE9082
94JE9084
94JE9088
94JE9091
94JE9094
94JE9095
94JE9097 94JE9101
94JE9104
94JE9108
94JE9110
94JE9112
94JE9113
94JE9118
94JE9119
94JE9120
94JE9122
94JE9124
94JE9125
94JE9126
94JE913094JE9131
94JE9132 94JE9134 94JE9141
94JE9143
94JE9146
94JE9147
94JE9150
94JE9153
94JE9154
94JE9156
94JE9160
94JE9164 94JE9165
94JE9166
94JE9172
94JE9173 94JE9176
94JE9179
94JE9181
94JE9183
94JI5020
94JI5021
94JI5024
94JI5026
94JI5029
94JI5030
94JI5031
94JI5032
94JI5035
94JI5049
94JI5057
94JI5059
94JI506094JI5061
94JI5063
94JI5068
94JI5076
94JI5078
94JI5086
94JI5092
94JI5099
94JI5109
94JI5117
94JI6031
94JI6037
94JI6045
94JI6046
94JI6047
94JI6048
94JI6051
94JI6054
94JI6057
94JI6058
94JI6059
94JI6061
94JI6066
94JI607394JI6074
94JI6093
94JI6121
94JI6130
94JI7002
94JI7050
94JI7056
94JI7058
94JI7059
94JI7064
94JI7065
94JI7066
94JI7068
94JI7070
94JI7072
94JI7073
94JI7081
94JI7087
94JI7095 94JI8015
94JI8017
94JI8020
94JI8022
94JI8023
94JI8025
94JI8031
94JI8032
94JI8033
94JI8034
94JI8036
94JI8040
94JI8042
94JI8049
94JI8055
94JI8062
94JI8066
94JI8067
94JI8070
94JI807194JI8093
94JI8095
94JI9001
94JI9003
94JI9006
94JI9008
94JI9010
94JI9013
94JI9014
94JI9016
94JI9018
94JI9022
94JI9023
94JI9024
94JI9025
94JI9026
94JI902794JI9030
94JI9037
94JI9039
94JI9045
94JI9051
94JI9054
94JI9056
94JI905894JI9059
94JI9062
94JI9066
94JI9071
94JI9076
94JI9077
94JI9078
94JI9088
94JI9089
94JI9090
94JI9091
94JI9096
94JI9100
94JI9101
94JI9104
94JI9121
94JI9128
94JI9129
94JI9131
94JI9133
94JI9138
94JI914294JI9145
94JI9150
94JI9152
94JI9156
94JM7004
94JM7020
94JM7021
94JM7023
94JM7024
94JM7025
94JM7026
94JM703494JM703594JM7036
94JM7045
94JM7047
94JM705094JM7054
94JM7055 94JM7057
94JM705994JM7062
94JM7066
94JM7068
94JM7069
94JM7072
94JM707394JM707494JM7075
94JM7077
94JM7078
94JM7080
94JM7081
94JM7085
94JM7086
94JM7088
94JM7089
94JM7091
94JM7092
94JM7096
94JM7097
94JM7100
94JM8006
94JM8007
94JM8010
94JM8011
94JM8025
94JM8027
94JM803094JM8035
94JM8036
94JM8037
94JM8038
94JM8039
94JM8044
94JM8046
94JM8047
94JM8048
94JM8055
94JM8057
94JM8068
94JM8071
94JM8073
94JM8075
94JM8078
94JM8085
94JM8086
94JM8095
94JM8102
94JM8113
94LC9001
94LC9009
94LC9016
94LC9018 94LC9021
94LC9028
94LC9029
94LC9033
94LC903894LC9040
94LC9041
94LC9042
94LC9043
94LC9044
94LC9046
94LC9050
94LC9055
94LC905894LC9061
94LC9067
94LC9072
94LC9073
94LC9074
94LC9075
94LC9076
94LC9081
94LC9082
94LC9083
94LC9084
94LC9091
94LC9092
94LC9093
94LC9097
94LC9099
94LC9102
94LC9103
94LC9107
94LC9108
94LC9111
94LC9112
94LC9113
94LC911494LC9116
94LC911994LC9123
94LC9124
94LC9125
94LC9128
94LC9130
94LC9131
94LC913494LC9135
94LC9138
94LC9139
94LC9148
94LC9154
94LC9158
94LC9160
94LC9161
94LC9162
94LC9163
94LC9164
94LC9166
94LC9168
94LC9173
94LC917494LC9175
94LC9177
94LC9183
94LC9185
94PA7006
94PA7016
94PA7017
94PA7022
94PA7024
94PA7026
94PA7028
94PA7029
94PA7030
94PA7034
94PA7036
94PA703794PA7038
94PA7040
94PA704194PA7043
94PA7045
94PA7052
94PA705394PA7055
94PA7057
94PA7061
94PA7064
94PA7065
94PA7066
94PA7067
94PA7070
94PA7078
94PA7081
94PA7082
94PA7088
94PA7092
94PA7095
94PA7096
94PA7099
94PA7107
94PA7108
94PA7109
94PA7116
94PA7117 94PA7118
94PA7119
94PA7120
94PA7121
94PA7122
94PA7123
94PA7124
94PA7125
94PA7126
94PA7129
94PA7130
94PA7131
94PA7132
94PA7133
94PA7135
94PA7136
94PA713894PA7139
94PA714194PA7142
94PA7143
94PA7147
94PA7149
94PA7152
94PA7156
94PA7161
94PA7162
94PA7166
94PA7171
94PA7172
94PA7176
94PA7177
94PA7178
94PA717994PA7181
94PA7188
94PA8003
94PA8004
94PA8005
94PA8009
94PA8014
94PA8016
94PA8017
94PA8018
94PA8019
94PA8025
94PA8026
94PA8031
94PA8032
94PA8033
94PA8036
94PA8039
94PA8043
94PA8046
94PA8047
94PA8048
94PA8055
94PA805794PA8062
94PA8067
94PA8070
94PA8071 94PA8074
94PA8075
94PA8076
94PA8077
94PA8078
94PA8080
94PA8083
94PA8084
94PA8085
94PA8086
94PA8092
94PA8093
94PA8095
94PA8096
94PA8101
94PA8108
94PA8109
94PA8111
94PA8112
94PA8113
94PA8114
94PA8117
94PA8118
94PA811994PA8125
94PA8126
94PA8129
94PA8130
94PA8136
94PA8142
94PA8143
94PA8147
94PA8149
94PA8154
94PA8161
94PA8162
94PA816394PA8166
94PA8167
94PA8169
94PA9002
94PA9004
94PA9006
94PA9008
94PA9011
94PA9013
94PA9015
94PA9017
94PA901994PA9025
94PA9033
94PA9034
94PA9040
94PA9046
94PA9047
94PA9050
94PA9057
94PA9060
94PA9061
94PA9062
94PA9068
94PA9072
94PA9074
94PA9076
94PA9080
94PA908794PA9088
94PA9095
94PA9098
94PA9099
94PA9108
94PA9109
94PA9111
94PA9112
94PA9114
94PA9115
94PA9116
94PA9117
94PA9118
94PA9119
94PA9120
94PA9121
94PA9124
94PA9125
94PA9128
94PA9129
94PA9130
94PA9131
94PA9135
94SJ7038
94SJ7039
94SJ7040
94SJ7041
94SJ7046
94SJ7049
94SJ7053
94SJ7057
94SJ7058
94SJ7059
94SJ7060
94SJ7069
94SJ707094SJ7076
94SJ7079
94SJ7085
94SJ8002
94SJ8005
94SJ8009
94SJ8024
94SJ8027
94SJ8028
94SJ8029
94SJ8031
94SJ8032
94SJ8035
94SJ8036
94SJ803794SJ8039
94SJ8040
94SJ8044
94SJ8050
94SJ8052
94SJ8056
94SJ8058 94SJ8062
94SJ8065
94SJ8067
94SJ8068
94SJ8069
94SJ8071
94SJ8072
94SJ8075
94SJ8079
94SJ8096
94SJ8099
94SJ8102
94SJ8104
94SJ9002
94SJ9003
94SJ9004
94SJ9007
94SJ9010
94SJ9011
94SJ9012
94SJ9014
94SJ9016
94SJ9018
94SJ9019
94SJ9022
94SJ9023
94SJ9024
94SJ9025
94SJ9026
94SJ902794SJ9028
94SJ9029
94SJ9032
94SJ9033
94SJ9034
94SJ9037
94SJ9040
94SJ9041
94SJ9042
94SJ9043
94SJ9044
94SJ9046
94SJ9047
94SJ9048
94SJ9049
94SJ9051
94SJ9052
94SJ9055
94SJ9056
94SJ9057
94SJ9058
94SJ905994SJ906594SJ9072
94SJ9074
94SJ907694SJ9077
94SJ9080
94SJ9081
94SJ908294SJ9084
94SJ9085
94SJ9087
94SJ9091
94SJ9092
94SJ9093 94SJ9094
94SJ9095
94SJ9097
94SJ9100
94SJ9102
94SJ9106
94SJ9107
94SJ9108
94SJ910994SJ9110
94SJ911194SJ9112
94SJ911394SJ9118
94SJ9119
94SJ9121
94SJ9122
94SJ9130
94SJ9134
D4JD7118
D4JD7121
D4JD7123
D4JD7132
D4JD7133
D4JD7140
D4JD7141 D4JD7142
D4JD7146
D4JD7149
D4JD7154
D4JD7157
D4JD8005
D4JD8007
D4JD8012
D4JD8013
D4JD8014D4JD8017
D4JD8019D4JD8025
D4JD8028
D4JD8029 D4JD8031
D4JD8032
D4JD8033
D4JD8037
D4JD8044
D4JD8050
D4JD8056
D4JD8057
D4JD8058
D4JD8059
D4JD8060
D4JD8061
D4JD8062
D4JD8063
D4JD8064
D4JD8065
D4JD8066
D4JD8067
D4JD8068
D4JD8070
D4JD8072
D4JD8074
D4JD8077
D4JD8083
D4JD8084
D4JD8088
D4JD8090
D4JD8091
D4JD8093
D4JD8097
D4JD8098
D4JD8101
D4JD8102
D4JD8106
D4JD8109
D4JD8110
D4JD8113
D4JD8114
D4JD8117
D4JD8119
D4JD8120
D4JD9075D4JD9078
D4JD9080
D4JD9081
D4JD9083
D4JD9087
D4JD9089
D4PA8170
Elevatio
DCA - as33.wk1 data, rare species downweighted.
Axis 1
Axis
2
10
Figure 5. Map of geographic locations of Rocky Mountain shrubland plots which had location data listed in the ESIS database.
##
######
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########## #### ######## ##
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## ### ### # ######## ## ### ### #### #### # ## ##### ## # ## #### ## ### ## ### #### ## #### ## ### ## ## ## ### ## ### # ### # ### ### ##
# ## #### ## ## ##### ## ## ####### # # ##### # ### # # ### ## ### ###### ### ####### ##### ### ## ### # # ### # # ### ## #
## ######## ## ### ### ## #### #### ## ### ## ### ## #### # ## ### ### # ### # #### ## ####### ### ###
## #### ### ## ### # ######## ### ## ## #
# ######### ## ## ######### ## ## ######### # #######
## ## ## ## ############ ### ##
## ### ##### ###### ### # ### ##### ##
# ### # #### ## ### ## # ##### ## # ## # #
# ### ### # ## ###### ## ## # # ## ## ## ###
# ## #### ### ### # ## #### ### ## ##### ###### # ## ### ##### #### # ### ## ### # ## ## ### ### ##
### #### ### ## #### # ## #### ## ### ## #### # ## ## ## ## ##### ## ## ### ##
## ## ## #### ## # # # #### ## ## # ## #### ## ## ### ### ####
#### #### # ### #### # ### # ### # ### # ### ## ### # ## # ### # ## ## ###
### ### ## ## # ### ### # ### # ### # ## ### ## ## # ### ###### #### ### #### #### # ##
### # #### ## ### # ## ## ## ## #### ## ##### ### ######## ### ## ### ## #### ### # ## ## ### ### #### #### ##
### # # #### # ### ### ##### ### # ##### # ## ## ###### ######## # #### ## ## ## # ## ## ## ### # ##### ###### ## ## # ## ### ## ### ## ## ## ### ### ###### ## # ## ## #
# # ### ## ## ### #### ## # ## ### ## # ## ##### ## # # # #######
# #######
###### ##
#######
### ###
m6
m1
m1
m1
m1m1
m63m64
m37
m38m39
m37
m56m71
m63m71
m63m39
m63
m74
m63m85
m63 m49
m85 m84
m49
m56
m49m49
m63 m63
m49
m88
m16m63
m76 m63m49
m88m92 m49
m98
m63m85m69
m84m63m63m64
m88
m56 m69m92 m46m56m69
m74m74
m69
m76
m76
m104
m105
m104
m37m37
m49
m63
m69m76m84m63m69m49m56m56
m69 m13
m104
m128
1 0 0 0 10 0 2 00 Mi l es
N a t u r a l R e g i o n s A l p i n e S u b r e g i o n S u b a l p i n e S u b r e g i o n M o n t a n e S u b r e g i o n
# R o c k y M t n S h r u b l a n d P l o t s
N
E W
S
11
Classification Summaries The community types recognized in each subregion are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. . For each group, the number of plots included in the group (N) is indicated, along with the mean values and standard deviation of the environmental variables for each group. The montane community types have been ranked in order of increasing moisture, while the alpine/subalpine community types have been ranked in order of increasing elevation. A complete list of all plots included in the analysis and their group numbers can be found in Appendix 1
12
Tab
le 1
. Lis
t of s
hrub
land
com
mun
ities
in th
e m
onta
ne su
breg
ion
and
thei
r ass
ocia
ted
envi
ronm
enta
l cha
ract
eris
tics,
sorte
d by
m
oist
ure.
Val
ues a
re li
sted
as g
roup
mea
n ±
stan
dard
dev
iatio
n. U
nits
use
d fo
r env
ironm
enta
l var
iabl
es a
re li
sted
in T
able
3.
Grou
p N
G
roup
Nam
e A
spec
t D
rain
age
Ele
vatio
n M
oist
ure
Nut
rien
t Sl
ope
m84
3
Pice
a en
gelm
anni
i / J
unip
erus
com
mun
is –
Shep
herd
ia c
anad
ensis
/ K
oele
ria m
acra
ntha
22
5.0
± 90
.0
±
14
20.0
± 1
90.8
2.
0 ±
±
51.7
± 18
.9
m39
2
Juni
peru
s com
mun
is –
She
pher
dia
cana
dens
is /
Her
b / S
tipa
colu
mbi
ana
192.
0 ±
17.0
2.
0 ±
15
12.5
± 1
45.0
2.
5 ±
0.7
±
41
.5±
9.2
m13
5
Juni
peru
s hor
izont
alis
– A
rcto
staph
ylos
uva
-urs
i / A
grop
yron
das
ysta
chyu
m –
Cal
amag
rosti
s pu
rpur
asce
ns
197.
2 ±
67.9
2.
6 ±
1.1
1269
.8 ±
147
.6
3.2
± 1.
5 3.
0 ±
0.0
21.8
± 30
.6
m37
4
Pinu
s con
torta
/ Va
ccin
ium
cae
spito
sum
- Am
elan
chie
r aln
ifolia
– A
rcto
staph
ylos
uva
-urs
i -
Juni
peru
s com
mun
is /
Um
bilic
aria
deu
sta
210.
8 ±
20.2
2.
3 ±
0.5
1624
.8 ±
132
.9
3.3
± 1.
3
±
36.3
± 13
.1
m63
15
Arc
tosta
phyl
os u
va-u
rsi –
She
pher
dia
cana
dens
is /
Elym
us in
nova
tus
186.
6 ±
71.9
2.
2 ±
0.8
1338
.7 ±
178
.8
3.3
± 0.
8 2.
3 ±
0.6
36.4
± 27
.3
m11
5
Sym
phor
icar
pos o
ccid
enta
lis –
Arte
mis
ia c
ana
/ Poa
com
pres
sa –
Stip
a sp
p.
209.
0 ±
46.2
3.
0 ±
1.6
1197
.8 ±
40.
0 3.
4 ±
0.5
3.0
± 0.
0 26
.6±
9.1
m76
4
Rosa
aci
cula
ris -
Ela
eagn
us c
omm
utat
a –
Salix
scou
leria
na -
Rubu
s ida
eus –
Lon
icer
a di
oica
/ U
rtic
a sp
p. /
Phle
um p
rate
nse
217.
3 ±
85.2
3.
3 ±
1.5
1155
.0 ±
165
.0
3.7
± 1.
2 3.
0 ±
0.0
33.8
± 32
.5
m38
3
Popu
lus b
alsa
mife
ra /
Elae
agnu
s com
mut
ata
- Am
elan
chie
r aln
ifolia
- Ju
nipe
rus h
orizo
ntal
is /
Agro
pyro
n da
systa
chyu
m
120.
5 ±
140.
7 3.
0 ±
0.0
1473
.3 ±
175
.5
4.0
± 1.
7 2.
5 ±
0.7
12.7
± 19
.3
m71
2
Dry
as d
rum
mon
dii –
Arc
tosta
phyl
os u
va-u
rsi -
Ela
eagn
us c
omm
utat
a / H
erb
/ Koe
leria
mac
rant
ha
90.0
±
2.0
±1.
4 13
69.5
± 1
3.4
4.0
±
3.0
±
1.0
±
m10
13
Sym
phor
icar
pos o
ccid
enta
lis –
Ros
a w
oods
ii / P
oa p
rate
nsis
– B
rom
us in
erm
is
119.
5 ±
131.
9 3.
7 ±
0.9
1194
.4 ±
58.
8 4.
2 ±
0.4
3.0
± 0.
0 10
.9±
13.1
m56
10
Pic
ea g
lauc
a / A
rcto
staph
ylos
uva
-urs
i – P
oten
tilla
frut
icos
a –
Juni
peru
s hor
izon
talis
/ C
arex
sc
irpoi
dea
– Ko
eler
ia m
acra
ntha
23
4.3
± 53
.3
3.1
±1.
2 12
57.4
± 2
22.0
4.
2 ±
1.5
3.0
± 0.
7 19
.4±
21.1
m6
8 Po
tent
illa
frutic
osa
– Sy
mph
oric
arpo
s occ
iden
talis
/ Fe
stuca
scab
rella
– F
estu
ca id
ahoe
nsis
– Br
omus
iner
mis
15
2.1
± 11
2.5
3.0
±0.
8 13
64.3
± 1
07.2
4.
3 ±
0.7
3.1
± 0.
4 15
.7±
8.5
m49
14
Pin
us c
onto
rta –
Pic
ea g
lauc
a / S
heph
erdi
a ca
nade
nsis
- Ar
ctos
taph
ylos
uva
-urs
i - J
unip
erus
co
mm
unis
/ El
ymus
inno
vatu
s 19
2.0
± 77
.4
2.8
±0.
7 14
15.1
± 1
93.2
4.
4 ±
0.8
2.7
± 0.
5 16
.6±
23.2
m16
4
Pote
ntill
a fru
ticos
a –
Salix
pla
nifo
lia –
Ros
a w
oods
ii / A
grop
yron
repe
ns –
Poa
pra
tens
is –
Stip
a vi
ridul
a 15
3.3
± 98
.7
3.7
±1.
2 11
95.8
± 3
2.2
4.8
± 1.
0 3.
0 ±
0.0
14.3
± 9.
7
m36
1
Cra
taeg
us d
ougl
asii
/ Vio
la c
anad
ensis
- O
smor
hiza
dep
aupe
rata
– P
arie
tari
a pe
nsyl
vani
ca
157.
5 ±
95.5
±
1366
.7 ±
83.
3 5.
0 ±
0.0
±
21
.7±
11.9
m10
4 3
Pinu
s con
torta
/ Al
nus s
pp. -
Lin
naea
bor
ealis
/ Co
rnus
can
aden
sis /
Ely
mus
inno
vatu
s 22
5.0
±
±
12
10.0
±
5.0
±
±
10
.0±
m10
5 1
Dry
as d
rum
mon
dii –
Aln
us te
nuifo
lia
350.
0 ±
3.
0 ±
12
41.0
±
5.0
±
3.0
±
10.0
±
m64
2
Alnu
s cri
spa
- Sym
phor
icar
pos o
ccid
enta
lis –
Am
elan
chie
r aln
ifolia
– S
alix
scou
leria
na /
Her
bs
112.
5 ±
95.5
4.
0 ±
15
90.0
± 1
4.1
5.5
± 0.
7 3.
0 ±
47
.5±
38.9
m1
5 Pi
cea
glau
ca –
Pop
ulus
trem
uloi
des /
Sal
ix b
ebbi
ana
– Sh
ephe
rdia
can
aden
sis /
Ely
mus
inno
vatu
s 20
1.0
± 67
.1
4.3
±1.
3 11
28.0
± 1
40.4
6.
0 ±
1.7
4.0
± 1.
4 9.
2±
9.7
m46
2
Salix
spp.
– B
etul
a gl
andu
losa
/ Eq
uise
tum
arv
ense
90
.0 ±
3.
0 ±
12
68.5
± 4
08.0
6.
0 ±
1.4
4.0
±
2.5
± 3.
5
m85
3
Betu
la p
umila
– P
oten
tilla
frut
icos
a –
Salix
spp.
/ C
arex
spp.
– D
esch
amps
ia c
espi
tosa
- Ju
ncus
spp.
/ Dre
pano
clad
us sp
p.
±
±
1270
.0 ±
252
.4
6.0
±
±
0.
0±
m88
3
Pice
a m
aria
na /
Ledu
m g
roen
land
icum
– A
lnus
tenu
ifolia
/ H
yloc
omiu
m sp
lend
ens
0.0
±
±
12
70.0
± 2
6.5
6.0
± 1.
4
±
24.0
± 41
.6
m69
7
Pice
a gl
auca
/ Al
nus t
enui
folia
– R
osa
acic
ular
is –
Shep
herd
ia c
anad
ensi
s / E
quis
etum
arv
ense
/ Th
uidi
um a
biet
inum
19
2.3
± 10
6.3
3.0
±
1019
.1 ±
41.
2 6.
2 ±
1.5
4.0
±
15.7
± 31
.9
m22
3
Salix
beb
bian
a –
Salix
gla
uca
– Sa
lix la
nata
/ D
esch
amps
ia c
espi
tosa
– P
hleu
m p
rate
nse
– Po
a pr
aten
sis
150.
0 ±
103.
9 5.
7 ±
0.6
1366
.0 ±
152
.3
6.3
± 0.
6 3.
7 ±
0.6
3.3
± 1.
5
m4
4 Sa
lix p
etio
lari
s - B
etul
a gl
andu
losa
– S
alix
can
dida
/ D
esch
amps
ia c
espi
tosa
– J
uncu
s bal
ticus
18
4.5
± 12
0.9
5.3
±1.
0 14
62.8
± 2
8.5
7.0
± 1.
4 3.
8 ±
0.5
1.5
± 2.
1
13
Gro
up
N
Gro
up N
ame
Asp
ect
Dra
inag
e E
leva
tion
Moi
stur
e N
utri
ent
Slop
e
m2
2 Sa
lix m
yrtil
lifol
ia –
Bet
ula
pum
ila /
Care
x sp
p.. –
Jun
cus b
altic
us
310.
0 ±
14.1
6.
5 ±
0.7
1440
.0 ±
0.0
8.
0 ±
0.0
4.0
± 0.
0 5.
5±
0.7
m92
2
Pice
a m
aria
na /
Salix
myr
tillif
olia
– L
edum
gro
enla
ndic
um /
Care
x sp
p. /
Tom
enth
ypnu
m n
itens
22
5.0
±
±
12
30.0
± 9
9.0
8.0
±
±
0.
0±
0.0
m74
3
Salix
arb
uscu
loid
es /
Equi
setu
m fl
uvia
tile
/ Car
ex sp
p. /
Spha
gnum
spp.
- To
men
thyp
num
nite
ns
45.0
± 7
7.9
6.5
±0.
7 11
96.7
± 5
8.6
8.5
± 0.
7 4.
0 ±
0.0
0.7
± 1.
2
m12
8 1
Salix
pla
nifo
lia /
Her
b / P
oa sp
p. –
Car
ex sp
p. /
Cam
pyliu
m st
ella
tum
±
7.0
±
990.
0 ±
9.
0 ±
±
0.0
±
14
Tab
le 2
. Lis
t of s
hrub
land
com
mun
ities
in th
e al
pine
/sub
alpi
ne su
breg
ions
and
thei
r ass
ocia
ted
envi
ronm
enta
l cha
ract
eris
tics,
sorte
d by
ele
vatio
n. V
alue
s are
list
ed a
s gro
up m
ean
± st
anda
rd d
evia
tion.
Uni
ts u
sed
for e
nviro
nmen
tal v
aria
bles
are
list
ed in
Tab
le 3
. Gr
oup
N
Gro
up n
ame
Asp
ect
Dra
inag
e E
leva
tion
Moi
stur
e Sl
ope
Nat
SubR
as
57
5 Sa
lix m
yrtil
lifol
ia /
Care
x aq
uatil
is –
Cal
amag
rosti
s stri
cta
/ Aul
acom
nium
pal
ustr
e –
Spha
gnum
war
nsto
rfii
145.
0 ±
21.2
6.
0±
0.0
1385
.0±
137.
0 8.
0 ±
1.4
1.2
± 1.
6 8.
0 ±
0.0
as60
4
Salix
dru
mm
ondi
ana
– Be
tula
gla
ndul
osa
– Le
dum
gro
enla
ndic
um /
Car
ex a
quat
ilis /
Sp
hagn
um sp
p.
150.
3 ±
144.
3 6.
3±
1.0
1435
.0±
127.
1 7.
8 ±
1.0
3.0
± 2.
4 8.
0 ±
0.0
as1
8 Pi
nus c
onto
rta /
Alnu
s cri
spa
– Sa
lix sc
oule
riana
– L
inna
ea b
orea
lis /
Festu
ca
idah
oens
is
196.
5 ±
61.9
3.
3±
0.5
1535
.0±
244.
1 4.
4 ±
0.7
32.0
± 1
6.3
8.0
±0.
0
as15
4 4
Dry
as d
rum
mon
dii
90.0
± 4
5.0
2.5
±0.
7 15
42.5
± 92
.2
4.3
± 3.
2 7.
5 ±
13.0
8.
0 ±
0.0
as62
4
Salix
spp.
– B
etul
a gl
andu
losa
/ St
ipa
spp.
/ Th
uidi
um a
biet
inum
21
0.0
± 26
.0
2.8
±0.
5 15
55.0
± 15
2.9
4.3
± 1.
2 16
.3 ±
13.
8 8.
0 ±
0.0
as12
14
Be
tula
gla
ndul
osa
– Sa
lix m
yrtil
lifol
ia /
Car
ex sp
p. /
Tom
enth
ypnu
m n
itens
– S
phag
num
sp
p.
202.
4 ±
86.0
6.
1±
0.8
1563
.6±
282.
9 7.
5 ±
0.9
9.8
± 26
.0
7.9
±0.
3
as5
9 Sa
lix sp
p. –
Bet
ula
glan
dulo
sa /
Car
ex a
quat
ilis /
Sph
agnu
m w
arns
torfi
i –
Tom
enth
ypnu
m n
itens
25
2.0
± 98
.3
6.3
±0.
7 15
86.1
± 22
9.8
7.6
± 0.
9 1.
6 ±
2.1
8.0
±0.
0
as4
17
Pinu
s con
torta
/ Sh
ephe
rdia
can
aden
sis –
Lin
naea
bor
ealis
/ El
ymus
inno
vatu
s /
Pleu
roziu
m sc
hreb
eri
163.
9 ±
80.1
2.
8±
0.6
1592
.9±
205.
1 4.
9 ±
1.0
21.1
± 1
8.6
8.0
±0.
0
as12
2 22
Be
tula
gla
ndul
osa
– Le
dum
gro
enla
ndic
um –
Sal
ix g
lauc
a / C
arex
aqu
atili
s – S
cirp
us
cesp
itosu
s / T
omen
thyp
num
nite
ns –
Aul
acom
nium
pal
ustr
e 15
0.8
± 12
3.3
6.5
±0.
5 16
34.1
± 23
1.5
7.8
± 1.
0 6.
5 ±
5.8
7.9
±0.
3
as34
9 5
Ledu
m g
roen
land
icum
– S
alix
gla
uca
/ Equ
iset
um a
rven
se /
Spha
gnum
fusc
um –
D
repa
nocl
adus
revo
lven
s 18
0.0
± 77
.9
6.0
±0.
8 16
46.0
± 17
7.1
6.5
± 1.
7 4.
6 ±
2.3
7.8
±0.
4
as76
10
Sa
lix sp
p. –
Pot
entil
la fr
utic
osa
– Be
tula
gla
ndul
osa
/ Car
ex sp
p. /
Aula
com
nium
pa
lust
re
202.
5 ±
101.
6 6.
0±
0.5
1677
.0±
186.
8 7.
3 ±
1.4
1.3
± 1.
3 7.
9 ±
0.3
as2
30
Ledu
m g
roen
land
icum
– S
heph
erdi
a ca
nade
nsis
/ Ely
mus
inno
vatu
s / H
yloc
omiu
m
sple
nden
s – P
leur
oziu
m sc
hreb
eri
162.
9 ±
129.
6 3.
3±
0.8
1708
.5±
609.
3 5.
0 ±
0.8
24.0
± 2
3.0
7.9
±0.
3
as27
5 2
Betu
la p
umila
– V
acci
nium
cae
spito
sum
/ Fr
agar
ia v
irgin
iana
/ Po
a al
pina
45
.0 ±
±
1730
.0±
99.0
5.
5 ±
0.7
2.5
± 3.
5 8.
0 ±
0.0
as73
13
Pi
nus c
onto
rta –
Pic
ea e
ngel
man
nii /
Men
zies
ia fe
rrug
inea
– S
heph
erdi
a ca
nade
nsis
/ El
ymus
inno
vatu
s / P
leur
oziu
m sc
hreb
eri –
Hyl
ocom
ium
sple
nden
s 21
0.0
± 13
0.6
3.6
±0.
9 17
63.1
± 19
4.5
5.2
± 0.
4 21
.1 ±
13.
3 7.
8 ±
0.4
as47
9 2
Salix
spp.
/ Fr
agar
ia v
irgi
nian
a –
Pens
tem
on p
roce
rus /
Agr
opyr
on v
iola
ceum
22
5.0
± 12
7.3
3.0
±0.
0 17
65.0
± 53
0.3
5.5
± 0.
7 3.
5 ±
0.7
7.5
±0.
7
as9
15
Salix
bar
ratti
ana
– Sa
lix g
lauc
a –
Betu
la g
land
ulos
a / C
arex
aqu
atili
s / A
ulac
omni
um
palu
stre
– T
omen
thyp
num
nite
ns
123.
9 ±
101.
7 6.
3±
0.5
1782
.7±
302.
9 7.
7 ±
1.1
2.9
± 2.
5 7.
8 ±
0.4
as42
2 6
Pote
ntill
a fru
ticos
a –
Arct
osta
phyl
os u
va-u
rsi /
Ely
mus
inno
vatu
s – K
oele
ria m
acra
ntha
18
7.5
± 44
.2
2.7
±0.
5 17
95.0
± 32
0.4
4.3
± 1.
0 62
.2 ±
9.9
7.
8 ±
0.4
15
Gro
up N
G
roup
nam
e A
spec
t D
rain
age
Ele
vatio
n M
oist
ure
Slop
e N
atSu
bR
as94
4 6
Salix
gla
uca
/ Val
eria
na si
tche
nsis
/ D
esch
amps
ia c
espi
tosa
– C
arex
aqu
atili
s /
Aula
com
nium
pal
ustr
e 72
.0 ±
60.
4 5.
4±
0.9
1798
.3±
87.5
6.
0 ±
1.0
7.0
± 5.
9 7.
8 ±
0.4
as84
14
Be
tula
gla
ndul
osa
– Sa
lix sp
p. –
Pot
entil
la fr
utic
osa
/ Car
ex sc
irpoi
dea
199.
3 ±
92.9
5.
4±
0.8
1809
.3±
279.
0 6.
2 ±
0.7
6.1
± 5.
3 7.
8 ±
0.4
as18
36
Be
tula
gla
ndul
osa
– Ar
ctos
taph
ylos
uva
-urs
i – S
alix
gla
uca
/ Ely
mus
inno
vatu
s 13
3.1
± 76
.0
4.2
±1.
4 18
16.9
± 26
4.1
5.1
± 1.
8 13
.7 ±
17.
5 7.
8 ±
0.4
as10
7 12
Pi
nus c
onto
rta /
Juni
peru
s com
mun
is –
Arc
tosta
phyl
os u
va-u
rsi –
She
pher
dia
cana
dens
is21
2.7
± 57
.2
2.8
±0.
5 18
37.5
± 18
6.3
3.7
± 1.
2 59
.5 ±
13.
5 7.
9 ±
0.3
as88
15
Pi
nus c
onto
rta –
Pic
ea e
ngel
man
nii /
She
pher
dia
cana
dens
is –
Arct
osta
phyl
os u
va-u
rsi –
Juni
peru
s com
mun
is /
Elym
us in
nova
tus
204.
0 ±
56.1
2.
6±
0.7
1844
.7±
114.
1 4.
3 ±
1.4
38.3
± 1
6.0
7.9
±0.
3
as13
1 6
Salix
farr
iae
– Sa
lix b
arcl
ayi (
- Sal
ix sp
p.) /
Her
b 20
2.5
± 58
.1
4.6
±1.
5 18
60.0
± 93
.2
6.3
± 1.
0 19
.4 ±
17.
0 7.
5 ±
0.5
as31
11
Sa
lix sp
p. –
Bet
ula
glan
dulo
sa /
Car
ex sp
p. /
Aula
com
nium
pal
ustr
e 13
0.7
± 12
3.6
4.8
±1.
3 18
67.3
± 25
1.3
7.1
± 1.
8 6.
7 ±
11.0
7.
6 ±
0.5
as87
3
Pice
a en
gelm
anni
i / S
alix
ves
tita
– Po
tent
illa
frutic
osa
/ Val
eria
na si
tche
nsis
/ Car
ex
spp.
/ D
icra
num
scop
ariu
m
120.
0 ±
170.
4 5.
0±
0.0
1880
.0±
321.
4
±
28.0
± 2
8.2
7.7
±0.
6
as57
7 5
Abie
s las
ioca
rpa
/ Rho
dode
ndro
n al
biflo
rum
– P
hyllo
doce
em
petr
iform
is
135.
0 ±
105.
5 3.
3±
0.5
1890
.0±
56.6
4.
5 ±
1.0
51.0
± 2
1.6
8.0
±0.
0
as22
51
Ar
ctos
taph
ylos
uva
-urs
i – J
unip
erus
com
mun
is / E
lym
us in
nova
tus
192.
2 ±
39.4
2.
4±
0.5
1904
.6±
304.
7 3.
3 ±
0.9
53.8
± 1
8.5
7.8
±0.
4 as
535
9 Ab
ies l
asio
carp
a / S
alix
ves
tita
– Sa
lix g
lauc
a –
Salix
bar
ratti
ana
/ Arte
misi
a no
rveg
ica
130.
0 ±
106.
6 3.
2±
1.2
1910
.0±
185.
1 5.
1 ±
0.3
44.1
± 1
1.6
7.6
±0.
5
as20
26
Sa
lix g
lauc
a –
Betu
la g
land
ulos
a 17
3.9
± 88
.2
3.7
±1.
3 19
23.1
± 23
8.2
4.8
± 1.
5 24
.4 ±
19.
9 7.
7 ±
0.5
as8
38
Salix
gla
uca
– Sa
lix b
arra
ttian
a –
Betu
la