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A portrait of Cientificos
Diaz poses by the Aztec calendar
Fall of Diaz• Causes
– Economic recession / U.S. depression 1906-1907
– Food crisis 1907-1910 (crop failures)– Worker’s strikes
• 1906 Consolidated Copper Mine• 1907 Textile workers
– Agitation of middle class reformers– Dissatisfaction of some large landholders /
capitalists (Madero)
• Francisco Madero• Family was part of elite social
class with political and economic ties to Diaz
• Agreed with Diaz’ liberal economic policies but wanted liberal political movement under elite control
• Ran for president under Anti-Reelectionist Party ticket in 1910 when Diaz ignored V.P. request
• Diaz jailed over 5000 supporters and Madero himself just before election
An anti-reelectionist demonstration, 1910
Madero and others in exile in El Paso, Texas, in 1910
Plan of San Luis Potosi• Written by Madero while in jail
• Published once he was in Texas
• Provisions– Declared that 1910 elections were null and void– Madero assumed title of Provisional President– Called for free elections when conditions
permitted
Armed rebellion begins
• The Northern State of Chihuahua falls to guerilla peasant armies led by Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco
• The central state of Morelos, led by Emilio Zapata, rises in rebellion against sugar plantations.
• Both rebellions have their origin in demands for land redistribution
Villa
• Pancho Villa (1878-1923), the “Robin Hood” of the north
• His parents were sharecroppers on the estate of one of the richest men in northern Mexico
Villa’s troops in New Mexico, 1916
Photo –
Villa on Horseback
And, more recently…
Zapata
• Emiliano Zapata, a guerrilla leader from the South (1879-1919) and a role model for radicals ever since—present-day rebels in Chiapas, in southern Mexico, call themselves “Zapatistas.”
• Slogan of “Tierra y Libertad”
Plan de Ayala, 1912• All foreign owned lands would be seized
• All lands previously taken from villages would be returned (ejidos)
• 1/3 of all land held by “friendly” hacendados taken for redistribution
• All lands owned by enemies of Zapata movement would be taken
Zapata
• Cover of a corrido LP about Zapata
• From another corrido:
Finally they buried his bodyfilled with joy and pleasureand many, so many weptfor his sins and for his peace. But his soul perseveresin his ideal of "Liberator"and his fearsome skull wanders in grief. . .oh terror!
Zapata as anti-globalization activist
Zapata as Corn-God
Marlon Brando as Zapata
What do you think is happening here?
Diaz waves goodbye, May 1911
• Madero signs treaty of Ciudad Juarez, which removed Diaz but left all existing institutions intact
Madero takes power• Madero elected in 1912• Allows workers to unionize,• But quickly is at odds with Zapata over land
reform– Plan of Ayala announced by Zapata
• Peasant outbreaks spread through center and south of Mexico
• Begins military action against peasant armies, but fails to impress the right or the left. Forced to rely on Army commanders.
A soldadera, one of the
women who went to fight
Photo – Soldaderas
Madero’s Fall• Coup led by Victoriano Huerta aided by
American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson—US angry at Madero’s union policy and lack of control.
• US troops mass on the border
• La Decena Tragica– Madero is killed February 1913
• Gen. Victoriano Huerta assumes control
General Huerta • Served as General for Diaz, wanted to reestablish a form of Diaz regime
• Continues fight against revolutionaries
• Never recognized by Woodrow Wilson due to method of gaining power
• Henry Lane Wilson is recalled and U.S. aids selected members of Huerta’s opponents
Opponents of the Huerta regime:
Pancho Villa, who begins to rule Chihuahua as his own personal fiefdom, and establishes state-owned collectives
Zapata, who is distributing land to peasants in the South
And Venustiano Carranza, a member of Madero’s old party, with the same goals as the murdered president, and who quickly becomes the US’ preferred client, and First Chief of the Revolution.
A somewhat unwilling ally of Villa and Zapata
Most important general, Alvaro Obregon
U.S. InterventionU.S. openly opposes Huerta regime, esp. after worries Huerta is granting GBr and Ger privileged access to MexicoTampico incidentVeracruz occupation
–Huerta had to pull troops away from Revolution to Veracruz, leaves him vulnerable
–Revolutionaries also denounce American intervention, but use respite to gain victories in major cities outside the capitol, moving towards Mexico City from North and South
–Huerta flees country
Photo – Zapatistas Moving Through Cornfields
Scenes from the fighting in Mexico City,
• Villa occupies the President’s chair and Zapata sits to his left in the Presidential palace in Mexico City, December 1914
Consolidation…
Carranza vs Villa: Villa wanted the revolution to be a socialist one, Carranza not
A revolutionary convention met to settle this disagreement, ends up supporting Villa, while Carranza retreats from the city
Zapata and Villa both occupy the capitol, while Carranza builds up his army in Veracruz
Carranza then makes calls for land redistribution and workers’ rights, even rights for women, while secretly promising hacendados a full restoration of confiscated lands
Carranza’s general Obregon moves back into Mexico City, and convinces workers’ groups to oppose Villa. Villa is driven out of Mexico City in 1915 and forced back to the North.
Villa’s army is destroyed at the battle of Celaya, where Obregon uses trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns to defeat him
Zapata is defeated in Morelos, and the state subjected to devastation.
Carranza is recognized as de facto President of Mexico by Wilson.
U.S. Expedition• US calls for embargo on
weapons shipments to Mexico• Pancho Villa, reacting to
embargo, raids Columbus, NM • Woodrow Wilson sends
General Pershing into Mexico to capture and punish Villa
• Carranza opposes action, sees this as a "foreign invasion" of Mexico
• Expedition is unsuccessful and finally recalled
Constitutional Convention• Call for a constitutional convention in 1916
• Convention takes place in 1917
• Carranza presents draft of recommendations that show little social change, no agrarian reform and limited regard for labor
• Control of Convention taken by radicals
Constitution of 1917• Final document was more liberal than
Carranza had intended
• Major clauses
– Article 3 - Secular education
– Article 27 - Land reform
– Article 123 - Labor reform– Article 130 - Restrictions on Church
Article 3
• Compulsory elementary education
• Public education will be free
• Prohibited religion from having any
influence in public education
Article 27
• Nation is the original owner of all lands, waters and subsoil
• State could expropriate with compensation
• All acts passed since the Land Law of 1856 transferring ownership of the ejidos was null and void
Article 123• 8 hour work day
• Prohibited child labor
• Equal pay for equal work
• Wages must be paid in legal tender not goods, tokens or vouchers (end the tienda de raya)
• Right to bargain collectively, organize and strike
Article 130
• Nation can not create law establishing religion
• Marriage was a civil contract
• Only individuals born in Mexico can be "ministers"
• Limited property ownership by church
Carranza's final years• Moved to the right
• Did not fully implement the Constitution
• Received de jure recognition from the U.S.
• Remained neutral in World War I
– Zimmermann Telegram
• Announced that Article 27 was retroactive (U.S. very upset)
Carranza finished off Zapata in 1919, by tricking him into meeting with a supposed rebel general, Guajardo.
When Zapata arrived, he was shot by concealed troops, and his body displayed to the public.
Carranza's Fall• Carranza's term ends in 1920
• He supports Ignacio Bonillas (ambassador to the U.S.) who he could control
• Obregon comes out of retirement to run
• Carranza attempts to manipulate electoral process in favor of Bonillas
• Obregon and Adolfo de la Huerta led revolt to oust Carranza
Carranza's Fall (con’t)
• Carranza loads train full of bullion and heads for Veracruz
• Train is attacked
• Carranza escapes to mountains but is trapped and murdered there
• Adolfo de la Huerta is named interim president
Assassination of Pancho Villa, 1923
Dig
Diego Rivera —
Night of the Rich
Diego Rivera – The Exploited
Disembarkation of the Spanish in Veracruz
• Father Hidalgo
• (1949)
Diego Rivera –
Frozen Assets
Diego Rivera –
Modern Industry
Jose Clemente Orozco – Gods of the Modern World
Diego Rivera – Dividing the Land
Diego Rivera – Blood of the Martyrs
