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A PhytosociologicalStudy of Serpentine Areas in Shikoku, Japan
'Ｂｙ
Tsugiwo Yamanaka
I. Introduction
It has been well known that the plant life on serpentine and related rocks is strikingly
different from that on other rocks.
Serpentine is, strictly speaking, essentially ａ magnesium iron silicate formed by hydro-
thermal alteration from ultrabasic rocks, such as peridotite. However, these ultrabasic
rocks are grouped together as serpentines by almost all the botanists because of the
similarity of the specific e仔ect on the flora and vegetation. Therefore> the 'areas treated
in the present paper include the peridotite as well as the real serpentine areas.
Ultrabasic rocks occur in many parts of the world. Since Pancic described the flora
on serpentine of Serbia in 1859･, the flora and vegetation of serpentine areas have been
reported by ａ large number of authors from Europe･North and South America･New
Zealand, New Caledonia, South Africa, Indonesia, and Japan.
In Japan, serpentine areas have been well known by botanists as interesting places on
account of their very rich and characteristic floras. But no report with particular regard
to serpentine appeared until Yoshinaga paid attention to the peculiar flora on serpentine
in K6chi Prefecture (Shikoku) in 1914. Thereafter, in ！1918, Nishida mentioned the
peculiarity of the serpentine flora on Mt. Yupari (Hokkaidd). Up to the year ･1950,
Tatewaki's publications on the flora and vegetation on serpentine in Hokkaido were
important contributions to the ecological and phytogeographical study.
From the year 1950, the plant life on serpentine･ has been noticed by ａ number of
botanists. Kitamura and his co-workers (1950-57) have studied serpentine floras
in HokkaidS, Honshu, and Shikoku. Toyokuni (1955―58) has described･ the floras of
serpentine areas in Hokkaid6. Hattori (1955, 1957) reported the hepatic floras on serpen-
tine of Mt Apoi (Hokkaid6) and Mt. Hayachine (N. Honshu). ｀
メ In Shikoku, a little was known about the serpentine flora, though Yoshinaga's report
mentioned above was the first one in Japan. In 1935 and 1936, Yoshinaga also noted the
serpentine flora in Tokushima Prefecture, and the same district was studied' by Kitamura
and Murata in 1952. And then notes on the flora of Nishikiyama in K6chi Prefecture by
Nakai appeared in 1942. Apart from the above, the only contributions to the study of
the serpentine vegetation in Shikoku are publications made by the present writer （1950
－59）.
In 1948, at the suggestion of Prof. Yoshiwo Horikawa of the Hiroshima University,
the writer, studied the vegetation of Mt. Higashi-akaishi in Ehime Prefecture and of Mt.
Shiraga in Kochi Prefecture and made it the subject of his graduation thesis. These
two mountains consist of serpentine, and the writer's attention was attracted to the
peculiarities of the plant life on serpentine. In 1949, while studying the serpentine
２
vegetation in the vicinity Qf･ K6chi c‘ity, the writer made collections there with Prof.
Siro Kitamura, who, visiting K6chi^ city for the first time, was much interested in the
flora on serpentine｡ Under thぶkind guidance and encouragement of Prof. Horikawa and
Prof. Kitamura･the writer has continued to study the serpentine vegetation in Shikoku
during the last ten years. Consequently･811 the serpentine areas in Shikoku, with the
exception of some smalトoutcrops, have been studied from ａ phytosociological poit of
view. In the present paper, the writer would outline the results of his study.
Before going further, the writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to Prof. Yoshiwo
Horikawa, under whose kind direction and guidance this study was carried out. The
writer is also indebted to Prof. Siro Kitamura for his encouragement and invaluable
－ Isuggestions. The writer's thanks are due also to Prof. Tokio Suzuki of the Oita Univer-
sity for his criticism in the course of‘this study. Further the writer wishes to thank
Prof. Takeo Sawamura and 'Mr. Chiaki Sakamoto of the K6chi University for their
helpful suggestions in regard to ･petiでological and chemical problems of serpentine. For
the identification of ａ large niimbfきｒ of’plants, the writer takes this opportunity of ex-
pressing his thanks to the following taxonomists : Dr. Tisaburo Ohwi of the National
Science Museum, Mr. Yasuichi Momiyama of the Research Institute for Natural
Resources, Mr. Tetuo Koyama of the University of Tokyo, and Mr. Gen Murata of
the Kyoto University. Lastly, particular thanks are due to the various persons who CO-
operated with the writer in the field.
This study was carried out partly by the Grant in Aid for Developmental Scientific
Research from the Ministry of. Education.
II. Notes On the flora and vegetation of serpentine aieas in Shikoku
Shikoku is an island which is situated between lat. 32°45'～34°25' Ｎ. and long. 132°～
134°45'E. , extending Over 18773 square kilometers. The highest peak in the island is Mt.
Ishidzuchi rising 1981 mよabove-sea-level. Serpentine and related rocks crop out in the
Nagatoro and Chichibu zones and occur in Ehime, K6chi, and Tokushin!ａ Prefectures.
In the present paper, adjacent serpentine areas are conveniently grouped together into
districts, such as the Yawatahama", Yusuhara, Kdchi, Tokushima, Mt. Akaishi, and
Mt. Shiraga districts (Fig. 1). 1 ，
A. Yawatahama District
This district is situated in Yawatciharha city and Mikame Town, about 50 km. southwest
of Matsuyama city, containing the largest outcrop in the southwestern part of Ehime
Prefecture. ’ ヤ
1. Korodokihana (Yamanaka 1959)
Serpentine crops out on the borders of Yawatahama city and Mikame Town. The end
・of this outcrop forms ａ steep slope directly facing the sea, the vegetation being very
sparse in such places (Plate I). However, stable places overlaid by weathered materials
are covered with sとrubs mainly dominated by Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ phｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓａｔｔａ＼ning０.5～1m.
１
Fig.1
A. Yawatahamか･District. 1- Korodokihana, 2. Mikame-Futaiwa.
B. Yusuhara District. 3. Shimagawa, 4. Ochimen.
C. K6chi District. 5. Mt. Yokogura, 6. Nishikiyama, 7. Namekawa, 8. Engydji。
9. Osaka Pass, 10. Okdyama, 11. Aburaishi.
D. Tokushima District. 12. Jinry6, 13. Shirigi Pass, 14. Ryu Pass, IS. Sakashu.
E. Mt. Akaishi District. 16. Mt. Nishi-akaishi, 17. Mt. Higashi-akaishi, 18. Mt｡
Akahoshi, 19. Tomisato.
F. Mt. SI!iraga District. 20. Mt. Shiraga･
a. Matsuyama, b. Yawatahama, Ｃ. Mikame, d. Uwajimai ｅ. Yusuhara, f. Ino,
ｇ. K6chi, h. Tosa-Yamada, i. Tokushima, j. Imabari, k. Niihama, 1. Takamatsui
ｍ. Motoyama･ｎ. Oonogahara, o. Mt. Ishidzuchi, p. Mt. Kamegamori, q. Mt. Ishidate,ｒ. Mt. Tsurugi.
in height. As shown in Table 1, the･ floristic composition is not essentially different
from that of Ｑ･ｕｅｒｃｕｓ piりlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓscrubson other rocks.
Table １. Quercusμびlliraeoides cornmunity of Korodokihana
(20m., N20W,・5°；2〉く2m.)
Shrub stratum
Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ l）りiliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ
Ｅｕｒｙａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Pinus l仙必∂ダgii
PitioｓiJoｒｕｍ tobiｒａ
.い(μacciniu附加acteatum
Ｒｏｓａ ｗｉｃｈｕｒａｉａれａ
Ｅｕｒｖｏ ｅｍａｒｇｉｎａｉａ
Ｓ竹til ａｘ china
j?ゐ面面endron wりrichii
Ligｕｓtずｕｒｎ. ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ
Ｆｒａｘinｕｓ ｓiｅbｏlｄiａｎａ
４ＣＭ I―I I―I
･
･
･●一一●
4321十＋1
(十)
＋
４２１十十十十奉･
･
･
４１ＣＭ.CN*
･r-<i―!･＋
３
３
２
ト
●
１
●・・一一
Herb stratum
ＤｉｃｒｄｎｏＭｅｒiｓ ｄｉｃｈｏｉｏｍａ
Ｍｉｓｃａｎｉｈｕｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ
Ｆａｒfｕgiｕｒｎ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ
Ｐｏｌｙｇｏｒａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ
ぷglダis spicata
Ｔｈｅｍｅｄｄ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Solidago viダgaurea ssp。
ａｓiaitｃａ
ＣｈＴＮｓａポｈｅｍｕｍ ｏｒｎａtｕｍＶ｡
ａｓhiｚｕｒｉｅｎｓｅ
Ｓｕ･eｒtｉａｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Ｐａｅｄｅｒia ＾ｃａｎｄ＆ｎ＾ ｖ. mairei
２３・十・・
２２十・、十・
３２・・十１
３２・ヽ・ｓｓ″
２２十十・・
十ｅ一
・一一
●●●
１
一一
・＋
＋
４ of the K6chi University Vol. 8, No. 10
2. Mikame and Futaiwa (Yamanaka 1959)
This hillock region is well cultivated, and the vegetation in the serpentine area is
also disturbed by human agencies. However, pine forests chiefly composed ｏ? Ｐｉｎｕｓ
ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａand Ｐｉｎｕｓ thｕｎｂｅｒeiiaｔｅ considered to be proper to this area. The forest
dominated by stunted Ｐｉｎｕｓ de7iｓｉｆｌｏｒａ,which occurs in rather flat places covered with
shallow soils, shows the following composition*:
Tab＼ｅ ２. Ｐｉｎｕｓ(ｉｅｎｓiμＯＴＱcommunity of Mikame
(265m., N75W, 5-10° ； 5×5 m.）
Shrub stratum
Pinus densiμOTQj?み∂tdodendronweyri凶日Ｅ�即畑加nicQSmiiox chinaAmelanc力i∂ﾀﾞasiaiicaLespedeza homoloba
Rosa onoetF昭ara maれfchuricQRfius frichocarbQLisusitum iaOomcurnDibiomorpha sikokianaﾒ1di細心t>hne laneφ刄iaViburnu竹1etos≪m
Herb stratum
Pteridium aquilinum v. taliusculum
Arunぷnella hirtaMiscawlfius stnensis
ｍ
言）
混）
づコ
4ヤ）
呂
皆
皆
1(十)漕)
竹
本
１
Herb stratum
SolidaSO virRaurea ssp.asiatica
ChrNsoれthemum ornaれitnV.
ashtzuTtenseDiblrnnorpha goni>i
Pairiれia villosa
Paederia scandcnsV. matﾀﾞ・
Carexｓｐｐ･
i^iola ovato-oblongaPolygara japonica
Isodon inflcxus
Colomagrostis arundinoceoV.
brachyiricha
CymbopoRon goerinSiiThemeda japonica
Hziefopappus hisiJidus
/1&μia serf:と2tav. tomentosa
3 other species
１
１
十
十
十
●
●J●
●
● ●
●
●
●
１
１十十
十 １
＋＋＋
十十十十十
Many shrubs and herbs occur in the lower strata, but it is a remarkable fact that there are
never or rarely found many serpentine-characteristic plants belonging to Ａｂｅｌｉａ， Ｆｅｒりａ，
Ｐｏｕｒtｈｉａｅａ， Ｆｒａエinｕｓ, Ｓtｅｐｈａｎａｎｄｒａ， Ｋｔikiantｈｕｓ， Ｂｅｒbeｒiｓ, Ｓａｉ£ｓｓｕｒｅａ， Ｂｕｐ加ｕｒｍｎ．
Ｓにb･tｏsa, etc. On steep slopes where serpentine crops out, forests accompanied by Ｐｉｎｕｓ
蔭山ｉｂｅｒｇｉｉoccur, and the slirub stratum is predominated by Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ phｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ. An
example of them is as follows :
1st tree stratum : Ｐｉｎｉｉｓftａｎｓiμｍａ ３(十)*, Pinus thunbergii 3(十)
2nd tree & shrub strata : Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ phyぶraeoides 4 (1), /?hus javanica 2 (十), Jiosa onoei 1(1),
Z)iμomofpha sikoゐtana 1 (十)，Ｓ。tilax china 1 (十)，Ｆａｇａｒａ竹laれtchｕｒｉｃａ十(十)，召erbefis thunbergii
十, Mallotus加加nicus十, Gloch哨Z卵面部atu四十，Ｐａｅｒｔｅｒia ｓｃａｎｄｅれｓ var. 。lairei十，Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｃａ
graciぷ四α十(十)
Herb stratum : Miscanlhus sinensis 3， Arundinella hirta 2, Bot力riochloa psr･viflora 2, Chぴsのzl加州ｇ加
ornatum var. ashizuriense 1, Cymt?idinm virescのIS 1, Pteridiμm aqui山畑m var. latiusculuﾀﾌ1＋，
ﾚ^iola ovato-ｏｂｌｏｎＳａ十，几面on inflexus十, Patrinia villosa +,Ｆｏｒfｕgiｕｍ ｉａｐｏｍｃｕｍ'十，
Ａｒtｅｍｉｓia iai)ｏｎｉｃａ十，Ｔｈｅｍｅｄａ ｊｏｆｉｏｎtｃａ十，Ｌｉａｕｓtれｉｍ joｔｏｎｉｃｕｍ十，Pittｏｓjiaれ４ｍ tobiｒａ十
Such forests also appear on other rocks in coastal districts of Shikoku, and ・ the
characteristic feature of the serpentine area is not found in this district.
B. Yusuhara Distri≪21t
Yusuhara is ａ village which is situated about 70 km. west of K6chi city. The serpen
普 Figures in parentheses indicate the dominance in the lower strata
tine outcrops occur in Ochimen and Shimagawa, running from east to west, to th‘ｅ south
of the Oonogahara limestone plateau. Among these, the largest outcrop appears in
Shimagawa, east of Mt. Amadzutsumi. The chromium content of the rock is rather high,
and quarrying was undertaken in Shimagawa･－
ろShimagawa (Yamanaka 1956, 1959)
Two outcrops appear about 2 km. apart and are situated between 700 and 1000 m.･
above sea-level. The vegetation is not different from that of Ochimen, and stunted
pine forests are found throughout the outcrops (Table １５ and Plate I). However, the
growth of Pinｕｓ ｄｅｎｓポｏｒａ "iｓ rather excellent in places overlaid by deep soils. In such
places, the forest represents the following composition :
1st tree stratum こＰｉｎｕｓ (ｉｅｎｓi／lorａ Ｓ
2nd tree stratum : Clethra l,αﾀﾞbinervis 3 (十)，£i�eya obtusμoba 2(2), //･ｅｘ ＾ｅrｒａtａ２(十), Vibuダｓ。z
ヽｇずｏｓｕm 2(十)，Ｍａｇｎｏｌｉａ ｏｂｏｖａｉａ２， Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｓｅｔｉａta 1(十), Rhus tｎｃｈｏｃａｒｂａ 1(十), Piびiｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ
１(十)，j?加面庇�加。ﾀﾞgli。latum十(1), Ilexびｅｎａtａ十(十)
Shrub stratum : Ｓｓｓａｍｏｉｆｐｈａ ｐｕｒｐｕｆａｓｃｅｎｓ５(十), Abetia set･■rata 1(2),Ｃｅtｉｈａｌｏｉａｘｕｓ ｈａＹｔｉｎｇｉｏれio
十(十)。Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａ ｓｅｒｉｃｅａ十(十),｀ Ｓｒnilaｘ ｃｈｉｎａ十(十), Berbがis thunbeなii十，ＰｏＭtｈｉａｅａ ｖilloｓａ
var. zollingがi十，Ｅｔも０７１タｍｕｓ ａｌａtｕｓ var.ｔｏttt ｎｄａtｕｓ＋
Herb stratum : Ｃａｒｅｘ spp. 2,Ｌｅｐｉｏｇｍｍｍａ tofta 1，Ａthｙfiｕｍ ｎｉｆｉｏｎｉｃｕｍ十，Ｔｒt ｐｉｃｆｏｓiｘｆｍｕｍ
加加戒ｃμ加十, Ａｓtｅｒ ａｇｅｒａtｏｉｄｅｓ ｓｓｐ. ａｍt･Eeｘtfoliｕｓ十，Ciｒｍａｍｏｍｕｍ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ十, Ｆａｇａｒａ
ｍａｎtchｕｒｉｃａ+, Acer ｓi必必沁zﾀ<tum + ‥
Grassy places dominated by Miｓｃａｎthｕｓ ｓｈｉｅｎｓiｓ appear as the result of human agen-
cies, and there are found Ｐtｅｒidiｕｎｉ ａｑ‘ｕilinｕｍｖａｘ. la£iｕｓｃｕlｕｍ, Ａｒｕｎｄｉｎｅｌｌａ ｈｉｒtａ.
Alliｕｍ thｕｎｂｅｒ'gii． Ｇｅｎ£ｉａｎａ ｓｃａｂｒａｖａｒ. ｂｕｅｒｇｅｒi， Ｓｖｕｅｒtｉａ ｐｓｅｕｄｏｃｈｉｎｅｎｓiｓ． Ａｓ£ｅｒ
ａｇｅｒａtｏ･はｅｓ ssp. a‘・'ｉｖｂｌｅエザｏｌｉｕｓ．Ｍｅtｅ･ｒｏｐａｐｐｕｓ hiｓｐｉｄｕｓ， Ｓａｕｓｓｉ£ｒｅａ ｐｕｌｃｈｅｌｌａ， ｅtc.
From the above, it can be concluded that the serpentine vegetation of this district is
similar to that in the K6chi district, though there are some floristic differences between
them. The most remarkable fact is the occurrence of Saussuj？a scaposa which is not
found elsewhere in Shikoku.
4. Ochimen (Yamanaka 1956)
Scattered outcrops occurring in this area are characterized by open pine forests (Table
15). It is characteristic that Gynm心なr pyginae略 is abundant in moist places under
ｐ】anted Ｃりｐtｏｍｅｒｉａ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ.
C. Kochi District
This district includes seven main serpentine areas which occur in 10ｗ altitudes in and
near K6chi city. These outcops run from east to west along the southern part of the
Chichibu zone and have ａ peculiar flora and . conspicuous vegetation.' Therefore, some
endemic and noticeable plants were described from serpentine areas of this district. They
ａｒｅ Ｃｏりｌｏｐｓiｓ ｓｐｉｃａ£ａ． Ｈｙｐｅｒ icｕｎ･1 tｏｓａ。ｉｓｅ． Ｈｅ£ｅｒｏｐａｐｐｕｓ hiｓｐｉｄｕｓ ssp. Iゆ£ｏｃｌａｄｕｓ
(＝Ｈ.ｌｅｐtｏｃｌａｄｕｓ.)， Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａ ｓｓｐ・ ｙｏｓｈｉｊｉａｇａｅ(=ｆ Ｓ. ｙｏｓｈｉｎａｇａｅ), and
ＪＬｐｉｎｉｅｄｉｕｍ tｒ球固ａtｏｈｉｎａはｍ．
Climatic climaxes in the non-serpentine areas of this district are warm-temperate
６
forests mainly dominated by Castanopsis ( =Shiia)， Ｃｙclohal。ｌｏｐｓiｓ(evergreen Quercus),
Ｍａｃｈｉ臨ｓ, ｅtc., whereas open ･pine forests appear on serpentine.
5. Mt. Yokogura (YaJnanaka 1955)
Several small serpentineぺjutcrops occur on Mt. Yokogura and in ｉts･vicinity, about 28
4km. west of K6chi city. One Ｃ)f these outcrops is found at an altitude of about 200 m.，
where the vegetation is principally constituted by Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ，Ｐｏｉびtｈｉａｅａ ｖilloｓａ
var.ｚｏｌｌｉｎｇｅｒi，ｅtc., andトthe following floristic compositions are found:
A. Pinｕｓ ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａforest
1st & 2nd tree strata : Ｐｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓiμｍａ４(十)，Ileｘ ｔｉｅｄ鉢肴ｃｕtｏｓａ2(2), S。nilax china 1(2),Rfiｕｓ
tｒｉｃｈｏｃａｒｐａ十(2); Pourthiaea i･μlosa var. z。Hingeﾀﾞi十(十)，びibｕｒｎｕｍ ｅｒｏｓMiｒt十(十), Clethra
barbinervis + フ●
Shrub stratum : 乃ｇﾀﾞis加加nica 3 (2), /?/7�・dendron wりrichii 3 (1), Abelia ssが■ata 3(1),Ｒｈｏ-
ｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｋａｅｍｐｆｅｆｉ７(ﾐ十)，ﾚ'accitﾇig加S。nallii Ｖａｒ. glabｒｕｍ １(十)，£jy・nia elliμica 1 (十), Ｅｕりａ
加加nica 1, /?∂Sa onoei 十(1),Ｆｉｃｕｓ ｅＵｃtａ 十(十), Millettia加加㎡Ｃα十(十)，Ｃりptｏｍｅｆｉａ
ｉａｔｏｎｉｃＱ十(十), Ilex crenata十 ノ ，
Herb stratum : Ｍtｓｃａｎtｈｕｓｓi･Iれｅｎｓiｓ２，Ｐtｅｒidiｕｍ ａｑｕilinμ;w var. latiusculum 1, Os。zz。ldα知加㎡ｃα
1, Ａｆｄｉｓｉｏｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ１， ' Lepiｓｏれ4ｓ tｈｕｎｂｅｒｇｉａｎｕｓ十，０。ychium加加ﾀlia四十，Ｃμ
ｇ叱y函がi十, Ｎｅｏｌｉtｓｅａ ｓがｉｃｅ皿十・ 。。‘
ＢＰＯ･Ｕｒ£h.ｉａｅａ ｖilloｓａｖａｔ. ｚ-０１１１ｎｇｅｒｉ scrub
2nd tree & shrub strata : PoUrthiaeaひi尚ｇ ｖａｔ. ｚｏｉｌｉｎｆｉぴ■i5(2), Myダica rubra 1 C十)，Piｗｕｓ
ｄｅｎｓiμｏｒａ半(1),ＦｏｇＯＴＱ ｍａｎｌｃｈｕｔicμ十(十)，Ｒｈｕｓ tｒｉｃｈｏｃａｒｐａ十(十), Ｌｉｇｕｓfれ４精細ｆｉｏｎｉｃｕｍ
十(十)，Ｃｏｃｃｕi≪ｓ tｒiiobｕs十･(十)，Ｐａｅｄびia ｓｃａｎｄｅｎｓｖａｒ. ｍａｉｔｅｉ十(十)，Ｓｍｉｌａｘ ｃｈｉｎａ十(十)，
ＲｈｏｄｏｄｅＴｉｄｒｏｎｋａｅｍｐｆｅｒi十，j?加ゐ加面ダ∂71 gりダichii十
Herb stratum : Oplis・enus undutatiかlius var. 知加戒ａs 2， 召rachypodium syliなiticum var. mise畑加
1，ルfiscanihus sinensis I， 戸lgダidium aqねilinum var. latiusculuﾀ?Z十, Viola violaceα十, ＰｏＷｇａＴＱ
加加雨Ｃα十, Ｓｏｌｉｄａａｏ!Ｄｉｎｇａｕｒｅａsspレ卯i,ａtｉｃａ十，Ｓθなhum nitidum var. majus十，Ｃぴμθポeria
ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ十，Neolifｓｅｏ ｓｅｔｉｃｅａ十，Ｒｏｓａｏｎｏｅｉ十，Ｒｈｕｓ tｒｉｃｈｏｃａｒpa十，灸几ぶotus加加nicus十
〇ther outcrops are found in Kirimigawa, Tokoroyama, etc., but typical serpentine
vegetation is poorly developed there.
6. Nishikiyama and its vicinity (Nakai 1942 ； Yamanaka 1950, 1951, 1952)
Large outcrops of serpentine ‘appear in Hidaka Village, about 18 km. west of Kochi
city, and the highest part of thふＳ･erpentine area reaches about 300 m. above sea-level.
This area is well known for the typical serpentine vegetation markedly different from
the non-serpentine areas, and is characterized by stunted pine forests with Ｋｎｋｉａｎthｕｓ
μΓiilatｔｊｓｖａｔ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｒ.(Table' 16 and Plate I). Many shrubs and herbs which are
characteristic of serpentir!ｅ ･are ･also fiDund there.
7. Naraekawa (Yamanaka 1953, 1り56)
Namekawa includes Hashiradani, Harihara, and Jori. Serpentine crops out from about
50 t0 300 m. above sea-level. This ' area is also covered with pine forests which are
tusually open and stunted (Table 1･6). Though the floristic composition and physiognomy
of the vegetation of this area･resemble those of Nishikiyama and Engy6jV， Ｃｏ７-μｏｐｓiｓ
ｓｐｉｃａは＼ｓ not found, anｄ Ｋｎｋｉａｎthｕｓ ｐｃｒｕlatｕｓvar.ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｆ, ＩＳ abundant in places.
Grassy places and barrens are also found' in･sevei‘al parts where serpentine･characteristic
plants, such asＨｅtｅｒｃゆａｐｕｓ hiゆidｕｓ ssp・ｌｅｐtｏｃｌａｄｕｓ，Ｓｃａｂｉｏｓａｊａ夕ｏｎｉｃａ,etc., are･
frequently found. ，
8，‘Engyoji and its vicinity (Yamanaka 1950, 1951, 1952)
The biggest serpentine outcrops in Kdchi city occur in Engydii and its vicinity, in-
eluding Jinzenji, Mitani, Shibamaki, Rendai, and Ori, ranging from about 50 t0 400 m.
above sea-level. The composition of the rock varies considerably, namely, MgO ３５～43，
SiO2 30～45, CaO trace: Sakamoto (1955) reported the following ･ values from ･ Engydji :
MgO 35.27, SiO2 44.00, FeO十Fe2O3十CrzOs 6.91, AI2O3 2.20, NiO 0.25, CaO tr.,
1 g loss 12.00.
Though grassy places and barrens occur here and there【Ｔａｂ】ｅ ３ and Plate n), the
Table 3. Ａｆｕｎｄｉｎａｒia pｙｇｍａｅａcommunityof Engy6ji
(80ni., N40W, 30°； 5χ5 m. ）
Shrub stratum
Arundinaria Cygmaea*
Abelia serrataFねxinus sieboidianaCｏりlopsissi>tcataPinus densiμora
Pertva glabrescensDiplomorpha siねokianaViburnumぴosumLtgustrum iaponicumRasa ＯＩ如etSmilax chinaLespedeza bｗずg6ずiDioscorea graciUimaRhododendron locyrichiiRfius trichocafpa ｀aglみﾀﾞabarbiﾀzsﾀﾞvis
3 other species
Herb stratnm
E芦田edium tﾀﾞifoliatol･ig細田Carex spp.゛“Carey.ciiiaiomar ginaia＼^iolaviolaceaChionogrothis japonicaSaussurea nipponica ssp.voshi?tagaeOsmwuda japonicaCarei duvalianaTitりmalus sieboldianus
Gaitu辨知gonanihMmPaedびia sｃａれdensV. 田αiﾀﾞeiSａ峨口nipponicaAﾀﾞelicaﾀlutaﾀ15Astef scaberMiscanlhus siれensisArundinella hittaBerbetis thunbeずgiiPｏりSafa iaponicaStoei'tiafiseudochinensisSerfatula cofnata ssp. insulaﾀﾞisSanButsorba oJ3^ctnaUs？1∂ﾀﾞidiumaauilinum v. latiusculu??1
4 other species
5(1) 3(1) 4(十) 2(1) (十) 十(十) (十) (十)
1(十) 十(十) 1(十) (十)
１ ３
十 ＋
十 十
● ● ＋ ＋ ＋ 十
十 ＋ ＋ 十
＋ ＋ ＋
顕
3(十)示)ブ
憐
川
寸)
-j本
本
-1i
本
ｔ
5(1) 3(D I(十) 3(1) (十) (十) (十) (十) 1(十)
十(十)
(十)
２ ＋ ＋
十 ＋
２ ２
十
十
十
5(1)
2(1)
2(十)
2(十)1(十)
十(十)
十(十). 1(十)
1(十)
十(十)
十(十) ２
(十)
十(十)
● Ｉ 十(十)
３
２
２
＋
＋ １
＋
＋
１
● ' ＋
5(1) ･3(十)
3(十)
2(十)
(十) 十(十)
十(ナ)
十一
(十)
で 1(十)
1(十) 十(十)
十(十)
３
２
＋
＋
＋ 、 １
十
＋
十
１
１
･･ 十
゛ In the present paper, ｙ1な丿㎡iﾀ1αダiflpygmaea includes ｖａｔ. glabｒａ.
昔昔 Ｃαダ６spp. include Ｃ. multifolia and Ｃ. ｓｕbditａ.
８Research Reports of the Ｋ６ｃ･hiUniversity Vol. 8, Ｎ０.10
vegetμi‘on ０１ this area is essentially characterized by stunted pine forests accompanied
by ａ large number of deciduous shrubs, herbs, grasses, and sedges (Table １６ and Plate
n). Among these plantsニthe abundance of Ｃｏりｌｏｐｓiｓ ｓｐｉｃａta is most characteristic.
Moreover, such serpentinicolous relics and serpentinophytes ａｓ ＨｙμΓic征ｍ tｏｓａｅｎｓｅ．
Ｈｅ£ｅｒｏｐａｐｐｕｓhiゆｔｄｉｉｓ ssp. /ゆtｏ ｃｌａｄｕｓ，ａnd Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａssp.ｙｏｓｈｈｉａｇａｅ ａｒｅ
abundantly found there｡
9. Osaka Pass and its vicinity (Yamanaka 1950, 1951, 1952)
The Osaka Pass and its vicinity have large serpentine outcrops on and near the bound-
ary between K6chi city and Ok6 Village, and the highest part reaches about 160 m. above
the sea. Though the pine forest is the original vegetation of this serpentine outcrop
(Ｔａｂ!ｅ １６ and Plate ｎ)j vast areas are now covered with the community dominated by
Ａｒ£もｎｄｉｎａｒia ｐｙｍｎａｅａ and many other grasses, herbs, and sedges as the result of the
deforestation, fire, grazing, etc. An analysis of the community in such grassy places
is presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Ａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｎａｐｙｇｍａｅａ community of Osaka Pass
(50m., N20E, 5°；1χl m.）
Ａれｉｎｄｉｎａｒｉａｐｓｇｍａｅａ
Ｍｉｓｃａｎtｈｕｓｓimれｓiｓ
ＤｉｐｌｏｍｏｒphaｓｉｋｏＭａｎａ
Ｓｉ)iｒｏｅａｎｅｎＪｏｓｏ
Ｌｅｓｐｅｄｅｚａｈｏｍｏｌｏｂａ
ｙ1ダμ卿石ﾀ詔lla hiダ1α
Ｂｕpleｕｒμｍ ｆａｌｃａｉｕｍ
komarowi
Ｓａｎｆｉｕiｓｏｒｂａｏが^ｃ'tiialiｓ
Ｔｋａｌｉｃtｎｅｍｍｉｎｕｓ
ｈｃｈａｅｍｕｍぴａｓｓifｔes
j?osa onoei
532131 1十十十＋
532221 1十十十＋
532221 十十十十＋
532211 1十十十＋
522211 11＋＋＋
Abeltａ ｓｅｒｒａtａ
Ｓａｌｕｉａｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Ｐｌａtタｃｏｄｏｎ ｇｒａｎｄｉｆIＯｆｕｓ
Ｃａｒｅｘ ｓｕbdttａ
Ｃｙｍｂｏｆｔｏｇｏｎｇｏ≪ｒｉｎｇti
Hｙｐｅｒicｕｍ tｏｓａｅｎｓｅ
ＰｏｌｙｅｏＴＱｊＱ知れｉｃａ
Cyna蹴:hum paniculatuﾀ?１
Ｓｃａｂtｏｓｏ ｊａ如れｉｃａ
Ｓｏtｉｄｏｆｉｏｖl-ＴＲａｕｒｅａｓｓｐ｡
asiatica
１・・・・・・・＋
・・十十・十十十・
・＋・＋●一・ｓ一
十十十ｓ・ｓ一ｅ１
１・・・十●・●ｓ
＋
Floristically, a noteworthy fact is the occurrences of such serpentinicolous relics,
serpentinophytes, and disjunctivｅ ｅ＼ｅｍｅＴｉtｓ ａｓ Ｃｏｒｙloかｓiｓやｉｃａは， Ｈ.ｙｐｅｒicｕｍ.tｏｓａｅｎ'se,
Ｈｅtｅｒｏｐａｐｕｓ辰砂idｕｓSSpバゆtｏｃｌａｄｕｓ， Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａsｓpべｙｏｓｈｉｎｄｇａｅ．Ｋｅｎｉｅｒocalliｓ
thｕｎｂｅｒｇ･ａ， Ｖｅｒａtｒｕｎｉ ｍａａｃｋｉｉvar.ｒｅｙｍｏｎｄｉａｎｕｍ， ｅtｃ･
10. Okoyama (Yamanaka 1950, 1951, 1952)
Okdyama is a small hill consisting entirely of serpentine, reaching 97.6 m. above the
sea. The composition of the rock is as follows : MgO ３７. 91, SiO2 36.30, Fe2O3十AhOs
11.05.
Pi/titｓ dejiｓifloｒａ also dominates in the forest （Ｔａｂｌｅ １６ and Plate Ⅲ), but Ａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｒｉａ
ｐｙｇｍａｅａoccupies large areas as the result of human agencies.
11. Aburaishi (Yamanaka 1953)
The most eastern serpentine outcrop within･ this district is found in Aburaishi, about 17
km. northeast of Kdchi city. This serpentine area forms an isolated hill which is situated
between ８０ａｎ!j150 m. above sea-level. The vegetation of this area is essentially charac-
terized by the stunted pine forest, representing the following floristic composition :
2nd tree stratum :JPinｕｓ
ｄｅｎｓiμｏｒａ .5(2). ｜ ，. . .......
Shrub stratum : Ａｒｕｎｄｊｎｏｒio ｐｙｇｔｎａｅａ 5(2),£yonia elliμtea 3(1), R加dodendron uiりrichii 3 0),
Ileｘ Ｐｅｄｕｎｃｕloｓａ 2(1), Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｍａｃｒｏｓepalｕｍ 2(1), Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｃａｇｒａｃｉtｌｉｍａ 2(1),Ｐｏｕｔthtａｃａ
villosa var. zoUingeri 2(十), Clethra barbinervis 2(十), Ｍｙｒｉｃａ ｒｕbｒa 1， Ｐｒｕｎｕｓ･畑田dsakura 1,
Ｌｉａｕｓtｒｕｍ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ十
Herb stratum : Ｄｉｃｒａ，ｔｏＭｅｒiｓｄｉｃｈｏｉｏｍａ ２， Ｃａｒｅｘ ｄｌｉａｉｏｍａｒｇｉｎａｌａ２， Siepha，ｌａｎｄｔａ tｎｃｉｓａ２，Ｅｐｉ-
刀雲ediumんitamurαnum 1, Miscど7nthus sinensis 1, Akebia tfifoliata 1, Rosa onoei十，Ａｒｄｔｓｉａ
ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ十, Cinna。1．。zz。,1加加nicumナ，Ｌｅｓｐｅｄｅｚａ ｈｏ竹1010ba十，Ｅｕｒｙａ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ十
But there are shrubby or grassy places resulting from human agencies, and floristic
compositions in such places are shown in Tables 5 and 6. ノ
Table 5. Scrub on serpentine of Aburaishi
（120m., N55W, 25°； 5X5 m.)
Dicｒａｎｏｉ)tｅｒiｓ ｄｉｃｈｏtｏｍａ
Ａｒｕ？tｄｉｎａｔia i＞ｙ＆ｍａｅａ ・
Ｑｕｅずｃｕｓ ｓｅｆｒａtａ
Ｃｌｅｉｈｆａｂａｒｂｉｎｅｍｓ
Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓiμｏｒ ａ
Ｌｅｓ軸心ｚａ ｈｏｒｎｏｌｏｂｏ
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ竹ａａｃｒｏｓｅＣａｉｕｍ
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｔｕ６タｒｉｃｈｉｉ
Ｒｏｓｆｆｌ・ｏｎｏ£t
Ｓ附･Ｈａｘ ｃｈｉｎａ
Ｌｙｏｎｉａ ｅＵゆtｉｃａ
Ｅｕりａ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Ｄｉｐｌｏｍｏｔｐｈａ ｓifeｏfeiｏｎａ
532221＋11121e
5422221.2＋＋ｅ２１
３。53.2＋1212＋２●－
5432223111211
5322222111221
びｏｃｃｉｎｉｕｍ bｒａｄｅａtｕｍ
Ｍｙｒｉｃａ ｙ幼ずａ
Ｉｌｅｘ t>ｅｄｕｎｃｕloｓａ
Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｆｅａ ｇれ
Miｓｃａｎtｈｕｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓtｓ
Pter･idium aouilinum v｡
latiusculuポ
Ileｘ ｃｒｅｎａtａ
Ｐtｅｒiｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Ｃａｒｅｘ miｒａ
Ｇ６れtｉａｎａ ｓｃａｂｒａV. bueずｇがi
Aダundi?lella hiダ1α
Milletia iapo㎡ca
Tａｂ＼ｅらＡｒｕｎｄｉｎａｒia pｙｇｍａｅａcommunity of Aburaishi
(120 m.,･ N55W, 25°； lχ1 m.）
Ａれｉｎｄｉｎａｒia ｔｖｇｍａｅａ
Ｃａｒｅｘｃｉｌｉａｉｏｍａｒｇｉｎａｉａ
Ｃａｒｅｘmiｒａ
Ｓａｎｇｕiｓｏｒｂａｏがｃｉｎａｌｔｓ
Ｓｃａｂｉｏｓａｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
召ｅ竹leｒocalliｓtｈｕnbぴｆｉti ・
ＤｉｐｌｏｍｏｒｐｈａｓikokianaMiｓｃａｎtｈｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓtｓ
Ａｆｕｎｄｉｎ＆llahiｒtａ
Viola 01なZIθ一助1θﾀzｇαＳａｌｕtｅｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Ｒｏｓａｏｎｏｆｉｉ
Ｇｅｎｉｉａ？ｉａ ｓｃａｂｒａｖ、faｕｅｒｇｅｒi
ji?hododendron weyrichiiCｖmbc
Solifiago tiiｙｇｏｕｒｅｏｓｓｐ.ａｓiatｉｃａ
Ｓｒnilaｘｃｈｉｎａ
Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｇｒacillima
召召をﾀﾞ∂pappus hispidus ssp. leptocladus
Adenop加忽triphylla ｖ．ｉａｌＪｏｎｉｃｏ t、ｌｎｃげｏＨａ
Ｓｗｅrtia pｓｅｕｄｏｃｈｉｒ認ｎｓiｓ
Ｐtｎｕｓｄｅｎｓiμｏｒａ
Ｂｕｐｌｅｕれｉｍ falcaiｕｍｖ. ｋｏｍａｔｏｗi
３２十＋2十・・・十●・一・―・ｅｌ一
一一・
５３１十十・十一・一●一十十●●ｓ一・ 一一●一
５２＋112＋11＋
１・十・・・十● 一●一ｅ
３３２１・―十＋3十●一�●一一一一十
521131＋１３ゆ
●ｅｌＳ
＋・・・
ＳＳ一番
―・―十
一●魯●
１
2211
１２・―十
十２１、・十
十●一一・・＋
十・・’・・．
十・‘・・・．
・１↑１十十・
. -<<＾ . . . .
413212＋22＋―＋ｌｓ’ｓ ｌ●一一 ●・一●
43122十十２・十―●・ｓ・一●一一 一●十・
５十十＋1十２２２・十・・・・・・・・ ・十・・
413222＋22ｓｌｌ■
･'―'･･● ｓ’一・＋
53322＋133
一●●II―f
■
一一ＩＳ
Floristically, the abundance of Ｈｅｉｎｅ-ｉ･ocalliｓｔ}iｕ７ｉｂｅｒｇｉｉand Ca7~eヱフnira is noticeable
in this serpentine area. Though Ｃｏりｌｏｐｓiｓ ｓｐｉｃａtａ， Knki。１£flitｓ ｐｅｒｕlatｕｓｖａｌ・i ａｐｏｎｉﾚｃｕｓ．
etc. are not found, such plants as Ｍｙｐｅｒidぷ111ｔｏｓａｅｎｓｅ．Ｓａｕｓｓｉ£ｒｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａsspべｙｏｓh-i-
ｉｍｇａｅ．ｅt.ｃ. occur in this area.
10
Research Re
Altitude (m.)ExpositionSteepness
Table .7.‘ｙSerpen‘tine vegetation of Jinry6
・320N45W
30
320N03W 35
Vol. 8, No. 10
(5〉く5m.)
320N35W 30
320N60W 40
450N40W 10
1st tree stratum ，
Pinus densiμora
2nd tree & shrub strata
Lespedeza buergeﾀi ・
Smtiax china
Cαかinus laxifloﾀﾞ(z ゛
Q14がcus senaia
Rhododendﾀﾞ∂Ｓ耀びrichii
Ｆﾀﾞaximis sieboldiana
Ｃﾀclobalanopsis glauca ･≒.
Eurya iaOonica －.・
Vibuﾀﾞnum dμataium
Zabelia integrげotia
Euonfmus alatus v. rotundatus
Sapium japonicum
Clethra borbiれervis
Pertva scandeれs
Perlya giabresccns
Buxus micずol)hvilaＶ．知夕onica
Diplomofpha sikokiana
Li?tdびａ sfittcea
Sｏずbus gﾀﾞaciiis
Thujotisis dolabraia ，
Platvcarvc
Cvcl obalano i)sis salicinav.
仙附θμび心，
Osmanihus ilictfoUus
Berberis thunber&ii
Tritomodon ｃ６yれuus v. ﾀﾞubens
spiraea hayaiae ･，I
・ ・ ● ● ●Pieris iaponica
Illidum�igiosu肖
£知㎡αぷiptica
Akebia tyげoliaia
Deutzta 'icabra
ぴiburmtmびosum
Cocculus trtlobus
Prunus iamasakura
Anodendron ａがine
Rosa onoei
Poufikiaea viUosav. zoUingeri
Ｌｏれicera cerasina
Herb stratum
Carex subdita
Carex cilialo竹larZinata
Dtoscorea gfacillima
Goitum pogonanthum ご
Brachyelytrum japonicum
Eccoiiopus coiulifer ’
戸1がidium aQuilinum v. latiusculum
l^iola vioね2cea '
Heterotropa ｓp･
Cymbidium i･iﾀﾞgSCの!S ・
Dii)lot>teりgium glaucum
Miacaれthus siれensis
j4ﾀﾞｇ心細ぷαゐiﾀﾞ1α
ChionograCfiis ioi>onico
Astet aSeratoides ssp. ovaius
Melampyfum laxum
Cvclobalonol'sis acuta
R巳卵outfia japonica .｀
14 other species ｀，
(十)
2C1)
1
、2
1(十)
‘2(十)
1(十)
' 1(十)
ヽ3(2)
2(十)
１
､－ ：(十)
1(1)
● ● ｀ 1(十)
(十)
十(十)
白 1(十)
2(十)
｀ ●
十(十)
乙 ● 十
．' ●
，●
：、 ４
．．，･５
．＋
＋
ト・ １
'＋
，． ＋
' ●
２
２
｀ ： １
１
ｉ ●
{十}
才
竹
工
2こ)
ﾄﾞﾐ
2(十)
士
汗
ｊ
(2)
1
1(十)
２ ２
２
十＋
3
(1)
1(十)
2(5)
1
1(十)
１
１
十
(4)
Flj
親
子
1ﾀﾞ
(十)
ズ
]E.
才
于
３
１１(十)31(十)11(十)
十 1 3(1) 3(十) 2(十)
,2(十) 1(1) (1)
(十)
●.
1(十)
１
十(十)÷＋＋
1(十)
１ １ １
＋ ５ ＋ ＋ ２ ２
十
十 十
Table ８. Piｒｗｓ ｄｅｎｓiμｏｒａcommunity 6f Jinryd
(280－290 m., S50W, 20-40° ； 5〉く5 m.)一一
2nci tree stratum
Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓげloｒａ
Shrub stratum
Ｆｆａｘiｒｍｓ ｓieboXdia？１ａ
Ｚａｂｅｌｉａｉｎｌｅｇｒげ心ａ
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｆｏｎ tｏｅＷｉｃｈｉｉ
びibｕrｍtm dilaiaiｕｍ
Ｂｕｘｕｓ ｍｉｃｒｏtiｔｏＵｏＶ. jaｔｉｏｎｉｃａ
Ｌｅｓ1>ｅｄｅｚa bｕｅｒｇｅｒi
Z:^ｉｐｌｏｍｏｒpha ｓikokiana
Abelia ■iｅｒｒａtａ
μ外れｉｐ６れ4ｓ ｒｉｇｉｄａ
Ｑｉｔｅｒｃｕｓｓｅｒｒａtａ
Ｐｌａｉｙｃａｒンａｓlｒobiｒｏｃｅａ
Ｓｍｉｉａｘ china
Ileｘ Ｐｅｄｕｎｃｕloｓａ
ｓpiｒａｅａ ｈａｙａtａｅ
Ｃｙｃｉｏｂａtａｎｏｔｓtｓがａｕｃａ
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｋａｅｔｎt）畑i
Eｕｏｎｙｍｕｓ ａｌａtｕｓ Ｖ. ｒoiｕｎｄａtｕｓ
Ｒｏｓａ ｏｎｏｅｉ
Ｐｅｒtｙｄ ｓｃａｎｄｅｎｓ
Ｄｅｕtｚia ｓｃａｂｒａ
£yonia elli夕tica
Peｒiｙａ ｇｌａｂｒｅｓｃｅれｓ
Ileｘ intｅｇｒｏ
Ｃａ。hellia ja知ｎｉｃａ
Millettia ia夕onica
Ｃｏｃｃｕiｕｓ tｒiEobｕｓ
ﾚ'ibiirnumがθsｇ。Ｉ
Ｓｏｒbｕｓ ｇｒaciliｓ
ＢｆｉｔｃｈｅｍｉａｒａｃｅｍｏｓａＶ. ｍａｇｎａ
乃面詰iaea vぷosa V. zoll加即ﾀﾞi´
Ｅｕｒｙａ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Herb stratum
Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｆｊｏｇｏｎａポh6れ４ｍ ｑｕａｄｆｉｎｅｒｖｅ
Lirio加州inoダ
Ｓｅｌａｇｉ)ぶla tｏｒｎａｒiｓｃｉｎｏ
Ｃａｒｅｘ ciliatｏｍａｔk
Mtｓｃａｎtｈtｔｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ
Ｐａｅｄびtｏ ｓｃａｊｗｉｅｎｓV. mairei
Oｒｃｈｉｓ ｇｒａｍｉｔａｆｏｌｉａ
Ｃｏｒｅｘ chりｓｏｌｅｆｉｓ
Ｖｉｏｌａｖｉｏｌａｃｅａ
ＨｅｉＢｆｏｐａｐｐｕｓhiｓがｄｕｓ
Sｏｌｉｄａｇｏ ｖiｒｇａｕｒｅａ ｓｓｐ、ａｓiatｉｃａ
Ｈｕｇｅｒｉａ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ ｖ. ciliai'iｓ
Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａ ｎｉｐｂｏｍｃａ ｓｓｐ.ｙｏｓｈｉｎａｇａｅ
£μ沁加加加丿ticum V、必eanum
6 other species
2(2)
り
Ｉ
Ｃｏａ
oj.―I
/'~＼/~＼
/--＞
Ｄ十十 十
玖べ玖
ト
μ
＋ (十) １
３
りり
刀十十
ぐぐぐ
１
十(十) １
１
１
２２１十十十・１・・・・・・
5(1)
り りり りり
十Ｄ十十 十十
ぐくぐく ぐぐ
22112＋１１
１
十十
＋
＋
2(十)１
十(十)
十(十)●・・ｓし０・・．．
２１１十十１１・十・・・十十
５
十十
玖～１１３
2(十) り りりり り
十Ｄ十十十 十Ｄ
ぐＣＣぐぐ Ｃく
21111＋211＋―
１
一参
十）
1）
1(1)
＋
一●・・
・・●ｅ
tＮI―<r―(f―II―II＋―＋～●一・・
5(1)
１
＋
つJ
i-H
＋1111
＋
２
１
２
１
＋
りり り り
十十Ｄ十刀Ｄ十
十）
十）
十）
十）
十）
十）
1）
1）
十）１●
2
＋
1(十)
十
十
(十)
● '
2111十・十・１十十・・・
一 一 一 一
5(十)
ｊ り りりり りり
、十ＤＤ 十ＤＤ十十十 十十
くくく くぐぐくぐぐ十くぐ
くくく くぐぐCC
2222＋1111
十(･
2(･
2(十)
十(十)
(十)
ヽ(十)
(十)
1(十)
(Ｄ
２
＋．１＋
・・・一
２・―＋11十十―・十十１・・・
D. Tokushima District ●
In Tokushima Prefecture, serpentine outcrops occur mainly in Jinｒy６･ Fukuhara, and
Sakashu. These serpentine areas are mostly situated in the warm-temperate forest region,
but the vegetation on serpentine is remarkably di琵erent from the neighbouring non-
serpentine areas as first noticed by Yoshinaga (1935, 1936).
12. Jinryo (Yoshinaga 1935, 1936 ； Yamanaka 1952)
In Jinry6, about 20 km. southwest of Tokushima city, serpentine crops ont aloug ａ
12 Research Reports of the Kochi University Vol. 8, No. 10
small stream, ranging from 200 to 300･ m. above sea-level.･The floristic composition
and structure of the vegetation in this serpentine area are di仔erent from place to place
owing to the conditions of occurrences of rocks and soils, and many trees and shrubs
form ａ closed vegetation. Five examples analysed of j the vegetation are shown in Table
７. ！ ‥
The abundant occurrence ｏｉ Ｔｈｕｊｏｐｓiｓｄｏｌａｂｒａtaiｓ ａ characteristic feature (Plate ｖ）.
Moreover, it is also ａ noteworthy fact t］！atＺａｂｅｌｉａｉｎtｅｓｒiかlia and BuエＭＳ ｎｉｉｃｒｃ巾心1ぬ
ｖａｒ･j呻ｏ･ｎｉｃａ．which are abund姐t on some limestone outcrops in Shikoku, are frequently
found in this serpentine area. On･ the other hand, stunted pine forests occur on steep
slopes consisting of firm rocks. Thかfloristic composition is shown in Table ８. The herb
stratum of this forest is comparatively sparse. Ldliｕｍ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍvar.ａｂｅａｎｕｍ（＝£.
ａｂｅａｎｕｍ）iS a serpentinophyte described from this serpentine area.
Table 9. Serpentine vegetation of Shingi Pass
（840m.', N70E, 20°； 5×5 m.）
2nd tree stratum
Tsuga sieきりIdii ‘
Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄ６竹ｓげI ｏｒａ
Ｃりｂtｏｍｅｒｉａ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Shrub stratum
ＳａｓａｍｏｒｅＨａ ｔａｔｆｔｗｒａｓｃｅｎｓ
Ｐtｅ＾iｓ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ、
Ｐｅｒlｙａ giabｒｅｓｃｅｔiｓ
Rhｕｓ tｒｉｃｈｏｃａｆｐａ
Ｒｈｏｄｏ面姐Ｔｏｎ ｋａｅｍｐｆｅｒｉ
Ｓｉｉｉｆａｅａ blｕポ61
11eｘ ｃｒｅｎａtａ
Ａｂｅｉｉａ ｓｅｒｔａｉａ
Parabenzoin tri昂旨辨 I’ I
Smitａｘ ｃｈｉｎａ Ｉ
ﾚ1
＼^ibuﾀﾞnum eダosum 、ｙ
Clethダa bafbineダvis
Ｔｒｉｉｏｍｎｄｏｎ ｃｅｆｎｕｕＲ ｖ． れｉｂｅｎｓ
ＯｎｅずＣＭＳ ｓｅｆｔａta
7i!hododendron weyj･ichii
£luonymus alatus ｖ. ﾀﾞotundatus j
Fｙａχinｕｓ ｓieboはiaヽｎａ
Ｓtei＞ｈａｎａｎｄｒａ ｉｎｃｉｓａ
£ﾀonia elliptica
Ｒｏｓａ ｏｎｏｅｉ
Ｉｌｅｘ Ｓｇすすａtａ 、-
Ｓｏｒbｕs ｇｔａｃｉＵｓ
Ｍａ＆ｎｏｌｉａ ｓalicげｏtｉａ
Herb stratum 、 ・
Ｃａｒｅｘ ｃｏｎｉｃａ
Ｍｉｓcanifiｕｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ
Ｔｔｉｐｉｅｆｏｓｐｅｒｍｕ？
Ｓａｕｓｓｕｆｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａ ｓｓｐ･ ｙｏｓｈｉｎａｇａｅ
戸1が�turn aQiiilinμm V. latiusculum
StruがtioptがiSﾀtiponica・
召g祐がis thunbeダgit 、
Viola ovato-oblonga
Oｓｍｕｎｄａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ
Ｇｅｎｉｉａｎａ ｓikｏkiａｎａ
7 other species
(3)
2
゛り
昌
j(l)
り りりりりり り
十Ｄ十十十十十Ｄ十
ぐくぐＣぐＣＣくく ～－１●
～１ ・十十＋2111
十(2)
2十，
り乙１り／」ｅ
十・・十・・
りりり
n
CN}.―I
ぐくぐ
lcノij
ＯJ
/-Ｎ
/"Ｎ
/-＾
/―S
/'-^/■~＼ト/'~＼/~ｓ
I
/s
I
^-s
｡'~s
＋１１一２１＋―＋ ―
くぐぐＣくぐぐぐぐ 十 ぐ
22222211 卜く11121ト
一― 一
(十)１
●１・
２２十―十・・・十
③出
/-Ｎ
/-S
/-Ｎ
^/―＼
十刀Ｄ十ＤＤ十Ｄ十十Ｄ
ぐＣＣぐくぐＣぐＣＣＣｌｓ
22221121Q乙
１
１ (十)＋
●●
2(十)
＋
２２十―十十―・・・
凰
{十で}
3(1) りり り ｊｊｊｊり り
Ｄ十十ＤＤ十Ｄ十十十十十 十
ぐぐぐぐぐくＣＣぐぐぐぐ●ぐ11
2 31111 1＋１２CＭ
●
（十）
●
●
●
●
●
３十＋2＋1十十十十
㈲０ 口
/･~＼/^Ｎ/"^S/^S/･'＾/~＼/'~＾/'~＾/~＼/""S/">.
/'~＼/"~＼/~＼/"＼
/""＾
十十Ｄ十十Ｄ十十十十十十十 十十十十 十
ぐくぐぐくくくぐぐぐぐ
／Ｌχぐ Ｃぐぐぐ Ｃ ●●
4211121＋１１＋１１＋112 ＋２＋’
３十十２・１十・・十
15. Shingi Ｐａｓｓ(Yoshinaga 1935, 1･936 ； Yamahaka ･1952) ･
The Shingi Pass, about 30 km. southwest of Tokushima city, is situated on the ridge
dividing the basin of the Katuura from that of the Naka. Serpentine outcrops occur from
850 to 1000 m. above sea-levｅ＼. Ｓｐｉｒａｅａ blｕｎｘｅｉＩＳ prominent on rocky outcrops, while
Ｔｓｕｇａｓieboはａ and Ｐｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓザloｒａａｉｅ rather abundant in stable places (Table 9）.
14. Ryu Pass (Yoshinaga 1935、 1936 ； Kitamura & Murata 1952 ； Yamanaka 19,58)
About 2 km. southeast of the Shingi Pass、 serpentine crops out between the､altitudes of
500 and 1000 m. on the the northeastern side of the Ryu Pass. Almost the ｗhole、area
consists of barren rocks and is characterized by the abundant occurrence ｏt ｓpiｒａｅａ
ｂｌｕｖｉｅｉ with stunted Ｐｉｎｗｓ ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ(Table 19). The Ｔｈｕｊｏｐｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｂｒａtａ iorest is
also found near the ridge、showing the following composition :
Tree stratum : 7加丿opsis dolαゐrata 5(1)
Shrub stratum : Ｓａｓａｍｏゆha iJｕi’ｔｅｔi’ａｓｃｅｎｓ4、Si＞i≫ａｅａ ｂｌｕｍｅｉ10)、Ｐａｔａｂｅｎｚｏtｎ tｒilobiもｍ１(十)、
Table 10. Ｔｈｕｉｏｂｓiｓｄｏｌａｂｆａｉａcommunity of Sakashu
(540-550 m., N, 40°； 10〉く10m.)
2nd tree stratum
Thujoteis dolabraia
Ｃりpiomena jafionica
Shrub stratum
PaYabenzoin tfilnhumLindera sびiceaV. sXabrataAbelia serrataClethra barbineniisV^tbuynum efosumRhus tnchocarpa
Rhodo海月dron uiびﾀﾞichiiFtaxtnits s.ieholdianaCallicarpa TOoUis
Zantho%ylum tHixtiれ4ｍRosa onoeiRubus i>almatusStachyufus praeco%Magnolia salici/oliaHelunngia jatotdca ｖ．imruifoUaＨﾀ(irangea macrophylla ssp. serraiaEuonymus alatus V. rotundatusSmiiax sieboldiStVi'axiatonicaHydrangea paniculataSietManawira iれcisaS竹ailax china
Lonicei/a mochidzukiana£yonia elliptica
7 other species
Herb stratum
Miscanthus sineﾀisisj?ubus wﾀﾞightiiSaussurea nipbonica ssp. VoshinagoeAstがagがatoides ssp. amplex.げotiusCarex blet>hancari)a○がismenus undutatifolius v; japontcus
12 other species
5(D {:4ﾐ}
2
3(1) 2(1) 2(2) 2(十) 2 1(十) 1(十) 1(十) 1(十)
(十) １ (十)
1(1)
i゛● (十) 2(十)
1 1(十)
＋ l(十)
１
4CD C2} (1)
2(十)1(十)2(1)2(十)22(十)十(十)
1(十) 1(十) (1) (十) (十)・ 1(十)
＋
十
(十) ｌ
(十)
(十)十(十)
３ ＋ ２
＋ ２
4(2) {31 {十:}
2(十)2(十)2(1)1(D
22(十)2(2)2(十)1(十)1(2)1(十)
(1)2巾１１
(十)十(十)．１
十(十)
３／ ＋
＋
１
3(D
{3}
2{十T}
2(十)
3(2)
1(1)
2(十)
1
1(十)
2(1)
1(十)
1(十)
2(十)
(1)
1 、 (1)
2(1)
2
1(1)
1
2
＋ ●
2
＋
'＋ ゛
・ ・ ●， ｢
●
14 of the Kochi University Vol. 8, No. 10
Table 11. Ｐｔｎｕｓｄｅｎｓifioｒａcommunity of Sakashfl
一(56p.m., S70W, 10°； 5χ5 m.）
2nd tree stratum
Pinus densiμofa ミChamaecypatis obtusd －・ ・ ・Ｃりpiomeria iaboれica
Shrub stratum
Viiurnum erosumPettya giobresceMsEnfeicnthus peれhiatusv、iationicusj?みododendﾀﾞθﾀlweyﾀﾞichii ・.，，Sorbus gracilisAbclia sctratoSrnilox chinaSiJiraeablumeiFraxiれ14ssieboldianaClethﾀﾞabarbineruisTfiinmodon cernuus v．れxbensUｅχt>eduれcutosaBuxus ｍｉびo*hsUaｖ．知加雨cα召gﾀﾞ1?がislみμnbeﾀﾞgiiRosa onoei ヽPierisiatonica･S竹lilaxhigoe?tsis バ ・Diplomorpha siねokianaRhus trichocarpa£uonymus alatus v. roiundatusDifilomorliha trichototna 'Lordcefa mochidzukiana£yonia elliptica
Herb stratum
Sasa tenuissirnaCarex spp.゛八■fiscaﾀithussinensisOsTrtundo iaponica？なﾀﾞidiumaquilinum v. latiuscutumViola violacea ''・Ilc% cf&nata
・ jl
‘2
/1(1)
＋..
｀2(十)
2(1)
3(1)
2(1) 1(十)
.2(1)
，1(十) 1(1)
2 ‘1(十)
1(十)
.1(十) 1(十)
1(十)
''(十)
ｊ，●
十(十)
，５ ・，．５
，‘ ２
－ ● 、＋
ヽ・ ●
3(1)
詰)
川
2(十)1(十)川
幅)
2(十)
1じ)
1(十)
川
ﾔ)
-1?
t
2 1(1)
3(1)
3(十) 3(2)
3(2)
2(十)
3(D ･1(十)
r， 1(十)
l(十)
2(十)
1(十)
(十)
1(十)
(十) 1(十)
５ ５
２
１
十
十
１３１
４(十)3(2)
十(十) 2(十)
十(1) 3(十) 2(十) 1(十) l(十)
1(1) 2(十) 2(1)
十(十)
(十) 1(十)
十(十)
＋＋
５ ５ ２
十
十{十万} 2(十)
2(十) 3(2) 3(1) 1(十) 1(十)
十(十)十(十)十(1)
1(十)
2(1)
1(十) 1(十)
十(十)
十十
・５ ５ ２ ＋
＋
゛ａﾀﾞ邸spp. include Ｃ. ｂｉｅｔｈａｎｃａｒｔａ ａndＣ. subdita.
Euonymus oりμりμｓs十，Rhｕｓ iｒｉｃｈｏｃａゆａ十, Cleihra barbinervis十
Herb stratum : Ｃ�６ｘ ｓifeoJ^ｉａｎａ ２，Ｓｏｔｔｓｓｕｒｅｏ ｍｐｐｏ？ｉtｃａ ｓ即･ ｙｏｓｈｉｎａｇａｅ １， Ｈｙｄｒａｎｇｅａ ｍａｃｒｏｐｈｙlla
ssp. sβがata 1,召ε祐ｇダis lsC力onos々tana十, Ｒｏｓａ ｏｎｏｅｉ十，Ｒｕimｓ Ｐａｌｍａｉｕｓ十, Ilexびｅｎａtａ十，
Ｐｅｒtｖａ ｇｌａｂｔｅｓｃＢ竹ｓ＋ . ’
This stand is different fΓom that ･in Sakashfl by the abundant occurrence ofＳａｓｍｎｏｒｐｈａ
加ぽかliiｒａｓｃｅｎｓ １ｎ the shrub stratum.
15， Sakashii (Yoshinaga 1935, 1936 ; Kitamura & Murata 1952 ； Yamanaka 1952)
1 ?●.
This serpentine area, about 2 k皿southwest of the Shingi Pass and the Ryu Pass,
lies between 400 and 700 m. abo‘ve sea-level. Though barrens are found in several parts,
almost the whole area is well covered with the characteristic vegetation, which contrasts
sharply with non-serpentine areas. Especially, the Tkｗioｔ>ｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｂｒａ£ａ iorest(Table
10) and the Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓi ｆｌｏｒａ ｌＯ ｒｅｓt with Ｅｎだｉａｎthｕｓ ｐｅｒｉｄａtｕｓｖａｒ・ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ(Table
11) are very characteristic. Moreover, it is also of interest that Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓがりlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ
is frequently found in this serpentine area.
A Phytosociological Study of Serpentine'･Areas･in Shikoku, J [１]｀ｒＹＡＭＡＮＡＫＡ)１５
E. Mt. Akaishi District ……… ≒.･. ‥≒，／
Several serpentine areas appear near the eastern boundary of Ehime Prefecture, 50べ･60
km. east of Matsuyama city. The largest outcrop is found on Mt. Higashi-akaishi, and
small ones occur on Mt. Nishi-akaishi and Mt. Akahoshi. Moreover, serpentine is also
found along the valley of the D6zan. The surrounding rocks･ are chiefly crystalline schists
and amphibolite (cf. Horikoshi 1937). ．
16. Mt. Nishi-akaishi (Yamanaka 1958)
This mountain is situated near Mt. Higashi-akaishi, just 2 km. west (higashi = east
and nishi=west). Though the highest part, rising 1626.4 m. above sea-level. consists
of crystalline schists, dunite and serpentinized dunite crop out well in the altitudes
between 1400 and 1500 m.. on the northwest-facing slope (PlateⅢ). This outcrop is
rather small and rocky, so that the coniferous forest is not found there.
The rocky area is mainly dominated by deciduous shrubs, such ａｓ Ｂｅｒbeｒiｓ ａｍｕｒｅｎｓiｓ
ｖａｘ. bｒｅ＾ifolia， Ｒｏｓａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｅｎｓiｓ， Ｔ^ｒiptｅりgiｕ-ｎｉ ｒegelii， Ｋｕｏｎ:ｙｍｕｓ ｍａｃｒｏｐtｅｔ‘ｕｓ･
Ｍａｇ‘ｎｏｌｉａｓieboldii． Ｓｐｉｒａｅａ ｓikokｕａり'ｉｉｎａ， 1）ｒｕｎｕｓ inciｓａ ｖＡＴ. feinfeienｓiｓ. AbeLia
ｓｅｒｒａtａｖａｉ. bｕchｖoaldii, Ｃｌｅthｒａ ｂａｒbineｒｖiｓ， Ｆｒａ五丿１ＵＳ ｌａｎｕｇｉｎｏｓａvar. ser7-どzzど2, and
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ spp. Noticeable herbs ａｒｅ Ｇｙｎｍｏｃａｒpiｕｍ ｊｅｓｓｏｅｎｓｅ．Ｆａｒｎａｓｓｉａｆｏｌｉｏｓａ
ｖａで．れｕｉｎｉｎｕlaｒia-, Ａｒｕｎｃｕｓ ｄｉｏｉｃｕｓ var.tｅｎｕiかliｕｓ， Ｆｉｌｉｐｅｎｄｕｌａｍｕl£ijｕｇａ， Ａｎｇｅｌｉｃａ
ｕｂａはｋｅｎｓiｓ， Ｐ石tｎｕla faｒｉｎｏｓａ ｓｓｐ. ｍｏｄｅｓtａ，Ｒｕphｒａｓｉａ ｍｉｃｒｏｐりlla， Ｌｅｏｎtｏｐｏｄｉｕｍ
ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｎｉ var. ｓｐａthｕlatｕｎｉ，Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａssp. ｓikokiana, Ｆｅｓtｕｃａ Ｏ蛍れａ，
Ｍｅｌｉｃａ ７ｌｕはｎｓ． Ｃａｒｅエｄｕｖａｌｉａｎａ． Ａｌｅ£ｒiｓかliatａ， ｅtc. The vascular plants occurring
in this serpentine area Eunount t0 100 species, and they occur mostly on Mt.
Higashi-akaishi. On the other hand, the following plants, which are dominant or charac･
teristic on Mt. Higashi･akaishi, are not found, in this ａｔｅａ ･ Ｔｈｕja ｓtandiihii， Ｔｓｕｇａ
ｄｉｖｅｒｓifolia， Ｒｋｏｄｏｄｅ了idｒｏｎ ｍｅ£ｔｅｒnichii，. Ｃｈａｍａｅｐｅｒicりｍｅｎｕｍ ｃａｎａｄｅｎｓｅ， Ｒｕｍｏｈｒａ
■ｍｕtｉｃａ，Ｓａｂｉｎａ ｓａｒｇｅｎtii． Ｖａｃｃｉｎｉｕｔｎｖitiｓ-ｉｄａｅａvar.i7xinｕｓ, ｈｏｎｉｃｅｒａ ｍｏｃｈｉｄｚｕｋｉａｎａ
ｖａｌ･ filifoｒ miｓ． Ｓｃａｂｉｏｓａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａvar.ａｌｐｉｎａ， Ａｄｅｎｏｐｈｏｒａ tｒiphｙllaｖjｒ･・ｐｕｅｌｌａｎｓ．
etc. ，.
The physiognomy of the above-mentioned vegetation is rather similar to that on the
south-exposed slope of Mt. Higashi-akaishi.
17. Mt. Higashi-akaishi (Yeimanaka 1950, 1952', 1955, 1958)
Akaishi, meaning "red stone," is named for the yellowish brown colour of the surface
of weathered serpentine rocks. It has been well known that this, mountain｡rising 1706.9
m. above sea-level, has ａ rich flora and conspicuous vegetation. The rock is dunitic。
●consisting essentially of olivine, and is quarried at the Akaishi Mine which is situated at
an altitude of about 1350 m. on the northern side. Chromiferous magnetite and banded
chromite occur as secondary minerals, and the magnesium content of the rock is rather
high, mostly reaching 45％Ｍｇ０.This ultrabasic rock area ranges from about 800 m.
upwards on the northern side, but it.appears from about 1000 m. on the southern side.
The main part of this area is situated within the temperate forest region chiefly domi-
･16 ・Research･Reports of the .K6chi University ≒Ｖり1. 8, NO: 10
nated by broad-lea･ved trees,' whereas the coniferous forest occurs in serpentine and set-
pentinized rock areas as.- a' topograph沁and edaphic climax. Ｉ
The coniferous forest, which is .fairly well developed on the northern side, is dominated
by Ｃｈａｍａｅｃがiaｒiｓ obtｕｓａｉ Ｔｈｕja ３tａｎｄｉｓh.it， Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｐｅｎtａ].)ｈｙllavar. ｈｉｎｉｅｋｏｍａtｓｕ, ａnd
Table 12.‘ Herbaceous community of Mt. Higashi-akaishi
(1650･m., S20W, 15°； 1〉く1m.）
Sｃａｂｊｏｓａｉａｔｏｎｉｃｏ ｖ． ４伽声z.、。
Ｌｅｏｎｉｏねｏｄｉｕｍ ＪｏｆｔｏｎｉｃｕＴａｖ. ｓｔｍｉｈｕlatｕｍ
Carex spp. *
Ｖｅｒａtｒｕｍ ｍａａｃｋｉｉ
Ｔｈａｌｉｃtｔｕｍ ｍｉｎｕｓ
ＡｎＲｅｌｉｃａ ｕbatａｋｅｎｓiｓ
びtola bi ｆｌｏｒａ ･､一
Ｐａｒｉｉａｓｓia foiioｓａV. numniulaダia
Ｅｕf)Jtｒａｓｉａ ｍｉｃｒｏtihｙila 、
ＡＵtｔiｓ foliala ” 一一 ･ヽ
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ tｓｃｈｏｎｏｓfeii
Geniiana ｓｃａｈｆａｖ. bｕｅずｇｅｒi
Hosta sp、 犬
Adenophora tﾀﾞifJtylla ｖ･ μ･ぶαダis '
ｓpiｒａｅａ ｓikokｕalがｕ ・.
Ａｂｆｉｌｉａｓｅｒｒａtａ ｖ． 咄咄waldfi
Bcｒbeｒiｓ ａｍｕｔｅｎｓiｓ ｖごｂｒｅｔ･ifolia
7 other species
4432111十＋12十十十・・・
4431十十―十＋1十十十十・・・
4331十＋1十十―十・・・十・・
242122十十１１・＋・・＋・1
4311十十十―＋1十・・・１・・
en CN eg f-Ｈ
.―t十＋1111＋11ｓ十e
433111十十十十・十・・十十＋
43321十―十＋1十・十十・・・
5331＋11＋1十十十―・●●・
5331十―――＋・十十・十・十・
* Carex spp. include Ｃ. blephaｒｉｃａｔpa, ａnd Ｃ. ｃｈｒｙｓolejｒｉｓ, ａｎｄＣ. altｅｒnifloｒａｖ．ａｕｒｅｏｂｒｕｎｎｅａ.
Alt｡itude(m.)ExpositionSteepness
Cａrｅｒ, blephaｒｉｃａｒpa
Miｓｃａｎthｗｓ ｏｌｉｇｏｓlachｓｕｓ ，・
Ｂｒａｃｈｙpodiｕｍ ｓｙlｖａticｕｍ Ｖ. ｉｎtｓがμ恨
Ｈｙijeｒtｃｕｍ ｓihokｕｍｏｎｉａｎｕｍ-
Ｇｅｒａｍｕｍ ｓhikokianｕｍ ･， ｀
Ｓａｓａｍｏｒｂｈａ ｔｕｒｐｕｒａｓｃｅｎｓ
Ｍａｊａｎtｈｅｍｕｍ ｄｉｌａtａtｕｍ ｖ･■ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ
Ｖａｌｅｒｉａｎａｓａｎtbｕｃげoiia ｖ． faｕｒiei.
Astil加話unbergii ｖ. ｓtｆｅｏｆｅｕｎtｏｎtａｎａヽ
Ｆ山加ndula multijuga
Ｐａｔｎｏｓｓｉａ ｆｏｌｉｏｓａＶ. ｎｕｍｍｉｉｌａｆｉａ
Ｌｅｏｎtｏｐｏｄｉｕｍ ｊａｂｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｖ. ｓｔａｉｈｕlatｕｍ
Ａｎｇｅｌｉｃａ ｕbatａｋｅｎｓiｓ
Ｒりｎｏｕtｒio iaｔｏｎｉｃａ
Ｆｅｓtｕｃａ ｏｖinaI
MiｓｃａｎｆｆｉＭｓｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ
Ａｓtｅｒ ａｇｅｉ'ａtｏｉｄｅｓｓｓｐ. ａｍt＞!ｅｘi/ｏtiｕｓ，
Ｌｅｐｉｏｓｒａｍｍａ tｏttａ
Ｖｅｒｏｎｉｃａｓtｎtｍ ｓibiｔicｕｍＶ..ａｕｓiｒａｌｅ ｀グ
Ｇｅｎtｉａｎａ ｓｃａｈｒａＶ. bｕｅｒｇＢｔi ･.
Ｓｉｎｒａｅａ ｉａtｉｏｎｉｃａ
Ｒttｂｕｓ ttａｌｍａtｕｓ 几
Abelia ｓｅｆｆａtａＶ. ｈｕｃｈｗａｌｄｉｉ
ＨｅｒａｃＵｕｔｒｔｌａｎａｉｕｍ ｓｓｐ. ｍｏｅｌｌｅｎｄｏｒ.がiｔ
ｖ. tｓｕrμgiｓａｎｅれＳむ
Ａｄ。loｔｉｋｏｆａ ｔemoiifloｔａ ｡・ ∧
戸∂1のitilla dicki刀■sit j ’
Tithymalus sieboldianus ｖ■ ｍｏｎtａｎｕｓ ’一
ＰｅｄｉｃｕiaYiｓ ｒｅｓｕｐｉｎａtａ
Ｃａｒｅｘ feｒｎａｌｄｉａｎａ
Ｄｅｕtｚｉａ ｃｒｅｎａtａＶ. ｎａｋａｉａｎａ ‥
1470
S80E
20
２
１
●１
すｌｅ一
ｌ. rttｎ^ .
.
.＋つ」一十●ｅ●
ＳＳ・●・１●
２ ２
２十
３
＋
十ｅｓｅｌ＋145十・―・十―・・十一一 ・一●●１●・
十ｅ●ｅｅｌ十３５・・２・・―・十十・十 ●●・●●・・
―・・・十＋124十・・・十―十十・・十 ・・・●・１●
Table 13. Grassland of Mt.
２
２
十奉ｓ一一＋345十・１・十―・十十・十
一・・・・
1480
S80E
20
―＋2＋・・５・十――・２十１・十・十十十・＋
112十・・５・十――・１・１・十・十十十・＋
1131十・５・１２１・十・十・十・十十十・＋
3141十・５・・１＋・十・十・十・十十・・＋
2141十・５・＋1十・十・・・十・十十十・十
・十十・十・・
・・十・十・・
・十・・十・・
・・十・十・・
・十・・十・Ｌ
1475
S40E
15
３＋131十・十１３２１２・２・十・１十十・・
２２２３・・・1123十―・＋・＋・１十十・・
3212十十・－１２１１１・１・＋・―十十・・
CN＋1（／｀ｌｓ・111111elｓ＋゜つ｀＋＋ｌｅ
３・２１・＋・十１１１・十・１・＋・十十十・・
十・・十・・十
・十十十・・・
十十・・・・．ヽ
・＋・・・・．
・・十十・・十
Area!･in Shikoku, Japan(T｡ＹＡＭＡＮＡＫＡ）1･7
Tsugαspp. (Table 17 and Plate Ⅲ）｡’Ｏｎ･the other hand, the community dominated by
タ ● Ｉ ・ Ｉ Ｉ 。 ４ １●ゝｓpiｒａｅａ ｓikokｕ�かｉｎａ
"iｓ found on the southern' side where the forest is not developed
on account of rocky topography, greater insolation, and higher wind velocities (T゛able
20 and Plate Ⅲ）.ｌｎ open places covered with soils containing considerable gravels, many
herbs･grasses･and ｓed呂es occur. An example of analysis in such ａ place presented
in Table 12 shows that the major constituents of the vegetation are common to those
of scrubs oi Ｓｐｉｒａｅａ ｓikokｕａｌｐｉｎａ(cf. Table 20). Secondary grasslands occur in the
most eastern part of this mountain. In this place, serpentine forms ａ large steep scree
on the northern side (Plate IV), while the southern side covered with rather deep soils
is rich in herbaceous plants as shown in Table 13.
Thus, in dense forests where the ground is usually covered with the humus layer, the
characteristic flora of serpentine is usually not found. In rocky and gravelly places。how-
ever, are found many relics, endemics, and disjunctive elements. The plants･ described
from this serpentine mountain ａｒｅ Ｅｕphｒａｓia ｉｎｉｃｒｏｐｌりlla， Ａｓtilbe £ｈｕｎｂｅｒがi var.
ｓikokｕｎｉｏヽｎ£ａｎａ（＝Ａ. ｓikokｕｍｏｎtａｎａ）， Ｇｅｕｍ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕni ｖａｘ. lｙｏａｎｕin （＝Ｇ.りｉｏａｎｕ‘m＼
ｓpiｒａｅａ ｓikokｕａｌｐｉｎａ， Ａｄｅｎｏｐｈｏｒａtｒiがりlla var･ ｐｕellaΓiｓ(.―A. puellaris^, ｈｏｎｉｃｅｒａ
ｍｏｃｈｉｄｚｕｋｉａｎａ var.aiifoｒmiｓ‘，ａｎｄ Ｐａｒiｓ tｅｔｒａｐｈｙll‘ａ ｖａＴ. ｐｅｎｄｕliβｏｒａ. ' :■
18. Mt. Akahoshi「Yamanaka」958)
Mt. Akahoshi, which is 1453.6 m. above sea-level. is situated about 8 km. northeast
Higashi-akaishi (1〉くlm）
1475SlOE
10
1480 E
5
1485S7SE
20
1550Slow
30
1475S7SE
20
２ ４ ４ ３’３
２ ２ ３ １ ２
１ １ １ ３ ２ ２ ２ ４ ２ ４
１ １ １ １ １
・ １＋＋・
● ● ● ● ●＋ １ １＋ １
２ ３ １ １十
● ● ● ● ● ２ ２・ ３ ３
・ ＋ １ ３＋
３ ２ １十十
● ● ● ● ●＋＋ １１ ２
● ● ● ● ● １ １ １ １＋
● ＋ １ ・ ●十 １ １ １＋
＋ １ ・ ＋ １
● ● 十十･＋
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●・ ・ 十十十
１＋ １十十
・ ・ 十十・
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
２ ３ ３ ２ ３
５ ５ ５ ５ ５
３ ２ ２ １ １
１ １ １ ● ＋
● ● ● ● ● ＋ １ １＋＋
２ ２ １ ２ １
１ １ ２ ２ １
● ● 十十● 十十・ １・
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ＋ ● ● ● ● 十 ｌ ● ● ＋
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
’● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 十 １
● ● ● ● ● 十・十十・
・十十十・ ‘１＋＋＋＋
‘＋十十十 １
十十十十１
＋ ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●，‘ ＋ ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
２ ３ ３ ３ ３
５ ５ ５ ５ ５
１ １ １-ﾄ ２
十十十 １・
４ ３ ３ ３ ４
＋ ● ● ● ＋
１ １ １ １ １
１ １＋ １ １
十十十十十
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● 十十・＋・
● ゛● ● ● ●
● ● ●・● ● ＋＋＋＋・
＋ １＋十十
● ● ● ● ●
● 十 ● ● ●
・ ● ● ● ● ●
＋ ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
１＋ １＋＋
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ＋＋＋＋＋･
・＋＋ １十
● ● ● ● ● ゛
● ● ● ● ●
４ ５ ４＋ ●
３＋＋ ● ●
１ １ １十 １
● ● ● ● ● １ ２ ３ ３ ２
● ● ● ３ ２
● ● ● ● ● １ １ １ １ ２
＋＋ １十十
１＋ ］十 ２
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● 十十 １＋ １
● ● ● ● ● ５ ５ ５ ５ ５
● ● ＋ ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
＋ ｌ ● ● ●
● ● ● ● 十
● ●’● 十十
十十十 １・
● ● ● ● ＋
● ● ● ● ●
Ｆ ● ● ● ● 十ヽ
● ● ● １ ●
● ● ● ● ●’
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ＋ ４ ３
・ ● ● ●・＋ ●
＋＋● ● ●
● ● ●、● ●
● ● ● 十 ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ‘ ５ ５ ５ ５ ５
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ’●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ２ ２ １ ３ ４
● ● ● ● ●
・ ● ●･．● ● ●‘
● ● ● ● ● 十十十’１・
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
１， ● ● ●･’●
● ２● ＋ １
● ● ．●･ ● ●
● ● ●● ● ●
千 ● + ●´●
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●● ● ● １ ２
18 of the K6chi University Vol. 8, No. 10
of Mt. Higashi-akaishi.八small serpentine outcrop appears in altitudes between 1050 ａｎ(!
1150 m， ０ｎ the northern side of this, mountain. This ･area is characterized by the ｃｏｍ･
munity dominated byｓpiｒａｅａ ･biｔμnet.The floristic composition of it is presented in
Table 14. し Ｉ ●･ フ
Table 1心 spiraea bli。metcommunity of Mt. Akahoshi
(5χ5 m.)
Altitude(m.)ExpositionSteepness
昌
｀;60
n00S15W 50
n00S25E 60
n00
S15W
50
Shrub stratum
S{>itoeablumei
Quercus senataLespedeza buergeriAbelia Sびrata
Cartiinus corfrinoides 1EuonVmus alatus v. toiuれ/iatus
Rhododendron kaempμriＲ、decaれdれ4ｍRosa onoeiZanthoりｈ４ｍがperitumRhododendron perdaphﾀHumF穴
？
帽
十
プ
t
●゛1
・:ﾉ
３
２
･’１
’＋
１
１
十
十
十
十
､＋
Herb stratum
Carex dt4ひalianaC、alterniμoraＶ. aureobruriKea
et C. sikokiana
C/Zﾀﾞysant細川um iﾀtdicurn
Mtscanthus sinensis
Thalidrum miれ14SCafex ciliaiomareinata
Aster ageratotdes ssp、amOiexi/oUus
Galiu脚力inuta
Brachytodium sjloaticurnv.
竹itserumPotentμla dickiﾀ･ISa
Brochﾀelvtrum j叫ionicum
Selaeinella tamariscina
２
２１１１＋＋
ｌ
ｌ＋＋
●
２
２
１ １
十 ｌ
＋
●
●
●
●＋
In addition, it is ａ noticeable fact that such calcicolous ferns ａｓ Ｃａｍｐ£ｏｓｏｒｕｓ-ｓibii-tＣ･ｕs
and Ｐｏりｓtichｕｍ ｅｒａｓ ｐｅｄｏｓｏｒｕｎ･IＯＣ(沁ｒ‘frequently in serpentine crevices of this area.
19. Tomisato (Yamanaka 1953)
As mentioned before･ serpentine outcrops occur in areas along the valley of the D6zan.
The outcrops appear ｍｏst!ｙ on a rather small scale, being situated in altitudes between
300 and 500m. The areas are,composed of firm rocks often overlaid by weathered materials.
There are several precipices of moderate height along the valley. The rock which is
rich in talc has been quarried in some places.
The climax vegetation of this region seems to be the forest composed of Tｓｕｇａ ｓｉｅｂｏｌｄｉｉ
and Ｃ:ｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓspp., which represents the upper part of the warm-temper ate forest
region. Accordingly， Ｃｙｄｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓがａｕｃａ， Machilｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ． Ｃａｍｅｌｌｉａ ｊＯｐＯ･・lica，
etc. are not rare on some small serpentine outcrops. However, forests dominated by
Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓiμｏｒａ ａｔe also found i･ｎ this･ region. The forest found at an altitude of 320m.
shows the following floristic ･composition :
1st & 2nd tree strataご Pinitｓ ｄｅｎｓiμＯＴａ '4, Tsuga sit･boldii 4 (1), Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙpaｒiｓ obtｕｓa3(1),
ＣりＭｏｍｅｒio iot>ｏｎｉｃｏ･2(1)･
Shrub stratum : Ｐtｅｒiｓ･加加nica 3 (1) ,£yonia elliptica 3 (1) ,Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｉｏｎ ｄｅｃａｎｄ'Ｔｕｍ３(十)， Ｉ ●● 。・ ● ｢ Ｃｙｃｌｏｈａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓｇｌａｕｃａ７(!)，μａ加dunculosa 1(1),Ｒｈｕｓ tｒｉｃｈｏｃａｒiyａ 1(十),aりｅｒa j（ゆｏｎｉｃａ
１(十)･£“ぴ“加加戒9 1･ Ｃ“”1゛ぶ“加加nicα1， Ctethﾀﾞa barbinervis l， Ｓｏｒfaｕｓｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ十，ＶａｃｃｉれiU竹t
smallii var. が必ﾀﾞZ4四十(十), Vaccinium hiftu。十 ‘
Herb stratum : Ｈｕｇｅｆｉａiaｔｏｎｉｃａ ｖａｒ. citioｒｔｓ 3, Hym㎝(ゆｈｙllｕｍ ｂａｒbatｕｍ ２，Diplopieりgiｕｍ
■ ｌ- ● ｜ jμaucum 1, Aダdisiα加加雨ｃ４ !，£･spisoなs thunbeなiα。ｓ十，Miｓｃａｎtｈｕｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ十, Ｃａstａｎｅａ
Ｃ旬ｎａtａ十, Ｒｋｏｄｏｄｅｗｄｔｏｎ ｋａｓｍｐｆｅｔi十，Ｐａｅｄｅｒｉａsｃａｎｄｅｎｓvar. mairei十，Ｓｍｉｌａｘ ｃｈｉｎａ十
This forest is ｎｏt･l stuntedに10～15 m. high, and is accompanied bv ericaceous plants
in abundance. With a small difference ｉｎヽthe floristic composition, similar forests' are
found in other places within this region. For example, a rather open pine forest ･at an
altitude of 350 m. is constituted by such plants ・ as Lespedeza buergeri (abund'ant).
・ ・ r゛Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｄｅｃａｎｄｒiLｔｎ (frequent)， Ｃｙ ｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓiｓ ｅｌａｕｃａ， Ｎｅｏｌｉ£ｓｅａ ｓｅｒｉｃｅａ．
.ゝ ● ・ I.・ ●Ｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕｍ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ， Ｌ)ｅｕtｚia ｓｃａｂｒａ， Ｐｉｅｒiｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ， Ｆｒａエinｕｓ ｓｉｅｂｏｌｄｉａｎａ．
ｅtｃ･ ， and the following species occur in the gravelly places or crevices "■Miｓｃａｎtｈｕｓ
ｓｉｎｅれＳＩＳ(abundant)， Ｃａｒにｄｕｖａｌｉａｎａ(abundant), Po･りｓｔichｕｍ ｃｒａｓｐｅｄｏｓｏｒｕｍ (;locally
abundant)， Ｓｅｌａ＾inella tａｍａｒiｓｃｉｎａ(locally abundant)， Opliｓｍｅｎｕｓ ｕｎｄｕlatifoliｕｓvar.
ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ(locally abundant)， Ｃｏｐtidiptｅｒiｓ ■ｗilfoｒdii(frequent), and Ａｒdiｓｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｄ
(frequent).
Noticeable plants, occurring in such serpentine areas are Ｃｏｐtidiptｅｒiｓ ■ｗilfoｒdii，
Ｃａｎｉｐｔｏｓｏｒｕｓ ｓibiｒicｕｓ-， Ｐｏｌｙｓtｉｃｈｕｍ ｃ：ｒａｓｐｅｄｏｓｏｒｕＴｎ， Ｃｙｒ･ｔｏｍｉｕｍ ｆａｌｃａtｕｍ． Ｃｌｅｍａtiｓ
tｏｓａｅｎｓiｓ， Ｂｅｒbeｒiｓ thｕｎｂｅｒgii， Ａｒabiｓ ｓｅｒｒａtｄｖａｒ. ｓikokiana， Ｂｕエｕｓ ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈがlavar.
ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ， ａnd Ｃａｒｅｉ: ｄｕでａｌｉａｎａ. Some of these are considered to be calcicolous plants.
Especially, it is very characteristic that Ｃ・1や£ｏｓｏｒｕｓ ｓibiｒiciら Ｐｏりｓtｉｃｈｕｍ ｃｒａｓｐｅｄｏ-
ＳＯｒしini, ａnd Buエｕｓ ｖiicｒｏｐｈｙllaｖａｒ･ Ｊａｐｏｎｉｃ ａ ａｒe frequently found here (Plata Vn). They
are abundantly or frequently found on some limestone outcrops in southern Japan. The
floristic composition of the community characterized by the abundant occurrence of Biにｕｓ
ｍｉｃｒｏｐｌりllaｖａｌ・ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ vｓ as follows :
2nd tree stratum : Ｃｖｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｔeiｓ Ｅtａｕｃａ３(十), Clethﾀﾞa bar･binがz心3, Ｔｏｒｔりａ ｎｕｃt／ｅｒｏ ２(十)，
Ｃｅｐｈａｉｏtａｘｕｓ haｒｒｉｎｇtｏｎｉｏ ２(十), Actinodaphne lancifolia 2, AcerﾀﾌzａﾀzθｖａＴ. ｍａｆｍｍａtｕｍ i.
diｓｓｃｃｌｕｍ ２，Ｚｅｉｋｏｖａ ｓｅｒｒａta 1，Ｐｒｕｎｕｓ ｉａｍａｓａｋｕｆａ １，Ｓａｔiｕｍ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ １， Ｍａａｃｋｉａμｏｒi-
bunda十, Ａｃｅｒ ｐａｌｍａtｕｍ十，Ｍｅｌｉｏｓｍａ ｍｙｒianiha十
Shrub stratum : Ｂｕｘｕｓ ｍｉｃ･ｙｏ油少(ａvar.加加nica 3(1), Abeiia ｓpatｈｕlatａｖａｔ. ｓｕbtｅtｒａｓｅｐａｌａ 2(十)，
£^euizia scabﾀﾞα2，£g田田aphyllum miびophyllu四十(十)，ＮｅｏＵｌｓｅａ ｓｅｒｉｃｅａ十(十)，Ｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕｍ
ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ十(十), Ｋｅｒｔｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ十, Ｅｕｏｎｙｍｕｓ alolｕｓ ｖａｒ. ｒｏtｕれ＾ａtｕｓ十(十)，Ｐａｅｄｅｒia ｓｃａｎｄｅｎｓ
var. mairei十(十)，Ｓｍｉｉａｘ ｃｈｉｎａ十(十)，ＣｏｃｃｍＩｍｓ tｔilobｕｓ十
Herb stratum:Ｃび６ ｃｏｎｉｃａ Ｓ， Ｓｅｌｅｇｉｎｅｌtｄｉａｍａｒiｓｄｎａ １， Opliｓｍｅｎｕｓ ｕｎｄｕlatφｊtｉＭＳ var. .ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ
1, Caﾀﾞex reinii 1， Gonocoダmus minutus十, Ｌｅｐｉｓｏｔｕｓ tｈｕｎｂｅｒｅｉａｍｅｓ十，PIびiｓ ｃｒｅtｉｃａ十> Aster
ａｇｅｒｏtｏｉｄｅｓ ｓｓｖ). ｏｍｔieｘifoiiｕｓ十, Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａ ｉｏｋｏｒｏ十, ＴｒａｃｈｅｌｏｓＰｅｒｔｎｕｍ ｃｓiaficｕｍ＋
F. Mt. Shiraga District
Mt. Shiraga, rising 1469. 6m. above sea-level, is situated near the border-line between
K6chi and Ehime Prefectures, about 30 km. north of Kochi city. Serpentine crops out
in altiludes of about 1000 m. and upwards. The surrounding rocks are crystalline schists.
20. Mt. Shiraga (K6chi Reg. For. Office 1939 ； Yamanaka 1950, 1952, 1954)
This mountain is known for the ｅχcellent forest dominated by Ｃｈａｉｎａｅｃｙ夕ａｒlｓ ob£lisa.
Climatically, this area belongs to the cool･temperate forest region mainly consisting of
theＦａｇｕｓ ｃｒｅｎａtａ climax for‘est. However, the Ｃｈａｍａｅり夕ａ石ｓ obはｓａ forest accom-
panied by Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｐｅｎtａｐｈｙllaｖａＴ. ｈｉｍｅｋｏｍａtｓｕ， Ｔｓｕｅａ ｓieboldii． andＴｓｕｇａ ｄｉｖｅｒｓiか1祐
is found in the serpentine area as an edaphic climax (Plate ｖ).The floristic・ｃｏｍ･
position and structure of this forest are presented in Table 18. The typicai stand of
. ●● ● 1 1 ・this forest is found on the northern side which is rather flat and moist. On the other
20Research Reports of the･K6chi University Vol. 8, Ｎ０.10
hnd
･the south-facing･ steep
｡slope.near
' the summit is characterizedby
thedwarf
vege-
tation on account of its topography and dry microclimate(Plate ｖ)．ｌｎｓｕｃｈ
ａ place,
巾efollowing floristic
composition 沁foｕnd:
Shrub stratum ご' ＣｈａｍａｅりＰａｒiｓ ｏ!}tｕｓａ ４。Ｔｓｕｆｉａ ｄｉｖｅｒｓげｏｌｉａ ２(十), Clethf･α1。z,･binefvis十(1)
Herb stratum :･Ｃａｙ ｅｘ alieｒｎｉｆｉｏｒａ
｡ｖａｒ.
ａｕｒｃｏｂｒｕｎ，ｎｅａ４，ｓpiｒａｅａ
ｓｉｋｏｆｅｕａｌｆＨｎａ３，Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄずｏ？1
’加？ｌｉａｐｈｙllｕｍ ３， Ｉｌｅｘ ｐｅｄｕｎｃｕloｓａ ２。Ｆりiｚi？ｔｕｓ la？ｉｉｉＲｉ？ｔｏｓａvar. seffata 2, Vaccinium smaμIf var.
glabru。z 1, Viola shihokiana 1, Mela。1勿ﾀﾞμ加ね2XU。2 1， j?ubus palmatus十,Euonyﾀ92μs隋αびθ－
, Ｈｅｆｉｉｓ十，Ｒｈｕｓ tｒｉｃｈｏｃａｒｐぶ十，Ｒｈｕｓ ａｍｂｉＲｕａ十, Miｓｃａｎthｕs ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ十
Moreover, exposed rqcky places are characterized by the occurrences of such shrubs
asｓpiｒａｅａ ｓihohｕ以加ｎａ．･Abeliaヽｓｅｒｒａtａ ｖａｔ. bｕchｚｖaldii, ｅtc.An example is as
Ｆ ＩＩ
follows：
ＳＰｉｆａｅａ ｓikokｕａｌｐｉｎａ ３， Abe111a ｓｅｆｉｆａtａ var. buchwalぷi 3， Carex alteダniflora var. Ｑｕｒｅｏｂｒｕｎｎｅｏ３。μgズ加dunculosa
2, }?hbdodの�ダon pentaP.･'hyllum 2,戸θ砲心iliaぷckinsii 1, Rubus戸ぷmaius十，
Ｆﾀﾞaxinus lanuginosa vａｔ. ｓｅｔｆａtａ十,
Melampyﾀﾞum laxutn十，Ｓａｕｓsｕｆｅａ■ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａ ｓｓｐ，ｓifeofeiona十
The forest vegetation of this mountain is similar to that of Mt. Higashi･akaishi,but
the flora is not so characteristic. This･ problem will be discussed later ｏｎパ
III. Serpentine vegetation in Shikoku
In this vegetational study, the quadrat method was adopted, and the belt transect was
also used in case of necessity. Many quadrats varying in size, 10×10m., 5×5m., 2×2m.,
むldいく1 m.， were laid dqwn respectively in forests, scrubs, and grasslands. The
object of these quadrats was t9 obtain data with regard to the floristic composition,
dominance, constancy, and fidelity of the component species of plant communities. The
dominance was essentially interpreted as described by 。Braun-Blanqu吋(1951). The
associatiと）ｎwas determined ・and named from dominant and characteristic species of the
communities. As the total value of every species in one association, the ten class con-
stancy and the coverage value were used｡
・ ・ ゝ A. Plant communities on serpentine in Shikoku
Floristic compositions and physiognomies of plant communities in serpentine areas
are usually different from those of neighbouring non-serpentine areas. But in some places,
the characteristc feature is not observed. As already reported in previous papers of the
writer (1957, 1958, 1959), several distinct associations were recognized in serpentine
areas of Shikoku. Besides, there.･are some stands that cannot be included in any of
these .associations. When enough data are not obtained, names ･are distinguished as
provisional.
1. Pittosporeto-Quercetum phylliraeoidetis, Suzuki et Hatiya (1951)｡（Ｑｔieｒciもｓ
j，岫以行ａｅｏｉｄｅｓ-Pi££ｏｓｐｏｒｕin tobiｒａ,Association)(Table 1）
In Japan, the Ｑtｉｅｒｃｕｓ坦りlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓcommunityis found mainly in the coastal district
within the area of the Shiia siebolぶｊ Alliance, and is also well developed in Shikoku.
Physiognomically, the Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓかhｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓcommunity can be divided into two types.
namely, the Maquis-type and .the Garigue-type, and the floristic compositions of these
two types of the community are more or !ess different from each other. Notwithstanding
nJA･reas/inShikoku、Japan (T. Yamanaka)､２ｊ
such･physiognomical･and<floristic
differences; these two types･of the community should
be essentially ･included in one and the same ａＳ:sociation. ・ ・ ，. ・ ‥
This associataon is regarded as an edaphic climax in the warm-temper ate forest･ region.
The physiognomical characters of this association resemble those of sclerophyllous forests
or scrubs which are found in the Mediterranean Basin and California. This association.
however, is quite different from those forests and scrubs, because the climate of districts
where t叫s association occurs is usually characterized by high precipitation and summer
F ●がrain (Sato 1946 ； Hatusima 1948 ； Suzuki !953, 1954 ； Yamanaka 1958).
In serpentine areas of Shikoku, it is of interest that Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ夕りlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓoften occurs
in inlands｡ Such an example is found in Sakashu and its vicinity, Tokushima Prefecture
(cf. p. 14). However, a typical community on serpent･ine appears only in the coastal
゛９ ０ｆthe Yawatahama district (cf. p. 2), and is often accompanied by Ｐｉｎｕｓ tｈｕｎｂｅｒｇｉｉ
in 'the upper stratum.
ｔ ｌｌｌ ｔ ｌ ｓ ● ● １ ●
２． Abelieto･Pinetum densiflorae, Yamanaka (1959). (Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓifloｒｄ･八helia
serrata Association) (Tables 15 and 16)
Thｅ Ｐｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓifloｒａforest is widely distributed throughout Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu,
' へ １ １ ゛ ● 'and adjacent regions, and phytogeographical and sociological studies were made by ａ
number of authors, such as Hayashi (1952), Yoshioka (1948, 1949, 1958)。Suzuki (1953,
1954), Usui (1953, 1954), Kitagawa (1954), and the writer (1957, 1959). The ･natural
development of this forest is restricted to stands of special edaphic conditions, such as
f d ● ¶ ● ●ridges, rocky outcrops, screes, volcanic ejecta, and alluvial sands (cf. Yoshioka 1949).
０ｎ the other hand, secondary forests dominated by Ｐｉｎｕｓｌｄｅｎｓiμｏｒａoccupy extensive
areas ranging from the warm-tempとrate to the ｃｏｏｌ･temperate forest regions.
Pi7iaｓ ｄｅｎｓiがｏｒａcan grow on various kinds of rocks and soils because of its particular
●characters requiring little mineral nutrient and soil moisture. Accordingly, it occurs
also in serpentine areas where the climatic climax forest is not found.
Serpentine areas･ in 10ｗ altitudes of Shikoku are mostly characterized by open and
stunted stands oi Ｐｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓiがｏｒａaccompanied by ａ large number of deciduous shrubs,
herbs, and grasses. Floristic compositions of such pine forests are remarkably di仔erent
from those of the pine forests on other rocks. Emphasizing this floristic characteristic.
the pine forest on serpentine is treated as a distinct associat･ion, the Ａｂｅｌｅｉｅtｏ-Ｐｉｎｅはｍ
ｄｅｎｓiβｏｒａｅ.
In the･serpentine areas of the K6chi district, this association is well observed. In
the Tokushima district, a typical stand of this association occurs in Sakashu (Table 11).
The pine, forest in the Yusuhara district is also essentially not different from that in the
K6chi district. From t･he above,・ it is concluded that serpentine areas in Shikoku, situated
in the warm-temperate forest region, is represented by this association.
ろ． Rhodoreto-Chamaecyparidetum obtusae, Yamanaka (1957). (Ｃｈａｎ!ａｅりｐａｒ･IS
ohtｕｓａ-Ｈｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ皿ｅttｅｒnichii Association) (Tables 17 and 18)
Ｃ ｈａｉｎａｅ ｃｙｐａｒiｓ obはｓａ .IS distributed in HonshO, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and its natural
forests are well observed in middle Honshu,･■ the Kii Peninsula, and Shikoku.
As to the distribution and ecology of the Ｃｈａｍａｅｃ:ｙpaｒiｓ‘ohtｕｓａ forest, studies were
22 Research of the K6chi Universi Vol. 8, No: 10
Table18; Associationtableof Rhodoreto-Chamaecypandetum
AltitudeCm.)Exposition ご .Steepness
ダ 1200 N40W‘ ● 30
1400
0
1st tree stratum
Chamaecypris obiusa
Ts昭a dit･eysげolia
Pinus l)ｅ?italitollaＶ．･himekoniaisuTsuea sieboはii
2nd tree & shrub strata
j?hododendt･∂が阿gμernichii v.
hotvloeれS6 .、Sasamorpha purpurasceれs
Suonstnus maampHrus ・
Ｆれ v. serrata こ
Parabenzoin iril必ｇ阿
Tritomodon cernuus v. rubens ・Acer micfaボhum ｡ ’ 、I
Clethﾀﾞa baft?1・ervis
Tfochodendﾀﾞ071 afalioides ・ ，
Acer sieboldiartum
Rhododendn削pentaphyllum..Acanthopanas sdadophﾀItoides・ ，
Sorbus comtnixta
Rhtts ambigua
Tripteぴがum regelii l
Rhus trichocarpa
内知y四阿ｇだeolatum ・，Ilex Pedunculosa ，
Rubus Palmatus
Iiex maぴ０μ)dａ 、¨
S other species
Herb stratum
Carex reinti
Humohta muiica
IlexれxSosaV. stenoがlylla
Skim肖ia japonica ｖ．intermedia
･i. reper,!Ｓ
Lﾀcopodium senatumV. thunbが■gii-Strutfiio{)tがisrapomca 、､.
C�ex moi^oiuii"Plaiantkera of^ydioides，
EphippianihMs schmidtii
5 other species
5(十)
{十万}
･5゛
1
y
)
:尚
･:
●゛
/(十)
ご:
jり Ｊ
で
／３'
ご
･,.＋
・ ● ｣
＾li:
j5
・(十)
＋
５
１
(十)
(十)
1(十)
(十)
＋
＋
５
十
゛２
十
１ １
、●
ﾔ)
仰
１
●＋．
● 雨
１．
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● (十)
５
● ２
ｊ
＋
● ● ●
５．
十(十)
５．
ﾚ)
雨
１．
十(十)
(十)
ｊ
5(1)
1(1)
1 (1)
＋
1
1
1
十(1)
十
十(1)
＋
十 １
３
４
＋
１
5
1(2)
2
●
5(1)、
● 2(十)
＋
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● (１)
●
●
●
●
●
●
５
３
２
１
●
●
●
●
●
5
(2)
2
●
5(1)
●1(十)
(十)
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
● (1)
●
●
● (1)
(十)
●
５
３
１
２
● ●
●
●
●
ﾂﾞ）
ﾂﾞ）
ﾄﾞ）
?）
作七
？
詰)
2.
5(1)
j(o
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ?)
● (十)帽
)
●
５ ？
ｊ
● ● ● ●
5ツ
2.
5(1)
1(十)十
゜．
い)
(.1)
汐)
ｊ
made by Kawada (1930)。Nakano (1942), Hayashi (1951), Maeda (1951), Yamanaka
(1957), etc. Kawada ｅ又p!ainedﾚits distribution by precipitation throughout the year.
Maeda pointed ｏｕt･that montlily rainfall in winter indicating about 100 mm. ｏrｎ!ore was
suitable to the occurrence of 由iｓ forest. At the same time, he also stated that the
podosolization of soil was an index to 出iS forest and was promoted not only by climate
but also by topographic conditions and the character of rocks. The writer concluded that
the Ｃｈａｍａｅり1）ａ元ｓｏわぬｓａforest .in Shikoku was found as an edaphic climax within ・the area from the upper part ｏ卜the warm-temper ate forest region to the ｃｏｏｌ･temperate
forest region. In Shikqku, ･ this forest occurs usually on ａ rather small scale on ridges,
rocky outcrops, steep slopes'.,ｅtｃ･,while it occupies extensive serpentine areas in the Fagus
crenata climax region. Suとh C ｈａｍａｅりＰａｒiｓ-typeforests occurring not only on serpen-
tine but also on various kinds of rocks show floristic compositions fairly different from
obtｕｓａｅon Mt. S!liraga1･
1450
‘ N60E ， 30
1450－
0Coveragevalue Constancy
詰)
３
ｉ
ﾔ)
1(十)
ｹ)
１
?、 じ)
1(4)
j
詣
3ツ
サ)
＋(十)
１．
＋．
(?)
＋．
ｊ
本
１ 臨
●
ﾔ）
才
六
＋．
●十 ● ●
●ﾂ）
● ● ● ● ●
１
３
⊃
● ● ● ●
１
２(１)
３
●
４(十)
●＋
●
● １
●
●
●
● (十)
●
● (３)
●
●
●
●
●
●
＋
３
２
＋
１
●
●
●
●
(十)
1(D
3
5(十．)
１ ｀
１
１
十
(3)
十
３
２
２
争
２
● 5ツ
●
‰）
７
●
● ソ）
● ｿ）
●
●句）
● ● ● ● ●
１
５
ふ
● ● ● ●
T)
九
十(十)ン
1:
十(D六)
ヤ
1
3(十)
１．
阿)
づお
１．
●
十
(十)
●
●
●よ)
●
●
●
●
●
●
１
２
●
●
●
●
●
●
1(D
5(十)
２
●
５(Ｄ
●
● (干)
●
● (十)
1(十)
●
●
●
●
●十(１)
●
●
●
●
●
●
５
３
２
●
●
十
●
●
●
疹
2.
句）
他
じ）
ヤ）
言）
１
4587. 5( 78.5) 2480 ( 652 ） 1513 ( 1.5) 25. 5( 51.5)
6087. 5( 228 ）゛ 1750 C 113 ） 440（ 3.5)
153.5C 4 ） ご 100.5（ 1 ） 100 88（ 2.5), 75（ 1.5) 51（ 0.5） 50. 5( l.S) 26. 5( 27 ？ 26 25（ 1 ） 3 (1338 ） 1.5( 1‘）・ 1.5( 0.5) 1（･● 1 ） 0.5（100） 0.5( 2 ）ヽ 0.5( 1 ）
6064 2563 2412. 5 ・
653 251.5 27.5、 25
0.5 0.5
虻
環 Ⅶ Ⅲ
K M一環
Ⅸ‘
Ⅲ Ｉ・ Ⅳ･｀ Ⅳ･
Ⅲ
Ｉ・ Ⅳ・ Ｉ Ｉ
’ＩＸ �･ Ｉ Ｉ ．Ｉ ’
・ｌ・ Ｉ
士ぺ
χ
Ⅶ ’ Ⅳ
狙 ！ Ｉ Ｉ
one another. However, they can be grouped together into one association, the Ｒｉｉｏｄｏｒｅ£ｏ-
Ｃｈａｎｉａｅｃｙｐａｒｉｄｅはｍｏわはｓａｅ.The forests on Mt. Shiraga and on Ｍt; Higashi-akaishi
a･re typica! stands of this association.
4. Thujopsidetum, dolabiatae, nom. prov. （Thｕi砂ｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｈｒａは Association,
provisional name) (Table 10）
Thｕｉｏｐｓiｓｄｏｌａｂｒａはismostly found 皿middle Honshu and occurs occasionally in
Shikoku and Kyflshu (cf. Hayashi 1952). In Shikoku, the forest dominated by this tree
appears in Tokushima Prefecture. Though the occurrence of this forest is not restricted
to serpentine, typical stands are found in serpentine areas (Yoshinaga 1935, 1936 ；
Miyazaki 1950 ； Yamanaka 1952, 1959).
As already stated. this forest occupies extensive areas in Sakashu. Thiりｏｐｓiｓｄｏｌａｂｒａtａ
24 ■Researcfi of tHe K6chi University' Vol. 8,･ＮＯﾝ110
i.
・ Table 19. Association table ’of･IS誠心g,咄細叙umei in Tokushima district . i ≒ 1 ● ●』 ＝
っ迄昌に｡）＼‥.臨皆言
14 'I
，卵O、 S20W
30
I '14680S35E
35
14930S05E
25
14940S55W
40
13
850－
0
Coverage
value
S、§
l
ロ６
Shrub stratum
S折はea falumei
Sasamorpha purpurascens
Pertya glabresce7ts，
Pirats densi/ioraAbelia s６がata
Sorbus gracilis
Cleihra barbinervis
S･milax china
Viburmtmぴosu*n
Rhus trichocafta .･
Quefcus sen at aRhododendron kaempfefi
● ・ ● ●Pierts japonicaHydYanma j)ａ竹1cM↓ata
Acer夕almatum .
Rosa OKoei
戸aﾀﾞabenzoin trilobum
CりAtomびto japonicaμgぶぴenata
j?hododetuiro夕l weyrichii
DRuizia crenataHydYangea macrobhylia
ssp. sRirataAlnus. hirsuta v. sibirica
Tsuga sieboldii
召erberis thunbergii
Stephanandfa incisa
９ other species
Herb stratum
Miscanlhus sinenstsSaussurea mppomca ssp･
SoshtnagaeCoerx sikokiana
Carex cornea
Viola ovato-oblonga
Tripietospermum joijonicum
10 other species
5(1)
2(1) .
● ●
● ・
1（十）
、 ●
１
１
ｌ
＋
● Ｉ’
＋
肖 ●
、＋
＋ ｊ･
● ，
’２
２‘
１’
＋
●Ｉ
7
5(1)
●
.' ●
(十)
●
●
●
●
ｒ ●
＋
＋
＋
､･ ●
●
●
(十)
(十)
十
＋
．●
●
．●
●
●
●
●
‘１
＋
･･１
●
● ●
゛●
5(1)
3
1十十(十)
１
１
十(十)＋
＋十
２
１ ２
十 ＋
5(1)貼)
●
●２１ブ
１．
●
● ● ●
'ﾄﾔ)
●4ﾔ)
●
●
●j:(申)
●
２
１
●
● ＋
5(D
3(十)
lCl)
(十)2(1)
十(十) (十)
＋
(十)
(1)
十(十)
(十)
十(十)
十(1) (十う
(十ﾀ
十(十)
２
３
２
＋
8750(500)
1200（104）
850（200）
750 ( 4）
350（100）
350
202 C 2）
104( 6)
104 ( 4）
102( 2）
102
102
100（100）
100
100
6（ 6）
4（ 4）
4（ 2）
｀4（ 2）
4（ 2）
4
2（100）
｀ 2（ 2）
2C 2)
2( 2)
2（2）
1500
1302
1300
350
6
4
Ｖ’ＩＩ
ⅢＩｌ
ｌⅣ
狙ⅢＩＩ
ＩＩＩⅣ
Ⅲ
ⅢＩＩＩ
ＩＩｌ
ｌＩ
Ｖ
Ｖ
ⅣＩ
ⅢＩ
* cf. Fig. 1. ’・’
dominates in the tree stratum ･and is often accompanied by such coniferous trees as
Ｃｒｙｐ£ｏtｎｅｒｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ． Ｃｈａｍａを'りＰａｒiｓ obtｕｓａ， Ｓｃｉａｄｏｐｉりｓ 。ｅｒticillatａ， Ｐｉｎｕｓ
ｐｅtitｅゆhｙllavar. ｈｉｍｅｌこＯｍａ£ＳＭ， ａｎ･d Tｓｕｆｆａ ｓieboldii.Sometimes prostrate branches of
"Thｕｊ ｏｐｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｂｒａtａ completely cover the ground.
The Ｔｈｕｊｏｐｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｂｒａtａ forest occurs mainly in the cool-temperate forest region in
middle Honshu, whereas it appears in the warm-temper ate forest region in this district。
d l ｡・ゝ゜This fact is of great･ interest from phytogeographical and ecological viewpoints. The
comprehensive nature of this forest is not yet established from the study in this district
alone, a provisional namｅ， iche Thｕｊｏｐｓｉｄｅはｍ ｄｏｌａｈｒａtａｅ， ＼S presented here.
5. Associations of Spiraea (Yamanaka 1958) (Tables 14, 19, and 20）
Thｅ Ｓｐｉｒａｅｅtｕm blｗｉｎｅｉ, Yamanaka (ｓpiｒａｅａ hlｕｎｉｅｉ Association), which occurs in
serpentine areas of Tokushima Prefecture, is characterized by the dominance ｏｉ Ｓｐｉｒａｅａ
ｂｌｕｍｅｉ in the shrub stratum. In this district， Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａｎｉｐ夕ｏｎｉｃａ ssp･ :ｙｏｓhi？ｔａｅａｅ＼ｓ
Table 20. Association table of ＳＰｉｔａ-ｃｅtｕｍ,ｓikokｕaltｉｉｎａｅｏｎ･ Mt. Higashi-akaishi･
１ ● ち ● ●g Altitude (mう
Exposition‘
Steepness
1540
S25W
5
1545
S25W
25
155S
S30W
5
F i●- 4●. 1555
S30W
5
・ J 1560
S20W
20
1565
S20W
15
1635
Slow
5
1635
Slow
15
1665
S20W
10
1670
S30W
15
Ｊ゛今
｀ｌ
ー4･JI
Q
Shrub stratum
S1>iraea sikokualpina
Abeμどz serrata v. buchvualdii
Ｂびberts amurensis v. 1,ﾀﾞevifolia
Rhododetuiron lagopus
Rosa niPiJonewsis
j?hododendron decandrμ四
Pafabenzoin trilobttm ゛Pinus Peniaphyllav.
himekomaisu
cutみ?･a barbinervis
Rubus Palmatus －
Rhododendron tschonoskii
Aceﾀﾞsi必必jiαがz4四
Rhododendron細丿itatihyllu竹1
Herb stratum
Care% blepharicarpa
Ｃαﾀﾞ６spp.普
Miscanthus olygoslacり≪sScabtosa japonica ^'. atpina
Thalictrum minus
Mtsca?at hits sine竹sisFesluca ovina
Parnassia foliosav.
琲4mボulaﾀﾞia
Angelica ubatakensisLeoniopodium japonicum
ｖ、s1)athulaはずy1
Aster agぴatoides ssp.
a恨Wexi/oUus
Satissureo rdpponica ssp.
sikokiaがα
y1面河ophora triμポla V. iniellaris
Viola biflora
Aruﾀ1CUSぶ∂iCμS V. 16,面面沁4S
Gsniiana scahraV. buergeri
Hypericum sihokumontarm竹l£μ
j4Sμtbe thunbergii v.
sikokumoniana
BrachnPodium sy1むattcum
Ｖ. mtserum
Melica itatafKChionographis iaponica
Viola gりPoceras Ｖ. exilis
Reynoutria japonica
Aletris foliata
Potentiμa dickinsii
Hoslo ｓp･
Primula farinosa ssp.
modestaド6Γαlyμm maacゐii
５
２
十
十
３ ２ １
十 １ １ ＋
１
＋
１
１
十 １
＋
＋
１
・十
４
＋
＋
＋
●
２ ２ １
３ １
十十
１ ２
１
１
１ １
１
十
十
●
●
●、
●
●
３
２
●
● １
１
●
●＋
●
●
●
●
２
１
２
＋ １
●
●
１
＋
●
十
十
十
●
●
１
●＋
＋
●＋
十
十
十
●
●
●
● ●
５
１
十
十Ｉ ＋
？ 十
２
４
２
１
１
十
十一
１
十
１
十
十
十
十
十
十
５
十
十
十
２ ２
十
十．
十
１
＋＋
十
十十
.●、
５
２
●
●
●
●＋
●
●
●十
●
●
２
２
１＋
１
十 １
●
●
●
＋
＋
＋
●
●
十
十
●
＋
●
●＋
●
●
●＋
●
● ●
５
１
１
＋
．＋
３
１
３
１
Ｐ
＋
１
１
＋
＋
＋
＋
十 十
十
十
十
４
１
１
１
●
●
●
●＋
＋
●
●
●
３
十 ２
● １
●
●
●＋
●
＋
●
●●
●
●十
●
＋
●＋
●十
十
●
●
●
●
●
４･
１
１１
●’
３２１
１２
十十
１
＋
十
十
十 １
＋
＋
＋
十
十
５
２
１
十
．●･ ・
＋
５
１
１
＋
十
十
十
十
十
十
十・
＋
7500
902
203
102
, 52
51
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3250
1601
1151
378
350
252
228
202
179
150
108
105
105
102
102
57
55
54
7
5
5
5
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
χ
χ
Ⅶ
Ⅳ
Ⅲ
」『
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
χ
Ⅸ
χ
Ｗ’
可
Ⅶ
Ｖ
Ｍ
Ｖ
Ⅲ
χ
Ⅶ
Ⅶ
’Ⅳ
Ⅳ
可
Ｍ
Ｖ
Ⅶ
Ｖ
Ｖ
Ｖ
Ⅳ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
Ｉ
* Carex spp. include Ｃ. ｃｈｒｙｓol･ｓ加ｓand Ｃ． altがniflora ｖ．aureobrunnea.
abundant i‘ｎthe herb stratum. This association is also found on Mt. Akahoshi in Ehime
Prefecture, where the herb stratum is mainly characterized by such sedges as Careぶ
ｉ
ｄｕｖａｌｉａｎａ，Ｃ. altｅｒｎｉｆｌ�ａ var. ａｕｒｅｏｂｒｕｎｎｅａ ̂Ｃ. ｓikokiana^ ａnd Ｃ. ciliatｏｍａｒｇｉｎａtａ･･
26 Research Ｒ of the K6chi Universi Vol. 8, No. 10
Ｔｈｅ Ｓｐｉｒａｅｅはｍ ｓikokｕａｌｐｉｎａｅ，Yamanaka (ｓpiｒａｅａ ｓikokｕ心加na Association) is ａ
characteristic community which occupies exposed serpentine areas of Mts. Higashi- and
Nishi-akaishi. The physiognomical features of this community resemble those of the
Ｓｐｉｒａｅｅはm blｕｍｅｉ．but it can be regarded as an independent association containing ａ
large number of characteristic species｡
These associations are usually found in dry and sunny serpentine areas where edaphic,
topographic, and microclimatic conditions are not suitable to the establishment of the
forest.
6. Other plant communities on serpentine in Shikoku ，
Besides the above-mentioned associations, there are grassy places in serpentine areas
mainly dominated by gramineous plants, such ａｓ Ａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｒｉａｐｙｇｉｎａｅａ，Miｓｃａｎｔkｕｓ
ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ，Ａｒｕｎぷｎｅｌｌａ hiｒtａ．etc..These result mostly from biotic factors, especially
from human agencies.
Grasslands dominated by Ａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｒia ｐｙｇｍａｅａexistin low altitudes where pine forests
are cut down. Stable places in rather high altitudes are often dominated by Ｓａｓａｉｎｏゆha
purpurascens. wherever they occur, ざ心・type or Sasa･Ｃα７？ヱーtype communities are most
common in serpentine ａｒｅａｓ，Miｓｃａ？itｈｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓis found throughout the grassy places
in serpentine areas of Shikoku, but the well-developed Miｓ ｃａｎｔｈｕｓ -typecommunity is not
common. An example can be seen on Mt. Higashi-akaishi (Table 13).
The vegetation on screes and bluffs in serpentine areas is sparse, and the characteristic
community is usually not found there, though some chasmophytes occur in such places.
B. Floristic characteristics ０１ serpentine vegetation
The serpentine area supports a vegetation in distinctly physiognomical contrast with
that of surrounding non-serpentine areas and has a unique floristic composition. The ser-
pentine flora is so unusual that it is of great interest from both taxonomical and phyto-
geographical viewpoints. Problems on the serpentine flora have been discussed by ａlarge
ｎｕｎ!ber of botanists from various viewpoints. In Japan･, particular attention has been
paid to the relics, endemics, and disjunctive elements in the serpentine flora by Tatewaki
(1935, 1938), Kitamura (1950, 1952, 1957), Toyokuni (1955-58), and the writer (1950－
59). In this paper> the floristic composition of serpentine vegetation in Shikoku will be
discussed in relation to phytosociological and ecological problems.
1. General characters of floristic compositions of serpentine vegetation
The floristic composition of serpentine vegetation is of course different from one
another, but general characteristics are found throughout the world. According to Rune
(1953), the serpentine flora of North Sweden : (1) is relatively poor in individuals as
well as in species, (2) contains ’several species which are represented by particular
races (ecotypes), (3) includes many plants occurring very disjunctively, (4) contains
basicolous as well as acidicolous plants, (5) has ａ relatively xeromorphic character,
and (6) is often dominated by certain families or genera. In Shikoku also, all the
characteristics described by Rune, except (1), are observed.
A Phytosociological Study of Serpentine Areas‘･in Shikoku, TeぷａｎぐT.Yamapヽjaka) 27
● d ● ●－ ■● I● ■ I Rune reported that only about 140 spec∃ies of vascular plants were found within the serpen-
tine areas of North Sweden. However, Whittakerイ1954) stated that the major serpentine
areas from the Siskiyou Mountains south into California were floristically rich. Coombe
and Frost (1956) also mentioned that on the Lizard in England plant cover Was usually
nearly closed and the number of species per unit area was certainly greater than
that on the granite soils. In Japan, usually characterized by the warm and humid climate,
serpentine areas have rather rich floras. Therefore, it is very difficult to enumerate all
the plants occurring on serpentine, including serpentine-accidental plants. In Shikoku also.
the flora of serpentine areas is not poor in either species or in individuals. For exan!pie,
/about 420 species of vascular plants occur on serpentine of Mt. Higashi-akaishi alone.
In the serpentine areas of Shikoku, families comprising comparatively many species
or dominants ａｒｅ Ｐｉｎａｃｅａｅ， Ｃｕかｒｅｓｓａｃｅａｅ， Ｆａｅａｃｅａｅ, Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌａｃｅａｅ， ａ'ｅｒbeｒｉｄａｃｅａｅ．
ＳａｓiがＴａｅａｃｅａｅ， Ｈａｎｉａｎｉｅｌｉｄａｃｅａｅ， Ｒｏｓａｃｅａｅ, Ｌｅｅｍｉｎｏｓａｅ， Ａｑｕｉｆｏｌｉａｃｅｄｉｉ Ｅｒｉｃａｃｅａｅ,
Ｃａｐｒｉｆｏｌｉａｃｅａｅ， Ｃａｍｐａｎｕｌａｃｅａｅ， Ｃｏｍｐｏｓi£ａｅ， Ｇｒａｉｎｉｎｅａｅ， Ｃ:ｙｐｅｒａｃｅａｅ． ｈｉｌｉａｃｅａｅ． etc.
Genera which contain characteristic or dominant species ａｒｅ Ｔｓｕｇａ， Ｐｉｎｕｓ･ Thｕja･
Ｔｈｉｔｊｏｆｃｓiｓ， Ｑｕｅｒ‘ＣＭＳ， Thalicｔｒｕ･ｍ， Ｂｅｒbeｒiｓ， Ｅｐｉｍｅｄｉｕｍ， Ｃｏりｌｏｐｓiｓ， Ｓｉｅｐｈａｎａｎｄｒａ，
ｓpiｒａｅａ， Ｒｏｓａ， Ｐｏｕｒ£ｈｉａｅａ， Ｌｅｓｐｅｄｅｚａ， Ｂｕエｕｓ． Ｈｅエ, Ｅｕｏフリｍｕｓ, Ｈ:ｙｐｅｒicｕｍ， Ｙｉｏｌａ，
£)iがｏｍｏｒｐｈａ， Ａｎｇｅｌｉｃａ。Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ， Ｅｎｆｅｉａｎ£fiｕｓ， Ｆｒａエinｕｓ， Ｓｉｕｅｒtia， Vibｕｒｎｕｍ，
Ｌｏｎｉｃｅｒａ， Abelia， Ｓｃａｂｉｏｓａ， Ａｄｅｎｏｐｈｏｒａ， 1）″り“・Ｈｅ£ｅｒｏｐａかｐｕｓ． Ｇｙｍｎａｓtｅｒ， Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａ，
Ａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｒia， Ｓａｓａ， Ｓａｓａｍｏｒｐｈａ， Ｍｅｌｉｃａ， Ａｔ･ｕｎｄｉｎｅｌｌａ， Ｍ.iｓｃａｎthｕｓ， Ｃａｒｅｘ， Ｃｈｉｏｎｏ-
ｇｒaphiｓ， Ｙｅｒａtｒｕｍ， hiliｕｍ， Ｓｍｉはエ， Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅ叫ｅtc. It is a general tendency throughout
Japan that the serpentine aeas are characterized or dominated by above-mentioned families
ゝor genera. Among then!， especially, plants belonging to Ｅｒｉｃａｃｅａｅ, Ｒｏｓａｃｅａｅ, Ｇｒａｎｉｉｎｅａｅ＞
and Carex are abundant in almost all the serpentine areas. Caryophyllaceous plants
which occur characteristically in serpentine areas in Europe and North America are not
found in Shikoku as characteristic or dominant species.
The serpentine flora of Shikoku contains ａ large number of serpentinicolouS relics,
serpentinophytes, and disjunctive elements. It has been recorded from various parts of
the world that the serpentine vegetation has ａ xeromorphic flora. These examples will
be described and discussed further on.
2. Characteristics o1 floristic compositions of Serpentine vegetation in
Shikoku Λ χ ・ . Ft
As mentioned before, the Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓやりlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓscrub on serpentine is found only in
the Yawatahama district. At Korodokihana, twenty･two species were listed for five
quadrats and compared with the floristic composition ｏｉ Ｑｕｅｉ'ｃｕｓ phｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ ｓcrubs
in ｎｏｎ･serpentine areas of Shikoku (Table 21).
From this fact, it may be ｃｏｎｃ!uded that this scrub on serpentine should be included
in the Pi£tｏｓｐｏｒｅtｏ-Ｑｕｅｒｃｅはｍ phｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅtiｓ， andits floristic composition is essentially
not different from that of stands on other rocks.
The Ａｂｅｌｉｅtｏ･Ｐｉｎｅtｕｍｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａｅshows ａ very characteristic floristic composition.
The lower strata of this forest are predominated by heliophilous ａｎｄ･xerophilous shrubs
28
Table 21. Quercus phylliraeoides scrub in non-serpentine areas of Shikoku
（14stands in K6chi, Ehime, and Kagawa Pref.)
Shrub stratum
Quefcus iitolliraeoidesPiitosPorum tobitaEurva etnargi?lata
Ligustrum j(ゆonteutnPinus thunbefgiiEuna i副!)onica
Paederia scandfiMS v. maireiSmilax chinaFraxinus sieholdiana
16 other species
8135. 6 538.4 125 74.9 72.8 72.1 39.2 4.9 0.7
Ｘ
竃Ｉ
Ｖｌｌｖ
ⅣＩ
Herb stratum
Far/ugium japonicum
MiscanμiUS sinensis2)iびanopterisdichotoma
C/Zぴsanihemum ornatum v. ashtzunense
12 other species
269.2146.3125.7
1.4
Ｉ
ⅦＩ
Ｉ
and herbs as shown in Tables 15 and 16, beeａｕｓｅＰ･inｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａon serpentine usually
forms open canopies. The composition of this association varies from place to place･ but
plants having xeromorphic characters are prevalent. Many constituents of this forest occur,
indeed, also on various kinds of rocks. Therefore, such ａ floristic composition on serpentine
may be comparable to that of special rocks and areas, such as limestone outcrops, granite
barrens, rocky river-banks, or coasts.
Ｐｉｎｕｓ dejjｓｉｆｌｏｒａ Iorestswhich are found in the Seto Inland Sea district of Shikoku are
well known as inferior forests. Comparing the floristic composition of such forests with
that of this association (Table 22), it may be stated that pine forests on serpentine are
Table 22. Pinus densifloなforest in non-serpentine areas of the Seto Inland Sea District
（20 stands in Ehime and Kagawa Pref.)
Tree stratum
Pinus densiflora
Pinus thuﾀibereii
Shrub stratum
Arundiれaria pygmaeaRhododendron ｌλjeyrichiiVaccinium oldhamiEurNa i副i)onica
Juntf'ei'usrtgida£yonia ellipticaRhododendron kaempferij?加ゐ心�yo serpy附加liuﾀ71Abelia setraiaﾚ々Zぼiniumsmallii V. glabrumLesf>e<iezaso.Quercus senataﾚ1Ilex PedunculosaAlnMs pendulaSymplocos prunifolia
64131937.5
17751564
878.5 828 635.5 614 558 550 290 288 229 142.5 115 114 114 113.5
ＸＶ
Ⅳ
可ＸＸ
1Ｍ
ⅨＩＶ
ⅢＭ
ⅦⅣｌ
ⅢＩ
Shrub stratum
Sポilax china
Viburnurnぴosum ・ ・ ● ・Pierts japonica
Rosa lλaichuraiana
Pertya scandens
Rfitts tricfiocorSaAmela?ochier asiatica
Wisteriαfloribunda
30 other species
Herb stratum
Diぴanopteris dichoto竹ta
Diplopteりgium glauc･um
MiscanihMS sine?usis
Cymbidium virescens
Solidago vifgaurea ssp･ astaticα
？1ぞﾀﾞiぷum aQuilinum v.
latiusculum
Platanthera mandati tioyurn27 other species
109
90 77.5
53.5
52.5
28.5
3
2.5
3700. 5
853.5
542
28.5 28
6.5
3.5
Ｘ
ｌⅣ
ＶⅣⅣ
ｌ�
Ⅶ
Ⅲ'
￥ⅣⅣ
Ⅶ
】ｙ
remarkab】y different from those on other rocks, though there are many common plants
occurring abundantly or constantly. In short, pine forests on serpentine are characterized
by the poorness of floristic elements ofclimatic climaxes, the occurrence of narrowly
endemic and disjunctive elements, and morphological changes of ａ number of component
plants｡
The poorness of floristicｅ]ements of c】imaticclimaxes suggests that this association is
A Phytosociological Study of Serpentine Areas ･inShikoku, J (T.Yamanaka) 29･
not ａ serai stage. This problem will be discussed･further on. ・－
Endemic and disjunctive elements combined with this association contain distinct charac-
teristic plants, and soine examples are listed below.
Ｃｏりｌｏｐｓiｓやｉｃａは(Plate VI) occurs on serpentine in the K6chi district and is abun-
dantly found at Engydji, Nishikiyama, and the Osaka Pass. In Japan， Ｃｏｒｙｌｏｐｓiｓcomprises
several species distributed very disjunctively. ０ｎ serpentine, Ｃｏｒｙｌｏｐｓiｓｇｏtｏａｎａ(PlateⅥ）
occurs in Jinry6, Tokushima Prefecture, and Ｃｏりｌｏｐｓiｓｐａｕｃｉｆｌｏｒａ"＼ｓabundant on Mt.
Ooe, western Ｈｏｎ出合. From the above-mentioned fact， Ｃｏｒ-μｏｐｓiｓ ｓｐｉｃａはＩＳconsidered
as ａ relic occurring only on serpentine. The cultivation in other soils is very easy, but
it does not grow in general from seeds.
Ｅｊｉｋｉａｎtｈｕｓ ｐｅΓ�ａ以八sａ serpentinicolous relic known only from Nishikiyama. Though
this species is rarely found in the above serpentine area, ｖａｘ.ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｉもｓ ＼ｓ abundantly
found there and occurs also in several serpentine aeras in Shikoku. This variety is also
recorded from Honshu, occurring mostly on serpentine. It is easy to cultivate in other
soils.
Ｈｙｐｅｒicｕｍ.Z。saense is frequently found at Engydji, the Osaka Pass, and Aburaishi,
and may be ａ serpentinicolous relic. This plant is easily cultivated in other soils.
Ｍｅtｅｒｃゆａｐｐｕｓhiやidｕｓ ｓsｐ≒ 1ゆ£ｏｃｌａｄｕｓ(PlateVI) is frequently or abundantly found on
serpentine in the Kochi district and occurs very rarely in adjacent non-serpentine areas.
This subspecies is ａ narrow-leaved and glabrous serpentine race.
Ｓａｕｓｓｕｒｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａｓSp･ ｙｏｓｈｉｎａｇａｅ(Plate VI) is frequently or abundantly found on
serpentine in the K6chi and Tokushima districts. ＆z心surea nipponica is ａ relic
including several local subspecies. Subsp・ :ｙｏｓｈｉｎａｇａｅhas rather narrow leaves. The
cultivation in other soils is not easy.
hiliｕｍ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｎｉvar. abeanu。z is frequent in Jinry6 and Sakashu, Tokushima Prefec-
ture. This is an angustifoliate variety di仔erentiated within serpentine areas.
Ｃｌｅｍａ£iｓｐａtｅｎｓ(PlateⅦ）is frequently found on serpentine in the K6chi district. It .is
distributed in Honshfl, Kyushu, and China. In Honshu, this is found on serpentine but
not restricted to it. In Shikoku, there are no specimen collected from non-serpentine
areas.
Ａｎｇｅｌｉｃａｃａｒtｉｌａｇｉｎｏｍａｒがｎａtａ iｓiｘｅquently found on serpentine in the Kochi district,
but the occurrence is not always restricted to serpentine.
タaussurea ∫caposa is occasionally found in Kyushu and Shikoku. The occurrence in
Shikoku is restricted to serpentin in Shimagawa, K6chi Prefecture (cf. p. 5).
Ｇｙｍｎａｓtｅｒ ｐｙｇ･ｎｉａｅｔもＳχS iｒｅquently found in serpentine areas of the K6chi and Yusuhara
districts. Outside serpentine, the occurrence is very rare. In Honshu, this is abundantly
found in some serpentine areas. ゛
Ｃａｒｅｘ miｒａ ＼sａ rare sedge which was known from several localities in western Honshu
and Korea. In Shikoku, the serpentine area of Aburaishi, K6chi Prefectureバs the only
locality of this species.
Ｈｅｍｅｒocalliｓ tｈｕｎｂｅｒeiiis frequent or abundant in the serpentine areas of the Osaka
１Pass, Ok6yama･ and Aburaishi, occurring also in adjacent non-serpentine areas. However,
the occurrence of this species is more closely connected with serpentine, and it is notice-
ろ0
Research ts of the K6chi Universi Vol. 8, No. 10.
able that this is found disjunctively in such low altitudes. The occurrences oi Ｓｃａｈｉｏｓａ
ｉｄｐｏｎｉｃａ and Ｖａｒａtｒｕｍ ｍａａｃｋｉｉvar. ｒｅｙｔｎｏｊｉｄｉａｎｕ?71, which are usually found in rather
high altitudes, are other examples in the same case.
Besides, several plants which are usually found on the coast appear in serpentine
inlands. A typical example of them is Qｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｐｈｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ．which occurs in the
serpentine area of Sakashu. The same case is observed on serpentine hillocks in the
K6chi district, whereＳｅtａｆｉａ蛍石diｓｖａＴ･ｐａｃｈｙｓはchｙｓ l. ｎａｊｉａ， Iｓｃｈａｅｉｎｕｍｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｓ，
Iｓｃｈａｅｍｕｍ ａｎtｈｅｏｈｏｒｏｉｄｅｓｖａｒ. ｅｒioｓtｓchｙｕｍ，Ａｓｐａｒａｇｕｓ ｃｏｃｈｉｎｃｈｉｎｅｊｉｓiｓ，ｅt.c.occur.
Morphological changes of plants on serpentine is known as "serpentinomorphoses. "
The term "serpentinomorphoses" is sometimes used as a synonym of serpentinophytes
(cf. Rune 1953)よ
According to Pichi-Sermolli (1948), who studied the serpentinomorphoses of vascular
plants, they contain the following changes : 1. stenophyllism, 2. glabrescence, 3.
plagiotropism, 4. nanism, 5. a great development of root-system, and 6. glaucescence.
Besides, Rune (1953) noticed the tendency to become purplish in colour, and Kitamura
(1956) added lucency and crassism.
According to the writer's observation in Shikoku, serpentinophytes are characterized
by stenophyllism, nanism, a development of root-system, and glabrescence. Moreover･ the
tendency to become purplish in colour is also found. ０ｎ the contrary, glaucescence and
plagiotropism are not observed in Shikoku.
Though they are not distinguished as definite taxa, tendencies of these morphological
changes occur in ａ large number of ｐ!ants in the serpentine area. Some noticeable exam-
pies are described below.
Stenophyllism is characteristic of Ａｂｅｌｉａ ｓｅｒｒａ£ａ ＼ｎthe Abelietｏ･Ｐｉｎｅtｕｍ ｄｅｎｓザloｒａｅ．
and this plant 1S sometimes referable to ｖａｒ. ０ｂＳ外法�ａは. The writer transplanted it
in other normal soils several years ago, but the small･leaved character is persisting･
Similar cases are also observed in other shrubs and herbs. NaniBm is mostly observed
combined with stenophy!lism. However, this change as well as the greatly developed
root-system is, as already stated by other authors, considered as an adaptive character.
The tendency to become purplish in colour appears in ａ number of plants. Especially,
it is characteristic of such plants as 7）εΓりa glabrescens, Ｓ tｅｐｈａｎａ７ｉｄｒａｉｎｃｉｓａ，Ｒｏｓａ
ｏｎｏｅｉ，Ｈｙｄｒａｎｇｅａ ｍａｃｒ砂岫lla ｓｓｐ. serrata, Viola spp., etc. occurring in theＡｈｅｌｉｅtｏ-
Ｐ緬ｅはｍ ｄｅｎｓザloｒａｅ. According to the cultivation experiment of Stゆｈａｎａｎｄｒａ･inciｓａ-,
this tendency persists in other soils.
Thus, serpentinomorphoses may have adaptive and non-adaptive changes. Some serpen-
tinomorphoses which seem to be adaptive characters may be xeromorphoses, since similar
morphological changes appear in other special places, such as limestone outcrops, rocky
river-banks, coasts, etc. This fact is confirmed by the writer's observation in Shikoku
(cf. Yatnanaka & Takezaki 1959), but it has been already recognized and discussed by
other authors (cf. Rune 1953).
The Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ･Ｃｈ。ｎａｅｃｙｐａパぬほｍ ｏｂtiiｓａｅ χｓ distinguished from the Ｃ ｈａｍａｅｃｙｐａｒi ｓ
Obはｓａ forest in middle Honshil by、such floristic elements asＲｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｉｎｅ.ttｐ.ｒniｒ.hii
(ｅt var. ｈｏｎｄｏｅｎｓｅ)・ｎｅエｒｕＢｏａvar.ｓtｅｎｏｐｈ:ｖlla、 ｌｉｅエｓ‘ｕｚｅｒoki ssp. ｌｏｎｅｉｐｅｄｕ、ｉｃｕlatａ、
Vibｕｒｎｕ-)ｎ ｕｒｃｅｏｌａtｕｍ． Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｋｅｉｓkei. etc. In the serpentine areas of Shikoku,
as already stated, the forest dominated by Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙ夕ａｒiｓ obtｕｓａ Vｓ iound on Mt. Shiraga
and Mt. Higashi･akaishi.
The forest on Mt. Shiraga is an excellent stand in Shikoku.Ｃｈａｍａｅりｐａｒiｓ obはｓα;
Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｐｅｎtａｐｈｙlはvar.ｈｉｍｅｋｏｍａtｓｕ..Ｔｓｕｇａ ｄｉｖｅｒｓifolia． andＴｓｕｇａ ｓieboldii predomi-
nate in the tree stratum, attaining ２０ｍ. in height with closed canopies. The shrub stratum
is generally dominated by Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｍｅttｅｒnichiiｖａｒ. ｈｏｎｄｏｅｎｓｅ.whileSaｓａｎｉｏｒｐｈａ
夕ａ.やurasce刀5 is prominent in some places overlaid by rather deep soils. The herb stratum
is mainly constituted by Ｃａｒｅｘ ｒeinii-, Ｒｕｍｏｈｒａ ｍｔＵｉｃａ, ａnd such prostrate shrubs as
Ｈにｒ叫ｖａｔ. intｅｒｍｅｄｉａ ｌ。ｒｅｐｅｎｓ. The
ground beneath the forest is well covered with such mosses as Ｈｙｌｏｃｏｎｉｉｕｍ ｓｐｌｅｎｄｅｎｓ．
Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｚiｕｍ ｓｃｈｒｅｈｅｒi. Ｂａｚｚａｎｉａ ｓｐｐ･, etc.
The forest on Mt. Higashi-akaishi is rather stunted. In the tree stratum， Thｕj ａ
ｓtａｎｄｉｓhii.which is not found･ on Mt. Shiraga, is abundant. The shrub stratum is
constituted by ］i.ｈｏｄｏｄｅ７ｉｄｒｏｎ ｍｅ£tｅｒniとhii． Ｈｅｒ ｓｕｇｅｒok･i ssp. ｌｏｎｇｉｐｅｄｕｎｃ�ａtａ．
Ｃｌｅ£hｒａ ｂａｒbineｒ。iｓ， Ｐａｒａｂｅｎｚｏｉｎ ｔｒilobｕｍ， Ｋｈｏｄｏｄｅ･ｎｄｒｏｎ 加７１£呻JりＨｕｍ，etc. Care:,『
Ｍゆhaｒｉｃａｒｐａ lｓ abundant in the herb stratum, but its major constituents are similar to
those on Mt. Shiraga. The Ｈ:μｏｃｏｍｉｕｍ-X.ype floor appears also in this forest.
As already described, the xeromorphic flora usually appears on the south-exposed side
and rocky ridges of the serpentine mountains. On the contrary,｡.the characteristic
serpentine flora usually disappears on the moist northern side where･ sciophilous and
hygrophilous plants are found in the forest (cf. p. 19). Therefore, closed and well-
developed Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙｐａｒiｓ-＼.ype forests lack characteristic plants of serpentine, although
some subalpine and alpine elements occur there. The floristic difference between Mt.
Shiraga and Mt. Higashi･akaishi may partly be explained by the above-mentioned fact.
In the Ｃｈａｎｉａｅ ｃｙｐａｒiｓ -type forest, the ground is usually covered with the humus layer.
This has ａ causal relation to occurrences of acidicolous plants. A typical example is
ＲｕｊｎｏＫｒａ ･,･ｎｕtｉｃａ.which is frequently found on acid soils in coniferous forests.
Communities dominated by spiraea are generally found in limited areas, such as rocky
places, ridges, southern sides of mountains, etc. exposed to the intense light. Physiog-
nomical characters of communities dominated by ｓpiｒａｅａ ｂｌｕｍｅｉ１ｎlimestone areas
resemble those on serpentine, but their floristic compositions are more or less di仔erent
from each other as shown in Table 23｡
In spite of these differences, it may be stated that these communities are floristically
characterized by some plants common to serpentine and limestone and the occurrence of
endemic or disjunctive elements. It is observed that several disjunctive elements are found
on limestone as well as serpentine. Moreover, many plants characterized as calcicolous
occur also on serpentine. Some examples in Shikoku, which are not always combined
with one association, are listed below (see also pp. 33-34)｡
Ｇｙｎｉｎｏｃａｒpiｕｍｊｅｓｓｏｅｎｓｅ(PlateⅦ)occurs abundantly on Mt. Higashi-akaishi and is
also frequent on Mt. Nishi･akaishi. Outside serpentine, it is found in limestone areas
of Mt. Tsurugi and Mt. Ishidate. In Japan, this fern is distributed very disjunctively.
ろ2･Research Reports･ of the Uniyersity, Vol｡8, No. 10.
Table 23. Spiraea blumei scrub in. limestone areas
(5 stands on Mt. Tsurugii Mt. Ishidate, and Mt. Tengudzuka)
Shrub stratum
SWroeo bltttnei
Salix sieboldiana
Deutzio firacilis
.Abelia spathulata
”Rhamrois iaponica ｖ． fieci(>iens*
｀Ｔs昭a <iit)crsi/olia
、CarPinus ｃａ?ゆinoides Ｚａｂぷa integrifolia
P６ｙりａgiobrescens
Abies homolei>is
spiraea japonica
Ｆずaxinus loMMgitiosa v. sertaia
Cｏりlus sieboldiana
万客ionyボus alatus v. rotundatus 7右･Iwingia知加ﾀ兪ａ ｖ．･
parvifolia
LifLustfum obtusi/ottum
Abelta senataV. buchuialdii
Clematis ausifojaponensis**
Herb stratum
Thaμdrum minus ’
Cafex duvaliana
Gera?itium shikokianum
Galium kinuta
" 5350 750
454
450
352
350
350
350
350 102
102
102
100
100
100
100
4
2
2350
1900
750
750
ＶＩⅣ１
１１ＩＩＩＩＩｌｌＩＩ
Ｉｌｌｌ
！ＶＶＩ
Herb stratum
Valefiana sambucifoliav.. /auriei
AruMcus dtoicus v. tenuifoliusCarc% blePhaficarPaAdenoPhofa rcmofi/toraAslilbe shikokiaれａ゛Brachypodium sylvaticutnv.
脚iSがg脚Bisiorta majorV. niten？ﾚ゛ぴalritmmaackiiCoptiiii夕1�swilfordiiArabis gernmt fera**Chrysanthemum boreaie*をLigularia stenoce{>fialaFesiuca ovina ｖ.
chiisanensts**Anapharis margぽitaceav.
angusti/oliaPedicularis resupi皿ta£芦田edium grandiflorumＨ郊ぴtcum sikokumonianumTia昭ia tachiroei**Anafk�is si≪ica**Leontopodium iapomcumＶ．
spathulatumSaussurea nipponicassp.
sikokianaSausstがea arnabilis**
550452354202200
200106104102102102102
102
100 6 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
Iｌ
ⅢⅢＩ
！N
ⅢＩＩＩＩ
Ｉ
ｌｌＩＩＴＩ
Ｉ
ＩＩ
* Not found on ｓをrpentine in Shikoku. 昔昔 Disjunctive elements occurring on
limestone and not found on other rocks in Shikoku.
occurring mostly in limestone and serpentine areas (Shimizu 1958). In Europe, closely
related species， Ｇｙｉｎｎｏｃａｒpiｕｍ.７･ｏｂｅｒtｉａｎｕmis regarded as ａ typical calcicolous plant.
ＰｏりｓttｃｈｕＴｉｉｃｒａｓｐｅｄｏｓｏｒ･UTIl＼s frequently ｏr’abundantly found on limestone and some-
times occurs on other rocks. As to serpentine, see p. 19.
Ｃａｍｐtｏｓｏｒｕｓｓihiｒicｔtｓ(PlateⅦ) is frequent or abundant on limestone. Sometimes it
occurs on other rocks, such as schists. As to serpentine, see p. 19.
Ｃｏｐtidiptｅｒiｓ ｉｖilfoｒdiiIS 肪nerally found in limestone areas, though it occurs in other
soils. This is frequently found on serpentine of Tomisato, Mt. Higashi･akaishi, etc.
Ｂ･ａｃＭりａ ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａtａ"vｓiｔｅquently found on limestone at the foot of Mt. Ishidate and
is not rare on serpentine in Sakashu.
Thalictｒｕｍ ｍｉｎｕｓ＼ｓabundant or frequent on both serpentine and limestone.
Ｋｐｉｎｉｅｄｉｕｍｓｒａｎｄｉｆｌｏｒｕｍ iｓｇｅnerally found throughout limestone areas in Shikoku and
is abundant in serpentine areas of Shimagawa, Nishikiyama, etc.
Ａｒabiｓ ｓｅｒｒａtａvar.ｓikokiana χＳ often frequent not only on limestone but also on
serpentine.
ｓpiｒａｅａ bl皿＾ei is often dominant on limestone as well as serpentine as described above.
spiraea nervosa is usually abundant on limestone outcrops. It is frequently found on
serpentine of the Osaka Pass.
Ｂｕエｕｓ ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙllaｖａｒ･ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ.See ｐ． 12. and ｐ． １９．
Ｈｏｓｉｅａｉａｐｏｎｉｃａis ａ rare plant occurring mostly on limestone. It is occasionally found
on serpentine of Mt. Higashi-akaishi.
Ｂｕｐｌｅｕｒｕｍｆａｌｃａ£ｉｍｉｖａｒ. komαΓ。由i is sometimes abundant on limestone and often
frequent on serpentine in the K6chi district.
Ｚａｂｅｌｉａｈｉtｅｇｒifolia is ａ characteristic plant of scrubs on limestone outcrops and is
frequently found on serpentine in Jinryo. See also p. 12.
ｈｏｎｉｃｅｒａ■ｉｎｏｃｈｉｄｚｕkianais found in some limestone and serpentine areas.
Ｖａｌｅｒｉａｎａｓａｍｂｕｃｉｆｏｌｉａvar.fat£ｒiei is frequent in limestone fields of Mt. Tsurugi
and Mt. Ishidate, and is abundantly found on serpentine soils of Mt. Higashi-akaishi
(cf. Table 13).
As to the occurrences of the above-mentioned plants, the calcium content of serpentine
may be considered. So far as the composition of serpentine in Shikoku is concerned,
however, the calcium content is as ａ rule very low, CaO occurring only in trace or not
detected. It mav thus be considered that the occurrences of these plants do not necessarily
result from the calcium content of serpentine soils. Therefore, it can be stated that
other environmental factors, such as topography, physical properties of soils, and
microclimate, have causal relations to them. But 由is problem is so complex that it
must be solved by experimental investigations.
The^Ｓｐｉｒａｅｅ£ｕｉｎ ｓikokｕａｌｐｉｎａｅonMt. Higashi-akaishi represents floristic distinc-
tiveness. Among the constituents of this association, the following serpentinicolous relics,
serpentinophytes, and disjunctive elements are found :
励行ａｅａ ｓikokｕａゆnna (Plate V) is often treated as ａ variety oi Ｓｐｉｒａｅａ blｕｍｅｉ(ｓpiｒａｅａ
ｂｌｕineivar. pubescens). Many species of this genus occur on serpentine in Japan. Closely
related species, ｓpiｒａｅａ ｈｌｕinei ａnd ･ｓpiｒａｅａｈａｙａtａｅ，ａｒｅ飢so found on serpentine in
Shikoku. Plants of this genus are more or less restricted to special rocks or areas. For
example, ｓpiｒａｅａ tｏｓａｅｎｓiｓ，which is closely related to ｓpiｒａｅａｎｉｐｐｏｊｉｉｃｃｉand Spiraea
ｏｇａｉｕａｔoccurring on serpentine in Houshu, is found only on rockv river-banks in Shikoku
(Morishita & Yamanaka 1957). Thus, occurrences of plants of this genus are limited.
but they are very easily cultivated in other soils.'・ F ふ F･
l^ｏｎｉｃｅｒａｎｉｏｃｈ這ｚｕｋｉａｎａｖａｒ.filが'ｏｒ miｓ iｓfound only on Mt, Higashi-akaishi. This
should be a variety differentiated fromｌ^ｏｎｉｃｅｒａ ｍｏｃｈｉｄｚｕkia･ｎａ within the serpentine
area. The leaves of this variety are rather purplish in colour.
Ａｄｃｊ^ｏｐｈｏｒａtｒiplリllaｖａＴ. ｐｖiellaｒiｓ ＼ｓan endemic plant which is abundantly found
only on serpentine of Mt. Higashi-akaishi. This is an angustifolia.te variety of Adeno-
かhoｒａ tｒｉｐｈｙlla and is closely related to the narrow-leaved form of ｖａｌ・ｉａｐｏｎｉｃａ.
Morphological characteristics persist at cultivation in normal soils｡
● ｌｉｅｒheｒiｓａｍｔぼｅｎｓiｓｖａｔ. bｒｅｖifoliaVｓ abundantly found in the serpentine areas of Mts.
Higashi- and Nishi-akaishi. This is distributed very disjunctively in Japan, occurring
mostly on serpentine and calcareous rocks (Shimizu 1958 ； Yamanaka 1959).
Ｖ ａｒ. ciniｕm Tjitiｓ-ifin.ＲＯvar.ｍｉｎｕｓoccurs near the summit of Mt. Higashi-akaishi,
and this mountain is the only locality of this alpine plant, in Shikoku.
Ｒｏｓａ ７１１ｐｐｏｎｅｎｓiｓ 〇ccurs abundantly in the serpentine areas of Mts. Higashi- and
Nishi-akaishi. Outside serpentine, this appears in the limestone area' of Mt. Tsurugi.
Ｖｉｏｌａ bifloｒａ appears abundantly on serpentine of Mt. Higashi-akaishi. Outside sｅr･
Dentine, this occurs on limestone of Mt. Ishidate and is also found on other high
Ｍ Research ts of the K6chi University Vol. 8, No. 10
mountains. ， ・･。
Ａｎｇｅｌｉｃａｕhatakejiｓiｓ(Plate vn) is abundant on serpentine of Mts. Higashi- and Nishi-
akaishi. ，
Ｐｒimｕla血百ｎｏｓａ ｓｓp. ■ｉｎｏｄｅｓtａ ＼sabundant on serpentine of Mts. Higashi- and Nishi･
akaishi. It is occasionally found in several places of high altitudes in Shikoku and occurs
also on limestone of Mt. Ishidate.
Ｅ･ゆhｒａｓia ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙllaiｓ ａ plant characterized by its very small and slender form.
This is an endemic species in Shikoku occurring abundantly on serpentine of Mts.
Higashi･and Nishi-akaishi. Outside serpentine, it is found on limestone of Mt. Ishidate.
Ｓｃａｂｉｏｓａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｖａｒ.ａｌｐｉｎａoccurs frequently on serpentine of Mt. Higashi-akaishi
and is occasionally found in non-serpentine areas. such as Mt. Ishidzuchi, Mt. Ishidate,
etc. ｡
C. Physiognomy of serpentine vegetation in 】:elation to vegetation types
Generally speaking, the vegetation in the serpentine area contrasts strikingly with
that of adjacent non-serpentine areas, and it often serves to delineate the geological
discontinuities of an area. The contrast depends on physiognomical characteristics as
well as floristic compositions of the serpentine vegetation. Therefore, the physiognomical
research is quite necessary in the present work｡
The physiognomical types in the serpentine vegetation are varied, but they have some
common tendencies and characteristics. As already pointed out by Whittaker(1954), the
serpentine vegetation is to be dominated by some one or by some combination of three
growth-forms, namely, coniferous trees, sclerophyllous shrubs, and grass-like plants.
Accordingly, it is also to be emphasized that the dominant species should not be overlooked
from physiognomical viewpoints (cf. Table 24). From the above･mentioned fact, the
Table 24. Comparison between floristiccompositions in terms of major growth-
forms of climatic climaxes and those of serpentine vegetation. Figures in
Gothic indicate abundant growth-forms.
Trees Shrubs Herbs
Conifer Evergreen Deciduous Evergreen DeciduousGrasses
＆
SedgesOtherHerbs Ferns
Shiietum '■'
(Non･serpentine)Pinetum '' (Serpentine)
CyciobalanoOsidefum') (Non-serpentine)Pinetum幻 (Serpentine)Fagetum ^' (Non-serpentine)
C加州aecypari心細附6) (Serpentine)
Chamaecy paridetum?) (Serpentine)
－
5.3
5.5
4.5
2.6
12.1
9μ
15.9
－
13.0
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
18.4
－
－
56.8
2.6
42.3
4.5
5.3
IS.1
13.6
2.3
36.8
24.1
44.7
44.8
48.5
40.9
－
14.5
－
16.4
7.9
9.1
4.6
6.8
38.2
1.8
23.9
7.9
6.1
18.2
18.2
2.6
13.0
6.0
13.2
9.1
13.6
1) Forest in Usa near K6chi city. 2) K6chi district(Table 16). 3) Forests in Yusu-
hara and Taish6. 4) Yusuhara district(Table 15). 5) Forests on Mt. Kuishi and
Nakanokawa Pass.' 6) Mt. Shiraga (Table 18). 7) Mt. Higashi-akaishi (Table 17).
ｎ（ＴこＹ八manaka) 55
vegetation types in the sense of Suzuki (1953. 1954) are chiefly adopted in the physiog-
nomical research of the serpentine vegetation.
According to Suzuki) the vegetation types are similar to Griesebaとh'S "Vegetations-
formen,"which resemble Cajander's forest types, being distinguished among canopy
trees and herbaceous plants respectively. They are picked up from the association domi-
nants.
In the serpentine vegetation of Shikoku, the following main types can be recognized :
Canopy types.
Maquis-type : Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓがりlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ.
Ｐｉｎｕｓ･ｔｖpe : Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ，1=>. thiぷｎｂｅｒgii, Ｐ. pentaかhylla Vａｔ. hime-
ｌｉｏｖiatｓｕ.
ＴＳ昭ａ-type : Ｔｓｕｇａ ｄｉｉtｅｒｓifolia， Ｔ. ｓieboldii.
Ｃ ｈａｎｉａｅ ｃｙｐａｒiｓ -type : ＣｈａｍａｅりＰａｒiｓ obtｕｓａ， Tlｕりａ.ｓはｎｄｉｓhii, Thuiｏｐｓiｓ ｄｏlab-
7MZどZ.
Forest-floor types
Sasa-type
Ｒゆｅｒiｓ-type
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ-type
Ｍｉｓｃａｎtｈｕｓ-iype :
Car'ex-type :
Ｄｉｃｒａｎｏｐtｅｒiｓ･･type
Ｕｙｐｎｕｍ-type :
Ｃｌａｄｏt･lia-K.ype ：
By combining canopy
Ａｒｕｎｄｈｉａｒｉａ ｐｙｇｍａｅａ・Ｓａｓａ tｅｎｕiｓｓin･la， Ｓａｓａｍｏｒｐｈａ ｐｕｒ-
夕ura∫ceils.
Ｈｅエｒｕｅｏｓａvar.ｓtｅｎｏか1リlla， Skinｖｍ.ia ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａvar. inter-
■ｍｅｄｉａ i.ｒｅｐｅｎｓ.
: Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ■ｉｎｅttｅｍｉｃｈｉｉ.
Iχdiｓｃａｎ£JlUS ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ, Ｍ. ｏｌｉｇｏｓ£ａｃｈｙｕｓ.
Car ex spp.
： Ｄｉｃｒａｎｏｐtｅｒiｓ ｄｉｃｈｏtｏｍａ， Ｌ)iploptｅｒｙgiｕｍ ｇｌａｕｃｕ,刀l.
Ｈ:ｙｐｎｕｎｉ ｓpp･
Ｃはｄｏｎｉａ ｒ・1が.μΓリｍ．
types with forest-floor types, the vegeはtion types of plant
communities in serpentine areas are shown in Table 25.
As already stated, all the canopy types, except the Maquis-type, are represented by
Table25. Vegetation types on serpentinein Shikoku
Canopy types
Maquis-type
Pinus-type
Cｈａｍａｅｃｙpaｒiｓ-type
(Ｔｓｗｆｉａ-type)
Forest･floor types
Ｄｉｃｔａ？loかtｅｒiｓ-type
Cladonia-type
Ｈｖ{}竹t匹-type
Miscanthtぷs-type
Ｃａダex-type
Sasa-type
Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ-type
ＲｅＪ)６ｎｓ一旬pe
Ｈｙ!ｏｃｏｍｉｕｍ-type
56 Research of th!I K6chi University Vol. 8, No. 10.
coniferous trees in the serpentine vegetation. and Maquis-type scrubs resemble sclerophyl-
lous scrubs. ０ｎ the other hand, such forest･floor types as the Ｓａｓａ-, Miｓｃａｎthｕｓ･, and
Ｃαｙ？ヱーtype are found throughout the serpentine areas. These facts agree well with
Whittaker's description cited before. The climatic climax communities dominated by
broad･leaved trees are represented by such canopy types as the Shiia･， Machilｕｓ-,
Ｃｙ ｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓ,iｓ-，ａnd Fagus-type. In short, it may be roneluded that the peculialities
of the physiognomy of serpentine vegetation are partly due to such characteristics of the
vegetation types｡
The stunting or impoverishment of growth is one of the most striking features of the
physiognomy of serpentine vegetation. This physiognomical characteristic is well observ-
ed in pine forests, where tree stratum is reduced and the lower strata are increased. Open,
stunted, and discontinuous canopies permit the growth of a large number of heliophilous
and xerophilous plants in the lower strata. In Japan, therefore, serpentine pine forests
are often known as the "garden-like vegetation.”
When biological spectra of' such pine forests are compared with those of other･forests
in ｎｏｎ･serpentine areas, it becomes clear that micro- and nanophanerophytes (especially
nanophanerophytes) are prevalent in serpentine areas. Though Raunkiaer's original
biological spectra seem to be of little value from sociological viewpoints (cf. Suzuki
1954), the above fact shows that the vegetation is stunted and shrubby. In addition.
seasonal aspects are also noticeable in pine forests, because many deciduous shrubs are
found there｡
The Ｃｈａｍａｅりｐａｒiｓ-type forest forms closed canopies even in the serpentine area, and
the occurrence of the Ｈｙｌｏｃｏｍ･iｕｍ-Vype forest-floor, which seems to be closely related
to the subalpine forest, is noteworthy from floristic viewpoints as well as vegetational
ones. The forest on the northern side of Mt. Shiraga is, as already stated, not stunted,
and is an example showing the fact that closed and well-developed forests can be seen in
Table 26. Comparison between physiognomical characters of climatic
climaxes and those of serpentine vegetation
Climatic zones
Rocks
Forests
Abundant life-
forms
of flora
of vegetation
Dominant
canopy-types
Tree stratum
Warm -temperate
Non-serpentine
Evergreenbroad-leavedforests
Phanerophytes
Phanerophytes
Maehilｔtｓ
Shit ａ
(ﾆlyclobalan砂sis
Closed and
not stunted
Serpentine
Coniferous
forests or scrubs
PhanerophytesHemicryptophytes
PhanerophytesHemicryptophytes
Piれ.ｕｓ
Open andstunted some-times absent
CＯＯＩ･temperate
Non-serpentine
Deciduous
broad-leavedforests
Phanerophytes
Phanerophytes
Fａｇｕｓ
Closed andnot stunted
Serpentine
Coniferousforests or scrubs
Phanerophytes
Phanerophytes
Chaｔｎａｅｃｙｐａｒiｓ
sometimes Tsuga
and Ｐｔｎｕｓ
Usually closedsometimes stunted
Lower strataSparse～dense
Sparse～dense, )sometimesbarren
densesparse～densesometimes barren
serpentine areas.
Summarizing the above physiognomical characteristics of the serpentine vegetation com-
pared with thsoe of climatic climaxes on other rocks, evident contrasts are presented
in Table 25.
D. Succession of Serpentine vegetation
As mentioned before, the serpentine areas of Shikoku are situated from the warm-
temperate to the cool-temperate forest regions. In the warm-temperate forest region,
evergreen broad-leaved forests consisting mainly of Ｃ卵なnopsis, Cyclobalanop了is, and
Ｍａｃｈｉｌｕｓ，ａｔｅ iound,while the cool･temperate forest region is mostly predominated
by deciduous broad-leaved forests, such as 凡7g心。？7iata forests. But typical stands of
these climatic climaxes are of course not found in the serpentine areas.
It may be considered that forests in serpentine areas have characters of preclimaxes
which occur on dried and infertile soils. It may therefore be assumed that such plant
communities are serai or successional and will converge to essential identity with climatic
climax communities with the development of soil maturity.
In fact, there are some places overlaid by rather deep and weathered soils in serpentine
areas, where fragmental stands of the climatic climax forest occur. Judging from edaphic
factors, however, it should not be assumed that serpentine areas are to be occu-
pied by climatic climaxes. Whittaker (1954) also recognized that the Siskiyou serpentine
vegetation is not ａ serai stage but is a distinctive climax. The writer cannot support the
monoclimax theory. Consequently, it is considered that the Maquis-, Pi7ius-, and
Ｃｈａｎｉａｅｃｙpaｒiｓ-typescrubs or forests are to be ｒｅ･cognized as climaxes.
The Maquis-type scrub and the Ｃｈａｎｉａｅりｐａｒｔｓ-type forestare of course edaphic or
topographic climaxes which occur on various kinds of rocks as well as serpentine. Though
the Ｐｉｎｎｘ-type forestis generally characterized by apparent initial stages from its
floristic and physiognomical features, it can also be regarded as an edaphic climax. .
As mentioned above, edaphic or topographic climaxes are to be essentially recognized
in serpentine areas of Shikoku, and occurrences of grasslands result from other biotic
factors, especially from human disturbances. In the latter case, the vegetation often
continues an initial stage.
The development of vegetation on serpentine is rather slow as compared with that on
other rocks, and this tendency is marked in denuded or barren areas. Consequently,
the secondary vegetation occupies extensive serpentine areas where the establishment
of the climax communities cannot be expected in the near future.
IV. Comparison with serpentine vegetation in other parts of Japan
From the results of the vegetational study described above, the following facts can be
summarized :
1. The Maquis-type scrub dominated by Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｐｈｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓappears in the coastal
district.・ ● ぐ心，
2. The Ｐｉ･nitｓ-typeforest dominated by 7）iiｖｕｓ ｄｅｎｓifloｒａoccurs in the warm-temperate
ろ8 ts of the K6chi University Vol. 8, No. 10
forest region.
3. The Ｃ ｈａｍａｅりＰａｒiｓ-type forest with the j）inｕｓ- andＴｓｕｇａ-type is mostly found in
the cool-temperate forest region.
4. Spir.αea is observed on serpentine in some places.
5. The Ｓαjα-Car？ヱーtype grassland is commonly found as the secondary community.
When the serpentine vegetation in Shikoku is compared with that which has been
reported from various parts of Japan, it is obvious that the above-mentioned tendencies
are common throughout serpentine areas in Japan.
Maquis-type scrubs often accompanied by Ｐｉｎｕｓ tｈｕｎｂｅｒｚii aｔｅ found in the Kinki
district, western Honshu. The Ｐｉ nitｓ tｈｕｎｂｅｒｓii-Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ phｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ community on
Sugashima, Mie Prefecture (Kitamura & Momotani 1952), and the Ｑt£ｅｒｃｕｓ ｐりlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ
community on Mt. Asama, Mie Prefecture (Taniguchi 1958), are examples.
Such communities dominated by Ｑｕｅｒｃtｔｓ phがliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ ａｒｅ ｓimilar to those in the
Yawatahama district and should be included in one and the same association.
Ｐｉｎｕｓ-type forests in coastal districts of western Honshu are often dominated by Piniiｓ
thｕｉ･tbeｒgiｔ.For example, the 7）inｕｓ tｈｕｎｂｅｒgii一Ｂtにｕｓ ｍｉｃｒｏかhvll laｖａｒ･]ｄｐｏｎｉｃａcom-
munity on Sugashima (Kitamura & Momotani, 1. c.) and the ＰｌＪｌＷＳ thｕｎｂｅｒｇ･ii･Ｐｏｕｒ£ｈｉａｅａ
ｖilloｓａ ｖａて， ｌａｅｖiｓ community on Mt. Asama (Taniguchi, 1. c. ) occur in the serpentine
areas. However,Ｆｉｎｎｓ ｄ。iｓifloｒａ iorests are commonly found in lowlands of western
Honshu (Kitamura, Hiroe, & Nakai 1950 ； Kitamura, Murata, & Torii 1953 ； Ogawa
1950 ； Taniguchi, 1. c). Physiognomies and major constituents of these pine forests
are similar to those ｏｉ tｈｅ Abelietｏ-Ｐｉｎｅtｕｍ ｄｅｎｓifloｒae in Shikoku. Therefore, the
flora and vegetation on serpentine in lowlands of westsrn Honshu are well comparable
to those of Shikoku. Occurrences of the following characteristic and noticeable plants
show that the serpentine vegetation in lowlands of western Honshu, which is as a rule
sharacterized by open pine forests, has general floristic features in common with
the serpentine vegetation in lowlands of Shikoku ■｡Ｂｕcfele･りａ ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａtａ． Ｃｌｅｍａtiｓ ｐａtｅｎｓ.
Ｂｅ･ｒbeｒiｓ ｔｈｕｎｂｅｒgiｔ， Ｃｏりｌｏｐｓiｓ ｇｏ£ｏａｎａ, Ｓ£ｅｐｈａｎ。･ｉｄｒａ ｉｎｃｉｓａ． Ｂｔにｕｓ ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈ^ぶ.a var.
ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ･ Ｌ)ｉｐｌｏｍｏｒt)ha ｓifeofeｔａｎａ, Ｅ-ｎｋｉａｎthｕｓ ｐｅｒｕlatｕｓｖａｉ・ ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ， Abelia ｓｅｒｒａ£ａ，
Ｐｅｒりａ ｇｌａｂｒｅｓｃｅ・lｓ･ Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｃａ ｇｒａｃｉＵｉ･ｍａ． Tiｔhｙｍａｌｕｓ ｐｅｋｉｎｅｎｓiｓ＾ Ｂｕｐｌｅｕｒｕni ｆａｌｃａｔｕ･，･，ｌ
ｖａｔ. ｋｏｍａｒｏｉｖi． Ｓｃａｂｉｏｓａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ， Ｈｅtｅｒｏｐａｐｐｕｓ hiｓｐｉｄ･ｗｓ， Ｇｙｍｎａｓtｅｒ j）:ｙｇｍａｅｕｓ.
Ａ£･ｒａｃりｌｏｄｅｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ． Ｈｅ･ｍｅｒｏ ｃ� Iｔｓ ｔhｕｎｂｅｒgii．etc.
Ch,ａｉｎａｅｃｙｐａｒiｓ-type forests on serpentine in the mountainous region of middle and
northern Honshu are tobe represented by the vegetation on Mt. Shibutsu and on Mt.
Hayachine. The ＴＪ･ｌｕia ｓtａｎｄｉｓhii forest on Mt. Shibutsu, Gumn!ａ Prefecture, was treated
as the Thｕj etｕｍ Ｓはｎｄｉｓhii, ｎom. prov.by Suzuki(1954). Besides, the flora and vegetation
of this mountain are, as already pointed outby Kitamura (1952), closely related to those
of Mt. Higashi･akaishi. The following plants are common to both mountains : Ｇｙｍヽｕｏ’
ｃａｌやi･Ｅｍ･１ ｊｃｓｓｏｅｎｓｅ， Ti･lｕja ｓtａＴｉｄｉｓl･iｔi， Ｔｓｕｇａ ｄｉｖｅｒｓifolia， Ｓａｂｉｎａ ｓａｒｇｅｎｔii，Ｂｅｒｂｅ石ｓ
ａ切.ａｒｅｎｓiｓｖａｒ. bｒｅｘ瞳folia， Ｍａｇ･1011a ｓalic･げolia， Ｓａエ迂ｒａｇａ ｆｏｒ£‘ｕｎｅｉ， Ｓｏｒbｕｓ ｃｏｍｍｉｘtａ．
Ｒｏｓａｉｉｉｐｐｏｎｅｎｓiｓ． Tit
Iりｍａｌｕｓ ｓｉｅｂｏｌｄ･ｉａｎｕｓｖａｒ. -ｍｏｎtａｎｕｓ, Ｖｉｏｌａ bifioｒａ, Ｃｈａｎｉａｅ-ｂｅｒｖ-
ｃｌｉｍｅｎｕｍ ｃａｎａｄｅｎｓｅ, Ｍｅｎｚｔｅｓｉａ ｐｅｎ£ａｎｄｒａ, Ｖａｃｃｉｎｉｕｍ ｖitiｓ-ｉｄａｅａ， Ｐｒi･niｕlaｆａｒｉｎｏｓａ
ssp. ｍｏｄｅｓtａ． Ｖｉｂｕｒｎｕｍ. fｕｒｃａtｕ！･ｎ， Ａｌｅtｒiｓ ｆｏｌｉａtａ． ｅtc. Related plants which include
the vicarious are as followｓ ■･ Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｐｅｎtａｐｈｙlla(ｏｎ Mt. Shibutsu)→7）・ｐｅｎtａｐｈｙllavar.
ｈｉｍｅｋｏｍａtｓｕ(ｏｎ Mt. Higashi･akaishi)， ｓpiｒａｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａ→Ｓ. ｓikokｔｉａｌｐｉｎａ． Ileｘ
ｎ（Ｔｒ．ＹＡＭＡＮＡＫＡ）ろ乳
sugeroki ssp. bｒｅ･ｖｉｐｅｃ
ｄｅｇｒｏｎｉａｎｕｎｉ→尺.ｎｉｅttｅｍｉｃｈｉｉ. Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ tｓｃｈｏｎｏｓkii var. Zパフlervど→Ｒ. tｓｃｈｏｎｏ一
ｓfeii， Ｔｒitｏｉｎｏｄｏｎ. ｃａｍｐａｎｕlaは5 var･palibini→Ｔ，ｃｅｒｎｕｕｓ，Ｅｕphｒａｓia inｓigniｓ→£.
ｍｉｃ･ｒｏｐりＨａ， Ｌｅｏｎtol＞ｏｄ･tｕｒｎｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ. －＊ Ｌ. ｉａｐｏｎｉｃｕin ｖａｒ. ｓｐａthｕlatｕｍ， Ｓｏｌｉｄａｇｏ
ｖｉｒｅａｕｒｅａssp. ｌｅｉｏｃａｒｐａ→5. vir･ｇαzz7？ａ ssp. ａｓiatｉｃａ， Ｆｅｓtｕｃａ ｏｖｉｎａｖａｘ. ｓ･ｕpi･ｎａ→Ｆ.
ｎｖｉｎａ var. ｏｖｉｎａ, Ｖｅｒａ£ｒ副ｎ ｍａａｃｋｉｉ var.ｒｅｙｉｎｏｎｄｉａｎｕｍ et ｖａｒ･ ｐａｒ折夕ｏｒａ･,ｎ→ｙ.
inaackii, etc. (cf. also Hara & Mizushima 1954).
The Ｔｈｕjopｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｂｒａtａｖａｉンho･ｎｄａｉ Iorest on Mt. Hayachine (Kitamura 1952) has also
floristic and physiognomical resembrances to the Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ-Ｃｈａｎ･はｅりｐａｒｉｄｅはｍ ｏｂtｕｓａｅ
and the Ｔ Ｋｕj ｏｐｓｉｄｅtｕｍｄｏｌａｈｒａtａｅ in Shikoku.
Spiｒａｅａoccurring on Ｓざrpentine contains several major species in Hokkaidd and Honshu
(cf. Kitamura 1952). ｓpiｒａｅａ betidifolia and its related species occur in Hokkaid6 and
northern Honshfl. In middle and northern Ｈｏｎsh危， ｓpiｒａｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａ ＼ｓ often abundant.
and its related species, 励iΓaea ogamai, is abundantly found in some serpentine areas of
the Kii Peninsula, western Honshu. ｓpiｒａｅａ ７１１ｅｒｖｏsａoccurs frequently near Sekinomiya
in Hydgo Prefecture, western Honshu.
It is to be added that the Ｐｉｃｅａ-Vype forest and the Pi･ｎｕｓ -type scrub are not found in
Shikoku, whereas the Ｐ･ｉｃｅａ glehni iorest occurs in Hokkaidd (cf. Tatewaki 1944 ；
Tatewaki & Morimoto 1933) and the Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｐａｍｉｌａ scrub is found in Hokkaid6 and
Honshu. These forest and scrub are found in subfrigid and frigid zones.
V. Environmental factors affecting vegetation on serpentine
The serpentine vegetation varies greatly with the different p芦rts of the world. This
vegetational difference is of course due to different geographical and macroclimatic con-
ditions. On the other hand, concerning remarkable characters of the serpentine
vegetation contrasting with surrounding vegetation on other rocks, it ｗ川be em-
phasized that edaphic factors have causal relations to the peculialities of serpentine
vegetation. Therefore, particular attention has been paid to the nature of rocks and soils
of serpentine. However, it is ａ matter of course that the peculiar plant life on serpen-
tine may ecologically be understood on the basis of considering the total environments.
A. Topography and microcliraate
According to differences in the climatic zones, various types of serpentine vegetation
appear in different parts of the world. In Japan also, the types of serpentine vegetation
are diverse as already mentioned (cf. pp. 37-39). On the other hand, local distinctiveness
in vegetation within a serpentine area is mostly due to topography and microclimatic
elements.
IIt has been already stressed by all authors that the serpentine vegetation occurs to be
characterized by xeromorphism. This character may be closely connected with topography
and dry microclimate in serpentine areas. In the serpentine vegetation of Shikoku, the
Ｐｉｎｕｓ-X.ypeforest has the most xerophilous and heliophilous characters, while the Ｃｈａｍａｅ-
り'戸αΓむ･type forest･is more hygrophilous and sciophilous. Therefore, the characteristic
features of serpentine vegetation appear mostly in open stands where the plants are ｅｘ･
､40 Rｅ､search of the Ｋ６ｃ‘hiUniversity Vol. 8, No. 10
posed to the intense light, higher temperature, and air movement. Such microclimatic ele-
merits vary distinctly with eχpositions. For example, conditions of the northern side of
the mountain differ greatly from those of the southern side, and differences of the flora
and vegetation in such case were already ･mentioned. In short, it may be stated that the
microclimatic elements, together with topography and other edaphic factors, are more or
less responsible for floristic compositionsand physiognomical characters of serpentine
vegetation.
B. Physical and chemical properties of serpentine soils
Since Novkk (1928) explained the influence of serpentine on the vegetation, many
authors discussed the problems of rocks and soils of serpentine in relation to the plant life,
and it has become ａ well-known fact that the serpentine soils are infertile for the growth
of most plants. Recently, these problems were reviewed in detail by Krause (1958)｡
In most areas, serpentine rocks weather slowly. Soils are usually shallow, and parent
rocks crop out on steep slopes and in places with sparse vegetation. Though mechanical
compositions of serpentine soils differ from place to place, they generally contain con-
siderable unweathered rock particles. This tendency is more or less peculiar to serpen-
tine soils in 10ｗ altitudes. The gravel content exceeding ６０％iS established of the soil
in the pine forest of Nishikiyama. Such soils result in reduced moisture and nutrient
levels. Physical characteristics of soils, such as gravelly texture and low clay contents,
are unfavourable for the growth of plants. Besides, as already discussed, the depth of
soils is often closely correlated to the vegetation. Thus, the shallowness of soils is also
ａ cause of the occurrence of characteristic serpentine vegetation. On the contrary, ser-
pentine soils often form heavy clay in rather damp places. Some plants which are not
found in other parts of serpentine areas occur in such places.
Chemical compositions of rocks and soilsof serpentine vary considerably with situation,
but high contents of magnesium and very 10ｗ contents of calcium are striking. Therefore,
Novdk(1928) firstpaid attention to the ratio MgO/CaO in serpentine soils. Afterwards,
Lammermayr (1928) criticized Novdk's theory, attaching importance to physical
properties of serpentine soils. More recently, Walker (1954, 1955) and Kruckeberg (1951,
1954) stated that low calcium level was the basic cause of the peculiarity of serpentine
soils. Rune (1953), supporting the assumption of Robinson and others, concluded that
the rather high contents of chromium and nicke! were general and their toxity was ａ
dominant cause of infertility. On the other hand, Pichi･Sermolli (1948), recognizing the
effect of high concentration of chromium, emphasized that such factors as microclimate.
mechanical composition of soils, and others might be more responsible for the unique
character of serpentine vegetation｡
Serpentine rocks in the vicinity of Kochi city contain more than 35％Ｍｇｏ in general,
while the calcium contents are only trace or are not detected at all. Chromium and
nickel also occur and are detected in rather high concentration from the subterranean
water in serpentine areas. The relations between the chemical composition of serpentine
soils and the plant life cannot be solved without experimantal investigations. Therefore,
full discussion cannot be done here becau‘seno ｅχperimental result is available in Japan.
In scrubs and open forests; the ground is hardly covered with the humus layer. The
pH values are usually between ６.2 and 6.9 in serpentine soils in the vicinity of K6chi
4city and Tokushima Prefecture. On the contrary, in the ＣｈａｍａｅりＰａｒiｓ-typeforest,
･A-horizon is strikingly developed, the soil being quite acidCcf. Miyazaki 1942). It will be
realized from such facts that, as alreaby mentioned by Rune, plants found in communities
retaining the initial stage are more or less basicolous, while those in the climax'forest are
usually acidicolous.
Itmay be said in conclusion that the infertility of serpentine soils is caused by chemical
properties and is also connected with physical properties and many other environmental
factors. '･
C. Biotic factors
There is no biotic factor which has causal connection only with serpentine. However,
it may be stated that such human agencies as the fire, grazing, etc. are noticeable from
floristic, structural, and successional viewpoints of serpentine vegetation.
Finally, in such special habitats as serpentine, competition is not severe. It can be
recognized through the study of serpentine vegetation that this low competition must be
stressed in connection with the problems of distribution and ecology of plants.
VI. Summary
Recently, the remarkable plant life on serpentine in Japan has been noticed by some
botanists, though the peculiar serpentine florawas already described by Yoshinaga in 1914.
During the last ten years･the writer has studied the vegetation in serpentine areas of
Shikoku, and summarized his study in the present paper.
In Shikoku, serpentine occurs in Ehime, K6chi, and Tokushima Prefectures, and each
area studied is outlined on pp. 2－20.
As the result of vegetational analyses, the following main plant communities were
recognized in serpentine areas of Shikoku :
(1)Pittｏｓｐｏｒｅｔｏ-Ｑｕｅｒｃｅtｕｍ ｐｈｙlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅ£is.This association is ａ Maquis-type com-
munity dominated by Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｐりlliｒａｅｏｉｄｅｓ．whichoccurs mainly in coastal districts of
southwestern Japan. In serpentine areas of Shikoku, this is found in the Yawatahama
district. The physiognomical characters of this association resemble those of sclerophyllous
scrubs. The floristic composition of this community in the serpentine area is not essentially
different from that of stands on other rocks.
(2)Abelietｏ-Ｆｉｎｅtｕｍ ｄｅｎｓｉＡｏｒａｅ. Thisassociation is an open and stunted pine forest.
Serpentine areas in low altitudes of Shikoku are mostly characterized by this association.
Floristic and physiognomical characteristics of this association contrast strikingly with
those of the vegetation in surrounding non-serpentine areas. Similar pine forests occur
also on serpentine within the area of the warm-temperate forest region in HonshO.
(3)Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ-Ｃｈａｎｉａｅｃｙｐａｒi.ｄｅtｕｍ ohtｕｓａｅ.ThＩＳ Ｃｈａｉｎａｅりｐａｒｔｓ･■typeforest occurs
mainly within the area of the cool-temperate forest region. Though ＣｈａｍａｅりＰａｒiｓｏｈｔｕｓa
iforests which are included in one and the same association are found on various kinds of
rocks, typicil stands of this association appear in serpentine areas of Mt. Shiraga and
42
Mt. Higashi-akaishi. Similar forests, sｕｄ! as the Ｔｆｉｗia ｓほ?idiｓhii iorest on Mt. Shibutsu
and the Thｕｉｏｐｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｂｒａtａvar. hondai forest on Mt. Hayachine, occur on serpentine
in Honshu.
（4）Ｔｆｉｕｊ ｏｐｓｉｄｅtｉａｎｄｏｌａｂｒａtａｅ．nom. prov. The forest dominated by "Ｔｈｕｊｏｐｓiｓｄｏｌａ-
ｂｒａはoccurs on serpentine in Tokushima Prefecture. Though the occurrence of this forest
is not restricted to serpentine, it is ａ remarkable fact that such ａ community appears in
the warm･temperate forest region.
・(5) Associations oi Ｓｐｉｒａｅａ. Communities dominated by Ｓ piｒａｅａ Ｍ四面and Ｓ piｒａｅａ
ｓikohｕａｌｐｉｎａoccur on serpentine in Tokushima and Ehime Prefectures. These com-
munities are generally found in rocky places, on southern sides of mountains, etc. ex-
posed to the intense light.
(6) There are grassy places mainly dominated by gramineous plants, such as
ＡｒＵ･ｎｄｉｎａｒia ｐｙｇｍａｅａ， Miｓｃａｎtｈｕｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓiｓ，Ａｒｕｎｄｉｎｅｌｌａ hiｒtａ， ｅtc. Occurrences of
such communities are mostly due to biotic factors, especially to human agencies.
Characteristics of the floristic composition of serpentine vegetation in Shikoku are
similar to the general characters of serpentine flora mentioned by Rune, except for the
rather rich flora. The serpentine flora of Shikoku is not so poor in either species or in indivi-
duals, being rich in relics, narrowly endemics, and disjunctive elements. Families and
genera comprising characteristic and dominant species are listed on p. 27. Considering
endemic, disjunctive, and other noteworthy plants, an account of floristic characteristics
of the serpentine vegetation is given･ on pp. 26―34｡
Serpentinomorphoses are recognizable in ａ number of plants. Especially, stenophyllism.
glabrescence, nanism, a greater development of root-system. and the tendency to become
purplish in colour are characteristic in the serpentine flora of Shikoku. Some of these
serpentinomorphoses, such as nanism and the greatly developed root･system, which are
adaptive characters seem to be xeromorphoses, since the same morphological changes
of plants appear in dry places, such as limestone outcrops, rocky river･banks, etc.
The physiognomy of serpentine vegetation is researched with reference to the vege-
tation types. Canopy types of serpentine vegetation are represented by the Maquis-,
Ｐｉｎｔiｓ-, and Ｃｈａｍａｅりｐａｒｔｓ-type. In open pine forests, the forest floor is characterized
by the Ｓａｓａ-， Miｓｅａｎtｈｔふｓ･， Ｃａｒｅエー， Ｈｙ ｐｎｉａti･, or Ｃｌａｄｏｎｉａ-Vype. However, in the
Ｃｆｌａｎ･ｌａｅｃｙｐａｒiｓ-lype forest with closed canopies, the Ｋｈｏｄｏｄｃｎｄｒｏｎ-， Ｒｅｐｅｎｓ-， 〇ｒ Ｈｙ-
ｌｏｃｏｉｎｉｕｉルtype are characteristic in the forest-floor.
The Maquiｓ-, Ｐｉｎｕｓ。and Ｃｈ。ｌａｅりｐａｒ･iｓ-typecommunities on serpentine are con-
sidered as edaphic climaxes, though the Ｐｉｎｕ.ｓ-typeforest appears to be an initial stage
in its physiognomy and floristic composition. An interpretation as regards to the climax
and succession is given on p. 37.
It is generally noticed in Shikoku that climax communities in serpentine areas appear
to be characterized by coniferous forests or Maquis-type scrubs, and the similarity to the
vegetation on serpentine in other parts of Japan is presented and discussed on pp. 37-39.
The serpentine vegetation varies with the different parts of the world, the variation
being due to geographical and climatic conditions. However,･it･will be stated that edaphic
factors have causal relations to the remarkable plant life on serpentine. As alreaby dis-
｢cussed by many authors, chemical properties of serpentine soils are responsible for the
日ora and vegetation on serpentine. On the other hand, it should be emphasized that
other environmental factors, such as , microclimate, topography, and physical properties
of rocks and soils, also tend tて)･produce the distinctiveness of the flora and vegetation on
serpentine. Finally, it may be stated that the low competition in the serpentine ecosystem
is to be stressed in connection with the problems of distribution and ecology, of plants.
References
Braun-Blanquet, J., 19S1 : Pflanzensoziologie.
Coombe, D. E. & L. C. Frost, 1956 : The heaths of the Cornish serpentine. J. Ecoi. 44, 229-
256.
Hara, H., 1934-1938 : Preliminary report on the flora of southern Hidaka, Hokkぷdo（Ｙｅｚｏ）.
Bot. Mag. Tokyo 48-52. ｀
& M. Mizushima, 1954 : Vegetation of the Ozegahara Moor and its surrounding districts,
central Japan. Sci. Res. Ozegahara Moor 401 -427.
1954 : List of vascular plants of the Ozegahara Moor and its surrounding dis
tricts. Ibid. 428-479.
Hattori, S. , 1955 : Hepaticae of Hokkaido. I. On the Hepaticae･of southern Hidaka with special
reference to the Hepaticae occurring on serpentine on Mt. Apoi. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 15,
75-92.
1955 : Hepaticae occurring on serpenti‘neon Mt. Apoi (Hokkaid6). Bot. Mag. Tokyo 68，
1957 : Hepatic戸ｅof Hayachine Mountain with special reference to Hepaticae ｏｃとurring
1952:ＳＰｉｆａｅａof Japan and its neighbourhood. Ibid. 14, 149-159 (In Japanese).
1952 : Serpentine flora of Mt. Shibutsu, Prov. Kodzuke, Japan. Ibid∠14, 174-176 (In
19S2 : Serpentine flora of Mt. Hayachine, Prov. Rikuchu, Japan. Ibid. 14, 177-180 (In
1956 : Serpentine flora of Mt. Apoi, Prov. Hidaka, Hokkaido.・Ibid. 16, 143-148.
1957 :Serpentine flora of Nupromapporo Valley, ａ branch ot Teshio River, Teshio｡
& Y. Moraotani, 1952 : Serpentine flora of Island Sugashima, Prov. Shima, Japan. Ibid.
& G. Murata, 19S2 : Serpentine flora of Prov. Awa, Shikoku, Japan. Ibid. 14, 120-122
320-323.
on serpentine rocks. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 18, 106-118.
Hatusima, S., 1948 : On the distribution ｏ{ ＱｕｅＹｃｕｓ仙郷iｒａｅｏｉｄｃｓA. Gray in Japan. Ec�. Rev?
11, 101-106 (In Japanese).
Hayashi, Y., 1951－1954 : The natural distribution･ of important trees, indigenous to Japan.
Conifers report 1-3. Bull. Gov.For. Exp. St. No. 48, 1-240 ;.No. 55, 1-251 ； No. 75, 1-173.
Honda, M. & Y. Takenaka, 1930 : Natural monuments of Iwate Prefecture. Tennen-kinembutsu
Ch6sa H6koku (Shokubutsu) No. 10, 1-10 (In Japanese).・ / :
Horikoshi匹Ｙ･， 1937 : Geology and petrology of the vicinity of Bessi,' Ehime Prefecture (Prelimi-
nary report). J. Geol. Soc Jap. 44, 121-140. ，･･
Kitamura, S., 1950:Adaptation arid isolation on the serpentine areas. Act. Phytotax. Geobot.
12, 178-185 (In Japanese).
Japanese)
Japanese).
Hokkaido. Ibid. 17, 41-45.
14, 118-119.
, M. Hiroe, & G. Nakai, 1950 : Serpentine flora near Sekinomiya, Prov. Tazima. Ibid.
12, 185-187 (In‘Japanese).
, G. Murata, & K. Torii, 1953 : Serpentine flora of Mikawa Province. Ibid. 15, 1-3
(ｌｎJapanese). ●..
of the' K6chi University Vol. 8, No. 10
Tokushima
K6chi Regional Forestry Office, 1939 : Report on the forest vegetation in the district under the
jurisdictionof K6chi Regional Forestry Office（ｌｎJapanese).
Krause, W., 1958 : Andere Bodenspezialisten. Handb. der Pfl. -physiol. Bd. 4, 755-806.
& W. Liidwig, 1957 : Zur Kenntnis der Flora und Vegetation auf Serpentinstandorten
1954 : The ecology of serpentine soils. III. Plant species in relation to serpentine soils.
1927 : －
1954 :
II. Das Problem der Serpentinpflanzen, eine Kritische ６ｋｏ】ogische
(II) Bull. Fac. Educ. Kobe Univ. 9, 7-31.
des Balkans. 2. Pflanzer】gesel】schaftenund Standorte in Gostavic-Gebiet (Bosnien). F】ora 145,
78-131.
Kruckebｅｒｇ,A. R., 1951 : Intraspecific variabilityin the response of certain native plant species
to serpentine soil. Amer. J. Bot 38, 408-419.
Ecol. 35, 267-274.
Lammermayr, L｡ 1926 : Ma terialien zur Systematik und Okologie der Serpentinflora. I. Neue
Beitrage zur Kenntnis der steirischen Serpentinflora. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Math. -Nat. Kl. Abt
1, 135, 369-407. ‘
Studie. Ibid. 136, 2S-69.
1928 : Weitere Beitrage zur Flora der Magnesit- und Serpentinboden. Ibid. 137, 55-59.
1928 : Vierter Beitrag zur Okologie der Flora auf Serpentin- und Magnesitbodｅｎ. Ibid.
137,･825-859:
Maeda, T., 1951 : Sociological study of Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙpaｒiｓobtｕｓａ forest and its Japan-sea elements.
Misc. Inform. Tokyo Univ. Forests Ｎ０. 8, 21-44.
Miyazaki, S.,1937 : Sylvicultural consideration on the ７加加戸sis dolat?rata forest in
Prefecture. K6chi Rin-yu Ｎ０.206, 1-23 （ｌｎJapanese).
1942 : On the relation between the forest vegetation and the soil morphology of Shikoku
1942 : Outline of the flora of Nishikiyama. Ibid. No. 19, 37-42 (In Japanese).
1954 : Notes on 哨ｅ flora of the Gaspe Peninsula. Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 48, 117-136.
1954 : L'Alliance du Shiion Sieboldi. Vegetatio S-6, 361-372.
& K. Hatiya, 1951 : The forest vegetation of Izu Peninsula. Bull. Tokyo Univ. Forests
･（ｌｎJapanese).
MorishitaヽK. & T. Yamanaka, 1956 :I Distributional and ecological observations of ＳｆｉＪ’ａｅａ
tｏｓｏｅｎｓiｓYatabe. Jap. J. Ecol- 6, 50-53.
Nakai, T., 1930 : Vegetation of Mt. Apoi in the Province of Hidaka, Hokkaido. Tennen-kinem-
butsu Ch6sa Hbkoku (Shokubutsu) No. 12, 1-80 (In Japanese).
Nakano, H. , 1942 : The deciduous forest vegetation in Japan. Ann. Phytoecol. 2, 57-72 (In
Japanese).
Nishida, S., 1918-1919 : On the distribution of plants in the Yupari mountain range. Trans.
･ Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 7, 71-92, 136-177 (In Japanese).
Novak, F. A., 1928 : Quelques re marques relatives au probleme de la vegetation sur les
terrains serpentiniques. Preslia 4， 42-71..
Ogawa, Y., 1950 : Serpentine flora of Mt. Kurosawa, Prov. Kii. Act. Phytotaχ. Geobot. 12, 187
-188 (In Japanese).
Ohwi, J., 1933 : Flora of Japan （ｌｎ Japanese).
Pichi-Sermolli, R., 1948 : Flore e vegetazione delle serpentine ｅ delle altre ofiliti dell'alta valle
del Tevere (Toscana). Webbia ６，1-380.
Raunkiaer, C., 1934 : The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. ｀･
Rune, O., 1953 : Plant life on serpentines and related rocks in the North of Sweden. Act. Phyto-
geogr. Suecica ３１，1-139.
Sakamoto, C., 1955 : Studies on utilization of serpentine. I. On the treating of calcined ser-
pentine by sulphuric acid. Res. Rep. K6chi Univ. 4(48), 1-8.
Sato, W., 1946 : Studies on the plant-climate in the south-western half of Japan. I－I!. J. Sci.
Kanazawa Normal Coll. 1, 1-59, 61-72 (In Japanese).
Sawamura, T., 1956 : Serpentine resource in the vicinity of K6chi city (ｌｎJapanese).
Shimizu, T., 1953 : On the noteworthy plants from the limestone range in Shimohei-gun, Pref.
Iwate. Japan. 1 ―3. Act. Phytotaχ. Geobot. 17, 85-93, 107-113, 143-154.
Suzuki, T., 1953 : The forest climaχes in East Asia. Jap. J. Bot. 14, 1一12.
一一19S4 : Forest and bog vegetation within the Ozegahara Basin. Sci. Res. Ozegahara Moor
205-268.
（Ｔ･ｙＡ･manaka) 45:
39, 145-169.
＆Ｍ． Kitag耳ｗａ、 1954 : Sur la vegetation et l'ecologie.du pinaies de、ＰtｔｌＵＳ（ｉｅｎｓtμＯｆａ.
Akamatsu･ ni kansuru Kenkyu Rombun-shu １６３こ-168.
& H. Usui, 1953 : The secondary forest vegetation of North Kant6 District. ]. Jap.
1928 : The vegetation of Mt. Apoi, Prov. Hidaka, Hokkaido｡Japan. Ibid. 5, 49-134.
1932 : A list of plants collected in the Teshio University‘Experimental Forest. II. Ibid.
1935 : The distribution of ？i。ｇｓ戸umilain northern Japan. Ecol. Rev. 1, 23-36 fin
1938 : Rhytogeographical study on the alpine plants of Yezo. (I). Ibid. 4, 101-112.
1944 : Phytosocio】ogical study of Picea glehni forest. Res. Bull. Coll. Exp. For. Hokkaido
& T. Morimoto, 1933 : Report on the ecological survey of the Teshio Experimental Forest,
1954 IV. The vegetational response to serpentine soils. Ibid. 35, 275-288.
1950 : Studies on the serpentine vegetation. I-II.、Seibutsugakkaishi of Hiroshima
1951 : Sociological studidS on the serpention vegetation. 1. Bull. Fac. Educ. K6chi
1952 II. Ibid. No. 2, 59-74
1952 : Studies in the vegetation and the flora on serpentine. Res. Rep. K6chi Univ. 1
1952 : Flora and vegetation of Mts. Akaishi, Shikoku. Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 14,
1952 : Some problems on the ｆ】oraand the vegetation ｏｆ､theserpentine region. Ibid. 14、
1953 : Serpentine vegetation ｏｆ･Aburaishi in Okusuue, Prov. Tosa, Shikoku, Japan.
1953 : Serpentine vegetation of Tomisato, Prov. Iyo, Shikoku, Japan. Ibid. IS, 91-94
1953 : Serpentine vegetation of Hashiradani and Harihara in K6chi city, Shikoku, Japan.
1954 : Sociological studies on the serpentine vegetation. Ⅲ. The vegetation on Mt.
19S5 : Studies on the limestone vegetation in Shikoku, Japan. Res. Rep. K6chi Univ
1955 : Sociological studies on the serpentine vegetation. IV. The vegetation on Mt
1955 : Serpentine vegetation of Mt. Yokogura. Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 16, .43 (In
For. Soc. 3S, 9-13. ，.
Tadros, T. M., 1957 : Evidence of the presence of an edapho-biotic factor in the problem of ser-
pentine tolerance. Ecol. 38, 14-22. ，
Taniguchi, M., 1958 : Phytosociological study of serpentine area of Mt. Asama, Mie Pref. Act.
Phytotaχ. Geobot. 17, 122-!27.
Tatewaki, M., 1928 : A list of plants collected in the Teshio University Experimental Forest.
I. Res. Bull. Coll. Ｅχp. For. Hokkaido Univ. S, 1-48 (In Japanese).
7, 181-208 (In Japanese).
Japanese).
Univ. 13 (2), 1-181 (In Japanese).
Hokkaido. II. On the synecological survey of the forest of Picea glehni. Ibid. 8, 1-287.
Toyokuni, H., 1955-1958 : On the ultrabasicosaχicolous flora of Hokkaido, Japan. (l)-(7).
Hokuriku J. Rot. 4, 97-101; 5，12-15, 81-84, 115-116; 6，17-20,･63-67; 7，37-38.
Usui, H. , 1954 : The plant communities and their successional relationship on the・vegetation
of the Utsunomiya University Forest. Bull. Coll. Agr. Utsunomiya Univ. 2, 169-176. ・
Walker, R. B., 1954 : The ecology of serpentine soils. II. Factors affecting plant growth on
serpentine soils. Ecol. 35, 259-265. 。
,H. M. Walker, & P. R. Ashworth, 1955 : Calcium-magnesium nutrition with special
reference to serpentine soils. Pi. Physiol. 30, 214-221.
Whittaker, R. H., 1954 : The ecology of serpentine soils. I. Introduction. Ecol. 35, 258-259.
Yamanaka, T., 1950 : The serpentine vegetation of Nishikiyama. Act, Phytotax. Geobot. 12,
188-192 (In Japanese).
Univ. 2 (2), 23-24, 25-26.
Univ. No. 1, 95-117.
(9), 1-8.
129-132 (In Japanese).
195-197 (In Japanese).
Ibid. 15, 61-63 (In Japanese).
(ｌｎ Japanese).
Ibid. IS, 95-96 (In Japanese).
Shiraga, K6chi Pref. Bull. Fac. Educ. K6chi Univ. No. 5, 47-53.
4 (2), 1-12.
Higashi･akaishi, Ehime Pref. Bull. Fac. Educ. K6chi Univ. No. 8, 49-57.
砧 ’
Japanese).
Research of the k6chi University Vol. 8、Ｎｏ、10
1956 : Sociological studies on the serpentine vegetation. Ｖ. Namekawa and Yusuhara
1957 : On the Ｇｈａｍａｅｃｓ{>ｏｒｉｓObtusa forest in Shikoku, southern Japan. Jap. J. Ecol. 6,
1957 : The forest vegetation of the Inland Sea District of Shikoku, Japan. Res. Rep.
1958 : Serpentine flora of Mt. Nishi-akaishi, Shikoku. Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 17, 94-96
1958 : Serpentine flora of the foot of Mt. D6go, Hiroshima Pref. Journ. Jap. Bot. 33,
1953 : Sociological studies on the serpentine vegetation. VI. On the communities of
1959:The Ｐｉｒｕｓｄ６竹ｓげｌｏｆａforest on serpentine. Jap. J. Ecol. 9, 54-58.
1959 : Sociological studies on the serpentine vegetation. VII. General considerations on
1959 : Serpentine vegetation of Yawatahama and Mikame in Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku.
& K. Takezaki, 1959 : Distribution and ecology of j?hododendron ri加〃sｓMakino, with
1935 : The occurrence of Ｔｈｕjol)ｓtｓｄｏｌａｂｒａｉａ ａｎｄother peculiar plants in the basin of
193S : Further notes on the occurrence of ｎzφ･Psis加labrata. Ibid. No. 195, 7-13 (In
1940 : Serpentine plants. Ibid. Nc . 233, 1-4 (In Japanese).
1949 : Sociological studies on the pine forests in Japan, especially with regard to their
1953 : Ecoloc!ical studies of Japanese pine forests （ｌｎ Japanese).
in K6chi Prefecture. Bull. Fac. Educ. K6chi Univ. No. 9, 35-39.
149-152.
K6chi Univ. 6 (6), 1-16.
(ｌｎJapanese).
120-121.
ＳＰｌｆａｅａｉｎ Tokushima and Ehime Pref. Bull. Fac. Educ. Kbchi Univ. No. 10, 71-76.
一一― 1958 : The Ｑｕｅｆｃｕｓ仙郷ii'ａｅｏｉｄｃｓcommunity in Shikoku, Japan. Res. Rep. K6chi Univ
7 (9), 1-6.
the ssrpentine vegetation in Shikoku. Bull. Fac. Educ K6chi Univ. No. 11, 87-104
Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 18, 29-32 (In Japanese).
reference to the vegetation and flora on rocky river･banks. Journ. ］ap. Bot. 34, 215-224.
Yamawaki, T., 1957 : Studies on the distribution of the Genus Ｈｅｍｅｒocaliiｓand its natural
variation. Kusunoki N6h6 11 (8),・12-26.
Yoshimura, I., 1958 : Ecological observations on Cladonia, a genus of the Lichen, in Shikoku.
Gakugei No. 1, 44-51 (In Japanese).
Yoshinaga, T., 1914 : The relation between serpentine and peculiar plants in Prov. Tosa. Bot.
Mag. Tokyo 28， 40-42 （ｌｎJapanese).
the River Naka, Tokushima Prefecture. K6chi Rin･yu Ｎ０.184, 1-10 (In Japanese).
Japanese).
Yoshioka, K., 1948 : On the types and development of Japanese pine forests. Ecol. Rev. 11,
204-216 (In Japanese).
structure and development. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. 4, 18, 229-242.
Ｅ xplanation of Plates
Plate l
1. The serpentine Outcrop of Korodokihana directly facing the sea. Thｅ Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ仙郷ii'ａｅｏｉｆｉｅｓ
scrub (Pitioｓｐｏｎtｏ-ＱｕＢｔｃｅｉｕｍ ＾hｙlHｒａｅｏｉｒieiiｓ)occur in rather stable places. (Oct., 1958)
2. An open and stunted pine forest G4かぷｄ∂･Pinetum心nsiflびae) at an altitude of 900 m. in
Shimagawa一一 (Oct., 1958)
3. The serpentine barren in Shimagawa. The vegetation of this area is essentially characterized
by the pine forest. (May, 1956)
4.Ａ view of the stunted iJine forest （AbelieioヽPiｔietｕｒａｄｅｎｓiμｏｒａｅ）ａtthe 280 m. altitude in
the vicinity of Nishikiyama. (Nov., 1956)
‘ Plate II
5.Ａ stand of the pine forest (じAhelietｏ-Ｐｉｎｅtｕｍ ｆｉｅｎｓiルrce)at an altitude of 370 m. in the
vicinity of Rngy6ji. Barrens occur within the pine forest. (Nov., 1958)
6. The serpentine area at an altitude of 380 m. in the vicinity of Engybji. Pinus deiisi/1びａ
is abundantly found. (Nov., 195S)
7. The open pine forest (Abelieto-Pinetu回心ｓ切印･ae) in altitudes
the Osaka Pass.
between ４０ and ８０ ｍ. 0f
(March, 1951)
8. The serpentine area of the Osaka Pass covered with Ａｆｕｎｄｉｎａｒia夕ｙｇｍａｅａ. Scatteredstun tec!
trees ａｒｅ戸畑μsder (March, 1951)
Plate 曹
9. The pine forest (.Abeμgl∂一月netu。zｊのisiflθrae) at an altitude of 60 m. of Okbyama. The
shrub stratum is dominated by Ａｆｕｎｄｉｎａｒia pｙｇ竹＾ａｅａ. (Oct., 1950)
10. A view of Mt. Nishi-akaishi (background) from the western place of Mt. Higashi-akaishi
(foreground). The south-exposed serpentine area of Mt. Higashi･akaishi is characterized by
the stunted coniferous forest. The serpentine outcrop of Mt. Nishi･akaishi is shown by an
arrow。 (Oct., 1957)
11. The southern side near the summit of Mt. Higashi-akaishi. The coniferous forest is very
stunted, and the scrub of S1）iｒａｅａｓikokｕａゆｉｎａ（SPi＾ａｅｅｉｕｍｓikokｕａゆ･inae) occurs here｡
(Aug.. 1955)
12. An inside view of the coniferous forest （Ｒｈｏｄｏｒｅtｏ-Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙｂａｒｉｄｅtｕｍｏｂtｕｓａｅ）ａt an altitude
of 1200 m. ０ｎ the northern side of Mt. Higashi・akaishi. (Aug., 1950)
Plate Ⅳ
13. The northern side of Mt. Higashi･akaishi covered with the coniferous forest. In the eastern
part of this mountain, serpentine forms ａ large scree. (Aug., 1956)
14. Ａ view of the east ridge of Mt. Higashi･akaishi from the summit. (Aug., 1956)
15. The summit of Mt. Higashi-akaishi seen from the east ridge. (Oct., 1957)
16･ The summit of Mt. Shiraga. Coniferous trees, such ａｓ Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｉｐａｆiｓ obtｔｔｓｏ.Piimｓ peniapkｙlla
var.ｈｉｍｅｋｏｍａｉｓｕ, and ＴｓＭｇａｆｉｉｕｅｒｓげolia，ａでｅ ｓtunted. (June, 1958)
Plate V
17. The southern side near the summit of Mt. Shiraga. The vegetation is characterized by the
stunted coniferous forest with many withered trees. (Jnne, 1958)
18. Ａ typical stand of the coniferous forest （j?加doreto-Chamaeりか･ridetutn obtusae) at an altitude
of 1200 m. on the northern side of Mt. Shiraga. (March, 1955)
19. Ｓｐｉずａｅａｓikokｕａゆi丿ｌａ Koidz. with flowers in the rocky place near the summit of Mt. Shiraga｡
(June, 1958)
20. ShrubbyTftｕiopｓiｓ ｄｏｌａｂｒａtaSieb. et Zucc. in the serpentine area of Jinry6. (July, 1951)
Plate Ｍ
21.
22.
23.
24.
Blooming Ｃ∂がopsis spicata Sieb. et Zucc. in the vicinity of Nishikiyama. (Apr., 1957)
Coり!ｏｆｔｓiｓｓpicaiaSieb. et Zucc. with young fruits and leaves at the Osaka Pass.
゛゛ (Apr., 1953)
CｏりloOsiｓ ｇｏtｏａ皿Makino with leaves at Jinryb.
Ｈｅtｅ･ｙ砂ａｐｐｕｓhtｓｐｉｄｕｓｓｓｐ. 1ゆｉｏｄａｄｕｓKitａｍ. with flowers at the Osaka
2５. Ｓａｉｔｓｓぼｅａ ｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａｓｓｐ．タｏｓｈｉｎａｇａｅ■Ｋ＼tam. with buds at the Ryu Pass
Plate Ⅶ
25.
27.
28.
23.
30.
(July, 1951)
Pass.
(Oct., 1950)
(July, 1958)
£iliw.り1加;り㎝iaりｚvar. ａｌ･ｇａｓりIKitam. from the serpantine area of Sakashu. (May, 1S57)
Ｇｙｍｎｏｃｃぴ岫４ヽｍｊｅｓｓｏｅｎｓｅKoidz. in the serpentine crevice of Mt. Higashi -akaishi.
Clematis戸atens M､)rr.ｅt Decaisn. with flowers at the Osaka Pass.
Ange!ica ubatake･〃ｊｓKitagawa at the summit of Mt. Higashi-akaishi.
Ｃα･ｍtitｏsofｕｓsibｒicitｓRupr. in the serpentine crevice of Tomisato.
(July,
(Apr.,
(July,
(Apr.,
1953)
1957)
1953)
1953)
(Received August 28, 1959)
Tａｂｌｅ １５.
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ＷＷＷ ＷＷＷ Ｗ Ｗ ＷＷＷ 心ヘノ 心鴫Ｌ
＋ ＋ s ，､Jﾄ.， ﾄ..十十。十十。む。。 。
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Aｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ｔａｂｌｅ ｏｆ Ａｂｅｌｉｅtｏ-Ｐｉｎｅtｕm ｄｅｎｓifloｒａｅ in'Ｋ６ｃｈi
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゜’十十十゜・十十十゜十十’゜゜゛十’’゜’’十゜十十’゜･ tsj･ ･十゜’‥十一’ ‥’十゜万万‥‥万年‥年‥♀♀‥づ年･ﾓjづ年ヅ Ｊ。コヴ
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呂(/っ呂。
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＋ ＋ 。,..＋＋ ﾄ，s＋s.,十 s●＋s ＋ωs。 ω ω・・・・・・＋・＋・＋・・・・＋＋・・・・・・・・・s.・＋・・＋・・ﾄｰ・・，､J,､j十． ‥孚♀‥゜ ゜♀♀♀♀・♀・♀♀♀♀・・+ + +++ +Ξ♀゜Ξ ‥苔
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－ヽヽﾉ-● ヽ.･ － ヽヽﾉ ヽ.･－ヽﾉ－ヽﾉ －･－司レ
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Ｗ Ｗ Ｗ Ｗ 心 ＷＷ 心ヘノ ＷＷ Ｗ Ｊ巾･
‥‥‥‥＋‥‥＋＋＋＋申‥＋‥‥・－‥‥‥‥‥－．＋－． ・づ・ﾓﾔ‥‥岬・緋‥‥牡‥・託づ‥か竺 √(゛
心 心／ Ｗ ＷＷ 心Ｊ ＷＷ 心 心 心/巾･
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心/ 心/心ﾉ Ｗ心/ 心心/ yﾉ k八ﾉ
巾･ ＋＋ ＋ ＋ ＋ ＋ 。＋＋ｓ ｓ,り りり ω ω り
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心ﾍﾉ Ｗ Ｗ ＷＷＪＷＪ Ｗ
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心 ･^-^･v-^ Ｗ 心／ＷＪ Ｗ 心 Ｗ Ｗ Ｊ
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心/yﾉ tﾉ 心いﾉ 心 Ｗ
C/つを-JS旨色
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十十・●十・十・十十十十・十・・・・ ・・・・．太太太h―' . .太．．．．．只゛‘j i_ii__iCO ．⌒､欠坦坦
古士士 士 士 士 士 ’じ古など
＋＋ ﾄ_， ＋ ＋,。十e､J ωωω
・＋・・＋・＋・・ﾄｰ十十・＋・・・。 ゜゜゜’゜♀♀‥‥常‥・+ ++゜常常 ﾂΞ言言
心/心ﾉ 心 Ｗ ＷＷ 心心 Ｗ
＋＋ ＋ ＋十十十 ｓ ト. +H-.+ﾄ.,ω ，。ωω‥‥十‥十゛‥十十‥･．゜・ 平常‥ ♀平♀‥ﾜ゜♀’Ξ♀Ξ♀Ξ ワ ΞΞ
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21
22
23
24
25
Plate VI
26
27
28
29
30
Plate Ⅶ
