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A Peace to End all Peace
A Peace to End all Peace
The Final Results of WWIThe Final Results of WWI
Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference
• Huge Meeting• Thousands of representatives from hundreds of areas came seeking something
• Problems• Conflicting goals of groups
• Idealistic expectations
• Desire for revenge among families of those killed
• Huge Meeting• Thousands of representatives from hundreds of areas came seeking something
• Problems• Conflicting goals of groups
• Idealistic expectations
• Desire for revenge among families of those killed
Allied Leaders - “Big 3”
Allied Leaders - “Big 3”
• David Lloyd George (British Empire)• Preserve the British Empire
• Georges Clemenceau (France)• Permanently cripple Germany
• Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)• Nationalistic “self-determination”
• League of Nations
• David Lloyd George (British Empire)• Preserve the British Empire
• Georges Clemenceau (France)• Permanently cripple Germany
• Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)• Nationalistic “self-determination”
• League of Nations
GermanyGermany
• Territorial Losses• German territory given to new countries
• Reparations• Germany must make annual payments of millions of dollars to France and Britain
• War Guilt Clause• Germany was forced to admit total responsibility for the outbreak of war
• Significance• Anger and financial misery caused by treatment from Allies is a major factor leading to WWII
• Territorial Losses• German territory given to new countries
• Reparations• Germany must make annual payments of millions of dollars to France and Britain
• War Guilt Clause• Germany was forced to admit total responsibility for the outbreak of war
• Significance• Anger and financial misery caused by treatment from Allies is a major factor leading to WWII
Eastern EuropeEastern Europe• Partition of Eastern Europe• Austria-Hungary demolished, and many new countries created based on self-determination
• Significance• Borders can not be drawn to perfectly match ethnic divisions, leading to future conflicts
• New states are small and inherently weak, leading to potential domination
• Partition of Eastern Europe• Austria-Hungary demolished, and many new countries created based on self-determination
• Significance• Borders can not be drawn to perfectly match ethnic divisions, leading to future conflicts
• New states are small and inherently weak, leading to potential domination
Middle EastMiddle East
• Mandates• Former Ottoman lands divided into territories under European supervision (some colonies, others puppet monarchies)
• Problems• Borders drawn without knowledge of local politics (Iraq)
• Nationalism: Local groups angry at European powers for not granting full independence
• Zionist Issue (Palestine)
• Mandates• Former Ottoman lands divided into territories under European supervision (some colonies, others puppet monarchies)
• Problems• Borders drawn without knowledge of local politics (Iraq)
• Nationalism: Local groups angry at European powers for not granting full independence
• Zionist Issue (Palestine)
South AsiaSouth Asia• India
• British leaders promise more freedoms during the war in exchange for continued support
• Rowlatt Act• After the war, British pass law curtailing Indian civil liberties
• Significance• The failure of the British to make moderate reforms provides a fresh spark to the Indian nationalist movement (and creates a new celebrity)
• India• British leaders promise more freedoms during the war in exchange for continued support
• Rowlatt Act• After the war, British pass law curtailing Indian civil liberties
• Significance• The failure of the British to make moderate reforms provides a fresh spark to the Indian nationalist movement (and creates a new celebrity)
AfricaAfrica
• Colonies• Like India, Africans had been promised better treatment in exchange for war support, only to find those promises hollow
• Significance• Nationalism: Like in India, a nationalist movements in various colonies led by Western educated individuals developed (Example: National Congress of British West Africa)
• Colonies• Like India, Africans had been promised better treatment in exchange for war support, only to find those promises hollow
• Significance• Nationalism: Like in India, a nationalist movements in various colonies led by Western educated individuals developed (Example: National Congress of British West Africa)
East AsiaEast Asia
• Japan• Western powers refuse to include a racial equality clause requested by Japanese delegation
• Significance• Japan, already on dicey relations with the West, becomes openly hostile
• China• Japan receives German territories in China
• Significance• Feeling of betrayal by the Allies gives a spark to the Communist (Marxist) movement in China
• Japan• Western powers refuse to include a racial equality clause requested by Japanese delegation
• Significance• Japan, already on dicey relations with the West, becomes openly hostile
• China• Japan receives German territories in China
• Significance• Feeling of betrayal by the Allies gives a spark to the Communist (Marxist) movement in China
RussiaRussia• Soviet Union
• Not permitted at conference, Bolshevik government (“Red Russians”) not recognized by Great Powers, still fighting a civil war with less radical groups (“White Russians”) supported by the West
• Hostility towards Bolsheviks for pulling Russia out of the war and their promotion of radical revolution among socialist groups in the West
• Significance• Mutual hostility between Soviet Russia and the West a major feature of life between the wars (more on this later)
• Soviet Union• Not permitted at conference, Bolshevik government (“Red Russians”) not recognized by Great Powers, still fighting a civil war with less radical groups (“White Russians”) supported by the West
• Hostility towards Bolsheviks for pulling Russia out of the war and their promotion of radical revolution among socialist groups in the West
• Significance• Mutual hostility between Soviet Russia and the West a major feature of life between the wars (more on this later)
AmericaAmerica
• United States • Congress fails to ratify Treaty of Versailles due to partisan disagreements
• America does not join League of Nations
• Significance• Organization missing the world’s newest “superpower” lacks the power and authority necessary to enforce the peace
• United States • Congress fails to ratify Treaty of Versailles due to partisan disagreements
• America does not join League of Nations
• Significance• Organization missing the world’s newest “superpower” lacks the power and authority necessary to enforce the peace
Coach Lerch’s Final ThoughtsCoach Lerch’s Final Thoughts
• The failure to achieve a satisfactory peace at the end of this global conflict led to long term political issues in all of the major regions and spawned a resumption of hostilities within 20 short years
• The failure to achieve a satisfactory peace at the end of this global conflict led to long term political issues in all of the major regions and spawned a resumption of hostilities within 20 short years