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Using APA StyleUsing APA StyleUsing APA Style
Mr Chang Tiam ChauMr Chang Tiam Chau
Senior LibrarianSenior Librarian
5th edition of APA's Publication Manual
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Contents APA Books Available in UTAR Libraries Why Should You Acknowledge Your Sources?
Why Use APA Style?
Citation Reference in the Text
Reference List Free APA Converter
Converting to APA Style Using Proquest
Free APA Interactive Tutorial
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APA Publication Manual
The material in this guide is not a comprehensive list of
all the types of materials can be cited.
For complete and thorough information about using APAstyle, go straight to the source. Copies of the PublicationManual of the APA are available in Red-Spot and OpenShelf collections in all libraries.
The Call Number is BF76.7.P83 2001
Red Spot
Open Shelf
11121
-1-11
FESFAMFICTFASML
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Other APA Books Available in LibraryOther APA Books Available in Library
Mastering APA Style: Instructor'sResource Guide
Call number: BF76.8.G453 2002
FAS - 1 in Red-SpotFAM - 1 in Red-Spot, 5 in Open Shelf
Mastering APA Style: Student's Workbookand Training Guide
Call number: BF76.8.G45 2002
FAS - 1 in Red-Spot
FAM - 1 in Red-Spot, 5 in Open Shelf
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Other APA Books Available in LibraryOther APA Books Available in Library
Concise rules of APA style
Call number: BF76.8.S98 2002
FAS 1 in Reference
Writing with style: APA style made easy
Call number: BF76.8.S98 2002
FAS 1 in Red-Spot, 2 in Open Shelf
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Other APA Books Available in LibraryOther APA Books Available in Library
Writing with style : APA style forcounseling
Call number: BF76.8.S98 2002
FAS 1 in Red-Spot, 1 in Open Shelf
How to Prepare a Research Article inAPA Style
FAM - On order 2 copies
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Web Site for APAWeb Site for APA
http://apastyle.apa.orghttp://apastyle.apa.org
Frequently Asked QuestionsFrequently Asked Questions--Online guidelines for commonly asked questions concerningOnline guidelines for commonly asked questions concerning electronicelectronicreferencesreferences..
-- If your question involves more complex expressions of writing,If your question involves more complex expressions of writing,visit thevisit the APA style tips
- Tips on specific questions
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Why should you acknowledgeyour sources?
Citations reflect the careful and thoroughwork you have put into locating andexploring your sources
Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may
share your interest in a particular area ofscholarship
By citing sources, then, you demonstrate your
integrity and skill as a responsible participantin the conversation of scholarship
Failure to provide adequate citations constitutesplagiarism!
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When to Cite a Source
When you quote directly
When the information is not a commonknowledge
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Why Use APA Style?
This is the most common format forThis is the most common format fordocumenting sourcesdocumenting sources
This format is widely used for courseThis format is widely used for course
papers and journal articles in psychologypapers and journal articles in psychology
and also in the social sciences, education,and also in the social sciences, education,
engineering, and businessengineering, and business
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Part 1:
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS Use of a parenthetical reference system
in the text of the paper
All in-text parenthetical referencesmust correspond to a source cited in
the References list.
Tied to an alphabetical References list
(located at the end of your paper)
UseUse authorauthor--datedatesystem of citationsystem of citation
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by One Author(p.207-208)
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Taylor, M. M.Taylor, M. M. (2000). Study of personalities and character.(2000). Study of personalities and character.
Journal of Psychology, 93Journal of Psychology, 93 (1), 257(1), 257--267.267.
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
According to Taylor (2000), the personalities ofAccording to Taylor (2000), the personalities of
In a study of personalities and character (Taylor, 2000)In a study of personalities and character (Taylor, 2000)
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by One Author (Cont.)
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers.Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers.
The Star,The Star, p. N6.p. N6.
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
Mak (2006) found workers are happierMak (2006) found workers are happier
Cite by author and year only even whenreference includes month or date:
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by Two authors(p. 208)
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality inSerlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in
psychological research: The goodpsychological research: The good--enoughenough
principle.principle.American Psychologist, 40American Psychologist, 40, 73, 73--83.83.
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problemsSerlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems
Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.
Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the textUse the word "and" between the authors' names within the text
Use "&" in the parentheses:Use "&" in the parentheses:
A survey on the problems inA survey on the problems in ((Serlin & Lapsley, 1985)Serlin & Lapsley, 1985)
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by Multiple authors (3-5 authors)(p.208)
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. (199Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. (1993).3).
Small group learning,Small group learning, Psychological Bulletin, 26,Psychological Bulletin, 26, 5757--63.63.
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 did a survey ondid a survey on (Use as(Use as
1st citation in text)1st citation in text)
Skinner et al. also foundSkinner et al. also found (Omit year from subsequent citations(Omit year from subsequent citations
after 1st citation within a paragraph)after 1st citation within a paragraph)
Skinner et al. (1993) foundSkinner et al. (1993) found (Use as subsequent 1st citation per(Use as subsequent 1st citation per
paragraph thereafter)paragraph thereafter)
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
For works with 6 or more authors, the 1st citation
& subsequent citations use first author et al. and
year.
et almeans and others
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., CoatswortWolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D.,h, D.,
Lengua, L., et al.Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory--
based mother and motherbased mother and mother--child programs for children of divorce.child programs for children of divorce.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843, 843--856.856.
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
Wolchik et al.Wolchik et al. (2000) studied the use of(2000) studied the use of
(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the 11stst
six authors, and shorten any remaining authors tosix authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.et al.))
Six or More AuthorsSix or More Authors (p. 209)(p. 209)
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
If group author is easily identified by its abbreviation,
you may abbreviate the name in the second andsubsequent citations:
Groups as AuthorsGroups as Authors (p. 209(p. 209--210210))
Write down corporate author in full every timeWrite down corporate author in full every time
if the abbreviation isif the abbreviation is NOTNOTcommon.common.
1st citation:1st citation:
Ministry of Education [MOE], 2001)Ministry of Education [MOE], 2001)
e.g., (University of Pittsburg, 1998)e.g., (University of Pittsburg, 1998)
Subsequent text citation:Subsequent text citation:
(MOE, 2001)(MOE, 2001)
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Works With No Author(p. 210-211)
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10).Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). TheThe
Straits TimesStraits Times, p. 32., p. 32.
Cite the first few words of the reference list entryCite the first few words of the reference list entry
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
Many mentally ill drinkers seek the help from (Alcohol andthe risk, 2006).
Usually thesually the titletitle of the article or newspaperof the article or newspaper
And the yearAnd the year
UseUse and italics
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Authors With the Same Surname(p. 211)
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Young, J. (1989).Young, J. (1989). The Purification PlanThe Purification Plan.. New York:New York:
Rodale Books.Rodale Books.
Young, E. (1990).Young, E. (1990). Caring for the VulnerableCaring for the Vulnerable.. London:London:
Jones and BartlettJones and Bartlett..
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .
Survey by E. Young (1990) proved thatSurvey by E. Young (1990) proved that
Use initials with the last names if yourUse initials with the last names if your
reference list includes two or more authorsreference list includes two or more authors
with the same last name.with the same last name.
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Do not include personal communicationsDo not include personal communicationsin your reference list.in your reference list.
Personal CommunicationPersonal Communication (p. 214)(p. 214)
Interviews, memos, letters, eInterviews, memos, letters, e--mail, and similarmail, and similar
unpublished personunpublished person--toto--person communicationsperson communications
should be cited as follows:should be cited as follows:
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
One of AtkinsonOne of Atkinsons colleagues, who has studied the effects colleagues, who has studied the effectof the media on childrenof the media on childrens eating habits, has contendeds eating habits, has contended
that advertisers or snack foods will need to design adsthat advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads
responsibly for their younger viewersresponsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson,(F. Johnson,
personal communication, October 20, 2004).personal communication, October 20, 2004).
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Reference in the text:
Irene and Johns study (as cited in Tornhill, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,1993)
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Tornhill, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). ModelsTornhill, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models
of reading aloud: Dualof reading aloud: Dual--route and parallelroute and parallel--distributeddistributed--
processing approaches.processing approaches. Psychological ReviewPsychological Review,, 100100, 589, 589--
608.608.
Give the secondary source in the reference list;Give the secondary source in the reference list;
In text, name thename the original workoriginal work, and give a citation, and give a citation
for the secondary source.for the secondary source.
Secondary Sources (p. 247)
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Directly quote - include the author, year of publication,
and the page number
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Jones, L. (2004).Jones, L. (2004). How to research.How to research. London: OpenLondon: Open
University Press.University Press.
QuotationsQuotations (p.117(p.117--119)119) -- Short Quotes (< 40 words)
Reference in the text:Reference in the text:
According toAccording to Jones (2004), "Jones (2004), "Students often hadStudents often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was theirdifficulty using APA style, especially when it was theirfirst timefirst time" (p. 199)." (p. 199).
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Reference in the text:
We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:
Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative
to conventional psychopharmacological agents but rather(p. 8).
References (References (at the end of your paper)at the end of your paper)
Obrue, K. (2002).Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice.Neurofeedback practice. New York:New York:
McGrawMcGraw--Hill.Hill.
QuotationsQuotations (p.117(p.117--119)119) -- Long QuotesLong Quotes (> 40 words)
Do not useDo not use
Use block form, indent 5 spaces for entire quoteUse block form, indent 5 spaces for entire quote
Use double spaceUse double space
UseUse to indicate omitted wordsto indicate omitted words
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Part 2: Formatting Your
Reference ListThe Basics
-- APA requires a hanging indent for its citationsAPA requires a hanging indent for its citations
-- Please be sure to use double space citationsPlease be sure to use double space citations
-- Documents only sources used in research andDocuments only sources used in research and
preparationpreparation
-- Alphabetize the worksAlphabetize the works
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Pay Specific Attention
to-- Consistency in how you apply APAConsistency in how you apply APA
-- Punctuation (period, comma, semiPunctuation (period, comma, semi--colon)colon)
-- Location and publisher for booksLocation and publisher for books
-- Volume, issue and page numbers for articlesVolume, issue and page numbers for articles
-- Complete and correct informationComplete and correct information
-- SpellingSpelling
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Reference List Order
Alphabetical by authors name Chronological by same author
Alphabetical by title
Same author, same year, different title:Same author, same year, different title:
Alleyne, R. L. (2004a).Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). MManaging informationanaging information
Alleyne, R. L. (2004b).Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). MMultimedia managementultimedia management
Same author, different year:Same author, different year:
Hewlett, L. S. (Hewlett, L. S. (20052005). Critical thinking about). Critical thinking about
Hewlett, L. S. (Hewlett, L. S. (20062006). Doing quantitative research). Doing quantitative research
Alphabetize the prefix MAlphabetize the prefix M, Mc and Mac literally, not as if, Mc and Mac literally, not as ifthey were all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe.they were all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe.
MacMacArthur, B. A. (2000). Problems and promisesArthur, B. A. (2000). Problems and promises
McMcAllister, G. J.Allister, G. J. (2000). Choice and the relative(2000). Choice and the relative
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Reference List
Malay Names:Malay Names: Enter first element of the nameEnter first element of the name.
Mohamad Yazid IdrisMohamad Yazid Idris Mohamad, Y. I.Mohamad, Y. I.
English Names: Invert all authorEnglish Names: Invert all authors names.s names.
Patrick, KigerPatrick, Kiger Kiger, P.Kiger, P.
Chinese Names:Chinese Names: Enter under surname.Enter under surname.
Lim Swee HongLim Swee Hong Lim, S. H.Lim, S. H.
Wendy Wang Pei LynWendy Wang Pei Lyn Wang, WWang, W. P. L.. P. L.
Personal Names (p. 224)
R f Li
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Reference List
Personal Names (Cont.)
OthersOthers
Gustav K. Von SchulthessGustav K. Von Schulthess Schulthess, G. K. VonSchulthess, G. K. Von..
Indian Names:Indian Names: Enter first element of the name.Enter first element of the name.
Ganesan a/l SegaranGanesan a/l Segaran Ganesan, SGanesan, S..
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Publisher Information
Leave out terms like Publisher, Co, Inc.
Give city and state if city is not well known orambiguous (US postal code 2-letter)
e.g., Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA spell out other countries
e.g., Oxford, England: Blackwell
Spell out name of publisher especiallyassociations, corporations, university presses
Retain terms like Books, Press
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More Than One PublisherLocationUse the first one, if the book lists more
than one publisher location
New York, London: MacMillan
Cite as New York: MacMillan
B k R f
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Book Reference
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.
Zautra, AZautra, A. (2006).. (2006). Emotions, stress, and health.Emotions, stress, and health.
New York: Oxford University Press.New York: Oxford University Press.
Single Author(p. 248)Single Author(p. 248)
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Book Reference
When the author and publisher areidentical, use the word "Author" as thename of the publisher.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994).American Psychiatric Association. (1994).
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentalDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disordersdisorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC:(4th ed.). Washington, DC: AuthorAuthor..
Single Author(Cont.)Single Author(Cont.)
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Book Reference
6 authors
When a work has up to (and including) sixWhen a work has up to (and including) six
authors, cite all authors.authors, cite all authors.
3 authors3 authors
Playfair, J. H.Playfair, J. H., Gardner, M., &, Gardner, M., &Bancroft, G. J.Bancroft, G. J. (2004).(2004).
Infection and immunityInfection and immunity.. (2nd ed.).(2nd ed.). Oxford: OxfordOxford: OxfordUniversity Press.University Press.
Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead,Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead,
M., Craig, K., Peterson, R.M., Craig, K., Peterson, R. (1967).(1967). Nerve cellsNerve cells
and insect behavior.and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: HarvardCambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.University Press.
Multiple Authors(p. 240)Multiple Authors(p. 240)
B k R f
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Book Reference
General Format
Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006).Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006). ManagingManaging
personal fund.personal fund. Toronto: Midwestern.Toronto: Midwestern.
Corporate Author. (Year).Corporate Author. (Year). Title of bookTitle of book. Location:. Location:
Publisher.Publisher.
Corporate Author(p. 248-249)Corporate Author(p. 248-249)
B k R f
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Book Reference
General Format
Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.
Education Handbook. (2005). London: Longman.
Begin with title. Titles of books are italicized.Begin with title. Titles of books are italicized.
No Author(p. 249)No Author(p. 249)
Edit d B k R f
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Edited Book Reference(p. 249)
General Format
Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.One editor:
Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholinguistics. Beijing:Peking University Press.
More than one editor
Grice, H., & Gregory, R. (Eds.). (1968).
Early language development. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
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Later Edition Book Reference(p. 249)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of book(2nd
ed.).Location: Publisher.
Skinner, E. (2003). Women and the nationalexperience(2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
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Non-English Book Reference(p. 251)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Original Title.[Translated Title], Location: Publisher.
Piaget, J., Inhelder, B. (1951). La genese de Iidee dehasard chez Ienfant[The origin of the idea ofchance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires
de France.
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English Translation of A Book(p. 251)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Book title (Name oftranslators).Location: Publisher. (Originalwork published 1814)
Laplace, P.S. (1951). A philosophical essay onprobabilities(F.W. Truscott & F. L. Emory,
Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original workpublished 1814)
B k Ch R f
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Book Chapter Reference(p. 252-254)
General Format
Article Author. (Year). Article Title. In
Book Editor(s), Book Title (page numbers).Location: Publisher.
Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. In R.
A. Lillian & J. F. Rebecca (Eds.), How to research
(pp. 19-25). Buckingham: Open University Press.
Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. In R.
A. Lillian & J. F. Rebecca (Eds.), How to research
(pp. 19-25). Buckingham: Open University Press.
Journal Article Reference
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Journal Article Reference(p. 240)
General Format
McGill, K. (2006).McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performanceReading the valley: performance
as a rhetoric of dimensionas a rhetoric of dimension,, Text andText and
Performance Quarterly, 26Performance Quarterly, 26(4)(4), 389, 389--404404..
Author, A. (Year). Title of article.Author, A. (Year). Title of article.Journal Title,Journal Title,
VolVol(no), pages.(no), pages.
One AuthorOne Author
Journal Article Reference
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Journal Article Reference(p. 240)
List all authors with & preceding last
author.
Racette, A., & Bard, C. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak. Journal of Logic and
Computation, 18, 27-45.
Two AuthorsTwo Authors
Journal Article Reference
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Journal Article Reference
(p. 240-241)
More Than Six Authors
After 6th author name, use et al.
Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Y., Kwok,
O. M., Haine, R. A., et al. (2003). Classroom
Interaction in Science: Teacher questioning and
feedback to students' responses. International
Journal of Science Education, 63, 57-60.
Magazine Article Reference
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Magazine Article Reference(p. 241-242)
Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict
and cognitive control. Natural Science,
33, 969-970.
General FormatGeneral Format
Author, A. (Year, Month day). Title of article.
Title of Magazine, volume if given,
page-numbers.
Proceedings of Meeting & Symposia
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Proceedings of Meeting & Symposia(p. 259-260))
Author, A. (Year). Article Title. Proceedings Title.
Location: Publisher. Volume, Pages.
Cynx, J., William, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992).
Hemispheric differences in avian song
discrimination. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. London: MacMillan. 89,
1372-1375.
General FormatGeneral Format
Unpublished Thesis Reference
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p(p. 260-262)
Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis. Unpublished
level thesis. University, Place.
Kondo, T. (1991). The making of a corporate
elite adult targeted comic magazines of
Japan. Unpublished masters thesis. McGill
University, Canada.
General FormatGeneral Format
Newspaper Article Reference
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p p(p. 242-243)
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title
of Newspaper, pages.
Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the
priority watch list for pirated movies,
music. New Straits Times, p. 6.
General FormatGeneral Format
Web Page Reference
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Web Page ReferenceElectronic Copy of a Journal
Article Retrieved from Database (p. 279)
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title ofPeriodical, Vol(no), pages. Retrieved
Month Day, Year, from source.Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H.,
Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of
early supervisory experience in supervisorperformance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, fromPsycARTICLES database.
General FormatGeneral Format
Web Page Reference
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Web Page Reference
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,vol(no), pages. Retrieved Month Day,Year, from
sourcePelling, N. (2002, May 5). The use of technology in career
counseling. Journal of Technology in Counseling, 2(2).
Retrieved December 16, 2004, fromhttp://jtc.colstate.edu/vol2_2/pelling.htm
General FormatGeneral Format
Article in an InternetArticle in an Internet--only Journalonly Journal (p. 272)(p. 272)Article does not appear in print journal
or magazine
Web Page Reference
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Web Page Reference
Title. (n.d.). Retrieved Month Day,Year, from source.General FormatGeneral Format
StandStand--alone Document, No Authoralone Document, No Author
Identified, No DateIdentified, No Date (p. 274)(p. 274)
What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August21, 2002, from http://www.cc.mystory.life/
blog/didtoday.html
General Instructions for Preparing
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p gthe Paper Manuscript
(See Chapter Five for Details & Handouts) p. 283-320
1.1. PaperPaper One side of standardOne side of standard--sized (A4).sized (A4).
2. Typeface2. Typeface PreferredPreferred 1212--pt Times Roman.pt Times Roman.
3. Double3. Double--spacingspacing leave one fullleave one full--size line blank between each linesize line blank between each line4. Margins4. Margins margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) at the top, bottom,margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) at the top, bottom,
left and right of every page.left and right of every page.
5. Line length and alignment5. Line length and alignment
-- maximum line length 6.5 in. (16.51 cm).maximum line length 6.5 in. (16.51 cm).
-- Do not justify lines, use the flushDo not justify lines, use the flush--left style.left style.
-- Do not divide words at the end of a line, and do not use theDo not divide words at the end of a line, and do not use the
hyphenation function to break words at thhyphenation function to break words at the endse ends
of lines.of lines.
6. Number of lines6. Number of lines Not more than 27 lines of text.Not more than 27 lines of text.
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Free APA Style ConverterStep 1: Go to http://www.noodletools.com
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Step 8: Click A basic journal article
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Converting to APA Style Using ProquestStep 1: Go to Proquest Database under Library OPACStep 2: Enter search terms
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Step 6: For Citation style, choose APA
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Converting to APA Style Using ProquestStep 8: Edit the citation accordingly
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Step 8 Edit the citation accordingly
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