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CitationGuide:APA

ThisguideisbasedonthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thed.and

providesonlyselectedcitationexamplesforcommontypesofsources.Formoredetailedinformation

pleaseconsultaprintcopyofthestylemanual.

Wanthelpkeepingtrackofyourreferences/citationsandformattingyourreferencelists?Considerusing

RefWorksfreeforallstudents,faculty,alumniandstaff.

GeneralNotesonAPAStyle

APArequiresthattheentirepaperbedoublespaced,includingallthelinesinthereferencelist. Numberallpagesconsecutively,beginningwiththetitlepage,inArabicnumerals(E.g.,4,notIV)

intheupperrighthandcorner(Rule8.03,p.230).

Youneedtociteanddocumentanysourcesthatyouhaveconsulted,evenifyoupresentedtheideasfromthesesourcesinyourownwords.Youneedtocite:

o toidentifyotherpeople'sideasandinformationusedwithinyouressayo toinformthereaderofyourpaperwheretheyshouldlookiftheywanttofindthesame

sources

Acitationmustappearintwoplacesinyouressay:o inthebodyofyourtext(intextcitations)o inthereferencelist(attheendofyourpaper)

Tointroduceotherpeople'sideasintext,usethefollowingexamples: Richardsonargues,refersto,explains,hypothesizes,compares,concludes; AsLittlewoodandSherwindemonstrated,provedetc. Spelling:MerriamWebster'sCollegiateDictionaryisthestandardspellingreferenceforAPA

journalsandbooks(Rule4.12,p.96)

ReferenceinText

Capitalizeallmajorwordsintitlesofbooksandarticleswithinthebodyofthepaper(Rule4.15,p.101).E.g.

o In his book, Greek Political Thought (2006), Balot arguesthat [...]

o The criticism of the article "The Politics of ParaliteraryCriticism" [...]

o NOTE:Inreferencelists,however,capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitleandofthesubtitle(afteracolonoremdash)andpropernouns.

Whenquotingfromprintsourcesoronlinearticles,givetheauthor,year,andpagenumberinparentheses(Rules6.03,pp.170171).Forexample:

o Mooney (2000) found that ..."direct_quotation" (p. 276).

PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,(6thed.,2010)

CopiesareavailableatSFUlibrary Callnumber:BF76.7P832010 YoumightwanttobuyyourowncopyattheSFUbookstore

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o "Direct_quotation"... (Walker, 2000, p. 135). Ifthequotationisover40words,youmuststartthequotationonanewline,indentthequotation

aboutaninch,andomitthequotationmarks(Rule6.03,p.171).Prince Edward Island is a curved slice of land from three to

thirty-five miles wide and about one hundred and twenty miles

long, lying along the southern rim of the Gulf of St.

Lawrence and separated from the mainland of New Brunswick and

Nova Scotia by the narrow waters of Northumberland Strait

(Ives, 1999, p. 1).

Whenparaphrasingfromasource,orwhenreferringtoanideacontainedinanotherwork,youareencouragedtoprovideapagenumber(Rule6.04p. 171).

Manyelectronicsourcesdonotprovidepagenumbers.Inthiscase,useparagraphnumbersprecededbytheabbreviation'para.'(Rule6.05pp.171172).Forexample:

(Johnson, 2003, para. 5)

Ifasourcecontainsneitherpagenorparagraphnumbers,citetheheading(shortentheheadingifitislong)(Rule6.05pp.171172).

Ifthereisnodateofpublication,usetheabbreviation(n.d.). Listtwoormoreworksbydifferentauthorswhoarecitedwithinthesameparenthesesin

alphabeticalorderbythefirstauthor'ssurname,e.g.(Anderson,1980;Fowers&Powell,1993;Simonetti,1998)(Rule6.16p.177).

ReferenceList

Thelistofsourcesattheendofthepaper(bibliography)iscalledthereferencelistinAPA.Thereferencelistmustincludeallreferencescitedinthetextofyourpaper.

Orderofreferencesinthereferencelistisalphabetical,bythelastnameofthefirstauthor(Rule6.25,p.181)or,ifauthorisnotavailable bytitle.

Alphabetizeletterbyletter."Nothingprecedessomething".'Brown,J.R.'comesbefore'Browning,A.F.'

Fortheauthor'sfirstnameuseonlyinitials:'Smith,J.',not'Smith,Jennifer'. Secondandsubsequentlinesofeachentryareindented57spaces. Doublespacebetweenalllinesofyourwork,includingreferences. Whencitingbooks(notperiodicals),capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitleandofthesubtitle

(i.e.thefirstwordafteracolonoradash)andpropernouns(Rule6.29,p.185).

Ifmorethanonecityofpublicationislistedinthebookyouareciting,usethefirstonelisted. Ifthereisnodateofpublication,usetheabbreviation(n.d.). Seerules6.22to6.32oftheAPAPublicationManualformoreinformationonthepreparationof

thereferencelist.

Howtocite...

Book

No

Author

or

Editor

(6.15,

pp.

176

177)

ReferenceinText (GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia,2003)

Accordingtothedefinition[....](GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia,

2003,p.5)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia.(2003).Vancouver,BC:

GeologicalAssociationofCanada,CordilleranSection

Comments Whenaworkhasnoauthor,citeintextthefirstfewwordsofthereference

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listentry(usuallythetitle)andtheyear.

Withinthebodyofthepaperitalicizethetitleofabook,brochure,orreportandcapitalizeallmajorwordsintitles.

o Inhisbook,GreekPoliticalThought,Balot(2006)arguedthat[...] Intext,youmayuseafewwordsofthetitleifthetitleistoolong.

BookPrintorElectronic,OneAuthor (6.11,pp.174175)

ReferenceinText (Walker,2000)

(Walker,2000,p.62)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Walker,L.E.(2000).Thebatteredwomansyndrome(2nded.).NewYork:

Springer.

Blossom,J.(2009).Contentnation:Survivingandthrivingassocialmedia

technologychangesourlivesandourfuture.Retrievedfrom

http://www.wiley.com

Monro,V.(1835).AsummerrambleinSyria:withaTartartripfromAleppoto

Stamboul(Vol.1).Retrievedfromhttp://books.google.com/books

Schiraldi,G.R.(2001).Theposttraumaticstressdisordersourcebook:Aguideto

healing,recovery,andgrowth[AdobeDigitalEditionsversion].

doi:10.1036/0071393722

Comments Ifyouretrievedanebookfromadatabase(e.g.Books24x7,GoogleBooks),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier),ifavailable, attheendusingthe

format:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191).

IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthepublisher'shomepageinplace

of

the

DOI.

You

may

need

to

do

a

quick

web

search

to

locate

the

home

pageifyoufoundthebookinalibrarydatabase(e.g.ebrary,Books24x7).

o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.

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BookGroupsasAuthors(6.13,p.176)

ReferenceinText (NationalCouncilofWelfare,2001)

(NationalCouncilofWelfare,2001,p.17)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList NationalCouncilofWelfare(Canada).(2001).Childpovertyprofile,1998.Ottawa,

ON:NationalCouncilofWelfare.

Comments AGroupasAuthormaybeacorporation,anassociation,agovernmentagency,etc.

Intheexampleabove,authorandpublisherareidentical:'NationalCouncilofWelfare'.Insuchcasesyoumayusetheword'Author'asthenameofthe

publisher.

Providethepublisherifitisdifferentfromtheauthor.

Book MultipleAuthors(6.12,pp.175176)

Referenceintext (Bucher&Manning,2006)

(Bucher&Manning,2006,p.138)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Bucher,K.,&Manning,M.L.(2006).Youngadultliterature:Exploration,

evaluation,andappreciation.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonEducation.

Comments Whenaworkhastwoauthors,citebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursintext

Whenaworkhasthree,fourorfiveauthors,nameallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs;inthefirstsubsequentcitationuseonlythefirst

author,followedbyetal.andayear.Ifyoumentionthesameworkagainwithinoneparagraph,omittheyear.E.g.:

o thefirsttime:Smith,Jones,PearsonandSherwin(1990)found...o thesecondtime,asafirstcitationperparagraph:Smithetal.(1990)

found...

o mentionedagainwithinthesameparagraph:Smithetal.found... Forsixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthorfollowed

by'etal.

Whenaworkhastwoormoreauthors,usethewordandinrunningtextandanampersand&inparentheticalmaterial,intables,captions,andinthe

referencelist.E.g.:

o asBucherandManning(2006)demonstrated...o ashasbeenshown(Bucher&Manning,2006)...

Inthereferencelistinvertallauthors'names;givelastnamesandinitialsforonlyuptoandincludingsevenauthors.Whenauthorsnumbereightor

more,includethefirstsixauthorsnames,thenthreeellipses(),andadd

thelastauthorsname(6.27,p.184).

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EditedBook(6.11,174;6.27,p.184)

ReferenceinText (Robinson,1992)

ReferenceList Robinson,D.N.(Ed.).(1992).Socialdiscourseandmoraljudgement.SanDiego,

CA:AcademicPress.

Comments Oneeditor usetheabbreviation(Ed.).Morethanoneeditor usetheabbreviation(Eds.).

ChapterDifferentAuthorsinanEditedBook(6.27p.184)

ReferenceinText (Sharp&Eriksen,2004)

(Sharp&Eriksen,2004,p.126)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Sharp,S.F.,&Eriksen,M.E.(2003).Imprisonedmothersandtheirchildren.InB.H.

Zaitzow&J.Thomas(Eds.), Womeninprison:Genderandsocialcontrol

(pp.119136).London:LynneRiennerPublishers.Comments Oneeditor usetheabbreviation(Ed.).Morethanoneeditor usethe

abbreviation(Eds.).

Intheexampleabove,'Sharp&Eriksen'aretheauthorsofthechapter'Imprisonedmothersandtheirchildren',publishedinthebook'Womenin

prison:Genderandsocialcontrol'.

Forabookwithnoeditor,justincludetheword'In'beforethebooktitle.

JournalArticle PrintVersion(6.276.30,pp.184187)

ReferenceinText (Louth,Hare&Linden,1998)

Louthetal.(1998,p.198)foundthat["........."].(whenquoting)

Louthetal.(1998)foundthat[".........."] (p.198).(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Louth,S.M.,Hare,R.D.,&Linden,W.(1998).Psychopathyand

alexithymiainfemaleoffenders.CanadianJournalofBehavioural

Science,30(2),9198.Comments If,andonlyif,eachissueofajournalbeginsonpage1,givetheissue

numberinparentheses(notitalicized)immediatelyafterthevolumenumber

(whichisitalicized).Thereisnospacebetweenthevolumeandissue

number.

Whenaworkhastwoauthors,citebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursintext(6.11,p.174).

Whenaworkhasthree,fourorfiveauthors,nameallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs;inthefirstsubsequentcitationuseonlythefirst

author,followedby'etal.'andayear.Ifyoumentionthesameworkagain

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withinoneparagraph,omittheyear.E.g.:

o thefirsttime:Louth,HareandLinden(1998)found...o thesecondtime,asafirstcitationperparagraph:Louthetal.(1998)

found...

o mentionedagainwithinthesameparagraph:Louthetal.found... Forsixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthorfollowed

by'etal.'andayear.(6.12,p.175)

Whenaworkhastwoormoreauthors,usethewordandinrunningtextandanampersand&inparentheticalmaterial,intables,captions,andinthe

referencelist.E.g.:

o asBucherandManning(2006)demonstrated...o ashasbeenshown(Bucher&Manning,2006)...

Inthereferencelistinvertallauthors'names;givelastnamesandinitialsforonlyuptoandincludingsevenauthors.Whenauthorsnumbereightor

more,includethefirstsixauthorsnames,thenthreeellipses(),andadd

thelastauthorsname(6.27,p.184).

JournalArticleElectronic(6.32,pp.189192)

Retrievedfromadatabase,suchasPsycINFO,AcademicSearchPremier,JSTOR,etc.orontheinternet

ReferenceinText (Turner,2007)

(Turner,2007,p.292)(whenquoting)

(Lynch,2004,para.3)(whenquotinganarticlewithoutpagenumbers)

(Gruenwald,2009,"PhyticAcidContributesto")(quotinganarticlewithoutpageor

paragraphnumbers,usingashortenedheading)

ReferenceList Turner,J.(2007).Justiceandemotions.SocialJusticeResearch,20(3),288

311.doi:10.1007/s112110070043y

Walters,W.(2008).Borderingthesea:Shippingindustriesandthepolicingof

stowaways.BorderlandsEJournal,7(3),125.Retrievedfrom

http://www.borderlands.net.au/index.html

Ledger,W.,Wiebinga,C.,Anderson,P.,Irwin,D.,Holman,A.,&Lloyd,A.(2009).

CostsandoutcomesassociatedwithIVFusingrecombinantFSH.Reproductive

BioMedicineOnline,19(3),337342.Retrievedfrom

http://www.rbmonline.com/

Comments Forelectronicversionsbasedonaprintsource(suchasPDF),includepagenumbers(6.32,p.189).

Theretrievaldateisnotrequiredunlessthesourcematerialislikelytochangeovertime.

Generallyitisnotnecessarytoincludeinformationaboutwhichdatabaseitwasretrievedfrom(6.32,p.192).

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WhenaDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)isavailable,includetheDOIrightafterthevolume/issuenumberusingtheformat:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)

IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthejournalpublishershomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocate

thepublisherifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.Academic

SearchPremier,ScienceDirect).

ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.

DailyNewspaperArticlePrintorElectronic(6.276.32,pp.184192)

ReferenceinText ("Allfourpillars",2004)

(Freeze,2009)

ReferenceList Allfourpillarsneededtocombatdrugscourge.(2004,May15).The

VancouverSun,p.C6.

Freeze,C.(2009,October7).Toronto18leaderpleadsguilty.TheGlobe

andMail.Retrievedfromhttp://www.theglobeandmail.comComments Intext,ifthearticledoesnothaveanauthor,useatitle(shorten,if

necessary).Putthetitleinquotes.

Ifanarticleappearsondiscontinuouspages(e.g.startsonp.D1andcontinuesonp.D5),giveallpagenumbers,separatedbyacomma.

Tocitea"lettertotheeditor",includethetext[Lettertotheeditor]insquarebrackets,rightafterthetitleoftheletterandbeforethetitleofthe

newspaper.Thereisnoperiodafterthetitleoftheletter.

Ifyouretrievedthearticlefromadatabase(e.g.CanadianNewsstand,CBCA),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)attheendusingtheformat:

doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)

IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthenewspapershomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome

pageifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.CanadianNewsstand,

PressDisplay).


MagazineArticlePrintorElectronic(6.276.30,pp.184186)

ReferenceinText (Morell,2006)

(Morell,2006,p.131)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Morell,V.(2006,March).WolvesofEthiopia.NationalGeographic,209,124135.

Mauro,S.(2009,November).Aredtailreturns.AviationHistory20(2).Retrieved

fromhttp://www.aviationhistory.org/am_aviation_history_magazine.html

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Comments Givethedateshownonthepublication:monthformonthlies/monthanddayforweeklies.

Ifyouretrievedthearticlefromadatabase(e.g.CanadianReferenceCentre,MasterFilePremier),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)atthe

endusingtheformat:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)

IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthemagazineshomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome

pageifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.MasterFilePremier,

CBCA).


Website ADocumentCreatedbyanIndividualoranOrganization(6.316.32&7.11,pp.187192,214

215)

ReferenceinText (InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociations,2003)

(InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociations,2003,para.4)(whenquoting)

Referencelist InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociationandInstitutions.(2003,

February03).Library&informationscience:Citationguidesfor

electronicdocuments.Retrievedfrom

http://ifla.org/I/training/citation/citing.htm

Comments WhencitingawebsiteintheReferenceList,provideasmuchaspossibleofthefollowinginformation:

Author'sname(ifavailable) Dateofpublicationorupdateinparentheses(ifavailable).If

thereisnodate,use'(n.d.)'instead.

Titleordescriptionofdocument Titleofcompletework(ifrelevant),initalicsorunderlined URL

Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedtopara.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph

numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary.

Donotincluderetrievaldatesunlessthesourcematerialislikelytochangeovertime(e.g.blogs,wikis)

ThereisnoperiodaftertheURL. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

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Website ASingleDocumentorPartofaLargeWebsite(6.32,7.11,pp.189192,214215)

ReferenceinText (Spearing,2004)

(Spearing,2004,EatingDisordersareTreatable,)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Spearing,M.(2004May).Eatingdisorders:Factsabouteatingdisorders

andthesearchforsolutions.Retrievedfrom

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/eatingdisorders.cfm

Jess.(2009,April18).SomethingsIhavelearnedaboutteens[Weblog

post].Retrievedfrom http://coollibrarianblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/

somethingsihavelearnedaboutteens.htmlComments Forblogs,includethenameoftheblogtowhichtheentrywasposted,ifthis

informationisnotpartoftheURL.Iftheauthorsfullnameisunavailable,

usethescreenname.



DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

Website ChapterorSectioninadocument(6.32,6.19,6.05,pp.192,179,171172)

ReferenceinText (BentonFoundation,1998)

(BentonFoundation,1998,Chapter2)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList BentonFoundation.(1998,July7).Barrierstoclosingthegap.InLosing

groundbitbybit:Lowincomecommunitiesintheinformationage

(chap.2).Retrievedfromhttp://www.benton.org/publibrary/losing

ground/two.html

Comments 'Barrierstoclosingthegap'isthetitleofChapter2oftheWebdocument'Losinggroundbitbybit'.



ProvideaURLthatlinksdirectlytothechapterorsection. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

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Website Noauthor,nodate(6.27,6.28,6.15,pp.184,185,176177)

ReferenceinText ("GVU's10thWWWUserSurvey",n.d.)

(GVUs10thWWWUserSurvey,n.d.,SelfSelection)(whenquoting)

ReferenceListGVUs10thWWWusersurvey.(n.d.).Retrievedfrom

http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey

1998

10/



EntireEncyclopediaorDictionaryPrintorElectronic(7.02,pp.202203)

ReferenceinText (Sadie,1980)

(Sadie,1980,p.100)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Sadie,S.(Ed.).(2000).ThenewGrovedictionaryofmusicandmusicians

(2nded.,Vols.129).NewYork:Grove'sDictionaries.

Zalta,E.N.(Ed.).(2007)TheStanfordencyclopediaofphilosophy.

Retrievedfromhttp://plato.stanford.edu/Comments Ifyouretrievedtheentryfromadatabase(e.g.GaleVirtualReference

Library),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)attheendusingtheformat:

doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191)

IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthepublisher'shomepageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome

pageifyoufoundtheiteminalibrarydatabase(e.g.OxfordReference

Online,GaleVirtualReferenceLibrary).


EntryinanEncyclopediaorDictionary PrintorElectronic(7.02,pp.202203)

ReferenceinText (Firdion,2004)

(Firdion,2004,p.169)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Etzkowitz,H.&Dzisah,J.(2009).Universityindustryrelationships.InJ.B.

Callicott&R.Froderman(Eds.),Encyclopediaofenvironmental

ethicsandphilosophy(Vol.2,pp.344346).Retrievedfrom

http://www.gale.cengage.com/.

Firdion,J.M.(2004).Fostercare.InEncyclopediaofhomelessness(Vol.1,

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pp.167170).ThousandOaks,CA:SagePublications.

Jaunty.(1989).OxfordEnglishdictionary(2nded.).Retrievedfrom

http://oed.com/

Comments Ifthereisnoauthororeditoroftheentry,asinthelastexample,placethetitleintheauthorposition.

Inanonlineversionreferstoaprintversion,includetheeditionnumberafterthetitle.

InformallyPublishedorSelfArchivedWork,SuchasFromERICDatabase(7.09,pp.211212)

ReferenceinText (Skala,2003)

(Skala,2003,p.49)(whenquoting)

ReferenceList Skala,C.(2003).OptimizingbasicFrenchskillsutilizingmultipleteaching

techniques.RetrievedfromERICdatabase.(ED498566)

AudiovisualMedia Films,MusicRecordings,MapsRetrievedOnline,Podcasts,etc.(7.07,p.209210)

ReferenceinText (Gladu&Brodeur,2001)

ReferenceList Gladu,A.(Producer),&Brodeur.M.(Director).(1999).Danceofthe

warrior[Motionpicture].Canada:NationalFilmBoard.

Manhattan77.(2007,February25).GhostTownsandDeathValley[Video

file].Retrievedfromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGCnyH6n2sw&

feature=video_response

Comments Thereisnoperiodafterthetitle. Iftheauthor'sfullnameisunavailable,useascreenname. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

SecondarySource(6.17,p.178)

ReferenceinText SeidenbergandMcClelland'sstudyshowed(ascitedinColtheart,Curtis,Atkins,&

Haller,1993)that[...]

ReferenceList Coltheart,M.,Curtis,B.,Atkins,P.,&Haller,M.(1993).Modelsofreading

aloud:Dualrouteandparalleldistributedprocessingapproaches.

PsychologicalReview,100,589608.Comments Whatyouhaveinhand(Coltheart)is'thesecondarysource',andtheoriginal

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workthathasbeencitedinyoursource(Seidenberg)is'theprimarysource'.

Inthereferencelistgivethesecondarysource(theoneyouhaveinhand;theoneyouconsulted).

Intext,nametheprimarysource(Seidenberg),andgivethecitationtothesecondarysource:('ascitedin...')

ConferenceProceedingsPrintorElectronic(7.04,pp.206207)

ReferenceinText (Iyengar&DeVoe,2003)

ReferenceList Iyengar,S.S.,&DeVoe,S.E.(2003).Rethinkingthevalueof choice:Considering

culturalmediatorsofintrinsicmotivation.InR.Dienstbier(Ed.),Nebraska

SymposiumonMotivation:Vol.49.Crossculturaldifferencesin

perspectivesontheself(pp.129174).Lincoln:UniversityofNebraska

Press.

Shennan,S.(2008). Canoesandculturalevolution.Proceedingsofthe

NationalAcademyofSciences105,34163420.doi:

10.1073/pnas.0800666105Comments Publishedconferenceproceedingsmaybecitedeitherlikechaptersin

editedbooks(firstexample)orlikejournalarticles(secondexample).This

will

depend

on

whether

the

publication

is

treated

as

a

series

(e.g.

has

an

ISBNandaneditor)orasaperiodical(i.e.itispublishedannually).

ForunpublishedconferencepapersandcontributionsseeRule7.04,p.206oftheAPAManual.

Capitalizethenameofthesymposium,conferenceormeeting.

TablesandFigures Charts,Graphs,Maps,Photographs,etc.(Chapter5,pp.125167)

ReferenceBelow

TableorFigure

Note.Adaptedfrom"TheRoleoftheSharedFamilyContextinDifferential

Parenting,"byJ.M.Jenkins,J.Rasbash,andT.G.O'Connor,2003,Developmental

Psychology,39,p.104.Copyright2003bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

Comments IncludethewordNote:beforeyourcitation. Thecitationfollowsadifferentformatfromtheotherexampleslistedhere,

andisplacedbelowthetableorfigure.

Usethiscitationformfortablesorfiguresfromanothersourcewhichyoureprint.

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PersonalCommunications,InterviewsandClassnotes(6.20,p.179)

ReferenceinText InhisinterviewM.S.Bloomberg(personalcommunication,April22,2007)talks

about...

ReferenceList NotUsuallyApplicable

Comments Personalcommunicationsmaybeletters,emails,interviews,telephoneconversations,etc.

Someformsofpersonalcommunicationarerecoverable,andtheseshouldbereferencedasarchivalmaterial(SeeRule7.10,pp.212214forexamples

ofarchivalmaterial).

Unpublished,unrecoverablepersonalcommunicationsarenotincludedinthereferencelistbecausetheydonotproviderecoverabledata.Citeintext

only.

Citeinformationfromyourownclassnotesasapersonalcommunicationandrefertoitonlyinthebodyofyourpaper(e.g.:InalectureonSeptember

23,2007toaPSYC103class,ProfessorBrownsaid...).

Publishedinterviewsareincludedinthereferencelist.Ifthepublishedinterviewhasatitle,includeitaftertheyear.Givefurtherdescriptionin

[brackets]ifnecessary.Providetheoriginalsourcewheretheinterviewwas

published(e.g.aprintjournalarticlewithoneauthor,awebsite,etc.)and

choosetheformataccordingly.

Ifthepublishedinterviewlacksatitle,giveadescriptionoftheinterviewin[squarebrackets].

SeeRule7.11,pp.214215oftheAPAManualforcitingmessagespostedtonewsgroups,onlineforumsandelectronicmailinglists.

Custom

Courseware

CommentsCustomCoursewarepackagesarecompilationsofjournalarticles,book

chaptersandothermaterialsselectedbyyourinstructor.TheAPAmanual

doesnotgivespecificadviceaboutcitingthesematerials,soyouwillhave

touseyourjudgmentandcomeupwithyourownsolution.

IfyouneedtociteasourcefromaCustomCoursewarepackage,hereare

twosuggestions.However,ourstrongrecommendationistofirstcheck

withyourinstructor.

1.Findthefullcitationwherethearticle,chapter,etc.wasoriginally

published,andciteaccordingly.Thefullcitationsmaybeincludedonthe

firstpageofthecoursepack.Ifnot,searcharelevantdatabaseorthe

librarycatalogue,oraskalibrarian.

2.TreattheCoursewarepackageasananthology,andtheinstructorwho

didthecompilationasabookeditor/compiler.Therefore,treatthearticle,

chapter,etc.asifitwaspartofananthology,oreditedbook.Most

probablyyouwillnothavethepagenumbers,sincetheCustom

Coursewareisnotatruepublicationandisnotpaginatedthroughout.You

willalsohavetoincludethenameofthecompiler,thetitleofthe

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Courseware,thenameofthecourse(e.g.CMNS210),thesemester(e.g.

Spring2010)andthepublisher(SimonFraserUniversity).Bearinmindthat

someonetryingtofindthearticle/chapterfromacoursepackyoucited

mightnothaveaccesstothesamecoursepack.

AdditionalWebSources

BasicsofAPAStyleTutorialfromtheAPA.

WhatsNewinthe6thEditiontutorialfromtheAPA.

APAFormattingandStyleGuide(6thEdition)fromPurdueUniversity.IncludesimagesofAPA

styleformattingfortitlespages,runninghead,samplepapers,tablesandotherinformation.

HowtocitebusinesssourcesinAPA(5thed.).FromMcGillUniversity.

SamplePaperfromtheAPA,withexamplesofmanyAPArules.

SFUPsychologyDepartment:APAStyleforpapersSampleAPAresearchpaper.

Thisguideislocatedat:http://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/writing/apa6

Maintainedby:IvanaNiseteo[[email protected]]

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