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8/8/2019 A P2 Wk7 Class Slides Lymphatics
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A&P2 wk7 LymphaticsA&P2 wk7 Lymphatics 1 1
Anatomy & Physiology 2Anatomy & Physiology 2
Cardiovascular System VII:Cardiovascular System VII:
Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
Special CirculationsSpecial Circulations
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Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
second circulatory systemsecond circulatory system
transporting fluid called lymph throughouttransporting fluid called lymph throughout
bodybody Lymph is transported through vesselsLymph is transported through vessels
called lymphatic vesselscalled lymphatic vessels
LymphLymph
interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphaticinterstitial fluid that has entered the lymphaticvesselsvessels
clear, paleclear, pale--yellow fluidyellow fluid
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Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System -- continuedcontinued
Includes number of organs and tissuesIncludes number of organs and tissues lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes,lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes,
thymus, spleen, GALT & MALT, red bonethymus, spleen, GALT & MALT, red bonemarrowmarrow
Lymphatic tissueLymphatic tissue specialized form of reticular connective tissuespecialized form of reticular connective tissue
contains large numbers of lymphocytescontains large numbers of lymphocytes
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Functions of Lymphatic SystemFunctions of Lymphatic System
1. Drains excess interstitial fluid1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
2. Transports dietary lipids2. Transports dietary lipids 3. Carries out immune responses3. Carries out immune responses
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ComponentsComponentsLymphaticLymphatic
SystemSystem
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Lymphatic Vessels & LymphLymphatic Vessels & Lymph
CirculationCirculation Begins as lymphatic capillariesBegins as lymphatic capillaries
tiny and closed at one endtiny and closed at one end
located in spaces between cellslocated in spaces between cells
Lymphatic capillaries unite to formLymphatic capillaries unite to formlarger lymphatic vesselslarger lymphatic vessels
resemble veins but have thinner walls andresemble veins but have thinner walls andmore valvesmore valves
Lymph flows through lymph nodesLymph flows through lymph nodes
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Lymphatic Vessels & LymphLymphatic Vessels & Lymph
CirculationCirculation -- continuedcontinued
In skin:In skin:
Lymphatic vessels located in subcutaneousLymphatic vessels located in subcutaneoustissuetissue
follow same route as veinsfollow same route as veins
In viscera:In viscera:
Lymphatic vessels follow same route asLymphatic vessels follow same route asarteriesarteries
form plexuses (networks) around visceraform plexuses (networks) around viscera
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Lymphatic Vessels & LymphLymphatic Vessels & Lymph
CirculationCirculation -- continuedcontinued
Tissues that lack lymphatic vessels:Tissues that lack lymphatic vessels:
Avascular tissuesAvascular tissues cornea, lens, cartilage, CNScornea, lens, cartilage, CNS -- brainbrainand spinal cordand spinal cord
Some portions of the spleen and RBMSome portions of the spleen and RBM
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Lymphatic CapillariesLymphatic Capillaries
Larger in diameter than blood vesselsLarger in diameter than blood vessels
Have a one way structureHave a one way structure -- only permits inonly permits inflow of interstitial fluidflow of interstitial fluid
Overlapping endothelial cells creating aOverlapping endothelial cells creating a one way swinging door one way swinging door
high interstitial pressurehigh interstitial pressure pushes interstitial cellspushes interstitial cellsapartapart interstitial fluid flows ininterstitial fluid flows in
high lymphatic pressurehigh lymphatic pressure cells adhere morecells adhere morecloselyclosely prevent outflowprevent outflow
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LactealsLacteals
Specialised lymphatic capillaries in smallSpecialised lymphatic capillaries in smallintestineintestine
Carry dietary lipids into lymph (andCarry dietary lipids into lymph (andultimately blood)ultimately blood)
Lipids cause lymph to appear creamy whiteLipids cause lymph to appear creamy white
(chyle)(chyle)
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Lymphatic TrunksLymphatic Trunks
As lymphatic vessels merge, they unit toAs lymphatic vessels merge, they unit toform lymph trunksform lymph trunks
Principle trunks include:Principle trunks include: L & R Lumbar trunksL & R Lumbar trunks
Intestinal trunkIntestinal trunk
L & R Bronchomediastinal trunkL & R Bronchomediastinal trunk L & R Subclavian trunkL & R Subclavian trunk
L & R jugular trunkL & R jugular trunk
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Lymphatic TrunksLymphatic Trunks -- continuedcontinued
Lumbar trunksLumbar trunks -- drains lymph fromdrains lymph from Lower limbs, Wall and viscera of the pelvis,Lower limbs, Wall and viscera of the pelvis,
Kidneys, Adrenal glands, Abdominal wallKidneys, Adrenal glands, Abdominal wall
Intestinal trunkIntestinal trunk -- drains lymph fromdrains lymph from Stomach, Intestines, Pancreas, Spleen & PartStomach, Intestines, Pancreas, Spleen & Part
of the liverof the liver
Bronchomediastinal trunksBronchomediastinal trunks -- drain lymphdrain lymphfromfrom
Thoracic wall, Lung, HeartThoracic wall, Lung, Heart
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Lymphatic TrunksLymphatic Trunks -- continuedcontinued
Subclavian trunksSubclavian trunks -- drains lymph fromdrains lymph from
Upper limbsUpper limbs
Jugular trunksJugular trunks -- drains lymph fromdrains lymph from
Head, neckHead, neck
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Lymphatic DuctsLymphatic Ducts
Lymph passes from trunks into two mainLymph passes from trunks into two mainchannelschannels
1. Thoracic duct (aka left lymphatic duct)1. Thoracic duct (aka left lymphatic duct)
2. Right lymphatic duct2. Right lymphatic duct
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1. Thoracic Duct1. Thoracic Duct(left lymphatic duct)(left lymphatic duct) 3838--45cm long45cm long
Begins as dilation called cisterna chyliBegins as dilation called cisterna chylianterior to L2anterior to L2
Main duct for the return of lymph to bloodMain duct for the return of lymph to blood
Drains lymph from following trunksDrains lymph from following trunks
L & R Lumbar, Intestinal, L Jugular, L Subclavian,L & R Lumbar, Intestinal, L Jugular, L Subclavian,
L BronchomediastinalL Bronchomediastinal
Then drains lymph into venous bloodThen drains lymph into venous bloodstream at junction of L internal jugular & Lstream at junction of L internal jugular & L
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2. Right Lymphatic Duct2. Right Lymphatic Duct
1.2 cm long1.2 cm long
Drains lymph from following trunksDrains lymph from following trunks
R Jugular, R Subclavian, R BroncomediastinalR Jugular, R Subclavian, R Broncomediastinal
Then drains lymph into venous blood atThen drains lymph into venous blood atjunction of R internal jugular and Rjunction of R internal jugular and R
subclavian veinsubclavian vein
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Flow of LymphFlow of Lymph
Excess filtered fluid from blood capillariesExcess filtered fluid from blood capillariesdrains into lymphatic vessels and becomesdrains into lymphatic vessels and becomes
lymphlymph
Lymphatic vessels contain valves (likeLymphatic vessels contain valves (likeveins) which ensure one way movementveins) which ensure one way movement
of lymphof lymph Lymph flows through lymph nodes locatedLymph flows through lymph nodes located
at intervals along lymphatic vesselsat intervals along lymphatic vessels
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Flow of LymphFlow of Lymph
Blood capillaries (blood)Blood capillaries (blood)
Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)
Lymphatic capillaries (lymph)Lymphatic capillaries (lymph)
Lymphatic vessels (lymph)Lymphatic vessels (lymph)
Lymphatic ducts (lymph)Lymphatic ducts (lymph)
Junction of the internal jugular andJunction of the internal jugular andsubclavian veins (blood)subclavian veins (blood)
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Moving LymphMoving Lymph
Same two pumps involved in venous returnSame two pumps involved in venous returnof blood to heart maintain flow of lymphof blood to heart maintain flow of lymph
1. Skeletal muscle pump1. Skeletal muscle pump milking actionmilking action
of skeletal muscles compresses lymphaticof skeletal muscles compresses lymphaticvesselsvessels
2. Respiratory pump2. Respiratory pump Pressure changesPressure changesoccuring during inhalation and exhalationoccuring during inhalation and exhalation Inhalation: volume of lungs increases, pressureInhalation: volume of lungs increases, pressure
decreasesdecreases lymph flow up towards heartlymph flow up towards heart
Exhalation: valves prevent backflowExhalation: valves prevent backflow
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Lymphatic Organs & TissuesLymphatic Organs & Tissues
Widely distributed throughout bodyWidely distributed throughout body
Classified into two groups according toClassified into two groups according totheir functionstheir functions
Primary Lymphatic OrgansPrimary Lymphatic Organs
Secondary Lymphatic OrgansSecondary Lymphatic Organs
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Primary Lymphatic OrgansPrimary Lymphatic Organs
Sites where stem cells divide and becomeSites where stem cells divide and becomeimmunocompetentimmunocompetent Red Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow pluripotent stem cellspluripotent stem cells
give rise togive rise to
Immunocompetant B cellsImmunocompetant B cells
PrePre--T cellsT cells
ThymusThymus
PrePre--T cells migrate to thymus to finish theirT cells migrate to thymus to finish theirmaturationmaturation immunocompetent T cellsimmunocompetent T cells
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Secondary Lymphatic OrgansSecondary Lymphatic Organs
Sites where most immune responsesSites where most immune responsesoccuroccur
Lymph nodesLymph nodes organ (surrounded byorgan (surrounded bya capsule)a capsule)
SpleenSpleen -- organorgan
Lymphatic nodules (follicles)Lymphatic nodules (follicles) nonnonorgan (lacks a capsule)organ (lacks a capsule)
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ThymusThymus
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ThymusThymus
BilobedBilobed Located in mediastinumLocated in mediastinum
Between sternum and aortaBetween sternum and aorta
Individual lobes surrounded byIndividual lobes surrounded byconnective tissue capsuleconnective tissue capsule
Enveloping layer of connective tissueEnveloping layer of connective tissuesurrounds both lobessurrounds both lobes -- keeping themkeeping them
togethertogether TrabeculaeTrabeculae
Extensions of capsule that penetrate inward andExtensions of capsule that penetrate inward anddivide lobes into lobulesdivide lobes into lobules
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ThymusThymus -- continuedcontinued
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CortexCortex
Composed of large numbers of T cells,Composed of large numbers of T cells,dendritic cells, epithelial cells anddendritic cells, epithelial cells andmacrophagesmacrophages
Dendritic cells (dendr = tree)Dendritic cells (dendr = tree) assist maturation of preassist maturation of pre--T cellsT cells
Epithelial cellsEpithelial cells
serve as framework for up to 50 T cellsserve as framework for up to 50 T cells Produce thymic hormonesProduce thymic hormones
Involved in T cell positive selectionInvolved in T cell positive selectionprocessprocess
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MedullaMedulla
Consists of widely scattered, more matureConsists of widely scattered, more matureT cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells &T cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells ¯ophagesmacrophages
Displays concentric arranged layers ofDisplays concentric arranged layers ofdegenerating epithelial cellsdegenerating epithelial cells
called thymic (Hassalls)corpusclescalled thymic (Hassalls)corpuscles
T cells leave thymus via blood & migrateT cells leave thymus via blood & migrateto lymph nodes, spleen & other lymphaticto lymph nodes, spleen & other lymphatictissuestissues
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Thymus sizeThymus size
Thymus atrophies (shrinks) as we ageThymus atrophies (shrinks) as we age Foetus: Mass about 70gFoetus: Mass about 70g
After puberty: Thymic tissue begins to beAfter puberty: Thymic tissue begins to be
replaced with adipose and areolarreplaced with adipose and areolarconnective tissueconnective tissue
Maturity: Atrophied significantlyMaturity: Atrophied significantly
Old Age: Mass about 3gOld Age: Mass about 3g
Before it atrophies, it populatesBefore it atrophies, it populatessecondary lymphatic organs and tissuessecondary lymphatic organs and tissueswith T cellswith T cells
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Lymph nodesLymph nodes
BeanBean--shaped organsshaped organs
11--25 mm long & encapsulated25 mm long & encapsulated
Extensions calledExtensions called trabeculaetrabeculae extend intoextend intonodenode
Contain masses of B cells and T cellsContain masses of B cells and T cells
Located along lymphatic vesselsLocated along lymphatic vesselsApprox. 600 lymph nodesApprox. 600 lymph nodes
Occur in groupsOccur in groups
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Lymph nodesLymph nodes --continuedcontinued
Supporting NetworkSupporting Network
Stroma:Stroma: supporting CT of lymph nodesupporting CT of lymph node
IncludesIncludes -- Capsule, Trabeculae, Reticular fibers,Capsule, Trabeculae, Reticular fibers,
FibroblastsFibroblasts ParenchymaParenchyma
Functioning part of a lymph nodeFunctioning part of a lymph node
Divided into:Divided into: CortexCortex
Outer & InnerOuter & Inner
MedullaMedulla
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Outer CortexOuter Cortex
Consist of lymphatic nodulesConsist of lymphatic nodules(follicles)(follicles)
eggegg--shaped aggregates of B cellsshaped aggregates of B cells
may bemay be
Primary nodulesPrimary nodules
Secondary nodulesSecondary nodules
contain a germinal centrecontain a germinal centre
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Outer CortexOuter Cortex --continuedcontinued
Primary & Secondary NodulesPrimary & Secondary Nodules Primary nodulesPrimary nodules
Consist chiefly of B cellsConsist chiefly of B cells
Secondary nodulesSecondary nodules Form in response to antigenic challengeForm in response to antigenic challenge
Sites of plasma cell & memory B cell formationSites of plasma cell & memory B cell formation
Develop fromDevelop from primary lymphatic nodulesprimary lymphatic nodules when Bwhen Bcells recognize an antigencells recognize an antigen
centre contains acentre contains a germinal centregerminal centre
contains B cells, follicular dendritic cells & macrophagescontains B cells, follicular dendritic cells & macrophages
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Outer CortexOuter Cortex -- GerminalGerminal CenterCenter
Follicular dentritic cells present an antigenFollicular dentritic cells present an antigen B cells develop & proliferate intoB cells develop & proliferate into
plasma cellsplasma cells (produce antibodies) or(produce antibodies) or
memory B cellsmemory B cells..
Note: B cells that do not develop properlyNote: B cells that do not develop properly
undergo apoptosisundergo apoptosis cleared by macrophagescleared by macrophages
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Inner CortexInner Cortex
Does not contain lymphatic nodulesDoes not contain lymphatic nodules
Consists mainly of T cells andConsists mainly of T cells anddendritic cellsdendritic cells
Dendritic cells (APCs)Dendritic cells (APCs)
present antigens to T cells causing theirpresent antigens to T cells causing theirproliferationproliferation T cells migrate away fromT cells migrate away fromlymph node to infected body tissueslymph node to infected body tissues
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MedullaMedulla Contains plasma B cells that haveContains plasma B cells that have
migrated from the cortex, andmigrated from the cortex, andmacrophagesmacrophages
cells are imbedded in a network ofcells are imbedded in a network ofreticular fibres and reticular cellsreticular fibres and reticular cells
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Lymph Flow through a NodeLymph Flow through a Node
Afferent Lymphatic vesselsAfferent Lymphatic vessels
Penetrate convex surface of nodePenetrate convex surface of node
Contain valves encouraging inflowContain valves encouraging inflow
SinusesSinuses Lymph flows through these leaky capillariesLymph flows through these leaky capillaries
Subcapsular sinuses, trabecular sinuses , MedullarySubcapsular sinuses, trabecular sinuses , Medullarysinusessinuses
Efferent Lymphatic vesselsEfferent Lymphatic vessels
Sinuses drain into efferent vesselsSinuses drain into efferent vessels
Contain valves encouraging flow away from nodeContain valves encouraging flow away from nodeA&P2 wk7 LymphaticsA&P2 wk7 Lymphatics 4747
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Lymph Node as a FilterLymph Node as a Filter
Lymph enters one endLymph enters one end foreign substances are trapped by reticularforeign substances are trapped by reticular
fibres within sinusesfibres within sinuses
Macrophages destroy these foreignMacrophages destroy these foreignsubstances by phagocytosissubstances by phagocytosis
B cells or T cells may become activatedB cells or T cells may become activated
against and mount immune responseagainst and mount immune response
Filtered lymph leaves the other end ofFiltered lymph leaves the other end ofthe lymph nodethe lymph node
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SpleenSpleen
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SpleenSpleen
Oval shapedOval shaped
12 cm long12 cm long
Largest single mass of lymphatic tissueLargest single mass of lymphatic tissue
Located in LHR between stomach andLocated in LHR between stomach anddiaphragmdiaphragm
Superior surface is convexSuperior surface is convex -- conforms toconforms toconcave shape of diaphragm above itconcave shape of diaphragm above it
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SpleenSpleen Visceral surfaceVisceral surface
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SpleenSpleen --continuedcontinued
Visceral surface is indented from variousVisceral surface is indented from variousorgansorgans
Gastric impressionGastric impression -- stomachstomach Renal impressionRenal impression -- L kidneyL kidney
Colic impressionColic impression -- L colic flexure of Lge intestineL colic flexure of Lge intestine
Has aHas a hilumhilum through which passes the splenicthrough which passes the splenicartery, splenic vein, and efferent lymphaticartery, splenic vein, and efferent lymphaticvessels.vessels.
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SpleenSpleen -- continuedcontinued
Surrounded by protective capsuleSurrounded by protective capsule Dense connective tissueDense connective tissue
Trabeculae extend inward from theTrabeculae extend inward from thecapsulecapsule
Stroma consists of theStroma consists of the
CapsuleCapsule TrabeculaeTrabeculae
Reticular fibresReticular fibres
FibroblastsFibroblasts
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Parenchyma of SpleenParenchyma of Spleen
Functional part of spleenFunctional part of spleen
Consists of two kinds of tissueConsists of two kinds of tissue White PulpWhite Pulp
Red PulpRed Pulp
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White Pulp of SpleenWhite Pulp of Spleen
Lymphatic tissue consisting mostly ofLymphatic tissue consisting mostly of
lymphocytes and macrophageslymphocytes and macrophages mostly surrounds central arteriesmostly surrounds central arteries
Blood Flows through central arteriesBlood Flows through central arteries
of white pulpof white pulp
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Red Pulp of SpleenRed Pulp of Spleen
Consists of bloodConsists of blood--filled venous sinusesfilled venous sinuses
Consists of Cords of splenic tissueConsists of Cords of splenic tissue called Splenic (Billroths) cordscalled Splenic (Billroths) cords
consists of RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes,consists of RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes,plasma cells & granulocytesplasma cells & granulocytes
Red pulp mostly surrounds veinsRed pulp mostly surrounds veins
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Blood Flow through SpleenBlood Flow through Spleen
Splenic arteries enter the spleenSplenic arteries enter the spleen
branch off into central arteriesbranch off into central arteries
Blood leaves throughBlood leaves through
Splenic veins which merge from venousSplenic veins which merge from venoussinusessinuses
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Functions of the White PulpFunctions of the White Pulp
Blood Flows through central arteries ofBlood Flows through central arteries ofwhite pulpwhite pulp
B cells and T cells in white pulp carry outB cells and T cells in white pulp carry outimmune functionsimmune functions
Macrophages destroy bloodMacrophages destroy blood--borne pathogensborne pathogensby phagocytosisby phagocytosis
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Functions of the Red PulpFunctions of the Red Pulp
Macrophages remove ruptured, worn out,Macrophages remove ruptured, worn out,or defective blood cells or plateletsor defective blood cells or platelets
Stores platelets (1/3 of bodys supply)Stores platelets (1/3 of bodys supply)
Produces blood cells (hemopoiesis) duringProduces blood cells (hemopoiesis) duringfetal lifefetal life
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Lymphatic NodulesLymphatic Nodules
EggEgg--shaped masses of lymphatic tissueshaped masses of lymphatic tissue
Not surrounded by a capsuleNot surrounded by a capsule
Scattered throughout the laminaScattered throughout the lamina propriapropria ofofmucous membranes lining themucous membranes lining the GITGIT
Urinary TractUrinary Tract
Reproductive TractReproductive Tract
Respiratory AirwaysRespiratory Airways
Called MALT in these areasCalled MALT in these areas
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Special CirculationSpecial Circulation
Hepatic Portal CirculationHepatic Portal Circulation
Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation FetalFetal circulationcirculation
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Hepatic Portal CirculationHepatic Portal Circulation
Carries venous blood from GIT organs andCarries venous blood from GIT organs andspleen to the liverspleen to the liver
Hepatic portal veinHepatic portal vein Receives blood from the capillaries of GITReceives blood from the capillaries of GIT
organs and spleenorgans and spleen
Delivers blood to the sinusoids of the liverDelivers blood to the sinusoids of the liver
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Hepatic Portal CirculationHepatic Portal Circulation -- continuedcontinued
Liver stores some nutrientsLiver stores some nutrients
E.g. glucoseE.g. glucose glycogenglycogen
Liver destroys bacteria ingested from foodLiver destroys bacteria ingested from food
Phagocytes line sinusoidsPhagocytes line sinusoids
Liver modifies some nutrients before theyLiver modifies some nutrients before they
pass into general circulationpass into general circulation E.g. Detoxifies alcoholE.g. Detoxifies alcohol
A&P2 wk7 LymphaticsA&P2 wk7 Lymphatics 6666
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6767A&P2 wk7 LymphaticsA&P2 wk7 Lymphatics
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Hepatic Portal CirculationHepatic Portal Circulation -- continuedcontinued
LiverLiver receives:receives:
NutrientNutrient--rich but deoxygenated blood via therich but deoxygenated blood via the
hepatic portal veinhepatic portal vein Oxygenated blood from theOxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryhepatic artery
Deoxygenated and oxygenated bloodDeoxygenated and oxygenated blood
mixes in liver sinusoidsmixes in liver sinusoids Blood leaves liver viaBlood leaves liver via hepatic veinshepatic veins
which drain into the inferior vena cavawhich drain into the inferior vena cava
A&P2 wk7 LymphaticsA&P2 wk7 Lymphatics 6969
P l i l tiP l i l ti
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Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation
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Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation
Pulmonary TrunkPulmonary Trunk
Left and Right Pulmonary ArteriesLeft and Right Pulmonary ArteriesCarry deoxygenated bloodCarry deoxygenated blood
Left and Right Pulmonary VeinsLeft and Right Pulmonary Veins
Carry oxygenated bloodCarry oxygenated blood
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Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation -- continuedcontinued
Carries deoxygenated bloodCarries deoxygenated blood
From right ventricle to left atriumFrom right ventricle to left atriumVia air sacs in the lungsVia air sacs in the lungs
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FetalFetal CirculationCirculation
Exists only inExists only in fetusfetus
Involves exchange of materials betweenInvolves exchange of materials between fetusfetus
and mother via placentaand mother via placenta FetusFetus derives O2 and nutrients from andderives O2 and nutrients from and
eliminates CO2 into maternal bloodeliminates CO2 into maternal blood
At birthAt birth
lungs, digestive & liver functions begin >lungs, digestive & liver functions begin >special structures ofspecial structures of fetalfetal circulation are nocirculation are nolonger neededlonger needed
A&P2 wk7 LymphaticsA&P2 wk7 Lymphatics 7474
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7575A&P2 wk7 LymphaticsA&P2 wk7 Lymphatics
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