A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

This article is about the former President of India. Forthe Indian freedom ghter, see Abul Kalam Azad.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen "A. P. J." Abdul Kalam( i/bdl klm/; 15 October 1931 27 July 2015)was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. Acareer scientist turned reluctant politician, Kalam wasborn and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and stud-ied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent thenext four decades as a scientist and science administra-tor, mainly at the Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Or-ganisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in Indiascivilian space program and military missile developmenteorts.[2] He thus came to be known as the Missile Manof India for his work on the development of ballistic mis-sile and launch vehicle technology.[3][4][5] He also playeda pivotal organizational, technical, and political role in In-dias Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the rst since theoriginal nuclear test by India in 1974.[6]

Kalam was elected President of India in 2002 with thesupport of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party andthe opposition Indian National Congress. After servinga term of ve years, he returned to his civilian life of ed-ucation, writing and public service. He was a recipient ofseveral prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna,Indias highest civilian honour.

1 Early life and educationAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrim-age centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then inthe Madras Presidency and now in the State of TamilNadu. His fathers name was Jainulabudeen, a boatowner, and his mother Ashiamma, a housewife.[7][8][9][10]His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims backand forth between Rameswaram and the now-extinctDhanushkodi.[11][12] Kalam was the youngest of fourbrothers and one sister in his family.[13][14][15] Kalamsancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, withnumerous properties and large tracts of land. Their busi-ness had involved trading groceries between the main-land and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as wellas ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pam-ban. As a result, the family acquired the title of MaraKalam iyakkivar (wooden boat steerers), which over theyears became shortened to Marakier. With the open-

ing of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, how-ever, the businesses failed and the family fortune andproperties were lost over time, apart from the ancestralhome.[16] By his early childhood, Kalams family had be-come poor; at an early age, he started working to sup-plement his familys income.[17] After completing school,Kalam distributed newspapers to contribute to his fathersincome.[17][18]

In his school years, Kalam had average grades but wasdescribed as a bright and hardworking student who had astrong desire to learn and spend hours on his studies, es-pecially mathematics.[18] After completing his educationat the Ramanathapuram Schwartz Matriculation School,Kalam went on to attend Saint Josephs College, Tiruchi-rappalli, then aliated with the University of Madras,from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[19] Hemoved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineer-ing in Madras Institute of Technology.[10] While Kalamwas working on a senior class project, the Dean was dis-satised with his lack of progress and threatened to re-voke his scholarship unless the project was nished withinthe next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressingthe Dean, who later said to him, I was putting you un-der stress and asking you to meet a dicult deadline.[20]He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming aghter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualiers, and only eightpositions were available in the IAF.[21]

2 Career as a scientist

This was my rst stage, in which I learnt leadership fromthree great teachersDr Vikram Sarabhai , Prof SatishDhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash. This was the time oflearning and acquisition of knowledge for me.A P J Abdul Kalam[22]

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technol-ogy in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Develop-ment Establishment of the Defence Research and Devel-opment Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. He startedhis career by designing a small helicopter for the IndianArmy, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job atDRDO.[23] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR com-mittee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renownedspace scientist.[10] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the

1

2 3 PRESIDENCY

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where hewas the project director of Indias rst Satellite LaunchVehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohinisatellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had rststarted work on an expandable rocket project indepen-dently at DRDO in 1965.[2] In 1969, Kalam received thegovernments approval and expanded the programme toinclude more engineers.[22]

Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati

In 196364, he visited NASA's Langley Research Centerin Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center inGreenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility.[8][24]Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an eort todevelop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) andSLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful.Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness thecountrys rst nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the rep-resentative of TBRL, even though he had not partici-pated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also di-rected two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant,which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the tech-nology of the successful SLV programme.[25] Despitethe disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospaceprojects through her discretionary powers under Kalamsdirectorship.[25] Kalam played an integral role convinc-ing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of theseclassied aerospace projects.[25] His research and educa-tional leadership brought him great laurels and prestige inthe 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate anadvanced missile programme under his directorship.[25]Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scien-tic adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the sug-gestion by the then Defence Minister, R. Venkataramanon a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiverof missiles instead of taking planned missiles one afteranother.[26] R Venkatraman was instrumental in gettingthe cabinet approval for allocating 388 crores for themission, named Integrated Guided Missile DevelopmentProgramme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chiefexecutive.[26] Kalam played a major part in developingmany missiles under the mission including Agni, an in-termediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tacti-cal surface-to-surface missile, although the projects havebeen criticised for mismanagement and cost and time

overruns.[26][27]

Kalam served as the Chief Scientic Adviser to the PrimeMinister and the Secretary of the Defence Research andDevelopment Organisation from July 1992 to December1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted dur-ing this period in which he played an intensive politicaland technological role. Kalam served as the Chief ProjectCoordinator, along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, dur-ing the testing phase.[8][28] Media coverage of Kalam dur-ing this period made him the countrys best known nu-clear scientist.[29] However, the director of the site test, KSanthanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had beena "zzle" and criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrectreport.[30] Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed theclaims.[31]

In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam de-veloped a low cost coronary stent, named the Kalam-Raju Stent.[32][33] In 2012, the duo designed a ruggedtablet computer for health care in rural areas, which wasnamed the Kalam-Raju Tablet.[34]

3 PresidencyKalam served as the 11th President of India, succeedingK. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential electionwith an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25July 2002 to 25 July 2007.[35]

On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance(NDA) which was in power at the time, expressedthat they would nominate Kalam for the post ofPresident,[36][37] and both the Samajwadi Party and theNationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[38][39]After the Samajwadi Party announced its support forKalam, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term inoce, leaving the eld clear.[40] Kalam said of the an-nouncement of his candidature:

I am really overwhelmed. Everywhereboth in Internet and in other media, I have beenasked for a message. I was thinking what mes-sage I can give to the people of the country atthis juncture.[41]

On 18 June, Kalam led his nomination papers in theIndian Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his se-nior Cabinet colleagues.[42]

The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the me-dia claiming that the election was a one-sided aair andKalams victory was a foregone conclusion; the count washeld on 18 July.[43] Kalam became the 11th president ofthe Republic of India in an easy victory,[44] and movedinto the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25July.[45] Kalam was the third President of India to have

3Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh duringhis presidency

been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civil-ian honour, before becoming the President. Dr SarvepalliRadhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963) werethe earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later becamethe President of India.[46] He was also the rst scientistand the rst bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[47]

During his term as president, he was aectionately knownas the Peoples President,[48][49][50] saying that signing theOce of Prot Bill was the toughest decision he had takenduring his tenure.[51][52] Kalam was criticised for his in-action in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy peti-tions submitted to him during his tenure.[53] Article 72 ofthe Constitution of India empowers the President of In-dia to grant pardons, and suspend or commute the deathsentence of convicts on death row.[53][54] Kalam acted ononly one mercy plea in his ve-year tenure as president,rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, whowas later hanged.[53] Perhaps the most notable plea wasfrom Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convictedof conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the IndianParliament and was sentenced to death by the SupremeCourt of India in 2004.[54] While the sentence was sched-uled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pendingaction on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining ondeath row.[54] He also took the controversial decision toimpose Presidents Rule in Bihar in 2005.[55]

In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGIChandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform CivilCode in India, keeping in view the population of thecountry.[56][57][58][59]

At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressedhis willingness to consider a second term in oce pro-vided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007presidential election.[60] However, two days later, he de-cided not to contest the Presidential election again stat-ing that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavanfrom any political processes.[61] He did not have the sup-port of the left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents,to receive a renewed mandate.[62][63]

Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President

Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in Aprilclaimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for hissecond term.[64][65][66] After the reports, social network-ing sites witnessed a number of people supporting hiscandidature.[67][68] The BJP potentially backed his nom-ination, saying that the party would lend their supportif the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and In-dian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 pres-idential election.[69][70] A month ahead of the election,Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also ex-pressed their support for Kalam.[71] Days afterwards,Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving MamataBanerjee as the solitary supporter.[72] On 18 June 2012,Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. Hesaid of his decision not to do so:

Many, many citizens have also expressedthe same wish. It only reects their love andaection for me and the aspiration of the peo-ple. I am really overwhelmed by this support.This being their wish, I respect it. I want tothank them for the trust they have in me.[73]

4 Post-presidency

Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death

After leaving oce, Kalam became a visiting professor atthe Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the IndianInstitute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian In-stitute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow ofIndian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[74] chancellor ofthe Indian Institute of Space Science and TechnologyThiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineer-ing at Anna University; and an adjunct at many other aca-demic and research institutions across India. He taughtinformation technology at the International Institute ofInformation Technology, Hyderabad, and technology atBanaras Hindu University and Anna University.[75]

InMay 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youthof India called theWhat Can I GiveMovement, with a cen-tral theme of defeating corruption.[76][77] He also enjoyedwriting Tamil poetry and playing the veenai, a South

4 5 DEATH

Indian string instrument.[78] Kalam listened to Carnaticdevotional music every day and believed in the Hinduculture.[79] Kalam used to read Bhagavad Gita[80][81] andwas a vegetarian.[1][82][83] Hewas nominated for theMTVYouth Icon of the Year award in 2003[84][85] and 2006.[86]In the 2011 Hindi lm I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayedas a positive inuence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boynamed Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour ofhis idol.[87]

In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over hisstand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he sup-ported the establishment of the nuclear power plant andwas accused of not speaking with the local people.[88] Theprotesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to himto be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by theassurances provided by him regarding the safety featuresof the plant.[89]

5 DeathOn 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver alecture on Creating a Livable Planet Earth at the IndianInstitute of Management Shillong. At around 6:35 p.m.IST, only veminutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[90][91]He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a criti-cal condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any othersigns of life.[90] Despite being placed in the intensive careunit, Kalam was conrmed dead of a sudden cardiac ar-rest at 7:45 p.m IST.[90][92][93]

The last word reportedly said by A.P.J Abdul Kalam was

Funny guy! Are you doing well?

to his aide Srijan Pal Singh.[94]

Following his death, Kalams body was airlifted in anIndian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati,from where it was own to New Delhi on the morning of28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The ight landedat Palam Air Base and was received by the President, thePrime Minister, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejri-wal, and the three service chiefs of the Indian ArmedForces, who laid wreaths on Kalams body.[95] His bodywas then placed on a gun carriage draped with the In-dian ag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 RajajiMarg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paidhomage, including former prime minister ManmohanSingh, Congress president Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi,and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[96]

On the morning of 29 July, Kalams body, wrapped inthe Indian ag, was taken to Palam Air Base and ownto Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving atMadurai Airport that afternoon. His body was receivedat the airport by the three service chiefs and national andstate dignitaries, including cabinet ministers ManoharParrikar, Venkaiah Naidu, Pon Radhakrishnan and the

governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, K Rosaiah andV. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony, Kalamsbody was own in an air force helicopter to the town ofMandapam. From Mandapam, Kalams body was takenin an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram, whereit was displayed in an open area in front of the local busstation to allow the public to pay their nal respects until8 p.m. that evening.[97][98]

On 30 July 2015, the former President was laid to restat Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full statehonours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, in-cluding the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Naduand the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and AndhraPradesh.[99][100]

5.1 ReactionsIndia reacted to Kalams death with an outpouring ofgrief; numerous tributes were paid to the former Pres-ident across the nation and on social media.[101] TheGovernment of India declared a seven-day state mourn-ing period as a mark of respect.[102] President PranabMukherjee, Vice President Hamid Ansari, Home Minis-ter Rajnath Singh, and other leaders condoled the formerPresidents demise.[92] Prime Minister Narendra Modisaid his [Kalams] death is a great loss to the scienticcommunity. He took India to great heights. He showedthe way.[103] Former Prime Minister Dr. ManmohanSingh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam,said, our country has lost a great human being who madephenomenal contributions to the promotion of self re-liance in defence technologies. I worked very closelywith Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benetedfrom his advice as president of our country. His life andwork will be remembered for generations to come.[104]ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former col-league a great personality and a gentleman, while for-mer chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as aglobal leader for whom the downtrodden and poor peo-ple were his priority. He always had a passion to conveywhat is in his mind to the young generation, adding thathis death left a vacuum which none could ll.[105][106]

South Asian leaders expressed condolences and laudedthe late statesman. The Bhutanese government orderedthe countrys ags to y at half-sta to mourn Kalamsdeath, and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. BhutanesePrimeMinister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness,saying Kalam was a leader greatly admired by all people,especially the youth of India who have referred to himas the peoples President.[107] Bangladesh Prime Min-ister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as a rare combi-nation of a great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and asource of inspiration to the young generation of SouthAsia and termed his death an irreparable loss to In-dia and beyond. Bangladesh Nationalist Party chiefKhaleda Zia said as a nuclear scientist, he engaged him-self in the welfare of the people. Ashraf Ghani, the

5President of Afghanistan, called Kalam an inspirationalgure to millions of people, noting that we have a lotto learn from his life. Nepalese Prime Minister SushilKoirala recalled Kalams scientic contributions to In-dia: Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost anhonoured and ideal personality. The President of Pak-istan, Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pak-istan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and con-dolences on his passing.[108][109][110] The President of SriLanka, Maithripala Sirisena, also expressed his condo-lences. Dr. Kalam was a man of rm conviction and in-domitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding states-man of the world. His death is an irreparable loss notonly to India but to the entire world.[111] Maldivian Pres-ident Abdulla Yameen and Vice President Ahmed Ad-heeb condoled Kalams passing, with Yameen naminghim as a close friend of the Maldives who would con-tinue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations ofSouth Asians. Former president Maumoon Abdul Gay-oom, who had made an ocial visit to India duringKalams presidency, termed his demise as a great lossto all of humankind.[112] The Commander-in-Chief ofthe Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min AungHlaing, expressed condolences on behalf of theMyanmargovernment.[113] The Dalai Lama expressed his sadnessand oered condolences and prayers, calling Kalamsdeath an irreparable loss.[114]

Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalamhad visited on numerous occasions, expressed deepestcondolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a criti-cal role in the development of the Indian space program.As a committed educator, he inspired millions of youngpeople to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader,he gained support both at home and abroad, becom-ing known as 'the peoples President'. I join our IndoCanadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourningthe passing of this respected leader.[115] United StatesPresident Barack Obama extended deepest condolencesto the people of India on the passing of former IndianPresident Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, and highlighted hisachievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notablyhis role in strengthening U.S.India relations and increas-ing space cooperation between the two nations. Suit-ably named 'the Peoples President', Dr. Kalams hu-mility and dedication to public service served as an in-spiration to millions of Indians and admirers around theworld.[116] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressedsincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and sup-port to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader,to the government, and entire people of India. He re-marked on Kalams outstanding personal contribution tothe social, economic, scientic, and technical progress ofIndia and in ensuring its national security, adding thatDr. Kalam would be remembered as a consistent expo-nent of closer friendly relations between our nations, whohas done a lot for cementing mutually benecial RussianIndian cooperation.[117] Other international leadersincluding former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono, Malaysian PrimeMinister Najib Razak, Sin-gaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President ofthe United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed AlNahyan, and Vice President and Prime Minister of theUnited Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mo-hammed bin Rashid Al Maktoumalso paid tribute toKalam.[118][119] In a special gesture Secretary-General ofthe United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, visited the PermanentMission of India to the UN and signed the condolencebook placed following his death. The outpouring of griefaround the world is a testament of the respect and inspira-tion he has garnered during and after his presidency. TheUN joins the people of India in sending our deepest con-dolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peaceand eternity, Ban said in his message.[120]

6 Writings

A P J Abdul Kalam delivering a speech

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an ac-tion plan to develop India into a knowledge superpowerand a developed nation by the year 2020. He regarded hiswork on Indias nuclear weapons programme as a way toassert Indias place as a future superpower.[121]

I have identied ve areas where India hasa core competence for integrated action: (1)agriculture and food processing; (2) educationand healthcare; (3) information and communi-cation technology; (4) infrastructure, reliableand quality electric power, surface transportand infrastructure for all parts of the country;and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies.These ve areas are closely inter-related andif advanced in a coordinated way, will lead tofood, economic and national security.

Kalam describes a transformative moment in his lifewhen he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPSSwaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realize this

6 8 BOOKS AND DOCUMENTARIES

ve-pronged vision of development. Pramukh Swamisanswerto add a sixth area developing faith in God andspirituality to overcome the current climate of crime andcorruptionbecame the spiritual vision for the next 15years Kalams life, which he describes in his nal book,Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with PramukhSwamiji, published just a month before his death.[122]

It was reported that there was considerable demand inSouth Korea for translated versions of books authored byhim.[123]

Kalam took an active interest in other developments inthe eld of science and technology, including a researchprogramme for developing biomedical implants. He alsosupported open source technology over proprietary soft-ware, predicting that the use of free software on a largescale would bring the benets of information technologyto more people.[124]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 studentsduring the two years after his resignation from the postof scientic adviser in 1999.[18] He explained, I feelcomfortable in the company of young people, particularlyhigh school students. Henceforth, I intend to share withthem experiences, helping them to ignite their imagina-tion and preparing them to work for a developed India forwhich the road map is already available.[18]

7 Awards and honoursKalam received honorary doctorates from 40universities.[125][126] The Government of India hashonoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 andthe Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISROand DRDO and his role as a scientic advisor to theGovernment.[127] In 1997, Kalam received Indias highestcivilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contributionto the scientic research and modernisation of defencetechnology in India.[128] In 2013, he was the recipientof the Von Braun Award from the National SpaceSociety to recognize excellence in the management andleadership of a space-related project.[129]

Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes.The Tamil Nadu state government announced that hisbirthday, 15 October, would be observed across the stateas Youth Renaissance Day;" the state government fur-ther instituted the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award,constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certicate and500,000 (US$7,800). The award will be awarded an-nually on Independence Day, beginning in 2015, to resi-dents of the state with achievements in promoting scien-tic growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[130]

8 Books and documentariesKalams writings

Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Tech-nology by A P J Abdul Kalam and RoddamNarasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988[150]

India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by AP J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; NewYork, 1998.[151]

Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J AbdulKalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[8]

Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within Indiaby A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[152]

The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by;Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004.[153]

Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings byManav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[154]

Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal &Sons, 2007[155]

Indomitable Spirit byAP JAbdul Kalam; Rajpal andSons Publishing[156]

Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J AbdulKalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill,New Delhi

You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyondby A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; OceanBooks, 2011.[157]

Turning Points: A journey through challenges by AP J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.[158]

Target 3 Billion" by A P J Abdul Kalam and Sri-jan Pal Singh; December 2011 | Publisher PenguinBooks.

My Journey: (titled - Tamil) Trans-forming Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam;August 2013 by the Rupa Publication.

A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 byA P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 byHarper Collins.[159]

Forge your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring byA P J Abdul Kalam; by Rajpal and Sons, 29 October2014.[160]

Reignited: Scientic Pathways to a Brighter Future byA P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; by PenguinIndia, 14 May 2015.[161]

Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pra-mukh Swamiji by A P J Abdul Kalam with Arun Ti-wari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015[162]

Biographies

Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by SChandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[163]

7 President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; AnmolPublications, 2002.[164]

A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by KBhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[165]

A Little Dream (documentary lm) by P. Dhanapal;Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[166]

The Kalam Eect: My Years with the President by PM Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.[167]

My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A KGeorge; Novel Corporation, 2009.[168]

9 See also List of Presidents of India Indian presidential election, 2002 Pokhran-II

10 References[1] Kalam And Islam.

[2] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editorSouth Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbasto Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopdia Britannica (India).p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.

[3] Pruthi, R. K. (2005). Ch. 4. Missile Man of India.President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. pp.6176. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.

[4] Indias 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people. 30 July2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.

[5] Kalams unrealised 'Nag' missile dream to become realitynext year. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.

[6] Sen, Amartya (2003). India and the Bomb. In M. V.Ramana and C. Rammanohar Reddy. Prisoners of the Nu-clear Dream. Sangam Books. pp. 167188. ISBN 978-81-250-2477-4.

[7] Dr Abdul Kalam, Peoples President in Sri Lanka. DailyNews via HighBeam Research. 23 January 2012. Re-trieved 3 May 2012.

[8] Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1January 1999). Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Uni-versities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. Retrieved 3May 2012.

[9] Jai, Janak Raj (1 January 2003). Presidents of India,19502003. Regency Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0. Retrieved 22 April 2012.

[10] Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. PressInformation Bureau, Government of India. 1March 2012.Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[11] APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President wholearnt the art of the political.

[12] The greatest student India ever had.

[13] Brother awaits Kalam last trip.

[14] How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJAbdul Kalams childhood.

[15] Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brothershealth.

[16] Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew. Times ofIndia. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.

[17] Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). Pride ofthe Nation : Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Diamond PocketBooks (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Re-trieved 30 June 2012.

[18] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: TheVisionary of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Cor-poration. pp. 110,153. ISBN 9788176483803.

[19] K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). Kalammeets the teacher who moulded him. The Hindu (Chen-nai, India). Retrieved 29 June 2012.

[20] Dixit, Sumita Vaid (18 March 2010). The boy fromRameswaram who became President. Redi.com. Re-trieved 4 July 2012.

[21] Failed in my dream of becoming pilot: Abdul Kalam innew book. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 18 August 2013.Retrieved 18 August 2013.

[22] Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. National Infor-matics Centre. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[23] Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). Kalam tellsstudents to follow their heart. The Times of India (Chen-nai, India). Retrieved 4 July 2012.

[24] Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.(November 1989). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp.32. ISSN 0096-3402. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

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[74] Honorary Fellowship of IISc. Iisc.ernet.in. 27 May2008. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

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[80] India was his Gurukul and its people, his shishyas.

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[84] Anil Ambani Voted MTV Youth Icon of the Year. TheFinancial Express. 5 September 2003. Retrieved 3 March2012.

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[86] Dhoni voted youth icon 2006. Daily News and Analysis.23 June 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

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[92] End of an era: 'Missile man' APJ Abdul Kalam passesaway after cardiac arrest. Firstpost. Retrieved 28 July2015.

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[94] Last words said by some legends

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[96] Live: Kalams body at Delhi house for people to pay trib-ute. India Today. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

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[108] http://www.president.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTMwOjkwODAvcG9wL05ld3NEZXRhaWwuYXNweD9pZD0xODc%3D

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[111] Sri Lankan President Condoles the Death of Dr A P JAbdul Kalam. Asian Tribune. 28 July 2015. Retrieved28 July 2015.

[112] Maldivian leaders condole Kalams death. IndiaTVNews.com. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.

[113] Sr. Gen. U Min Aung Hliang, Commander-in-Chief ofMyanmar Defence Services calls on PM. Business Stan-dard. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.

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[116] Statement by the President on the Death of Former In-dian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. TheWhite House:Oce of the Press Secretary. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28July 2015.

[117] ANI (28 July 2015). Putin condoles passing away of Dr.Kalam. Business Standard. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

[118] Rishi Iyengar (28 July 2015). India Pays Tribute to Peo-ples President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. TIME. Retrieved28 July 2015.

[119] http://www.emirates247.com/news/uae-rulers-offer-condolences-on-death-of-former-indian-president-2015-07-27-1.598219

[120] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-a-great-statesman-UN-secretary-general-Ban-Ki-moon/articleshow/48306130.cms

[121] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (1 October 2011). IDG SessionAddress (PDF). NUJS Law Review. Retrieved 1 January2015.

[122] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (2015). Transcen-dence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.Noida, India: HarperCollins India. pp. 36. ISBN 978-93-5177-405-1.

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[124] Becker, David (29 May 2003). India leader advocatesopen source. CNET. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

[125] Dr.Kalams Page. abdulKalam.com. Retrieved 1March2012.

[126] Dayekh, Ribal (16 April 2011). Dr Abdul Kalam formerPresident of India arrives to Dubai. Zawya. Retrieved 17March 2012.

[127] Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queens Uni-versity Belfast. Oneindia.in. 11 June 2009. Retrieved13 March 2012.

[128] Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam.Redi.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 13March 2012.

[129] National Space Society, NSS Von Braun Award. retrieved10 February 2015

[130] Award in Kalams name, birthday to be observed as'Youth Renaissance Day'". Economic Times. 31 July2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.

[131] Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum.University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 May 2014.

[132] Honorary Degrees Convocation. Simon Fraser Uni-versity. Retrieved 31 August 2012.

[133] IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients (PDF). IEEE.p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2011.

[134] Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam. Redi.com.6 October 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

[135] A.P.J Abdul Kalam Honorary Degree, 2009. OaklandUniversity.

[136] Former President Kalam chosen for HooverMedal. TheTimes of India (New York). 27 March 2009. Retrieved30 October 2010.

[137] Caltech GALCIT International von Krmn WingsAward. galcit.caltech.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[138] Dr Abdul Kalam, former President of India, receivesNTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering.Nanyang Technological University. 26 August 2008. Re-trieved 28 August 2011.

[139] AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate. The EconomicsTimes. Retrieved 28 August 2015. Check date values in:|accessdate= (help)

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[141] Carnegie Mellon University Awards Honorary Doctor-ate To Former India President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.cmu.edu. Carnegie Mellon University. 26 October 2015.Retrieved 28 July 2015.

[142] King Charles II Medal for President. The Hindu (Chen-nai, India). 12 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[143] King Charles II Medal for Kalam. The Economic Times(India). 11 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[144] Royal Society King Charles II Medal. Royal Society.Retrieved 14 November 2012.

[145] Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science. TheEconomic Times (India). 23 October 2007. Retrieved 1March 2012.

[146] Dr. Abdul Kalams Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards.Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Retrieved 1March 2012.

[147] List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (PDF). Ministry ofHome Aairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 March2012.

[148] List of Distinguished Fellows. Institute of Directors.Retrieved 9 November 2014.

[149] Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam.Redi.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 1 March2012.

[150] Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technol-ogy. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March2012.

11

[151] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Y.S., Rajan (1998). India 2020: AVision for the New Millennium. New York. ISBN 978-0-670-88271-7.

[152] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2002). Ignited minds: unleashingthe power within India. Viking.

[153] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2004). The luminous sparks : abiography in verse and colours. Bangalore: Punya Pub.ISBN 978-81-901897-8-1.

[154] Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. (2005). Mission In-dia : a vision for Indian youth. New Delhi, India: PunBooks. ISBN 978-0-14-333499-6.

[155] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2007). Inspiring thoughts. Delhi:Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-684-4.

[156] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2006). Indomitable Spirit. Delhi:Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-654-7.

[157] You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond.New Delhi, India: Ocean Books. ISBN 81-8430-037-9.

[158] Turning Points:A journey through challenges. HarperCollins India.

[159] Dr. Abdul Kalams new Book A Manifesto for Changeto release on July 14. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved27 June 2014.

[160] Abdul Kalam, A P J (29 October 2014). Forge YourFuture: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring. Rajpal and Sons.ISBN 978-93-5064-279-5.

[161] Abdul Kalam, A P J; Pal Singh, Srijan (14 May 2015).Reignited: Scientic Pathways to a Brighter Future. Pen-guin India. ISBN 978-0-14-333354-8.

[162] Dr. Abdul Kalams new Book Transcendence My Spir-itual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji to release onJune 15. Harper Collins India Publication.

[163] Rohde, David (19 July 2002). Nuclear Scientist, 70, aFolk Hero, Is Elected Indias President. The New YorkTimes. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

[164] Pruthi, Raj (2003). President Apj Abdul Kalam. AnmolPublications. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.

[165] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: TheVisionary of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-380-3.

[166] Documentary on Kalam released. The Hindu (Chennai,India). 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

[167] Nair, P. M. (2008). The Kalam Eect: My Years with thePresident. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture withthe India Today Group. ISBN 978-81-7223-736-3.

[168] Fr A K George (2009). My Days with Mahatma AbdulKalam. Novel Corp. ISBN 978-81-904529-5-3.

11 External links Ocial website Vision Poem of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

12 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses12.1 Text

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12.2 Images File:A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam.jpg License: CC

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Early life and education Career as a scientist Presidency Post-presidency Death Reactions

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