A NOVEL APPROACH OF AODV FOR STABILITY AND … NOVEL APPROACH OF AODV FOR STABILITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING FOR MANET USING IPV6 . Shival Chadda Mritunjay Kumar Rai. Department

A NOVEL APPROACH OF AODV FOR STABILITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT

ROUTING FOR MANET USING IPV6

Shival Chadda Mritunjay Kumar Rai Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science

Lovely Professional University Lovely Professional University

Phagwara, Punjab, India Phagwara, Punjab, India

Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract---In a mobile ad hoc network

(MANET), the topology of the network may change

rapidly and unexpectedly due to mobility of nodes. Thus,

setting up routes that meet high reliability is a very

challenging issue. Another important problem in the

MANETs is the energy consumption of nodes. This paper

presents experiments on the performance and stability of

the AODV protocol (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector

protocol) in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We study the

network performance such as throughput, delivery ratio,

and end-to end delay. After this experimental study of the

problems that may arise in this type of communication

and its origins, we conclude that better performance is

possible with the modification of some of the protocol´s

parameters, without modifying the protocol algorithm.

Applying these changes, experimental tests show an

improvement in the performance of the protocol.

Keywords----Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, Routing

Protocols, Energy efficiency, Stability, AODV, IPv6.

I. INTRODUCTION

A mobile ad hoc network lacks a fixed

infrastructure and has a dynamically changing

topology. The nodes move freely and independently

of one another. Ad hoc networks are heavily used in

emergency situations where no infrastructure is

available, for e.g. battle fields, disaster mitigation etc.

The main limitation of ad-hoc systems is the

Availability of power. In addition to running the

onboard electronics, power consumption is governed

by the number of processes and overheads required to

maintain connectivity [1].

With the rapid development in wireless

communications in recent years, the necessity for

sufficient Internet protocol (IP) addresses to meet the

demand of mobile devices, as well as flexible

communications without infrastructure, are especially

considerable. The next-generation IP, Internet

Protocol version 6 (IPv6) [1], [2], provides

sufficient IP addresses to enable all kinds of devices

to connect to the Internet and promotes mobile

wireless commerce (m-commerce). The IPv6-enabled

network architecture will become the future standard.

Additionally, most current mobile devices are

equipped with IEEE 802.11 wireless local area

network (WLAN) interface cards. IEEE 802.11

WLAN supports two operating modes: infrastructure

mode and ad hoc mode. The infrastructure mode

requires all mobile devices to directly communicate

to the access point (single-hop communication). In

the ad hoc mode, mobile devices dynamically form a

mobile ad hoc network (MANET) with multi-hop

routing. Clearly, the ad hoc mode allows for a more

flexible network, but its aim is not to connect to the

Internet. In this paper, we address the issue of

connecting MANETs to global IPv6 networks while

supporting IPv6 mobility with AODV.

Much attention has been paid to IP address auto

configuration and IPv6 extension for MANETs [3]–

[5] in recent years. IPv6 auto configuration

mechanism [3], [4] allows a node to generate a link-

local IP address. Extension has also been made to be

suitable for MANET [5]. However, global

connectivity for a mobile node is not supported in

[5]. Later on, [6] and [7] address how to provide

global connectivity for an IPv6-enabled MANET. In

these works, a MANET node can acquire a global

IPv6 address from an Internet gateway, and then

access to the Internet through the gateway. Routing in

MANETs and the IPv6 network is based on existing

protocol.

The next-generation IP, Internet Protocol version

6 (IPv6) [14], [15], provides sufficient IP addresses

to enable all kinds of devices to connect to the

Internet and promotes mobile wireless commerce (m-

commerce). The IPv6-enabled network architecture

will become the future standard. Additionally, most

current mobile devices are equipped with IEEE

802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) interface

cards. IEEE 802.11 WLAN supports two operating

modes: infrastructure mode and ad hoc mode.

Shival Chadda et al ,Int.J.Computer Technology & Applications,Vol 3 (3), 1071-1076

IJCTA | MAY-JUNE 2012 Available [email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]

Fig 1: A self-organizing, self-addressing, self-routing IPv6-based

MANET.

The routing protocols that are available for

MANET comprise proactive (table driven), reactive

(on demand) and hybrid routing protocols. Popular

proactive routing protocols are highly dynamic

Destination- Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and

Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR)

while reactive routing protocols include Ad hoc on

demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic

Source Routing (DSR). An example of a hybrid

routing protocol is Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP).

AODV meets the MANET requirements for dynamic,

self-starting, multi-hop routing between participating

mobile nodes wishing to establish and maintain an ad

hoc network [8].

AODV is an on demand routing protocol,

that is, it builds routes between nodes only as desired

by source nodes. It maintains these routes as long as

they are needed by the sources [9]. Nodes maintain a

route cache and use a destination sequence number

for each route entry. The fact that a node in AODV

seeks information about the network only when

needed reduces overhead since nodes do not have to

maintain unnecessary route information while the use

of a sequence number ensures loop freedom. This

paper discusses the effects of packet size on the

AODV routing protocol implementation in

homogenous and heterogeneous MANET.

Rest of the paper is organized as: Section-II, related

work. Section-III provides methodology, Section IV

provides simulation results and observation and

Section-V concludes the paper with future work.

II. RELATED WORK

There has been significant work on routing in

MANETs [3] [4]. AODV is an on-demand driven

protocol which finds routes between a source

destination pair only when it is required. Traditional

AODV extensively uses blind flooding for

forwarding the RREQ packets from source to all

other nodes in the network to find route. The RREQ

is broadcasted to entire network so every neighbor

nodes will receive and process it. All the nodes which

receive the RREQ for the first time check its routing

table for route. If there is route, it unicasts the RREP

to the source, else it will rebroadcast the RREQ to its

neighbors. If the RREQ is not the first time, it will

silently discard the RREQ and If the node is the

destination, it unicasts the RREQ to the source. When

the source node gets the RREP, it starts sending the

packet to the destination. When a route has been

established, it is being maintained by the source node

as long as the route is needed. If any of the

intermediate nodes losses connectivity, the RERR

will be sent to the source and the source sends

packets through the alternate paths or it will restart

the route discovery process. Thus the route discovery

process leads to energy consumption in all nodes.

Fig 2: Route discovery process

AODV specifies two different ways in

which a link break can be detected. Either all nodes

regularly broadcast a „hello‟ message to its one-hop

neighbors, which makes it possible for them to verify

the link operation, or it is detected by a link signaling

mechanism when the link is used. When a link break

is detected the end nodes (source and destination) are

informed and it is up to them to find a new path.

To reduce the route request broadcast storms the

route discovery can be performed using an expanding

ring search. In an expanding ring search the route

discovery area is limited by the Time to live (TTL)

field in the IP header. A sequence of route requests

are performed with increasing TTL until the

destination is found or a set limit is reached. If a state

route to the destination is available that hop count can

be used as an initial TTL limit.



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III. METHODOLOGY

The tests were carried out using the AODV protocol

using Opnet 14.5.We apply changes in the AODV

parameters in different scenarios. We study the

network performance such as throughput, delivery

ratio, and end-to end delay.

A. Performance Metrics

In order to evaluate the performances of

three MANET protocols, several metrics need to

consider. These metrics reflect how efficiently the

data is delivered. In epidemic routing, multiple copies

may be delivered to the destination. According to the

literatures [10], [11], [12] and [13], some of these

metrics are suggested by the MANET working group

for routing protocol evaluation.

(a) Packet Delivery Ratio

The ratio between the number of packets

originated by the application layer CBR sources and

the number of packets received by the CBR sink at

the final destination.

(b) Average End-to-end Delay

This includes all the possible delays caused

by buffering during route discovery latency, queuing

at the interface queue, retransmission delays at the

MAC, and propagation and transfer times.

(c) Packet Dropped

The routers might fail to deliver or drop

some packets or data if they arrive when their buffer

are already full. Some, none, or all the packets or data

might be dropped, depending on the state of the

network, and it is impossible to determine what will

happen in advance.

(d) Routing Load

The total number of routing packets

transmitted during the simulation. For packets sent

over multiple hops, each transmission of the packet

or each hop counts as one transmission.

(e) Throughput

The total successfully received packet to the

destination. In the other words, the aggregate

throughput is the sum of the data rates that are

delivered to all nodes in a network.

Table 1: Simulation Settings

Parameter Value

Simulation time 1000 sec

Number of nodes 20,50,100

Data rate 2 Mbps

Environment size 100*100 meters

Traffic type Constant Bit Rate

(CBR)

Minimum Speed 0 sec

Maximum Speed 10,15,20

Packet size 512

Network protocol IP

Transport Protocol TCP

Propagation Model Random Way Point

Model

MAC protocol 802.11

B. Simulation Parameters

The simulation parameters that have been

used can be divided to two types that are: general

simulation parameters and simulation parameters for

every protocol. All of this parameters are common

parameters and been used by many researcher. We do

some modification in these parameters and

simulation shows better results.

We have used network simulator OPNET

for simulation. We simulated network in order to

compare performance of routing protocols between

AODV and improved AODV ipv6. We have used

average throughput as performance parameters while

varying various network parameter such as number of

nodes and TTL parameters, node speed in 100*100

meter environment.

IV SIMULATION RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

We have analyzed the performance of a

AODV by creating different scenario in Opnet

Modeler 14.5. Traffic of the AODV is evaluated in

presence source and destination on the same distance

of both scenarios. For the experimental results 20,

50,100 nodes are configured in these scenarios. Two

mobility nodes are configured in both scenarios to

represent mobile Ad-hoc network. In these scenarios

we give IP address of source and destination node.

Other nodes having auto IP

We have done simulation work for our

approach for AODV in OPNET 14.5. The simulation

result shows that our approach gives more efficient

than the existing.



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We have three scenarios as shown in the figure and

we apply our approach on all these according to the

number of nodes. The simulation shows better results

and also as number of nodes increasing throughput

increases.

A Simulation Environments

(a) 20 nodes

(b) 50 nodes

(c) 100 nodes

Fig 3: OPNET simulate in the area of 100x100 m2

B. Throughput

Throughput is number of bits transmitted between

source and destination per unit time. To be able to

relate this number to the desired outcome the

throughput is presented as a ratio between transmitted

packets and delivered packets. Simulation results

show that in each scenario our approach with ipv6

gives better result than the conventional AODV. In

these scenarios routing traffic sent by AODV in

bit/sec is gathered. In these scenarios we analyzed the

when we used large node in network throughput of

the network is increase as compare to fewer nodes

used in network with our approach of using ipv6 and

changing parameters.

(a) 20 nodes

(a) 50 nodes

(c ) 100 nodes

Fig 4: Simulation of Average WLAN Throughput in the area of

100x100 m2

C. Average end to end delay

There is minor improvement in average end to end

delay as simulation result

shows.

Fig 5: Simulation of Average end to end delay



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D. Route Discovery Time

Route discovery time decreases as nodes increases

(a) 20 nodes

(b) 50 nodes Fig 6: Simulation of Route Discovery Time

E. Average WLAN Load

(a) 50 nodes

(b) 100 nodes

Fig 7: Simulation of Average WLAN Load

In all scenarios we observed that routing

load is decreases in improved AODV parameters

with increase of traffic and ipv6. In other words we

say when we used large nodes in network routing

load also increase in that network.

F. Average Packet Dropped

Fig 8: Simulation of Average WLAN Load

Average packed dropped as simulation result shows

with increasing number of nodes.

V CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In simulation the analysis of AODV with

ipv6 and changing parameters of using different

network size in Opnet 14.5 gives improved result.

But throughput and routing load is preferable in large

network size. We concluded our approach AODV

works better than existing AODV and giving more

lifetimes to the network. We observe that an increase

in network size and number of nodes has similar

impact on all protocols under various environments..

In this simulation study, we have not used

large no of nodes and simulation time was 1000s.

Increasing both of them will increase computational

time which was limited due to various reasons. Thus,

in future we will carry out more vigorous simulation

so as to gain better understanding of such networks

and subsequently helps in development of new

protocols or modification in existing protocols.

.

REFERENCES

[1] S. Deering and R. Hinden, “Internet protocol, version 6

(IPv6) specification,” IETF, RFC 2460, 1998.

[2] Hinden, R. Hindon, and S. Deering, “Internet protocol

version 6 addressing architecture,” IETF, RFC 3513, 2003.

[3] T. Narten, E. Nordmark, and W. Simpson, “Neighbor

discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6),” IETF, RFC2461, 1998.

[4] S. Thomson and T. Narten, “IPv6 stateless address

autoconfiguration,” IETF, RFC 2462, 1998.

[5] C. Perkins, J. Malinen, R. Wakikawa, E. Belding-Royer, and

Y. Sun, “IP address autoconfiguration for ad hoc networks,” IETF

Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-autoconf-01.txt, 2001.



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[6] R. Wakikawa, J. Malinen, C. Perkins, A. Nilsson, and A.

Tuominen, “Global connectivity for IPv6 mobile ad hoc

networks,” IETF Internet Draft, draft-wakikawa-manet-globalv6-

03.txt, 2003.

[7] I. K. Park, Y. H. Kim, and S. S. Lee, “IPv6 address allocation

in hybrid mobile ad hoc networks,” in Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop

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[8] A.B. Malany , V.R.S. Dhulipala, R.M.Chandrasekaran ,

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Publications , ISSN 1998-6262,Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2009, pp.

461-468.

[9] M. Ramakrishnan, M.A. Baghyavenil, S. Shanmugavell,

“Dynamic Reconfigurable Routing for High throughput in

MANET”, IEEE - ICSCN 2007, 22-24 February 2007, MIT

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[10] Josh Broach, David A.Maltz, David B.Johson, Yih-Chun Hu

and Jorjeta Jetcheva (1998). A Performance Comparison of Multi-

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[11] Sampo Naski” Performance of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols:

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[12] Mamoun Hussein Mamon (2007). “Important Characteristic

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[13] Bu Sung Lee, Mai Ngoc San, Teck Meng Lim, Chai Kiat

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[14] S. Deering ,R. Hinden, “Internet protocol, version 6 (IPv6)

specification,” IETF, RFC 2460, 1998.

[15] Hinden, R. Hindon, , S. Deering, “Internet protocol version 6

addressing architecture,” IETF, RFC 3513, 2003.



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Documents

A NOVEL APPROACH OF AODV FOR STABILITY AND … NOVEL APPROACH OF AODV FOR STABILITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING FOR MANET USING IPV6 . Shival Chadda Mritunjay Kumar Rai. Department