242 NEW SPECIES OF Seabrookia

Gonyaulax tamarensis. J . Fish. Res. B d . Canada 7 , 490-504. 8. Prakash, A. 1963. Source of paralytic shellfish toxin in

the Bay of Fundy. J . Fish Res. Bd . Canada 20, 983-96. 9. Riegel, B., Stanger, D. W., Wikholm, D. M., Mold, J. D.

& Sommer, K. 1949. Paralytic shellfish poison, V. The pri- mary source of the poison, the marine plankton organism, Gonyaulax catenella. J . Biol. Chem. 177, 7-11.

10. Schantz, E. J. 1960. Biochemical studies on paralytic shellfish poisons. Ann. N . Y . Acad. Sci. 90, 843-55.

11. Schantz, E. J., Mold, J . D., Stanger, D. W., Shawl, J., Riel, F. J., Bowden, J. P., Lynch, J. M., Wyler, R . W., Riegel, B. & Sommer, H. 1957. Paralytic shellfish poison, VI. A pro-

cedure for the isolation and purification of the poison from toxic clam and mussel tissues. J . A m . Chem. SOC. 79, 5230-5.

12. Schantz, E. J., Lynch, J. M. & Vayvada, G. 1962. Some chemical and physical properties of cultured Gonyadax caten- ella poison. Presented at the 142nd Natl . hftg. of the Am. Chemical Soc., Sept.

13. Sommer, H. & Meyer, K. F. 1937. Paralytic shellfish poisoning. A.M.A. Arch. Pathol. 24, 560-98.

14. Sommer, H., Whedcn, W. F., Kofoid, C. A. & Stohler, R. 1937. Relation of paralytic shellfish poison to certain plankton organisms of the genus Gonyaulax. A.M.A. Avch. Pathol. 24, 537-59.

J. PROTOZOOL. 11(2), 242-246 (1964)

A New Species of Seabrookia (Foraminiferida) from the Later Tertiary of Southern California

JERE H. LIPPS

Dtpartmpnt of Geology, University of California, Los Angdes

SYXOPSIS. Published records of the foraminiferal genus Sea- brookia indicate the genus to be widespread and its occurrence apparently discontinuous. The genus is here reported for the

first time as a fossil from the eastern Pacific Ocean region, with the description of the new species S. cooperta from the California Miocene.

HE foraminiferal genus Seabrookia was originally T described by Brady(4) from dredgings taken in the Java Sea, off Cebu in the Philippine Islands, and off Bermuda. Since that time six additional species have been described. The seven species( 25) of Seabrookia have variously been recorded from deposits ranging in age from late Cretaceous to Recent (Table 1) . The recorded geographic distribution of the Recent species is widespread although discontinuous. Two of the three Recent species have been recorded from various regions of the Atlantic Ocean, the southwestern Pacific Ocean region, and their adjacent fossil deposits, and the eastern Indian Ocean (see Table 2). Such a wide- spread distribution of single species may be question- able. Published figures of specimens of the species from widely separated areas also show differences which suggest that more than one species may be in- cluded in these records, but a study of the actual specimens is necessary for accurate determination. A summary of occurrences and notes on the ecology, when available, is presented in Table 2. The genus is probably more continuous in its geographic and stratigraphic distribution than is indicated by the reports, but its small size and apparent deep-water habitat hinder its collection and discovery.

Ecologically the genus appears to require deep water and, in general, a fine-grained substrate. The shallowest occurrence is 10-20 m for S . earlandi from Clew Bay, Ireland( 10) , and the deepest record is 3,72 1 m for S. earlandi from Drake’s Strait(8). The genus is found mostly on ooze or mud substrates, but is also found in fine-grained sands of various kinds.

The purpose of this paper is to record the first fossil occurrence of Seabrookia in the eastern Pacific Ocean region, and to describe a new fossil species therefrom.

Systematic Description Order Foraminiferida

Superfamily Nodosariacea Ehrenberg, 1839 Family Glandulinidae Reuss, 1860

Subfamily Seabrookiinae Cushman, 192 7 Genus Seabrookia Brady, 1890

Fig. 1 . Seabrookia cooperta sp. nov. Upper Miocene (Del- montian), Los Angeles, California. la. Side view of holotype.

Y Ib. Apertural view of holotype.

NEW SPECIES OF Seabrookia

SOUTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN REGION

243

NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN

REGION

TABLE 1. Stratigraphic distribution of the genus Seabrookia. Species reported to occur in each geographic area and of the same geologic age are listed in the praper box. Outline drawings, presented for comparison, are of the first species listed immediately belsow each drawing.

hilli pe I lucida earlandi

RECENT

PLIOCENE

MIOCENE

OLIGOCENE

EOCENE

UPPER CRETACEOUS

earlondi

NORTHEAST ATLANTIC

OCEAN REGION

I earlondi

0 lagenoides

crefacea

CENTRAL ATLANTIC

OCEAN REGION

pellucid0 earlondi

aff: eorfandi

0 cubana

0 crefacica

EAST INDIAN OCEAN REGION

pe llucida earlandi

244 NEW SPECIES OF Seabrookia

TABLE 2. Summary of occurrences of species of the genus Seabrookiu.

SPECIES

cwperlo sp nav. rretoceu Perebaskine @ cretoc~co Bermudez cubono Palmer and Bermudez Dodor)d/ Wriqht

3ff. eorlondi Wriqht bj//j (Goddard and Jensen)

logeno;des ten Dam p//uc;du Brady

~

AGE

Miocene Cretaceous Cretaceous

Oltgocene 'ecenl

'liocene !ecent

I. Eocene !ecenl

liocene

.acene 'ecent

OCCURRENCE

Los Angeles, Culifornio Saint - Morcet, Haute-Goronne, France Sonta Clara Province, Cuba neor Colon, Cuba North Atlantic Ocean

SW Coast of Ireland off Castletown, Cork, Southern Ireland Clew Bay, May0 , Eostern Ireland North Sea and Norwegian fjords

South Atlontic Ocean Drakes Strait,

between S Georqio I and Folkland Is., 53'2.5'S, 45'28'W.

14 mi. S 64' W of George I.

59' 40's , 64O 35'W.

Gulf of Venezuela

Gulf of Mexico Northeast Gulf o f Mexlco, numerous slations

o f f Central Texas Caasl, numerous s ta t ions

o f f Son Diego, Cali f , numerous stations Northeast Pacific Ocean

South Pacific Region off Lusitonia Bay, Macquarie I. 7mi E. of North Cope, New Zealand S of New Zealand, 45' 13' 1"s ~ 172O 45' 3'' E.

45' 41'6"S, 174O 43'0" E. 49O26'3' 'S, 1 7 2 O W' 3" E. ? 51 '30'4 ' 's , 172' 12' 0" E. 64'33'4"5, 166' 30' 0" W.

66°29'8"S , 166' 08' 0" W. 69"4'0"5 , 163' 24 '0" E . 68' 51'7"5., 158' 3 4 ' 0 " E .

77°03'4€"S., 166' 08' 0" E . Sahul Shelf, I m o r Sea 13' 49 ' S , 127'46' E.

l3%5'S , 128" 09' E. 12'14 5' S , 129' 3 5' E.

New South woies, Ausfral,a, off northern coast

Motonzos Boy Region, Cub0 27.5 mi. E. of Sydney Heod , Australia neor Stophorst. Overijssel, Netherlands; we11,381-385m. Indo - Pacific Region

J a w Sea off Cebu, Phthppine Is Sohul Shelf, I r n o r Sea, 120 14 5 's , 129°03.5'E.

IF 21 5 ' 5 , 125' 55 5'E. 11'26 5 ' S , 126' 01.4'E. 11'36 8 's , 126O 12.5'E. iI057.5'S, l23"50,4'E.

10' 15 4'5, 128' 45.1 'E. ItD49.6'S , 127' 34.2'E.

Malay Archipelago

7 mi. E of North Cope, New Zealand Summit of Greol King, Three Kings Is, Greal Barrier Reef, Australia

Outside Trinity Opening

SouIhwest Pocific Oceon

S. 14O W. Bmi .

off NE Tasmania Victorio Australia

Victoria, Australia

Central Atlantic Ocean. off Bermuda

0 All depths hove been converted lo the nearest meter when not originally so gwen.

@ first number refers lo lisi of references ot end of paper.

@ Tholmann ( 2 2 , p 3191 considered S.CrelOCe0 Perebaskine la be preoccupied by S.creldn Bermudez, but since there IS a difference in original spellings, bath names are valid ( I CZN code, Art. 52 )

Number In porenthesis refers to page in reference.

e NOTE? I REFERENCE

brown siltstone This paper

I ( 164-1651 inferred deep water -r 16 (3081

19(358)

631 m. 68 m.

very fine sand 10-20 m deeper dredgings

mud 3721 m. fine mud 2549 m.

shellsand I37 m.

20-3283m sand,silt,clay 27- 90 m

69 m.

mud-white (dry) 1445 m.

mud-white (dry) 1169 m. foram. ooze-white(dry) 253 m ooze-white (dry1 529 m diatomaceous ooze 2923 m

ooze 3464 m mud- greybrawn 326 m muddy sand-grey 4 9 0 m organic debris,mud,sand 549 m

sandy mud 66 m

muddy sond 76 m muddy sand 79 m pteropod ooze 850 m

fine faram. sand 549 m

organic debris I28 m

muddy sand

mud muddy sand

muddy sand shell

shell and sond shell and mud

79 m

91 m 91 m

73 m 132 m

57 m 121 m

organic debris 128 m organic sand 1097 m 'shallow-water dredging<

fine materiol 600 m

128 m

795 m

24( 476 I 24( 476 ) lo( 72) lO( 72)

0( \40\ 7(107)

12 (360 I 3(9101

17(538) 20( I 19)

2 3 h bled

IB(346)

I / (141 ) II (I41 I I (141 1 I/ (141 I II (141 ) I I (141 1

I

I t (141 I

II (141 I II (141 ) unpub.

unpub. unpub. 21 ( 129 I

7 (3041 6(127)

4 (570 )

4 (570 l unpub.

unpub. unpub

unpub. unpub.

unpub. unpub.

14(3l

II (141) II (1411 5 (3981 5 (398)

IB(346l IB(346l

B(346) 4 (5701

~ / I (141 1

15(255 1;2

NEW SPECIES OF Seabrookia 245

Seabrookia cooperta Lipps, sp. nov. Figures la, l b

Test free, small, ovate in outline, widest and more inflated near base, flared out slightly about one-third the distance from apertural end, apertural end pro- duced slightly to a point, periphery sharp, bordered by a narrow keel with a ridge a t edges, unequally bi- convex, one side rounded and more broadly inflated than opposite, opposite side sharply convex; each chamber completely enveloping preceding chambers; wall calcareous, thin, finely perforate, surface smooth; aperture a terminal slit, bordered by a continuation of the marginal keel on one side and a narrow lip on opposite side which joins keel a t lateral edges of aperture.

Length of holotype 0.15 mm, breadth 0.11 mm, thickness 0.065 mm.

Remarks. Seabrookia cooperta sp. nov. may be dif- ferentiated from other species of Seabrookia by its completely enveloping chambers. S. pellucida Brady also has enveloping chambers but is larger (up to 50%) and nearly flat on one side. S. killi (Goddard & Jensen) is circular in outline and has an apertural neck. S. cubana Palmer & Bermudez differs from S. cooperta in having an oblique aperture and a depres- sion along the suture between chambers, and S. ear- Zandi differs by its incompletely enveloping chambers.

The specific name is from the Latin cooperio--, coopertus meaning “to cover completely,” in reference to each chamber enveloping all previous ones.

Holotype. Deposited in the Invertebrate Type Col- lection, Department of Geology, University of Cali- fornia, Los Angeles, No. 35332.

Occurrence. The new species was found by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., in a sample collected during construction of a Los Angeles County Flood Control District tunnel, which passes from 2nd and Main Streets to 2nd and Figueroa Streets, Los Angeles, California. The rocks encountered within the tunnel include parts of the Puente and Repetto Formations, Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene in age respectively.

The sample (No. 78 + 1 7 ) was located 204 feet east of the west portal (2nd and Figueroa Streets) of the tunnel and 252 feet west of the center line of Hope Street. It came from within that part of the Puente Formation considered to represent the Del- montian stage of Kleinpell( 1 3 ) . The rocks consisted of brown siltstone.

I wish to thank Dr. A. R. Loeblich, Jr., California Research Corp., and Mr. William Cooper, Standard Oil Company of California, Western Operations, Inc., for supplying material and information utilized in this study. Dr. Helen Tappan Loeblich, Department of Geology, University of California, Los Angeles, illustrated the holotype, supplied unpublished material and in- formation from the Sahul Shelf, and read the manuscript. This

study was done at California Research Corporation, La Habra Laboratory.

REFERENCES 1. Bermudez, P. J. 1938. Nueva especie de Seabrookia del

Cretacico superior Cubano. Mem. SOC. Cubana Hist. Nut . 12, 163-5.

2. - 1950. Contribucion a1 estudio del Cenozoico Cu- bano. M e m . SOC. Cubana Hist. Nut. 19, 205-375.

3. ___ 1960. Foraminiferos planctonicos del Golfo de Venezuela. Mem. 111 Gong. Geol. Venezolano-Tomo I 1 Bol. Geo1.-Pub. esp. 3, 905-27.

4. Brady, H. B. 1890. Note on a new type of foraminifera of the family Chilostomellidae. J . R o y . Microscop. SOC. London,

5 . Collins, A. C. 1958. Foraminifera in Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29. Scientific Repts . 6, 335-437.

6. Dam, A. ten 1944. Die stratigraphische gliederung des Niederlandischen Palaozans und Eozans nach Foraminiferen (mit aushname von Sud-Limburg). Med. Geol. Stichting, Serie C, V, No. 3, 1-142.

7. Earland, A. 1933. Foraminifera. Part 11. South Georgia. Discovery Repts . 7 , 27-138.

8. ___ 1934. Foraminifera. Part 111. The Falklands sector of the Antarctic (excluding South Georgia). Discovery Repts. 10, 1-208.

9. Goddard, E. J. & Jensen, H. I. 1907. Contributions to a knowledge of Australian Foraminifera; Part 11. Linn. SOG. New South Wales, Proc. 32, pt. 2 , 291-318.

10. Heron-Allen, E. & Earland, A. 1913. Foraminifera, in Clare Island Survey. Part 64. R o y . Irish Acad., Proc. 31,

1890, 567-71.

sec. 3, 1-188. 11. - 1922. Protozoa. Part 11-Foraminifera in British

Antarctic (“Terra Nova”) Expedition 1910. Nut. Hist. Repts.,

12. - 1932. Foraminifera. Part. I. The ice-free area of the Falkland Islands and adjacent seas. Discovery Repts.

13. Kleinpell, R. M. 1938. Miocene Stratigraphy of Cali- fornia. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.

14. Millett, F. W. 1901. Report on the Recent Foramini- fera of the Malay Archipelago collected by Mr. A. Durrand, F. R. M. %-Part X. J . R o y . Microscop. SOC. London, 1901, 1-11.

15. Palmer, D. K. & Bermudez, P. J. 1936. Late Tertiary Foraminifera from the Matanzas Bay Region, Cuba. Mem. SOC. Cubana Hist. Nut. 9, 237-57.

16. __ 1936. An Oligocene foraminiferal fauna from Cuba. Mem. SOC. Cubana Hist. Nut. 10, 273-316.

17. Parker, F. L. 1954. Distribution of the Foraminifera in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Mus. Comp. 2001. 111, 453-588.

18. Parr, W. J. 1950. Foraminifera in B. A. N. 2. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931, Repts . Ser. B (Zoology 6. Botany), Adelaide 5, 233-392.

19. Perebaskine, V. 1946. Note sur quelques Foraminifbes du Flysch nCocretact5 PyrCnCen. Bull, SOC. Geol. France, ser 5 ,

20. Phleger, F. B. 1956. Significance of living foraminiferal populations along the central Texas coast. Contr. Cushman Found. Forum. Res. 8, 106-51.

21. Sidebottom, H. 1918. Report on the Recent Forami- nifera dredged off the east coast of Australia. H.M.S. “Dart,” Station 19 (14 May, l895), Lat. 29”22’ S., 153’51’ E., 465 fathoms. Pteropod ooze. J . R o y . Microscop. SOC. London,

Zoology 6, 25-268.

4, 291-460.

15, 357-60.

1918, 121-52. 22. Thalmann, H. E. 1960. An index to the genera and

saecies of the Foraminifera. 1890-1950. George Vanderbilt $oundation, Stanford, Califoinia.

23. Uchio, T. 1960. Ecology of living benthonic Forami- nifera from the San Diego, California, area. Cushman Found. Forum. Res. sp. pub. 5 .

24. Wright, J. 1891. Report on the Foraminifera obtained off the southwest of Ireland during the cruise of the “Flying

-

246 AVAILABILITY OF ACID SUBSTRATE TO P . caeca

Falcon," 1888. Roy. Irish. Acad., Proc., Ser. 3, 1, 460-502.

frctm the Upper Cretaceous Redbank Formation one mile west

of the Highlands, New Jersey by R. K. Olsson (1960, Forami- 25. An eighth species, Seabrookiu stewarti, was described nifera of latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary age in the New

Jersey Coastal Plain. J . Paleo. 34, 1-58).

J. PROTOZOOL. 1 1 ( 2 ) , 246-249 (1964).

The Effect of pH on the Availability of Acid Substrates for Polytomella caeca with Unexpected Activity by Succinate"

DONALD L. WISE

The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio

SYNOPSIS. Membrane permeability of Polytomella caeca for was better absorbed when ionized and therefore less lipid acid substrates was examined by determining inhibition of soluble. There was an indication that pyruvate and a-keto- growth by high concentrations of sole carbon sources in a pH glutarate may be more easily absorbed as ions also. Ethanol, range of 2 5-7 .5 , growth stimulation by compounds which are glyceraldehyde, pyruvate, lactate, a-ketoglutarate, succinate and inadequate as sole carbon sources, and respircmetry of these malate stimulated oxygen uptake a t different p H values. Fuma- compounds a t various pH levels. Fatty acid penetration ap- rate was inactive in both growth and respiration experiments. peared to be based on lipid solubility. Succinate, however,

olytomella caeca is a 1eucophytoflageIlate that has P highly selective nutritional requirements. Even though the needs are simple, only a few compounds apparently can serve as sole carbon sources. However, the enzymes are present for metabolizing several sub- stances that are not nutrients(f5). Seemingly it is the most restricted of the "acetate flagellates." In an effort to determine why these restrictions exist, two methods were used to measure the penetration of po- tential carbon sources since it appeared that absorb- ability rather than metabolic deficiency was the mech- anism of P . caeca selectivity.

The first method was to grow the flagellates in as high a concentration of acid substrates as possible at various pH levels in an effort to determine a t what concentration each substrate became toxic to growth on the premise that a higher concentration would be tolerated when the substrate was absorbed less ( 6 ) . Also, compounds not used as sole carbon sources were added to acetate medium to see if they were a t least growth-stimulatory .

Secondly, comparative respiratory stimulation a t three pH levels by acid metabolites and ethanol, in- cluding those which did not support growth as sole carbon sources, was studied to see if it was correlated with data from the growth experiments and also to have a measure of availability of substrates that might affect oxygen consumption but not support growth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All growth experiments were performed as previously de- scribed(l5) using a basal medium of .02% NH'CI', .Ol% MgS04-7Hz0, .05% KH2POI, .002 % FeCls-6H20, .OOl% thi-

* Supported by P.H.S. research grant A-3965 from the Insti-

1 All concentrations, w/v. tute of Arthritic Diseases, Public Health Service.

amine-HC1 and the carbon source in a concentration deter- mined by the experiment. All concentrations of substrate anion were adjusted so that they represented an equivalent amount, in moles, of anhydrous acetate anion. pH of the medium was adjusted with N KOH or N HCl. Growth was measured from cultures grown in optically matched plastic screw-capped tubes (Kimble #45066) by the optical density method (ca. 770 flagellates/mms/O.l unit optical density at A440 me through the log phase of growth) with a B&L Spec- tronic 20 colorimeter. Each medium was prepared in tripli- cate: two tubes were inoculated and the third tested for its pH. The protozoa were grown a t 25 2 .1"C. Analysis of growth effects for sole carbon sources was done by a five serial transfer method in the defined medium. Significant growth in the tolerance and growth studies had an average optical density 1.100 which represented an increase of 3-5 X the initial population.

Flagellates for respiration studies were grown in two-liter cultures in basal medium with 200 mg Na butyrate per 100 ml, pH 6 3 , until they were in the log phase of growth. They then were harvested with a Foerst limnological centrifuge (regulated with a Powerstat to 75 v) and concentrated to five ml. These cells were resuspended in 100 ml of appropriate buffer, centrifuged to five ml and resuspended in a volume of buffer such that one ml of suspension could be put into each of the respiration flasks. This procedure did not noticeably rupture these fragile protozoa.

Respiration studies were conducted using a Gilson Medical Electronics RGB-3 Warburg apparatus at 25 3- .01"C in the usual manner(l2). Substrates were dissolved in buffer and the pH of the substrates adjusted before being put into the respiration flasks. The pH in each flask was determined a t the end of the experiment and was found not to have altered during the experiment. Buffers used were McIlvaine's citrate, pH 3 5 ; Sorenson's phosphate, pH 5.5 and 7.0. Citrate ap- parently has no effect on P . caeca respiration or growth. Con- centrations of substrates were .02 M except for dl-glyceralde- hyde and dl-malate which were .04 M. Respiration flasks were prepared in triplicate. Oxygen consumption of the experi- mental flasks was compared with that in control flasks run simultaneously to which no substrate was added. The respira- tion rate of the control flasks was considered the endogenous