A New Kind of Conflict: Trench Warfare New Technology Propaganda

A New Kind of Conflict:A New Kind of Conflict:

Trench Warfare New Technology Trench Warfare New Technology PropagandaPropaganda

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I

Remember:Remember:Countries had alliances with each otherCountries had alliances with each otherUsually countries who traded together Usually countries who traded together

would fight togetherwould fight togetherOne motive for Imperialism was MILITARY- One motive for Imperialism was MILITARY-

put forts and naval bases around the worldput forts and naval bases around the worldLots of new inventions during the Industrial Lots of new inventions during the Industrial

Revolution (including dynamite, telegraph, Revolution (including dynamite, telegraph, electricity, airplanes…)electricity, airplanes…)

Purpose of Purpose of TrenchesTrenches

Allow soldiers to fire at enemy in close rangeAllow soldiers to fire at enemy in close range

“ “Protect” soldiers? (More on this later)Protect” soldiers? (More on this later)

Even fighting fieldEven fighting field

ConcealmentConcealment

FiringFiring

CommunicationCommunication

Transporting Soldiers and MaterialsTransporting Soldiers and Materials

SecrecySecrecy

A Closer Look at the TrenchesA Closer Look at the Trenches

Trenches from the SideTrenches from the Side

Trenches from AboveTrenches from Above

No Man’s LandNo Man’s Land

The space between The space between each army’s front each army’s front line trenchline trench

Very dangerous: “No Very dangerous: “No Man” wanted to go Man” wanted to go there, because “No there, because “No Man” would surviveMan” would survive

Soldiers given order Soldiers given order to charge “over the to charge “over the top”: climb over top”: climb over trenches and run trenches and run across no-man’s land across no-man’s land firing at enemyfiring at enemy

The Glory of Trench WarfareThe Glory of Trench Warfare

PART ONE: LatrinesPART ONE: Latrines

A.K.A. The ToiletA.K.A. The Toilet

5 ft. deep hole5 ft. deep hole

Officers often punished with Latrine Officers often punished with Latrine DutyDuty

(That means, they get to keep the poop (That means, they get to keep the poop hole nice and clean…)hole nice and clean…)

Top one off with dirt and dig a new Top one off with dirt and dig a new one!one!


PART TWO: DYSENTERYPART TWO: DYSENTERY

A.K.A. Diarrhea!A.K.A. Diarrhea!

Vomiting, Stomach Pain, and the runsVomiting, Stomach Pain, and the runs

Caused by contaminated water and Caused by contaminated water and fecesfeces

Perpetuated by lack of sanitationPerpetuated by lack of sanitation

Now who wants to be in charge of Now who wants to be in charge of the latrines? Anyone? the latrines? Anyone?


PART THREE: RATSPART THREE: RATS

Dead soldiers “buried” where they diedDead soldiers “buried” where they died

Rotting corpses, human waste, and food attracted ratsRotting corpses, human waste, and food attracted rats

Rats could produce up to 880 offspring a year…Rats could produce up to 880 offspring a year…

B/C of trench set-up, nowhere for rats to go but right beside the soldiersB/C of trench set-up, nowhere for rats to go but right beside the soldiers

Ate out dead soldiers’ eyes, then burrowed into the corpse and ate from Ate out dead soldiers’ eyes, then burrowed into the corpse and ate from the inside out...the inside out...

Lunch in moments…Lunch in moments…


PART FOUR: LICEPART FOUR: LICE

Tiny bugs that live and breed in hairTiny bugs that live and breed in hair

Also lived on clothingAlso lived on clothing

Caused horrible itchingCaused horrible itching

Carried “Trench Fever”: Shooting Carried “Trench Fever”: Shooting pains in the legs and high feverpains in the legs and high fever

Yay for showering, try it this Yay for showering, try it this summersummer


PART FIVE: TRENCHFOOTPART FIVE: TRENCHFOOT

Caused by prolonged exposure to wet and cold

Made worse by wet shoes and socks

Blisters, discoloration, open sores, fungus (see left picture), flesh rots away (see right picture)

If left untreated, foot must be amputated

The Trenches, in SummaryThe Trenches, in Summary

What was designed to provide strategic firing What was designed to provide strategic firing position and some protection for soldiers ended position and some protection for soldiers ended up being a narrow tunnel of torture!up being a narrow tunnel of torture!

Besides the rats, lice, and diseases, soldiers had Besides the rats, lice, and diseases, soldiers had essentially NO protection from the elements: heat essentially NO protection from the elements: heat in summer, cold in winter, rain, etc.in summer, cold in winter, rain, etc.

Trench warfare resulted in long-lasting Trench warfare resulted in long-lasting stalemates and huge losses (lives and money)stalemates and huge losses (lives and money)

NEW TECHNOLOGYNEW TECHNOLOGY

THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAMTHE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM German foreign minister Alfred Zimmerman sends telegram German foreign minister Alfred Zimmerman sends telegram

to Mexicoto Mexico

Discussed secret plan to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.Discussed secret plan to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

- Mexico could fight to regain some lost territory (Texas, - Mexico could fight to regain some lost territory (Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, etc)Arizona, New Mexico, etc)

Main purpose was to keep the U.S. occupied so they would Main purpose was to keep the U.S. occupied so they would not enter WWInot enter WWI

Britain intercepted the telegram and published itBritain intercepted the telegram and published it

U.S. declares war on Germany and enters WWI with the U.S. declares war on Germany and enters WWI with the AlliesAllies

New Technology: The SeaNew Technology: The Sea

NAVAL BATTLESNAVAL BATTLES Germany could fight when Germany could fight when

close to the coast, but close to the coast, but when out in open water, when out in open water, British navy dominated.British navy dominated.

Germany developed Germany developed experimental submarines experimental submarines armed with torpedoes: U-armed with torpedoes: U-Boat Boat (Underwasser/Underwater (Underwasser/Underwater Boat)Boat)

At this time, most navies At this time, most navies found this very sneaky and found this very sneaky and unfair- not proper warfare?unfair- not proper warfare?

New Technology: The AirNew Technology: The Air

AIRPLANESAIRPLANES At this point, airplanes At this point, airplanes

were still fairly new (11 were still fairly new (11 years old)years old)

Most planes were small Most planes were small and slowand slow

WWI helped speed up the WWI helped speed up the process of airplane process of airplane developmentdevelopment

Spy Planes, Bombers, Spy Planes, Bombers, Fighter Planes (machine Fighter Planes (machine guns)guns)

New Technology: The AirNew Technology: The Air

ZEPPELINSZEPPELINS

Better known as Better known as BlimpsBlimps

Large aircraft filled Large aircraft filled with Hydrogen Gaswith Hydrogen Gas

Slow moving, but Slow moving, but could cover long could cover long distances and haul distances and haul large cargolarge cargo

Problem: Filled w/ Gas Problem: Filled w/ Gas = Easy Explosion!= Easy Explosion!

New Technology: GASNew Technology: GAS

“ “Mustard” Gas (yellowish poison gas)Mustard” Gas (yellowish poison gas)

Effects of Mustard Gas:Effects of Mustard Gas:

- Blisters- Blisters -Respiratory (Lung) Problems-Respiratory (Lung) Problems

- Illness- Illness -Eye + Scrotum Deterioration-Eye + Scrotum Deterioration

-Vomiting-Vomiting -Severe Skin Burns-Severe Skin Burns

-Internal Bleeding-Internal Bleeding -Closed Throats-Closed Throats

-Death-Death

Death by Mustard Gas actually took 4-5 WEEKS, so victims had Death by Mustard Gas actually took 4-5 WEEKS, so victims had to be strapped to hospital beds (they would writhe in pain)to be strapped to hospital beds (they would writhe in pain)

Gas Masks developed and used by both sides…Gas Masks developed and used by both sides…

But the gas could still be absorbed by the skin, even through But the gas could still be absorbed by the skin, even through clothesclothes

Uncertain wind made gas dangerous for all sides of the warUncertain wind made gas dangerous for all sides of the war

WHAT DOES THIS MEANWHAT DOES THIS MEAN

Trench warfare and new technology created a War Trench warfare and new technology created a War of Attrition in Europeof Attrition in Europe

-Basically, who could withstand the most deaths -Basically, who could withstand the most deaths and highest expense would winand highest expense would win

Also caused Total WarAlso caused Total War

-War was no longer just troops shooting at each -War was no longer just troops shooting at each other, the whole nation had to pull together to other, the whole nation had to pull together to survive: survive:

-economy-economy

-manufacturing-manufacturing

-rations-rations

-Propaganda-Propaganda

WomenWomen

Women took over men’s Women took over men’s jobs as they went to warjobs as they went to war

Women also Women also manufactured weapons manufactured weapons and supplies for the warand supplies for the war

Some joined women’s Some joined women’s divisions of the armed divisions of the armed forcesforces

Women helped with Women helped with agriculture (growing the agriculture (growing the food)food)

Some became field Some became field nurses who worked nurses who worked wround the clock right wround the clock right beside the battlesbeside the battles

WomenWomen

Women felt a Women felt a sense of pride and sense of pride and place in societyplace in society

Women soon get Women soon get the right to votethe right to vote

But when the men But when the men come back from come back from war, women are war, women are expected to go expected to go back to the home…back to the home…

PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA

Spreading a message to promote a cause or Spreading a message to promote a cause or a point of viewa point of view

Plays on people’s emotions and fearsPlays on people’s emotions and fears

Make the enemy look as horrible as possibleMake the enemy look as horrible as possible

Make yourself look as saintly as possibleMake yourself look as saintly as possible

In case of WWI, convince people to support In case of WWI, convince people to support the army by rationing, buying war bonds, etc.the army by rationing, buying war bonds, etc.

Propaganda: Everyone Must Propaganda: Everyone Must ParticipateParticipate

“Together We Win”

Shows navy officer, laborer, and soldier

Essentially, all men were needed to do their part for success: join the navy, join the army, or stay home to produce the military’s supplies

Propaganda: Make it Seem Not so Propaganda: Make it Seem Not so BadBad

“You Are Lucky”

Basically, joining the American Army is not as bad as one would think

Compared to conditions in Europe, joining the American army would be a treat

Propaganda: Rationing is Propaganda: Rationing is PatrioticPatriotic

“The Lid is Down!”

Ration sugar intake to keep imports low

Keeps dependence on other nations low

Keeps spending low so more money can go towards the military

Propaganda: Buy War BondsPropaganda: Buy War Bonds

“Help Them”

People should spend their savings on war bonds

Why did WWI Happen?Why did WWI Happen? Middle Ages were unsanitaryMiddle Ages were unsanitary Leads to spread of plagueLeads to spread of plague People turn to science for answersPeople turn to science for answers Leads to the Renaissance (make life better than the Middle Ages were) and the Leads to the Renaissance (make life better than the Middle Ages were) and the

Reformation (change the church)Reformation (change the church) Leads to Exploration: Renaissance curiosityLeads to Exploration: Renaissance curiosity Leads to Absolutism: How to rule those new lands?Leads to Absolutism: How to rule those new lands? Leads to the Enlightenment: Absolutism not fair- people should be equalLeads to the Enlightenment: Absolutism not fair- people should be equal Leads to Revolutions: Overthrow Absolute Monarchs and make new governmentLeads to Revolutions: Overthrow Absolute Monarchs and make new government Leads to Industrial Revolution: Now there is more money and a stable Leads to Industrial Revolution: Now there is more money and a stable

government with Absolute Monarchs gone… let’s invent stuff!government with Absolute Monarchs gone… let’s invent stuff! Leads to New Imperialism: Take over lands to find more resources and markets Leads to New Imperialism: Take over lands to find more resources and markets

for things made in Industrial countriesfor things made in Industrial countries Imperialists put forts and naval bases around the worldImperialists put forts and naval bases around the world Alliances made as people trade with one anotherAlliances made as people trade with one another Serbian guy kills Austrian leader- WARSerbian guy kills Austrian leader- WAR Alliances and global bases lead to WORLD WAR!Alliances and global bases lead to WORLD WAR!

Documents

A New Kind of Conflict: Trench Warfare New Technology Propaganda