A New Concept on Thinking Machines (Cyber Personality)

8/9/2019 A New Concept on Thinking Machines (Cyber Personality)

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25 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 02, Issue: 01, January, 2015

International Journal of Computer System (ISSN: 2394-1065), Volume 02, Issue 01, January, 2015

Available at http://www.ijcsonline.com/

A New Concept on Thinking Machines (Cyber Personality)

Indrajit Sinha, Dr. Kanhaiya Lal

Computer Science and Engineering,

Birla Institute of Technology Mesra,

Birla Institute of Technology Patna Campus, Near Patna Airport, India-800014

Abstract

This paper deals in introducing a new concept on thinking machines. Although research on understanding emotional

intelligence has already started this paper provides a model where the entire personality can be implemented in a

machine such that the machine behaves like a particular individual. In other words one man for one machine. Itintroduces a new model for implementing personality in a machine, in other words cyber personality.

Keywords: Cyber Personality, Artificial Intelligence, Turing Machine, Natural Language Processing, Emotional

Intelligence and Expert Systems.

I. I NTRODUCTION

“A chatbot is a computer program designed to simulatean intelligent conversation with one or more human usersvia auditory or textual methods, primarily for engagingin small talk. The primary aim of such simulation has beento fool the user into thinking that the program's output has

been produced by a human (the Turing test).”[1],[2].Cleverbots are a modified version of chatbots. ”Unlikeother chatterbots, Cleverbot's responses are not

programmed. Instead, it learns from human input”[6].Most machines so formed to think, can basically takeinformation from humans and store them in a database.The way this is done has simply developed through theages but in this article I am going to present an idea inwhich a machine will not only store data but will also beable to think and make logical decisions of its own.

“Elbot is a chatterbot created by Fred Roberts. “[4].”Jabberwacky is a chatterbot created by British

programmer Rollo Carpenter.”[5].”ELIZA is a computer program and an early example of primitive naturallanguage processing.”[8]. “A.L.I.C.E. (ArtificialLinguistic Internet Computer Entity), also referred toas Alicebot, or simply Alice, is a natural language

processing chatterbot.”[7].

However my paper also involves applying a bettermode of linguistics which is “the scientific study oflanguages”[9].Linguistics involves certain characteristics.

The minimalist program “is a major line of inquirydeveloping under generative grammar”.[10].Phrasestructure “are a way to define a given language‟ssyntax”[11].Syntax on the other hand “is the study of

principles and processes by which sentences areconstructed in a particular language”[12].This whole thingis designed using a sentence diagram which is “a pictorialrepresentation of the grammatical structure of a

sentence.”[13].

“Human beings are specialized in creativethinking but limited in ability to deal with large amount of

data. Statistical and empirical methods can help discoversome underlying rules.”[24].All these concepts are appliedin an expert system. The use of expert system is commonfor building the Turing machine. As expert system falls inthe domain of artificial intelligence there is a constantstrive to make it behave more like humans. The field ofArtificial Intelligence goes as it is stated that “it attemptsnot just to understand but also to build intelligententities.”[21]. This is where my research steps in wherethe psychological effects of emotions is considered. Inother words emotional intelligence is considered as a

factor. “The study of emotion (as one form of the state ofmind) started more than a century ago, and today, muchhas been learned about the physiological and

psychological aspects of emotion. The introduction ofsignal processing techniques for more quantitativeemotion studies started more recently.”[23]. I have alsoconsidered ideas, wisdom and thoughts to be particulartraits to define a particular personality of a specific person.“Personality is an individual‟s…unique pattern of traitsand, it is the organized whole (system), that is constitutedof parts or elements (subsystems), and separated somehowfrom an environment with which it interacts” [25].Herethese traits have been taken as separate forms of data in

separate sections discussed later in this paper.II. PREVIOUS WORK

1. Virtual Personalities: A Neural Network Modelof Personality by Stephen J. Read and Lynn C.Miller published in “Personality and SocialPsychology Review” in2002, Vol.6, No.4, 357-369.

2. Developing Brain Computer Interface UsingFuzzy Logic by Mandeep Kaur and PoonamTanwar published in “International Journal ofInformation Technology and KnowledgeManagement” in July-December 2010, Volume 2,

pp. 429-434.However both have certain disadvantages:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_talkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_Carpenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_Carpenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_talkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program


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Indrajit Sinha et al A New Concept on Thinking Machines (Cyber Personality)


1. The previously mentioned work of Stephen J.Read and Lynn C. Miller did not includelearning, feedback control-loops and emotionalreactions.

2. The previously mentioned work of Mandeep

Kaur and Poonam Pandey acknowledges thedifficulty in recognizing emotions.

III. METHODOLOGY

A. Predicate Calculus Used

“To make such a machine it should have the followingcharacteristics.

A knowledge base of a particular individual with astored record of its specific thoughts ideas and knowledgewhich is certainly not in all fields.1. It should have a self-learning dictionary and a sentence

construction grammar program.

2. The thinking process is to use previous knowledge ofresponse of humans to general common questions andrefer to dictionary and grammar to create own severalanswers for each common question such that sameanswer is not given twice.

3. Inference to questions can be done by comparing thesentences with equivalence laws like:-

a. IdempotencyPVP=PP&P=P

b. Associativity(PVQ)VR=PV(QVR)(P&Q)&R=P&(Q&R)

c. Commutativity

PVQ=QVPP&Q=Q&PPQ=QP

d. DistributivityP&(QVR)=(P&Q)V(P&R)PV(Q&R)=(PVQ)&(PVR)

e. De Morgans‟ Law~(PVQ)=~P&~Q~(P&Q)=~PV~Q

f. Conditional EliminationP->Q=~PVQ

g. Bi Conditional EliminationPQ=(P->Q)&(Q->P)

4. They can then follow the inference rules :-a. Modus Ponens

P and P->Q=>Q b. Chain Rule

P->Q and Q->R=>P->Rc. Substitution

PV~P=>QV~Qd. Simplification

P&Q=>Pe. Conjunction

P and Q=>P&Qf. Transposition

P->Q=>~Q->~P “[14],[15],16],17],[18],19].

B. X-Bar Theory

“The X-bar theory revolves around a binary X-bar tree inwhich:-

There are three general types of nodes: X, X(bar)and XP.

Each node has at most two branches.

Leaves are words.

In English specifiers enter XP nodes from oneside; complements enter X(bar) nodes from theother. The direction from which specifiers andcomplements enter is language specific.

The kind of phrase that can serve as a specifier fora particular kind of XP or complement for a

particular kind of X(bar) depends on the occupantof the head position X.

This theory presents a general schema for the constructionof English grammar:-

Specifiers: - A word or phrase brought in from the

left which adds a description or forms a part of a noun,verb or preposition is called a specifier.Complements: - A word or phrase coming in from

the right which forms a part of a noun, verb or prepositionis called a complement.

The XP at the top is the maximal projection of the phrase.

The X at the bottom is the head node or head of the phrase.”[20].

IV. PROPOSED MODEL OF CYBER PERSONALITY

Figure 1. Proposed Model of Cyber Personality


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A.I Program Interface:-The A.I Program Interface is the section that is seen by

the user actually. The rest is hidden from the user. It actsas the input/output interface for the full program.

Feed Input System:-The Feed Input System is that system where the input

is directly taken from the above mentioned interface. It isused generally when new data entry has to be made or anew record has to be created.

Timer:-The Timer is a section that has a set of predefined time

periods that determines how much the system should wait before sending a response to the user. This is done to makethe user feel that the reply is given by a human who istaking time to type the reply.

Inference Engine:-The Inference Engine is the part that does the actual

thinking and analysis. It does take the help of othersections here but connecting all logical results to form acomplete result that makes sense and can be used to sendthe output is done here.

Knowledge Base:-The Knowledge Base is the section that will hold the

databases to different records for references. It is the maininformation storage part of the program.

Virtual Personality:-The Virtual Personality will hold the details of the

personality of a specific person such that it will make themachine think like him/her. It will have its owndepartments to store the character‟s ideas, memories andknowledge in a format comprehendible by the program.

Memory Base:-The Memory Base is one of the departments of the

Virtual Personality section that will hold the description ofeach event as separate records.

Ideas & Thoughts:-The Ideas & Thoughts department of the Virtual

Personality section will contain the definition of each ideaof the character in different topics or fields as differentrecords.

Worldly Knowledge:-The Worldly Knowledge is a department that will have

separate records for details of each piece of knowledgethat the character so created will have in various fields oftopics.

Psychology Comparison System:-The Psychology Comparison System will be used by

the Inference Engine to compare the user input and replieswith stored data to understand the user and make atemporary profile of him/her for reference to createsuitable replies.

Human Nature Database:-The Human Nature Database is a part of the

Knowledge Base. It has a database of psychologicalrecords that stores the relation between human behaviorand the type and pattern of response given by human todifferent verbal stimuli.

Language Database:-The Language Database is the key to proper analysis

here. This is the section that will produce results that will

help to understand the statements of the user used incommunication. It has two sections Dictionary andSentence Inference Engine.

Dictionary:-The Dictionary will simply be a digital dictionary that

will contain meanings of various words. It will have a self –learning property to enter meanings of new words andkeep itself updated with time.

Sentence Inference Engine:-

The Sentence Inference Engine is the section that will be used to decipher the meanings of each sentence used bythe user in communication whose result shall be used tocreate an appropriate reply. This section will use the X-BAR THEORY to achieve this.

Temporary Thought:-The Temporary Thought section is actually the section

that is later used when Present event section is consideredat a later part. It helps to create a temporary data based onfuzzy logic data on emotional intelligence. It is used tocheck the attitude and ultimately the belief in presentscenario of the user because “Beliefs have a special statusin that they are foundational in forming attitudes and

perceived norms and are the only inroad to changingattitudes, perceived norms and, ultimately, intention.”[26].

Present Event:-The Present Event stores the present reply of user for

analysis of his/her emotions.

V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM

1. The AI Program Interface is used to take inputfrom user.

2. This input statement is taken to the FeedbackInput System.

3. The Feedback Input System sends the statementto Knowledge Base to check for existence of predefined sample.

4. A sample of reply is stored in Present Eventsection for later purpose.

5. The Knowledge Base compares the sample withinits database and sends a success or failure result.

6. In case of a successful hit, an appropriate predefined sample answer is sent to the FeedbackInput System.

7. On receiving a success result follow from step 30onwards.

8. In case of a failed hit, the Knowledge Base sendsthe statement to the Language Database.

9. The Language Database checks for commonwords and meanings by referring to theDictionary.

10. The sentence is then analyzed for constraintmeaning in the Sentence Inference Engine usingthe X-BAR THEORY already discussed.

11. A complete report is made by the LanguageDatabase and sent to the Knowledge Base.

12. The Knowledge Base uses this report to comparewith stored records in the Human Nature Databaseto make an analysis on the nature and attitude of


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the user. This result can be used to form a suitablereply.

13. The result formed is sent to the Feedback InputSystem.

14. On receiving a miss report the Feedback Input

System sends the statement and the result from theKnowledge Database to the Inference Engine.

15. The Inference Engine goes through the report sent by the Feedback Input System using EquivalenceLaws and Inference Rules.

16. If the report on the nature of the user given by theKnowledge Base is sufficient then jump to step18.

17. If the report on the nature of the user given by theKnowledge Base is not sufficient then use thePsychology Comparison System to compare thereport with a set of predefined records.

18. Form a result and store it in the Human NatureDatabase.

19. Send the result to the Virtual Personality.

20. The Virtual Personality section compares thereport received with records from the MemoryBase for a match.

21. It stores the match/mismatch result and furthercompares the report with the records stored inThoughts and Ideas section.

22. It again stores the result and compares theoriginal report with the records of WorldlyKnowledge database.

23. It takes the result from this section and then formsa report based on the results collected from thethree sections.

24. If the report formed gets a suitable pattern to bestored in one or more of the three sections thennew records are entered and stored in therespective sections.

25. The report thus formed is sent back to theInference Engine.

26. The Inference Engine sends the report to the

Language Database to form a suitable reply. Thereport is formatted using Equivalence Laws andInference Rules by the Inference Engine.

27. The Language Database uses its SentenceInference Engine to create a meaningful sentence(again using the X-(BAR) THEORY) andconsulting the Dictionary for words and theirmeanings.

28. The answer formed is sent back to the InferenceEngine.

29. The Inference Engine sends the result to theFeedback Input System.

30. The Feedback Input System sends the result toAI Program Interface after a predefined period set

by the timer.

31. The AI Program Interface displays the output tothe user and takes for reply from the user.

32. The reply is sent to the Feedback Input Systemwhich sends the reply to the Knowledge Base.

33. The Knowledge Base uses the facilities of

Language Database to determine the result.

34. Repeat steps 19 to 24.

35. Take data from Temporary mood and considerdata from Present event module to form a betteranalysis.

36. If result is a statement related to the systemsstatement, the answer is stored in the KnowledgeBase else returned to the Feedback Input System.

37. If the answer is stored the Feedback Input Systeminforms the Inference Engine which starts forminga new chat or wait for user‟s response based on a

predefined set timer.

VI. MATHEMATICAL PROOF

Lemma 1. I N I NPUT,

Figure 2. Input sample using X-BAR Theory

We take P as “Hi”, Q as “how are” and R as “you”.

Now using Equivalence Laws: -

PV(Q&R)->(PVQ)&(PVR) (Distributivity Law)

Let (PVQ) = S and (PVR) = D

Therefore,

PV(Q&R)->S&D

Using Inference Rules: -

PV(Q&R)->S (Since, P&Q->P,SimplificationLaw)

Thus Resultant is => S

Which means => PVQ?

This means resultant has “Hi” and “how are”.

Lemma 2. I N OUTPUT,

Here the “I am” or R is missing.

Thus using Inference Rules: -


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P&Q

->(P&R)&Q (P becomes P&R Simplification rule usedin reverse to bring in the missing link R)

Using Equivalence Laws: -

->P&(R&Q) (Associativity Law) Now on replacing variables with constraints weget: -

Hi, I am fine.

(Note: „,‟ is given after observing user‟s format and “.”Is given in place of “?”)

Hence the user gets a suitable reply.

Figure 3. Output sample using X-BAR Theory

VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF THE WORK

This paper presents a new concept on implementingthe complete personality of a human inside a computersuch that it will not only reply using proper statements butit will also have memories of that particular person. Henceit will think like a person and perceive emotions of othersas that person would do.

This concept has added advantages over previousmentioned works as it includes learning, feedback control-loops, and emotional reactions and has the facility fordevelopment of identification of different emotions.

However for future work there is the possibility tomake pseudo code along with fuzzy tables of emotions tofurther this research as it is stated by Lorini and Francoisthat “Indeed, in order to build artificial agents with thecapability of recognizing the emotions of a human user, of

anticipating the emotional effects of their actions on thehuman, of affecting the user‟s emotions by the

performance of actions directed to his emotions (e.g.actions aimed at reducing the human‟s stress due to his

negative emotions, actions aimed at inducing positiveemotions in the human), we must endow such agents withan adequate model of human emotions.”[22].

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to acknowledge my institute Birla Institute

of Technology Mesra, Patna Campus for providing me theinfrastructure to implement our research. I also want toacknowledge my parents and my brother whose constantsupport helped me through the difficult times.

R EFERENCES

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[20]. Artificial Intelligence by Patrick Henry Winston

[21]. Artificial Intelligence by Elaine Rich, Kevin Knight andShivashankar B Nair

[22]. Emiliano Lorini, Francois Schwarzentruber,”A logic forreasoning about counterfactual emotions,” Elsevier ArtificialIntelligence 175,pp. 814-847,2011.

[23]. Mandeep Kaur, Poonam Pandey,”Developing brain computerinterface using fuzzy logic,” International Journal ofInformation Technology and Knowledge Management,Volume 2,No. 2, pp. 429-434, July-December 2010.

[24]. Hai Zhuge,”Interactive semantics,” Elsevier ArtificialIntelligence 174, pp. 19-204, 2010.

[25]. Stephen J. Read, Lynn C. Miller,”Virtual:Personalities: Aneiral network model of personality,”Personality and SocialPsychology Review,Volume 6, No. 4, pp. 357-369,2002.

[26]. Mark G. Orr,Roxanne Thrush,David C. Plaut,”The theory ofreasoned action as parallel constraint satisfaction: Towards adynamic computation model of health behavior,”PLOS One,

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A New Concept on Thinking Machines (Cyber Personality)