A NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY

IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

FACULTIES AT RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES

ByDr. Donna J. Nelson and Diana C. Rogers

The first national and most comprehensive analysis todate of tenured and tenure track faculty in the “top 50”departments of science and engineering disciplines showsthat females and minorities are significantly underrepre-sented.

• There are few tenured and tenure-track women facul-ty in these departments in research universities, eventhough a growing number of women are completingtheir PhDs. Qualified women are not going to scienceand engineering departments. In some engineeringdisciplines, there is a better match between the repre-sentation of females in PhD attainment versus the fac-ulty, but these disciplines are the ones with very lowpercentages of females in PhD attainment.

• Underrepresented minority (URM) women faculty arealmost nonexistent in science and engineering depart-ments at research universities. In the “top 50” com-puter science departments, there are no Black,Hispanic, or Native American tenured or tenure trackwomen faculty.

• The percentage of women in BS attainment in scienceand engineering continues to increase, but they arelikely to find themselves without the female facultyneeded for optimal role models

• There are few female full professors in science and engi-neering; the percentage of women among full profes-sors ranges from 3% to 15%. In all but one disciplinesurveyed, the highest percentage of female faculty is atthe level of assistant professor.

• In most science disciplines studied, the percentage ofwomen among recent PhD recipients is much higherthan their percentage among assistant professors, thetypical rank of recently hired faculty. Even in disci-plines where women outnumber men earning PhDs,the percentage of assistant professors who are Whitemale is greater than females. For example, in the bio-logical sciences, 44.7% of the PhDs between 1993 and2002 were women; while in 2002, they accounted foronly 30.2% of the assistant professors.

In some disciplines, it is likely that a woman can get abachelor of science without being taught by a female pro-fessor in that discipline; it is also possible for a woman toget a PhD in science or engineering without havingaccess to a woman faculty member in her field.

The data demonstrate that while the representation offemales in science and engineering PhD attainment hassignificantly increased in recent years, the correspondingfaculties are still overwhelmingly dominated by Whitemen.

There is a drastically disproportionate number of maleprofessors as role models for male students. For example,in 2000, 48.2% of the students graduating with a BS inmath were women, but in 2002, only 8.3% of the facul-ty was female.

A cycle is perpetuated. Women are less likely to enterand remain in science and engineering when they lackmentors and role models. In most science disciplines, thepercentage of women among faculty recently hired is notcomparable to that of recent women PhDs. This resultsin fewer female faculty to act as role models for femaleundergraduates and graduate students. Female studentsobserve this in the course of sampling the environment.When female professors are not hired, treated fairly, andretained, female students perceive that they will be treat-ed similarly. This dissuades them from persisting in thatdiscipline.

This is not to say that only women can mentor womenand girls. In the absence of female professors, male pro-fessors have been mentoring female students for decades.Because of the dearth of female professors and the impactthis has on female student perceptions, the male facultyshould (1) actively encourage female students to enterscience and engineering and offer to become their men-tors and (2) insure that the environment for the fewfemale professors currently in science and engineering isone which female students will perceive as appealing. Inthe end, the presence, treatment, and fate of female pro-fessors will be most relevant to the lives, family responsi-bilities, and careers of typical female students and thechoices and obstacles they will face.

A NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACULTIES AT RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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“Progress for female and minority faculty at researchuniversities, produced from past attempted solutionscombined, has been too slow. If significant progress is tobe made within the next couple of decades, new andtotally different approaches to solving problems facingwomen and minority faculty will be needed.”

Dr. Donna J. Nelson

Introduction

The first determination of the representation of bothfemales and minorities among tenured and tenure trackfaculties of science and engineering departments atresearch universities reveals that both are underrepresent-ed, in some cases, at levels far below that expected.Females are primarily in the lower professorial rankings,and underrepresented minority female professors arealmost nonexistent. Due to the close relationshipbetween faculty and students, this raises other concerns,which are detailed in this report.

Comparison with recent BS attainment by females andminorities reveals their lack of role models and mentors.This is of particular concern, given the national goal torely more on US citizens, and less on foreign nationals, asa future source for scientists and engineers. In most ofthe disciplines surveyed, comparison with recent PhDattainment reveals sufficient qualified females andminorities, so that many more could have been hired.

For decades, it has been recognized that the representa-tion of women and minorities in science and engineeringgenerally is far below that needed to insure the nationalsecurity, economic superiority, and scientific leadershipof our country. Because the scientists and engineersrequired for this must each pass through an educationalinstitution in order to obtain qualifications for employ-ment, problem solving analyses and efforts have come tofocus on academic institutions, particularly on scienceand engineering departments and their supportingorganizations. The anticipated large representation ofwomen and minorities in the US future population indi-cates that they will be among our future leaders; this war-rants analysis of the status of these underrepresentedgroups at research universities, because this is where themajority of our country’s leaders will be educated.

Attempts to correct problems facing underrepresentedgroups have included appeals to conscience, increasedfunding for females and minorities (predominantly stu-dents), and legislation. Progress for female and minorityfaculty at research universities, produced from pastattempted solutions combined, has been too slow. If sig-nificant progress is to be made within the next couple ofdecades, new and totally different approaches will beneeded.

In order to measure the effect of past attempts to increasefemale and minority leaders in science and engineering,it is important to determine and track the status of andenvironment for female and minority science and engi-neering faculty at research universities. Female andminority students already perceive the status and envi-ronment of these role models and use them to judge howthey themselves will be treated should they pursuedegrees and employment in those disciplines.

In order to establish the status of underrepresentedgroups, we surveyed the top 50 departments in each offourteen science and engineering disciplines, as rankedby the National Science Foundation1 (NSF) according toresearch funds expended. Each department chair wasasked to provide the gender, race/ethnicity, and rank ofeach tenured or tenure track faculty member. In thisreport, we discuss the data for women and underrepre-sented minorities (URMs), i.e. Blacks, Hispanics, andNative Americans; we also compare the faculty data tothose for PhD attainment and for BS attainment in anal-ogous disciplines.

“Who can look at these numbers and not say that we asa faculty have failed—failed our students, our institu-tion, and most of all, failed our nation?”

Professor Nancy Hopkins, Professor, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology2

A NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACULTIES AT RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES

By Dr. Donna J. Nelson and Diana C. Rogers

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WHO TEACHES MATTERS

Female students do not have an adequate number offemale role models and mentors. Although in recent yearsthe number of females studying science and engineeringhas increased significantly, science and engineering facul-ties are still overwhelmingly dominated by White men.The data show that the gender and racial compositions ofthe faculty do not reflect those of the student body.Although the student body has diversified considerably,the composition of the faculty has remained relativelystagnant. The result is a drastically disproportionate num-ber of male professors as mentors and role models. Forexample, in mathematics women receive almost half ofthe BS degrees but are less than 10% of the faculty.

There is a similar pattern in departments that have evenhigher percentages of female students. For example, inthe biological sciences, where females are 58.4% of theBS recipients, only 20.2% of the faculty are females.Even in psychology where females overwhelmingly dom-inate at 76.5% of BS recipients, only 33.5% of the facul-ty are females (Table 1).

“It was discouraging to know that when I went to (the University of) Texas in 1976, I was the secondwoman in a faculty of about 50, and when I left in 1998,they were again hiring a second woman.”

Professor Marye Anne Fox, Chancellor, North CarolinaState University 4

In each discipline examined, the representation of menamong faculty is much higher than that among BS degreerecipients. Often, female science or engineering majorsstudy in a department in which there is not one female“full” professor; in some departments, there is not afemale professor at any rank.

Because of the dearth of female faculty, male facultyshould actively encourage female students to enter sci-ence and engineering and should offer to become theirmentors. It is essential that they provide a fair environ-ment for the few existing female professors in science andengineering in order to convince female students that thesame awaits them in their future careers.

It is the paucity of women in science and engineeringthat is the cause of grave concern. It is likely that awoman could get a bachelor of science without beingtaught by a female professor in her discipline; it is possi-ble for a women to get a PhD in science or engineeringwithout having access to a woman faculty member in herfield; and, if the student is a woman of color, it is proba-ble she will earn her PhD without ever seeing a minorityfemale professor in her field.

Female student attrition in science and engineering hasbeen attributed, in part, to a lack of female mentors androle models. Many studies have shown that the merepresence of female faculty encourages female students.According to a forum published in Harvard Magazine,the percentage of women faculty is “the single mostimportant indicator of academic success for womenundergraduates.” 5

Female students are not the only ones affected by the lackof female faculty on campus. Male students are alsoharmed because they are deprived of access to talentedfaculty who could be their mentors. In addition, theabsence of women sends a message to men that womendo not belong in these non-traditional environments andthat it is acceptable for them to be marginalized, deniedtenure, and given unequal resources.

TABLE 1. Gender Distribution of BS Recipients vs. Role Models

% Females % Males

Students Faculty Students Faculty

Chemistry 47.3 12.1 52.7 87.9

Math 48.2 8.3 51.8 91.7

Computer Science 27.7 10.6 72.3 89.4

Astronomy 32.7 12.6 67.3 87.4

Physics 21.4 6.6 78.6 93.4

Chemical Engineering 35.7 10.5 64.3 89.5

Civil Engineering 24.5 9.8 75.5 90.2

Electrical Engineering 13.1 6.5 86.9 93.5

Mechanical Engineering 13.9 6.7 86.1 93.3

Economics 32.3 11.5 67.7 88.5

Political Science 50.1 23.5 49.9 76.5

Sociology 70.2 35.8 29.8 64.2

Psychology 76.5 33.5 23.5 66.5

Biological Sciences 58.4 20.2 41.6 79.8

BS degree data are for 2000, from NSF 3; faculty data are FY2002 except chem-istry (FY2003) and astronomy (FY2004)

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Discipline White Male Asian Male Female URM Male

Asst PhDs Asst PhDs Asst PhDs Asst PhDs

Chemistry (FY2003) 65.4% 54.8% 11.5% 9.6% 21.5% 31.3% 1.6% 4.2%

Math 60.5% 58.1% 15.0% 11.3% 19.6% 27.2% 5.0% 3.3%

Computer Science 62.9% 60.6% 24.3% 15.1% 10.8% 20.5% 2.0% 3.5%

Astronomy (FY2004) 62.6% 69.8% 9.9% 6.6% 22.0% 20.6% 5.5% 2.6%

Physics 70.6% 68.9% 14.9% 13.9% 11.2% 13.3% 3.3% 3.8%

Chemical Engineering 60.7% 58.4% 16.6% 14.8% 21.4% 22.3% 1.4% 4.0%

Civil Engineering 57.9% 58.4% 11.3% 17.0% 22.3% 18.7% 8.6% 5.9%

Electrical Engineering 57.2% 59.1% 27.5% 23.9% 10.9% 11.5% 4.5% 5.5%

Mechanical Engineering 56.1% 63.4% 22.2% 21.2% 15.7% 10.4% 6.1% 5.0%

Economics 59.8% 54.9% 16.1% 9.6% 19.0% 29.3% 5.1% 6.0%

Political Science 54.2% 52.4% 4.5% 3.6% 36.5% 36.6% 4.8% 7.0%

Sociology 37.2% 31.5% 3.5% 3.0% 52.3% 58.9% 7.0% 6.5%

Psychology 46.0% 29.5% 4.6% 1.1% 45.4% 66.1% 4.0% 3.3%

Biological Sciences 55.4% 43.2% 10.7% 8.7% 30.2% 44.7% 3.7% 3.3%

physics, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineer-ing, women have the lowest percentage of female assis-tant professors, but they also have the lowest percentagesof PhD recipients. These low percentages of femalesamong PhD recipients would also be the easiest tomatch. Nevertheless, the scarcity of female professors inthese disciplines is probably at least partially related tothe low numbers of women earning a Ph.D.

Even where women outnumber men earning PhDs,White males maintain their hold on the vast majority ofassistant professor positions. For example, in the biologi-cal sciences, for years females have received the greaterpercentage of PhDs than White males, but White malesstill make up more than half of the assistant professors. Incomputer science, math, and chemistry, there is a similardisparity between the percentages of women among assis-tant professors versus PhD recipients (Table 2).

HIRING INEQUITY REVEALED IN MOST SCIENCES

Data in Table 2 reveal a reasonable match between femalePhDs and recently-hired female faculty in engineeringand some sciences, but not in seven of the other disci-plines studied. In those seven disciplines, there is a gen-der disparity between recent hires and the hiring pool.The percentage of women among PhD recipients from1993 – 2002 can be compared to the percentage ofwomen assistant professors. This shows that in many dis-ciplines women may be well-represented among PhDrecipients, but this representation is not reflected amongassistant professors. In these disciplines, there is a widegap between the percentage of women among PhD recip-ients since 1993 versus the percentage of women amongassistant professors, the rank most recently hired. Inmost science disciplines, qualified female candidatesexist, but they are not being hired. In three disciplines:

Table 2 . Assistant Professors (FY2002) and PhD Attainment (1993 - 2002) 6 in Science and Engineering Disciplines

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SUFFICIENT WOMEN FILLED THE HIRING POOL

A growing number of women have been completingPhDs in science and engineering. The proportion ofwomen earning a PhD in science or engineering has gen-erally gradually increased over the last 20 years. PhDattainment by women rose an average of 6% between theyears 1983 – 1992 versus 1993 – 2001 (Table 3). Datademonstrate that the pool of potential female candidatesfor faculty positions is plentiful, but faculty search com-mittees and chairs often say they receive few applicationsfrom females. This agrees with comments often heardfrom recent female PhDs; they do not perceive the aca-demic environment as desirable, so they choose not toapply for faculty positions.

“Women who are eligible for faculty positions haveearned a Ph.D. in a chemistry department. They haveabsorbed the tone of that environment . . . and havedecided they don’t want any more of it.”

Professor Janet Osteryoung, Director, Division ofChemistry, National Science Foundation 4

Discipline 1983 – 1992 1993 – 2002

Chemistry 22.8% 31.3%

Math 20.5% 27.2%

Computer Science 17.9% 20.5%

Astronomy 12.7% 20.6%

Physics 9.0% 13.3%

Chemical Engineering 14.4% 22.3%

Civil Engineering 10.2% 18.7%

Electrical Engineering 6.4% 11.5%

Mechanical Engineering 6.0% 10.4%

Economics 22.4% 29.3%

Political Science 31.0% 36.6%

Sociology 51.1% 58.9%

Psychology 55.0% 66.1%

Biological Sciences 36.5% 46.7%

TABLE 3. Female PhDs by Years of PhD Attainment 6

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WOMEN ARE UNDERREPRESENTED

There are very few tenured and tenure-track women fac-ulty in the “top 50” science and engineering depart-ments. Women have made strides as students in scienceand engineering. However, the data show that while thepercentages of women studying science and engineeringhave significantly increased, the faculties in science andengineering are still overwhelming dominated by men.Data in Table 4 show the distribution by rank of the fewfemale faculty in science and engineering. Becausewomen began with barely any representation on univer-sity faculties, and because only miniscule increases havebeen achieved each year, the progress made has beeninadequate. This is exacerbated by female faculty attri-tion, which is generally perceived to be much higher thanthat for male faculty.

Assistant Associate “Full” AllDiscipline Professor Professor Professor Ranks

Chemistry (FY2003) 4.1% 3.0% 5.1% 12.1%

Math 2.8% 2.4% 3.1% 8.3%

Computer Science 2.8% 3.8% 4.0% 10.6%

Astronomy (FY2004) 3.4% 2.6% 6.5% 12.6%

Physics 1.5% 1.4% 3.8% 6.6%

Chemical Engineering 3.8% 4.0% 2.7% 10.5%

Civil Engineering 4.8% 3.2% 1.8% 9.8%

Electrical Engineering 1.8% 2.5% 2.2% 6.5%

Mechanical Engineering 2.5% 2.3% 1.8% 6.7%

Economics 4.3% 3.0% 4.2% 11.5%

Political Science 8.6% 8.2% 6.7% 23.5%

Sociology 12.6% 11.0% 12.2% 35.8%

Psychology 9.6% 8.4% 15.4% 33.5%

Biological Sciences 6.3% 5.4% 8.5% 20.2%

“Many smart motivated women have cited isolation andmarginalization as reasons for moving out of science andengineering at major research institutions.”

Abigail Stewart, Project Director, Institute for Researchon Women and Gender, University of Michigan 7

TABLE 4. Female Science and Engineering Faculty by Rank (FY2002)

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WOMEN HOLD THE LOWEST ACADEMIC RANK

For those few women who take professorships in scienceor engineering after attaining PhDs, a new host of con-cerns arise. The data demonstrate that women are morelikely than men to hold lower academic ranks (Table 5).

This phenomenon has been discussed in HarvardMagazine. “(T)he gap between the percentage of tenuredmen and the percentage of tenured women has notchanged in 30 years…among those in academia withdoctorates in science and engineering, only one-quarterof women had been awarded tenure, compared to one-half of men.” 5

Our data confirm this pattern. In all but computer sci-ence, the rank of assistant professor has the highest per-centage of female faculty (Table 5). Conversely, the rankwhich has highest percentage of male faculty is typicallythat of “full” professor, and that is the rank held by themajority of male faculty as well.

“I think a very plausible case can be made that academ-ic departments are an unhealthy—even hostile—envi-ronment for women.”

Dr. Debra Rolison, Naval Research Lab 4

Assistant professors, who are typically untenured, havelittle job security or capability to change the culture oftheir departments or disciplines. Tenure is granted by alaborious process that typically involves recommenda-tions by the department and by external reviewers, fol-lowed by approval from the college and the university.While there are some objective criteria, in the final analy-sis, these decisions have room for a great deal of subjec-tivity. Hence, assistant professors are uniquely vulnerableto the culture of their departments. Because most femaleprofessors are assistant professors, this means that thenumber of female professors who can safely take steps tochange the departmental environment is much smallerthan it might first appear.

UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITY WOMEN FACULTYALL BUT INVISIBLE.

In some disciplines, there is no representation of URM(Black, Hispanic, or Native American) women on thefaculty at all. In the “top 50” computer science depart-ments, there are no women in tenured or tenure-trackpositions. With the exception of one Black “full” profes-sor in astronomy, there are no female Black or NativeAmerican “full” professors in the physical science or engi-neering disciplines surveyed.

Similarly, in physics there are no Black female professors,and in eight of the nine physical science and engineeringdisciplines surveyed, Native American female professorsare nonexistent. URM females fare much better in thesocial sciences and the life sciences. The few femaleURM faculty in the “top 50” science and engineeringdepartments are detailed in Table 6 below. These data arein two groups to facilitate comparison and contrast; theseare physical sciences and engineering, and social sciencesand life sciences.

The data show URM women are less likely than eitherWhite women or men of any racial group to be “full”professors and to be awarded tenure. (Table 6). The few“full” professors in each discipline are designated byasterisks after the corresponding number.

Discipline Assistant Associate “Full” AllProfessor Professor Professor Ranks

Chemistry (FY2003) 21.5 20.5 7.6 12.1

Math 19.6 13.2 4.6 8.3

Computer Science 10.8 14.4 8.3 10.6

Astronomy (FY2004) 22.0 16.5 9.5 12.6

Physics 11.2 9.8 4.6 6.6

Chemical Engineering 21.4 19.2 4.4 10.5

Civil Engineering 22.3 11.5 3.5 9.8

Electrical Engineering 10.9 9.8 3.8 6.5

Mechanical Engineering 15.7 8.9 3.2 6.7

Economics 19.0 16.3 7.2 11.5

Political Science 36.5 28.6 13.9 23.5

Sociology 52.3 42.7 13.9 35.8

Psychology 45.4 40.1 13.9 33.5

Biological Sciences 30.2 24.9 14.8 20.2

TABLE 5. Percentage of Female Faculty within each Rank (FY2002)

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Other studies have also concluded that URM minorityfemales are less likely to get tenure than White womenor men of any racial group. 5,8 Are universities training aninsufficient number of minority women or are qualifiedwomen looking outside the academy? The data indicatethat both are true, but to varying degrees in differentdisciplines.

Relatively few URM women earn advanced degrees inscience and engineering. The reason for this, according toProfessor Cheryl Leggon, is the lack of encouragementthey receive. She cites the National Center for EducationStatistics that found that “Hispanic and AfricanAmerican women do not persist in science because theyare not encouraged to do so.”8 Professor Leggon believesthis lack of encouragement has critical implications. Shestates that numerous studies have shown that “notencouraging women to persist (in science or engineering)produces the same result as actively discouraging them.” 8

Black Hispanic Native AmericanPhysical Sciences and Engineering females females females

Chemistry (FY2003) 1 5* 1

Math 2 7*** 0

Computer Science 0 0 0

Astronomy (FY2004) 2* 2* 0

Physics 0 8*** 0

Chemical Engineering 2 3 0

Electrical Engineering 7 3 0

Mechanical Engineering 3 2* 0

Civil Engineering 2 3* 0

Total 19 33 1

*URM female “full” professor 1 10 0

Social Sciences and Life Sciences

Economics 5*** 7*** 0

Political Science 26***** 6 0

Sociology 32******* 12** 0

Psychology 22*** 26***** 3

Biological Sciences 9* 13** 0

Total 94 53 3

*URM female “full” professor 19 12 0

Table 6. Female URM Faculty at “Top 50” Science and Engineering Departments (FY2002).

“I was surprised that even in 2002, these women (facul-ty) had so few opportunities in their professional careersto talk and network with other minority women scien-tists and engineers.”

Professor Evelynn Hammonds, Professor, HarvardUniversity 2

But the data also show that universities are not takingadvantage of the URM women who do complete thePhD. The data find that only fifty-three are faculty at“top 50” physical science and engineering departments.

Anne J. MacLachlin, at the Center for Studies in HigherEducation at U.C., Berkeley, believes “the academicexperience often led them (URM women who haveearned PhDs) to seek another kind of scientific work.” 9

Finally, we must pose a third possibility that applies to allwomen of any color earning PhDs in science or engineer-ing. Are qualified women rejected for academic positionsbecause of departmental practices that act as barriers tohiring and retaining women?

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CONCLUSIONS

Disparities in hiring and retention between male andfemale science and engineering faculty place women at adistinct disadvantage at all levels, from undergraduate tofull professor. Women faculty are poorly represented inscience and engineering departments of research univer-sities. This has grave repercussions for undergraduate andgraduate students who are bereft of female role modelsand mentors and contributes to the attrition rate ofwomen studying science and engineering.

In most science disciplines studied, qualified female can-didates exist, but they are not achieving assistant profes-sorships. Whether hiring and work practices at thenation’s top universities actively discriminate cannot beanswered by this study. However, the numbers clearlyindicate a grave national problem that must be aggres-sively addressed now.

There is general agreement that few women typicallyapply for academic positions in science and engineeringdepartments at research universities. Yet the percentageof PhDs attained by women has steadily risen over thelast two decades. In some cases, it is reported that femaleapplicants for such openings have even declined fromyears past. There is not agreement on an explanation forthis phenomenon. Is the private sector more receptive towomen scientists? Have women found the academy ahostile environment? Do qualified women find them-selves rejected by departmental practices that operate asbarriers to hiring and retention? The low representationof female professors in these disciplines exacerbates alearning and work environment that is often alienatingand unfair.

The reasons need to be explored and solutions found.However, before the problem can be solved, it must bewell defined. In order to do this, the problems must bediscussed in detail and the barriers identified by thosemost knowledgeable about them. However, those mostfamiliar with these problems and most well-equipped toidentify solutions are often afraid to discuss them openly.The same situation holds for many minorities.Therefore, the first step to solving the problems facingwomen and minorities in science and engineering mustbe to generate an atmosphere in which it is acceptable todiscuss them.

The low number and percentage of women faculty makeit difficult for them to effect the needed changes bythemselves, so they will need assistance and support in

this. If all female faculty, both tenured and untenured, ina department work together, their total percentage ornumber is still usually insufficient to exert much leverage.According to Rosabeth Moss Kantor, underrepresentedgroups need to be at least 15% of an organization inorder to begin to impact that organization’s culture, pol-icy, and agenda.10 Even when combining all ranks,women remain a small fraction of the faculty in any sci-ence or engineering discipline in this study, below the15% mark.

The paucity of female faculty is exacerbated by their pre-dominantly low academic ranking. Most of the womenin science and engineering are assistant professors with-out the protection of tenure. This places them in a par-ticularly vulnerable position within the department andthe university. Tenure has a significant effect on thebehavior of professors; tenured professors have the secu-rity to help create cultural change. “Full” professors withtenure are most likely to take risks because they have thefreedom to say and do things, such as suggesting morefemale hires, without fear of losing their jobs or beingdenied promotion. Unfortunately, there are far too fewfemale “full” professors than that needed to effect signif-icant change in a reasonable amount of time. Finally, andperhaps, most importantly, when female students see thefew female faculty in their own discipline marginalized,treated poorly, or not promoted, it serves as a warning:stay in this profession at your own risk.

As Cheryl Leggon notes, 8 simply adding more women toscience and engineering departments is a “necessary butnot sufficient” agent of change. According to HarvardMagazine’s “Forum on Faculty Diversity”, 5 one formida-ble obstacle to gender parity is an “unaccommodatingculture” and a status quo that proves to be “an intractableforce.” Some of the concerns women frequently point toinclude: “limited opportunities to participate in depart-mental and institutional decision-making; excessive and‘token’ committee assignments; …research that’s trivial-ized and discounted…” 5

In order to diversify successfully and open wide the doorsfor women, universities have to examine culture, atti-tudes, and policies they have long followed assuredly.This is a long-overdue and realistic response to a chang-ing world. As Princeton chemist George McLendonobserved, “Academic institutions are intrinsically monas-tic institutions that were created in the 13th century.They might need a little fine-tuning.” 11

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following individuals contributed to gathering oranalyzing survey data: Dr. Ann Beutel, ChristopherBrammer, Diana Rogers, Audra Wendt, Lina Ea,Naquesha Johnson, Natalie Frow, Zachary Cole, SergioVasquez, Roxanne LaMothe, Lea Mitchel, SheleathaTaylor, Brett Beecher, Kimberly Yang, LindseyAnderberg Torres, Ruibo Li (The University ofOklahoma); Laura Lopez, Dr. Nancy Hopkins(Massachusetts Institute of Technology); DaquantHornbeak (Langston University).

Dissemination of the survey data was made possible, inpart, by grants from the Ford Foundation and the JohnSimon Guggenheim Foundation. The Ford Foundationand The John Simon Guggenheim Foundation are notresponsible for the report’s conclusions and do notendorse activities that influence legislation.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Dr. Donna Nelson, is an associate professor of chemistryat the University of Oklahoma. Reared in Eufaula,Oklahoma, she took her BS in Chemistry at theUniversity of Oklahoma in 1974. She obtained her PhDin chemistry at the University of Texas with Michael J.S. Dewar in 1980, did her postdoctorate at PurdueUniversity with Herbert C. Brown during 1980 - 1983,and joined the University of Oklahoma in 1983.

She has an active research group in physical organicchemistry, in which she has developed a new synthetical-ly useful technique for gathering mechanistic informa-tion on addition reactions of alkenes. The investigationsoften permit selection of one mechanism from severalwhich are proposed. She has been recognized for thiswork, most recently via a Sigma Xi Faculty ResearchAward and a Guggenheim Award.

She has presented her diversity research results at nation-al meetings of professional societies, at Capitol Hill brief-ings with the US Congress, and before various otherorganizations in Washington, DC, and she has served onvarious national level task forces and committees address-ing these issues.

For more information about Dr. Nelson, visit her web siteat http://cheminfo.chem.ou.edu/faculty/djn/djn.html.

METHODOLOGY

Data were collected while at the University of Oklahomabetween 2000 and 2003 and the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology during the Fall, 2003. To investigate thegender, race/ethnicity, and rank of faculty, we surveyedtop research departments of fourteen science and engi-neering disciplines. To sample the top research depart-ments of a discipline, we selected all the departments ineach discipline that ranked in the top 50 according to themost recent National Science Foundation annual reporton research expenditures available at the time of data col-lection (National Science Foundation report on 1999expenditures, except 2000 for chemistry). The rankingfor astronomy departments was by the National ResearchCouncil, based on research expenditures in 1994. Thetop 50 departments were different for each discipline.

Over 90% of the departments in our sample are locatedin universities classified in either the Doctoral/ResearchUniversities-Extensive category or the Doctoral/ResearchUniversities-Intensive category of the CarnegieClassification of Institutions of Higher Education(McCormick 2001).

For each of the top 50 departments in research expendi-tures, department chairs were contacted and asked toreport the gender, race-ethnicity (Asian, Black, White,Hispanic, and Native American), and rank (assistant,associate, and professor) of tenured and tenure-track fac-ulty for fiscal year 2002 (fiscal year 2003 for chemistryand 2004 for astronomy). In a limited number ofinstances, data were unavailable from department chairsand were collected instead from other sources, such asdepartment websites and published directories.

CONTACT INFORMATION

Dr. Donna NelsonDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OklahomaNorman, OK 73072djnelson@ou.edu405-325-2288

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REFERENCES

1. (a) Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2001, NSF 02-308. http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf02308/

(b) Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2000, NSF 01-329. http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf01329/sectb.htm

(c) Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal year 1994, National Research Council.

2. Comments in response to presented preliminary data from this research project. Sarah H. Wright, “Minority Women Faculty Conferees Discuss Professional Obstacles,” Tech Talk, MIT (January 30, 2002).

3. Science and Engineering Degrees, by Race/Ethnicity of Recipients: 1991-2000, NSF 02-329, Susan T. Hill, Project Officer, (Arlington, VA 2002). http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf02329/start.htm

4. Elizabeth Zubritsky, “Women in Analytical Chemistry Speak Out,” Analytical Chemistry April 1, 2000, p. 10.

5. Cathy A. Trower and Richard P. Chait, “Faculty Diversity,” Harvard Magazine, March-April 2002

6. (a) Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2002, NSF 04-303, Susan T. Hill, Project Officer, (Arlington,VA 2003). www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf04303/tables/tab3.xls

(b) PhDs 1985-94, Selected Data on Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 1995, NSF 96-303, (Arlington, VA, 1996). www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/s4095/start.htm

(c) PhDs 1983-93, Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded, by Citizenship Status, Sex, Racial/Ethnic Group,and Major Field of Study of Recipients: 1993, NSF 94-318, (Arlington, VA, 1994).

(d) PhD attainment in sociology, economics, and political science are from National Science Foundation WebCASPAR Database System. http://caspar.nsf.gov/webcaspar/

7. Judy Steeh, “$3.7 Million Grant Aids Women in Science and Engineering,” The University Record,(University of Michigan) October 15, 2001.

8. Cheryl Leggon, “African American and Hispanic Women in Science and Engineering,” Making Strides, Vol. 3, no. 3 (July 2001) p. 7.

9. Anne J. MacLachlin, “Careers of Minority Women Scientists form the University of California, Berkeley,” Making Strides Vol. 3, no. 3 (July 2001) p. 2.

10. RosaBeth Moss Kanter Men and Women of the Corporation. (New York, 1977): Basic Books.

11. NSF Director Dr. Rita Colwell, 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Presidential Symposium on Diversity, August 18, 2002; http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/forum/colwell/rc020818acsdiversity.htm

11

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Tables of data on tenured/tenure-track fac-ulty at the “top 50” departments of fourteen science andengineering disciplines by race/ethnicity, by gender, andby rank. In each data entry, the number after the deci-mal point shows the number of people that are female.For example the total number of chemistry faculty inFY2003 is 1654.200; this means there are 1654 people,200 of whom are female.

Appendix 2. Tables of data on US citizen and permanentresident PhD attainment in fourteen science and engi-neering disciplines each year from 1983 through 2002.Data are disaggregated by race/ethnicity and by gender.

APPENDIX 1

Tables of data on tenured/tenure-track faculty at the “top50” departments of fourteen science and engineering dis-ciplines by race/ethnicity, by gender, and by rank. Ineach data entry, the number after the decimal pointshows the number of people that are female. For exam-ple the total number of chemistry faculty in FY2003 is1654.200; this means there are 1654 people, 200 ofwhom are female.

Data are provided for the “top 50” departments in thefollowing disciplines:

Table 1 Chemistry

Table 2 Physics

Table 3 Mathematics

Table 4 Computer Science

Table 5 Chemical Engineering

Table 6 Civil Engineering

Table 7 Electrical Engineering

Table 8 Mechanical Engineering

Table 9 Economics

Table 10 Political Science

Table 11 Sociology

Table 12 Psychology

Table 13 Biological Sciences

Table 14 Astronomy

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race

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18%

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Per

cent

of g

rand

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es in

col

umn

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Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l*A

ccor

ding

to p

hysi

cs re

sear

ch e

xpen

ditu

res

FY19

99, N

SF; n

umbe

rs a

fter d

ecim

als

desi

gnat

e fe

mal

es.

**D

eclin

ed to

par

ticip

ate,

dat

a ar

e fr

om o

ther

sou

rces

. ***

CR

EO

L d

ata

are

not i

nclu

ded.

Tab

le 2

. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Phy

sics

Dep

artm

ents

by

Rac

e/E

thni

city

, by

Gen

der,

and

by

Ran

k (F

Y 2

002)

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ativ

e A

m.

Whi

teB

lack

His

pani

cA

sian

Tot

alU

nive

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yFu

llA

ssoc

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tTo

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ssoc

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tTo

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ssoc

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tTo

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tTo

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hns

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100%

Per

cent

of g

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l59

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3%

Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 3

. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Mat

hem

atic

s D

epar

tmen

ts*

by R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

200

2)

*Acc

ordi

ng to

mat

h re

sear

ch e

xpen

ditu

res

FY19

99, N

SF; n

umbe

rs a

fter d

ecim

als

desi

gnat

e fe

mal

es. *

*Dec

lined

; dat

a ar

e fr

om o

ther

sou

rces

. ***

Prov

ided

rank

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der d

ata;

race

/eth

nici

ty d

ata

are

from

oth

er s

ourc

es.

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ive

Am

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hite

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ckH

ispa

nic

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an

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alU

nive

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llA

ssoc

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tTo

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ssoc

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tTo

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tTo

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llA

ssoc

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tTo

tJo

hns

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kins

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17

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--

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--

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--

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f Illi

nois

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m9

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001

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11

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3.00

24

13.0

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--

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18

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Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 4

. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Com

pute

r Sc

ienc

e D

epar

tmen

ts*

by R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

200

2)

*Acc

ordi

ng to

com

pute

r sci

ence

rese

arch

exp

endi

ture

s FY

1999

, NSF

; num

bers

afte

r dec

imal

s de

sign

ate

fem

ales

.

Nat

ive

Am

.W

hite

Bla

ckH

ispa

nic

Asi

an

Tot

alU

nive

rsit

yFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

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tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

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tTo

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A In

stitu

te o

f Tec

h 21

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tate

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m E

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141.

2911

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00

00

820.

86P

erce

nt w

ithi

n ra

ce63

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%16

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100%

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0%0%

Per

cent

of g

rand

tota

l51

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17.2

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100%

Fem

ales

in c

olum

n4.

7%20

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20.7

%10

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33.2

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0.0%

0.0%

59.6

%11

.1%

3.6%

11.8

%17

.2%

8.8%

0%0%

0%0%

10.5

%

Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 5

. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Che

mic

al E

ngin

eeri

ng D

epar

tmen

ts b

y R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

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Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 6

. T

enur

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enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

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Top

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il E

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2)

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g re

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ch e

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99, N

SF; n

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1.00

11

-1

25

42

11-

--

029

.003

Cas

e W

este

rn R

eser

ve U

47

112

--

-0

--

-0

1-

12

--

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14V

ande

rbilt

Uni

vers

ity6

43

13-

--

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--

02

7-

9-

--

022

Tex

as A

&M

Uni

vers

ity20

.001

72

29.0

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1.00

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1.00

11

1-

29.

001

45

18.0

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--

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.003

U o

f Ala

bam

a H

unts

ville

104.

001

4.00

218

.003

--

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1-

-1

31

-4

--

-0

23.0

03U

nive

rsity

of F

lorid

a

12

73

22-

11.

001

2.00

11

1-

27.

001

42

13.0

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--

039

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U M

A A

mhe

rst

10

12.0

013

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--

05

1.00

11

7.00

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--

033

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U o

f Mis

sour

i Col

umbi

a

8

611

25-

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0-

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025

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ctri

cal E

ngr

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al82

7.03

034

4.03

420

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313

73.0

877

20.0

057.

002

34.0

0718

21.0

0210

.001

49.0

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6.01

311

3.00

894

.008

473.

029

00

00

1929

.126

Per

cent

wit

hin

race

60%

25%

15%

100%

21%

59%

21%

100%

37%

43%

20%

100%

56%

24%

20%

100%

0%0%

0%0%

Per

cent

of g

rand

tota

l42

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17.8

%10

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8%0.

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5%2.

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4.9%

24.5

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0%0.

0%0.

0%0.

0%10

0%F

emal

es in

col

umn

3.6%

9.9%

11.4

%6.

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.0%

28.6

%20

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0.0%

9.5%

10.0

%6.

1%4.

9%7.

1%8.

5%6.

1%0%

0%0%

0%6.

5%

Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 7

. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Ele

ctri

cal E

ngin

eeri

ng D

epar

tmen

ts*

by R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

200

2)

*Acc

ordi

ng to

ele

ctric

al e

ngin

eerin

g re

sear

ch e

xpen

ditu

res

FY19

99, N

SF; n

umbe

rs a

fter d

ecim

als

desi

gnat

e fe

mal

es.

Nat

ive

Am

.W

hite

Bla

ckH

ispa

nic

Asi

an

Tot

alU

nive

rsit

yFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tJo

hns

Hop

kins

U9.

012.

011

12.0

2-

--

0-

--

02

-1.

013.

01-

--

015

.03

Uni

vers

ity o

f Roc

hest

er14

2-

16-

--

0-

--

0-

--

0-

--

016

MA

Inst

itute

of T

ech

30.0

16

4.01

40.0

21

-1

2-

--

06

6-

12-

--

054

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rgia

Inst

itute

of T

ech

2816

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7.01

51.0

21

1-

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-1

17

6.01

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068

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U T

X a

t Aus

tin

28

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26.

0244

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12

25

3-

25

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56.0

6U

nive

rsity

of M

ichi

gan

12

10.0

37.

0329

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104.

015

19.0

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--

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sylv

ania

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te U

22

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01

--

18

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--

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ford

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vers

ity

167.

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11

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11

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f Illi

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eles

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21

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nive

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18

533

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ark

146.

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42

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vers

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ona

122

317

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nive

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ayto

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h In

st &

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at B

uffa

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41

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rdue

Uni

vers

ity

25.0

115

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545

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012

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50.0

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ate

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vers

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81

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14

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hio

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e U

nive

rsity

20

63

29-

1-

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112

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044

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zona

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te U

nive

rsity

9.01

4.01

417

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--

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11

7.01

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--

028

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Wes

t Vir

gini

a U

nive

rsity

162

119

--

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21

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--

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of I

owa

62

19

--

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4-

37

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nive

rsity

of M

inne

sota

20.0

17.

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0129

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11

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63

211

--

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4Fl

orid

a In

tern

atio

nal U

33

39

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12

--

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e St

ate

U N

J 8

32.

0113

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63

312

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of A

laba

ma

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tsvi

lle9

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--

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--

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--

016

Uni

vers

ity o

f Del

awar

e 5

6.01

112

.01

--

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--

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25

18

--

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20.0

1U

nive

rsity

of V

irgin

ia

1012

.01

224

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--

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11

--

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ichi

gan

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h U

nive

rsity

1111

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8.02

30.0

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--

0-

--

05

93

17-

--

047

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U C

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avis

20

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11

22.0

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11

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an D

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24

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0132

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--

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037

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Col

orad

o St

ate

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vers

ity

97.

02-

16.0

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0-

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018

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Cas

e W

este

rn R

eser

ve U

8

1.01

110

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MA

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93

214

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11

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CA

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2.01

319

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--

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uke

Uni

vers

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7.01

218

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lem

son

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vers

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114

7.01

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Uni

vers

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f IL

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cago

112

619

--

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55

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12

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53.

0110

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of M

isso

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54

413

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high

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vers

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223

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311

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oods

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Inst

99

2.01

20.0

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--

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0-

1-

1-

--

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Nor

thw

este

rn U

nive

rsity

74.

011

12.0

1-

--

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12

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7.02

--

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20.0

3U

nive

rsity

of H

oust

on

93

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--

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--

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33

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--

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nive

rsity

of C

inci

nnat

i4

41

9-

--

0-

--

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013

16.

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015

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anta

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bara

14

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44.

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echa

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l Eng

r T

otal

645.

2024

9.24

156.

2710

50.7

17

13.0

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17

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215

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102.

0758

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316.

190

00

014

21.9

5P

erce

nt w

ithi

n ra

ce61

%24

%15

%10

0%25

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%29

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0%44

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%30

%10

0%49

%32

%18

%10

0%0%

0%0%

0%P

erce

nt o

f gra

nd to

tal

45.4

%17

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11.0

%73

.9%

0.5%

0.9%

0.6%

2.0%

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0.5%

0.6%

1.9%

11.0

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2%4.

1%22

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0%0%

0%0%

100%

Fem

ales

in c

olum

n3.

1%9.

6%17

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6.8%

0.0%

15.4

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10.7

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3%0.

0%12

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7.4%

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6.9%

12.1

%6.

0%0%

0%0%

0%6.

7%

Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 8

. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Mec

hani

cal E

ngin

eeri

ng D

epar

tmen

ts*

by R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

200

2)

*Acc

ordi

ng to

mec

hani

cal e

ngin

eerin

g re

sear

ch e

xpen

ditu

res

FY19

99, N

SF; n

umbe

rs a

fter d

ecim

als

desi

gnat

e fe

mal

es.

Nat

ive

Am

.W

hite

Bla

ckH

ispa

nic

Asi

an

Tot

alU

nive

rsit

yFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tH

arva

rd U

nive

rsity

34

.001

39.

001

46.0

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001

--

1.00

1-

1-

1-

-1.

001

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--

049

.004

Pen

nsyl

vani

a S

tate

U

124

117

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001

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004

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WI-

Mad

ison

18

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002

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--

11

1-

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--

033

.003

Uni

vers

ity o

f Geo

rgia

85

215

--

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-1

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--

016

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rgia

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te U

nive

rsity

7.

001

8.00

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003

23.0

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11

21

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12

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030

.008

Uni

vers

ity o

f Mic

higa

n

25

3.00

17.

001

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--

11

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002

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044

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Tex

as A

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Uni

vers

ity

133

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121

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ll U

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v26

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vers

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neso

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14

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002

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35

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at C

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ark

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001

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f Neb

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o S

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vers

ity

19

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32

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n U

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001

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niv

of M

emph

is, T

he

8.00

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002

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of T

enne

ssee

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tem

52.

001

411

.001

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C S

tate

Uni

vers

ity32

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Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 9

. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Eco

nom

ics

Dep

artm

ents

* by

Rac

e/E

thni

city

, by

Gen

der,

and

by

Ran

k (F

Y 2

002)

*Acc

ordi

ng to

eco

nom

ics

rese

arch

exp

endi

ture

s FY

1999

, NSF

; num

bers

afte

r dec

imal

s de

sign

ate

fem

ales

. *

*No

resp

onse

; dat

a ar

e fr

om o

ther

sou

rces

.

Nat

ive

Am

.W

hite

Bla

ckH

ispa

nic

Asi

an

Tot

alU

nive

rsit

yFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

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tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

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arva

rd U

nive

rsity

29.0

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001

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002

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kele

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002

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f gra

nd to

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100%

Fem

ales

in c

olum

n13

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26.6

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53.6

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39.4

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0%25

.0%

50.0

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12.5

%30

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Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 1

0. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Pol

itic

al S

cien

ce D

epar

tmen

ts*

by R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

200

2)

*Acc

ordi

ng to

pol

itica

l sci

ence

rese

arch

exp

endi

ture

s FY

1999

, NSF

; num

bers

afte

r dec

imal

s de

sign

ate

fem

ales

. *

*Dec

lined

to p

artic

ipat

e; d

ata

are

from

oth

er s

ourc

es.

Nat

ive

Am

.W

hite

Bla

ckH

ispa

nic

Asi

an

Tot

alU

nive

rsit

yFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tB

rand

eis

Uni

vers

ity

5.00

12.

002

29.

003

--

1.00

11.

001

--

-0

--

-0

--

-0

10.0

04U

nive

rsity

of M

ichi

gan

15.0

028.

005

4.00

327

.01

2-

24

-1.

001

-1.

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Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 1

1. T

enur

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enur

e-T

rack

Fac

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at t

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Top

50"

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ts*

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ende

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tal

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ales

in c

olum

n26

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Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l

Tab

le 1

2. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at t

he "

Top

50"

Psy

chol

ogy

Dep

artm

ents

* by

Rac

e/E

thni

city

, by

Gen

der,

and

by

Ran

k (F

Y 2

002)

*Acc

ordi

ng to

psy

chol

ogy

rese

arch

exp

endi

ture

s FY

1999

, NSF

; num

bers

afte

r dec

imal

s de

sign

ate

fem

ales

. *

*Dec

lined

to p

artic

ipat

e; d

ata

are

from

oth

er s

ourc

es. *

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o re

spon

se; d

ata

are

from

oth

er s

ourc

es.

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ive

Am

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hite

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ckH

ispa

nic

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an

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alU

nive

rsit

yFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tFu

llA

ssoc

Ass

tTo

tB

aylo

r Col

of M

edic

ine

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11

24

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ton

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cien

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33.2

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12

14

3635

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Per

cent

wit

hin

race

60%

22%

18%

100%

41%

30%

32%

100%

42%

14%

43%

100%

38%

22%

40%

100%

25%

50%

25%

100%

Per

cent

of g

rand

tota

l53

.2%

19.4

%16

.3%

88.9

%0.

4%0.

3%0.

3%1.

0%0.

8%0.

3%0.

8%1.

9%3.

1%1.

8%3.

2%8.

1%0.

0%0.

1%0.

0%0.

1%10

0%Fe

mal

es in

col

umn

14.7

%25

.1%

29.6

%19

.7%

6.7%

27.3

%41

.7%

24.3

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9%10

.0%

33.3

%18

.8%

18.9

%25

.0%

31.4

%25

.3%

0%0%

0%0%

20.2

%

Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

002;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

htm

l*A

ccor

ding

to b

iolo

gy re

sear

ch e

xpen

ditu

res

FY19

99, N

SF; n

umbe

rs a

fter d

ecim

als

desi

gnat

e fe

mal

es. *

*Dec

lined

; dat

a ar

e fr

om o

ther

sou

rces

. ***

All

data

wer

e su

pplie

d by

one

adm

inis

trato

r.

Tab

le 1

3. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at "

Top

50"

Dep

artm

ents

of B

iolo

gica

l Sci

ence

s* b

y R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

200

2)N

ativ

e A

m.

Whi

teB

lack

His

pani

cA

sian

Tab

le 1

4. T

enur

ed/T

enur

e-T

rack

Fac

ulty

at P

hD-G

rant

ing

Ast

rono

my/

Ast

roph

ysic

s D

epar

tmen

ts b

y R

ace/

Eth

nici

ty, b

y G

ende

r, a

nd b

y R

ank

(FY

200

4)*

Tot

alU

nive

rsity

Full

Ass

ocA

sst

Tot

Full

Ass

ocA

sst

Tot

Full

Ass

ocA

sst

Tot

Full

Ass

ocA

sst

Tot

Full

Ass

ocA

sstTot

Cal

Inst

of T

ech

17.0

22.

012.

0121.04

--

-0

--

-0

11

13

--

-0

24.0

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of A

rizon

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of T

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of C

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lder

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bia

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ylan

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s - A

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rst

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nn S

tate

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dian

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rgia

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gan

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e U

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of M

& T

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thw

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ahom

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f Pen

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f Pitt

sbur

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2.01

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rsity

5.01

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of R

oche

ster

8.01

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11.0

2R

utge

rs S

t U o

f NJ

44

3.01

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xas C

hris

tian

U-

1.01

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--

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f Tol

edo

5.01

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7.02

Tufts

U1

--

1-

--

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--

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--

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--

01

Van

derb

ilt U

-1

12

--

-0

--

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--

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3U

Was

hing

ton

8.02

1.01

211.03

--

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--

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--

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-0

11.0

3 T

otal

418.

3986

.12

87.1

8591.69

3.01

2.01

2.00

7.02

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1.01

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9.02

16.0

212

.02

16.0

444.08

01

01

652.

81Pe

rcen

t with

in r

ace

70.7

%14

.6%

14.7

%100%

42.9

%28

.6%

28.5

%100%

44.5

%11

.2%

44.3

%100%

36.3

%27

.3%

36.4

%100%

0%0%

0%0%

Perc

ent o

f gra

nd to

tal

64.1

%13

.2%

13.4

%90.6%

0.46

%0.

31%

0.31

%1.08%

0.61

%0.

15%

0.61

%1.38%

2.5%

1.8%

2.5%

6.8%

0%0%

0%0%

100%

% F

emal

es in

col

umn

9.3%

14.0

%20

.7%

11.7

%33

.3%

50.0

%0.

0%28

.6%

25.0

%10

0%0.

0%22

.2%

12.5

%16

.7%

25.0

%18

.2%

0%0%

0%0%

12.2

%*R

anke

d by

the

Nat

iona

l Res

earc

h C

ounc

il in

199

4; n

umbe

rs a

fter d

ecim

als d

esig

nate

fem

ales

. D

epar

tmen

ts g

rant

ing

the

PhD

in a

stro

nom

y or

ast

roph

ysic

s, w

hich

are

not

show

n, d

id n

ot re

spo

Ref

eren

ce:

"The

Nel

son

Div

ersi

ty S

urve

ys"

Nel

son,

D. J

.: N

orm

an, O

K, 2

003;

ht

tp://

chem

info

.che

m.o

u.ed

u/fa

culty

/djn

/div

ersi

ty/to

p50.

ht

Nat

ive

Am

.W

hite

Bla

ckH

ispa

nic

Asi

an

APPENDIX 2

Tables of data on US citizen and permanent residentPhD attainment in fourteen science and engineering dis-ciplines each year from 1983 through 2002. Data aredisaggregated by race/ethnicity and by gender.

Data are provided for PhD attainment in the followingdisciplines:

Table 1 Chemistry

Table 2 Physics

Table 3 Mathematics

Table 4 Computer Science

Table 5 Chemical Engineering

Table 6 Civil Engineering

Table 7 Electrical Engineering

Table 8 Mechanical Engineering

Table 9 Economics

Table 10 Political Science

Table 11 Sociology

Table 12 Psychology

Table 13 Biological Sciences

Table 14 Astronomy

Che

mis

tryT

able

1.

PhD

s in

Che

mis

try83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

1424

1415

1432

1413

1472

1451

1383

1497

1461

1441

1400

1616

1624

1462

1439

1466

1400

1241

1230

1227

2849

410

0%14

105

100%

mal

e11

7511

4911

5411

0411

4511

2310

1811

1410

9310

4099

911

5210

8710

2410

0810

0498

081

982

280

720

817

73.1

%97

0268

.8%

f

emal

e24

926

627

830

932

732

836

538

336

840

140

146

453

743

943

146

342

642

240

842

076

8527

.0%

4411

31.3

%W

hite

1264

1211

1243

1208

1267

1257

1188

1284

1239

1219

1145

1179

1112

1063

1078

1127

1088

988

974

985

2311

982

.9%

1073

977

.6%

mal

e10

5798

810

1395

299

698

187

296

992

690

184

687

276

075

477

378

579

766

567

766

317

247

61.8

%75

9254

.8%

f

emal

e20

722

323

025

627

127

631

631

531

331

829

930

735

130

830

534

429

332

329

732

258

7421

.1%

3149

22.7

%A

sian

s83

9711

210

910

885

9699

122

135

157

332

416

295

235

207

187

121

126

127

3249

11.6

%22

0315

.9%

mal

e60

7079

7477

5773

7086

7984

203

269

187

142

134

103

6765

7620

557.

4%13

309.

6%

fem

ale

2327

3335

3128

2329

3656

7112

814

610

892

7280

5461

5111

844.

2%86

36.

2%N

ativ

e A

m.

33

25

65

53

96

24

54

67

57

115

103

0.4%

560.

4%

m

ale

33

23

45

53

74

14

33

66

36

95

850.

3%46

0.3%

f

emal

e0

00

22

00

02

21

03

10

12

12

019

0.1%

110.

1%B

lack

1623

2317

1321

2624

2317

3134

3345

3545

5644

4244

612

2.2%

409

3.0%

mal

e14

2117

1411

1419

1718

1222

2516

3526

1733

2523

2240

11.

4%24

41.

8%

f

emal

e2

26

32

77

75

59

917

109

2823

1919

2221

10.

8%16

51.

2%H

ispa

nic

2133

1725

4448

4357

4642

5159

4335

4434

4251

4338

816

2.9%

440

3.2%

mal

e7

2412

1929

3526

3337

2633

4329

2932

2525

3026

2054

01.

9%29

22.

1%

fem

ale

149

56

1513

1724

916

1816

147

129

2121

1718

281

1.0%

153

1.1%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Phys

ics

Tab

le 2

. Ph

Ds

in P

hysi

cs83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

760

775

662

643

682

681

654

725

739

790

806

1044

1059

949

883

823

742

692

677

586

1537

210

0%82

6110

0%

m

ale

703

716

603

588

620

621

596

663

663

696

712

907

916

815

759

716

647

609

590

495

1363

588

.7%

7166

86.7

%

fem

ale

5759

5955

6260

5862

7694

9413

714

313

412

410

795

8387

9117

3711

.3%

1095

13.3

%W

hite

655

677

580

571

606

577

555

618

634

641

656

735

687

684

659

651

630

571

557

460

1240

483

.3%

6290

78.2

%

m

ale

604

628

534

524

553

535

509

570

573

575

590

655

613

594

579

577

555

506

489

388

1115

174

.9%

5546

68.9

%

fem

ale

5149

4647

5342

4648

6166

6680

7490

8074

7565

6872

1253

8.4%

744

9.2%

Asi

ans

5347

3631

3447

5758

5088

101

254

311

195

157

111

6668

7061

1895

12.7

%13

9417

.3%

mal

e48

4028

2729

3446

4738

6678

207

251

162

119

8553

5657

4915

2010

.2%

1117

13.9

%

fem

ale

57

84

513

1111

1222

2347

6033

3826

1312

1312

375

2.5%

277

3.4%

Nat

ive

Am

.3

11

01

13

01

62

22

22

13

10

234

0.2%

170.

2%

m

ale

31

10

10

30

16

11

22

21

31

02

310.

2%15

0.2%

f

emal

e0

00

00

10

00

01

10

00

00

00

03

0.0%

20.

0%B

lack

911

48

512

55

96

711

814

1410

816

1219

193

1.3%

119

1.5%

mal

e9

113

74

115

59

67

77

1113

74

1511

1616

81.

1%98

1.2%

f

emal

e0

01

11

10

00

00

41

31

34

11

325

0.2%

210.

3%H

ispan

ic5

1413

1312

1314

1318

2626

2926

2922

1816

2315

2236

72.

5%22

62.

8%

m

ale

513

1111

1010

1311

1623

2424

2125

2016

1520

1119

318

2.1%

195

2.4%

f

emal

e0

12

22

31

22

32

55

42

21

34

349

0.3%

310.

4%D

ata

sour

ce: S

urve

y of

Ear

ned

Doc

tora

tes

(NSF

/NIH

/USE

D/N

EH

/USD

A/N

ASA

).

Mat

hem

atic

sT

able

3.

PhD

s in

Mat

h83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res4

5744

341

840

239

638

642

842

251

850

759

065

777

164

862

966

960

557

452

444

210

486

100%

6109

100%

mal

e37

135

733

632

931

931

632

732

940

639

042

650

658

850

345

247

141

341

037

030

879

2775

.6%

4447

72.8

%

fem

ale

8686

8273

7770

101

9311

211

716

415

118

314

517

719

819

216

415

413

425

5924

.4%

1662

27.2

%W

hite

395

380

350

343

319

332

369

372

419

425

476

479

535

478

479

526

506

464

428

369

8444

82.8

%47

4079

.4%

mal

e31

930

828

028

225

827

328

129

333

533

235

236

140

937

334

437

634

733

830

825

864

2763

.0%

3466

58.1

%

fem

ale

7672

7061

6159

8879

8493

124

118

126

105

135

150

159

126

120

111

2017

19.8

%12

7421

.3%

Asi

ans

3430

3328

4133

2427

5752

7914

220

714

097

7156

7048

2912

9812

.7%

939

15.7

%

m

ale

2820

2723

3022

2120

3933

4311

615

810

469

4436

4932

2393

79.

2%67

411

.3%

f

emal

e6

106

511

113

718

1936

2649

3628

2720

2116

636

13.

5%26

54.

4%N

ativ

e A

m.

03

01

02

01

02

12

21

13

12

23

270.

3%18

0.3%

mal

e0

30

00

20

10

11

21

11

11

11

219

0.2%

120.

2%

fem

ale

00

01

00

00

01

00

10

02

01

11

80.

1%6

0.1%

Bla

ck3

47

611

48

411

48

115

87

1612

1419

1417

61.

7%11

41.

9%

m

ale

23

73

94

53

74

78

46

59

67

126

117

1.1%

701.

2%

f

emal

e1

10

32

03

14

01

31

22

76

77

859

0.6%

440.

7%H

ispa

nic

711

1212

114

1110

912

1613

1510

2027

1515

1512

257

2.5%

158

2.6%

mal

e5

107

99

47

65

914

1011

1014

2010

810

818

61.

8%11

51.

9%

fem

ale

21

53

20

44

43

23

40

67

57

54

710.

7%43

0.7%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Com

pute

r Sci

ence

Tab

le 4

. Ph

Ds

in C

ompu

ter S

cien

ce83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

207

195

213

249

275

326

396

403

451

489

509

543

616

514

520

561

492

458

423

411

8251

100%

5047

100%

mal

e17

716

818

920

622

128

031

231

335

740

640

044

947

342

342

043

838

737

232

532

466

4080

.5%

4011

79.5

%

fem

ale

3027

2443

5446

8490

9483

109

9414

391

100

123

105

8698

8716

1119

.5%

1036

20.5

%W

hite

174

163

177

193

229

265

319

339

355

378

409

401

450

356

361

412

356

336

322

291

6286

78.6

%36

9475

.4%

mal

e15

013

915

615

318

422

525

225

928

230

932

632

634

729

529

532

828

527

426

223

250

7963

.5%

2970

60.6

%

fem

ale

2424

2140

4540

6780

7369

8375

103

6166

8471

6260

5912

0715

.1%

724

14.8

%A

sian

s20

2017

3726

4452

4866

8677

116

137

111

107

9087

7661

8613

6417

.1%

948

19.3

%

m

ale

1618

1734

2038

4241

5174

5810

010

795

8167

6861

4160

1089

13.6

%73

815

.1%

f

emal

e4

20

36

610

715

1219

1630

1626

2319

1520

2627

53.

4%21

04.

3%N

ativ

e A

m.

10

00

31

20

12

11

04

14

11

12

260.

3%16

0.3%

mal

e1

00

02

11

01

20

00

20

40

11

218

0.2%

100.

2%

fem

ale

00

00

10

10

00

11

02

10

10

00

80.

1%6

0.1%

Bla

ck3

33

12

21

18

56

1011

124

1418

1815

1715

41.

9%12

52.

6%

m

ale

12

31

12

01

44

28

79

36

913

510

911.

1%72

1.5%

f

emal

e2

10

01

01

04

14

24

31

89

510

763

0.8%

531.

1%H

ispa

nic

03

67

42

45

128

77

616

1615

1414

814

168

2.1%

117

2.4%

mal

e0

34

74

21

411

76

72

914

1411

114

1213

31.

7%90

1.8%

f

emal

e0

02

00

03

11

11

04

72

13

34

235

0.4%

270.

6%D

ata

sour

ce:

Surv

ey o

f Ear

ned

Doc

tora

tes

(NSF

/NIH

/USE

D/N

EH

/USD

A/N

ASA

).

Che

mic

al E

ngin

eerin

gT

able

5.

PhD

s in

Che

mic

al E

ngin

eeri

ng83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

200

199

292

298

350

408

444

392

399

378

377

380

381

391

409

374

371

382

358

336

7119

100%

3759

100%

mal

e18

518

126

125

629

835

537

533

033

929

631

330

229

329

333

229

829

628

226

524

857

9881

.4%

2922

77.7

%

fem

ale

1518

3142

5253

6962

6082

6478

8898

7776

7510

093

8813

2118

.6%

837

22.3

%W

hite

152

150

211

227

266

317

345

318

322

284

295

259

256

274

293

275

286

280

269

233

5312

76.3

%27

2073

.9%

mal

e14

013

819

019

622

327

229

327

027

722

524

421

119

620

524

122

323

621

321

017

143

7462

.9%

2150

58.4

%

fem

ale

1212

2131

4345

5248

4559

5148

6069

5252

5067

5962

938

13.5

%57

015

.5%

Asi

ans

3234

6058

6067

7751

5054

6296

101

8073

6558

6953

7112

7118

.3%

728

19.8

%

m

ale

3229

5452

5461

6640

4138

5571

7662

6146

4448

3449

1013

14.6

%54

614

.8%

f

emal

e0

56

66

611

119

167

2525

1812

1914

2119

2225

83.

7%18

24.

9%N

ativ

e A

m.

02

00

12

10

11

11

21

43

21

12

260.

4%18

0.5%

mal

e0

20

01

21

00

11

12

13

01

01

219

0.3%

120.

3%

fem

ale

00

00

00

00

10

00

00

13

11

00

70.

1%6

0.2%

Bla

ck3

26

44

75

108

136

83

1216

311

817

1215

82.

3%96

2.6%

mal

e3

24

34

64

87

123

42

710

27

37

610

41.

5%51

1.4%

f

emal

e0

02

10

11

21

13

41

56

14

510

654

0.8%

451.

2%H

ispa

nic

63

24

115

98

1116

107

1319

713

718

716

192

2.8%

117

3.2%

mal

e5

22

28

55

77

127

711

134

133

142

913

82.

0%83

2.3%

f

emal

e1

10

23

04

14

43

02

63

04

45

754

0.8%

340.

9%D

ata

sour

ce:

Surv

ey o

f Ear

ned

Doc

tora

tes

(NSF

/NIH

/USE

D/N

EH

/USD

A/N

ASA

).

Civ

il En

gine

erin

gTa

ble

6. P

hDs

in C

ivil

Engi

neer

ing

8586

8788

8990

9192

9394

9596

9798

9900

0102

85-0

2%

93-0

2%

US

cit &

per

m re

s17

019

220

323

324

724

121

321

522

729

230

930

532

729

731

226

126

924

545

5810

0%28

4410

0%

m

ale

159

177

192

218

207

207

188

192

195

237

257

258

269

239

251

213

203

189

3851

84.5

%23

1181

.3%

f

emal

e11

1511

1540

3425

2332

5552

4758

5861

4866

5670

715

.5%

533

18.7

%W

hite

130

152

158

183

191

196

159

166

168

199

194

199

220

217

241

194

194

183

3344

75.3

%20

0972

.6%

mal

e12

013

914

917

115

716

714

314

714

315

316

016

818

017

219

416

014

314

328

0963

.3%

1616

58.4

%

fem

ale

1013

912

3429

1619

2546

3431

4045

4734

5140

535

12.0

%39

314

.2%

Asi

ans

2626

3427

3628

3034

4169

9189

7238

4643

3729

796

17.9

%55

520

.1%

mal

e25

2632

2633

2526

3239

6577

7558

3241

3328

2269

515

.6%

470

17.0

%

fem

ale

10

21

33

42

24

1414

146

510

97

101

2.3%

853.

1%N

ativ

e A

m.

00

11

12

11

00

02

20

21

00

140.

3%7

0.3%

mal

e0

01

10

21

00

00

11

01

00

08

0.2%

30.

1%

fem

ale

00

00

10

01

00

01

10

11

00

60.

1%4

0.1%

Bla

ck4

44

15

112

35

811

810

96

611

1312

12.

7%87

3.1%

mal

e4

34

15

110

33

68

710

74

511

910

12.

3%70

2.5%

f

emal

e0

10

00

02

02

23

10

22

10

420

0.5%

170.

6%H

ispa

nic

77

113

89

57

1214

116

1216

129

98

166

3.7%

109

3.9%

mal

e7

71

128

73

610

1110

611

136

87

814

13.

2%90

3.3%

f

emal

e0

00

10

22

12

31

01

36

12

025

0.6%

190.

7%D

ata

sour

ce:

Surv

ey o

f Ear

ned

Doc

tora

tes

(NSF

/NIH

/USE

D/N

EH

/USD

A/N

ASA

).

Elec

trica

l Eng

inee

ring

Tab

le 7

. Ph

Ds

in E

lect

rical

Eng

inee

ring

8384

8586

8788

8990

9192

9394

9596

9798

9900

0102

83-0

2%

93-0

2%

US

cit &

per

m re

s28

731

435

341

039

350

353

959

968

671

979

589

997

192

994

080

476

664

855

950

612

620

100%

7817

100%

mal

e28

030

533

138

537

847

050

355

263

865

271

581

185

182

383

471

368

555

549

344

011

414

90.4

%69

2088

.5%

f

emal

e7

922

2515

3336

4748

6780

8812

010

610

691

8193

6666

1206

9.6%

897

11.5

%W

hite

214

231

259

319

283

363

405

450

478

487

553

548

590

589

579

523

510

443

368

306

8498

69.3

%50

0965

.7%

mal

e20

922

724

329

927

134

137

841

144

444

750

449

452

352

352

547

046

638

833

427

677

7363

.4%

4503

59.1

%

fem

ale

54

1620

1222

2739

3440

4954

6766

5453

4455

3430

725

5.9%

506

6.6%

Asi

ans

5859

6371

7810

393

115

140

175

198

303

322

276

256

205

172

141

133

132

3093

25.2

%21

3828

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mal

e57

5459

6775

9785

109

135

154

173

272

276

246

217

174

146

108

105

106

2715

22.1

%18

2323

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f

emal

e1

54

43

68

65

2125

3146

3039

3126

3328

2637

83.

1%31

54.

1%N

ativ

e A

m.

00

12

30

00

24

01

12

53

10

10

260.

2%14

0.2%

mal

e0

01

23

00

01

30

11

15

31

01

023

0.2%

130.

2%

fem

ale

00

00

00

00

11

00

01

00

00

00

30.

0%1

0.0%

Bla

ck2

38

43

79

816

1715

1724

2231

2330

2122

1629

82.

4%22

12.

9%

m

ale

23

84

35

97

1415

1314

2017

2719

2519

2112

257

2.1%

187

2.5%

f

emal

e0

00

00

20

12

22

34

54

45

21

441

0.3%

340.

4%H

ispa

nic

48

49

614

1413

1617

1721

1527

2631

3022

2230

346

2.8%

241

3.2%

mal

e4

84

86

1213

1216

1414

2114

2320

2926

2119

2631

02.

5%21

32.

8%

fem

ale

00

01

02

11

03

30

14

62

41

34

360.

3%28

0.4%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Mec

hani

cal E

ngin

eerin

gT

able

8.

PhD

s in

Mec

hani

cal E

ngin

eeri

ng83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

192

202

251

267

308

327

325

368

359

426

434

538

563

588

538

516

463

397

427

343

7832

100%

4807

100%

mal

e18

619

023

325

429

731

030

634

432

240

139

848

451

452

848

346

640

334

138

929

971

4891

.3%

4305

89.6

%

fem

ale

612

1813

1117

1924

3725

3654

4960

5550

6056

3844

684

8.7%

502

10.4

%W

hite

146

154

176

210

230

253

241

286

266

326

328

337

339

392

377

371

335

279

301

227

5574

73.1

%32

8670

.1%

mal

e14

214

315

919

821

923

722

426

723

630

729

631

131

435

334

433

429

024

627

420

751

0166

.9%

2969

63.4

%

fem

ale

411

1712

1116

1719

3019

3226

2539

3337

4533

2720

473

6.2%

317

6.8%

Asi

ans

3437

5831

6157

6669

6278

9317

918

816

611

389

8872

7671

1688

22.1

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3524

.2%

mal

e33

3657

3161

5765

6659

7490

155

165

149

9779

7756

6856

1531

20.1

%99

221

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f

emal

e1

11

00

01

33

43

2423

1716

1011

168

1515

72.

1%14

33.

1%N

ativ

e A

m.

00

02

11

00

11

00

23

62

23

11

260.

3%20

0.4%

mal

e0

00

21

10

01

10

02

35

22

21

124

0.3%

180.

4%

fem

ale

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

10

01

00

20.

0%2

0.0%

Bla

ck5

23

33

15

53

53

713

1012

1412

1817

1715

82.

1%12

32.

6%

m

ale

42

32

31

55

25

36

127

1114

1113

1613

138

1.8%

106

2.3%

f

emal

e1

00

10

00

01

00

11

31

01

51

420

0.3%

170.

4%H

ispa

nic

25

36

57

35

911

58

813

1419

912

2112

177

2.3%

121

2.6%

mal

e2

53

65

62

47

95

78

1311

188

1121

715

82.

1%10

92.

3%

fem

ale

00

00

01

11

22

01

00

31

11

05

190.

2%12

0.3%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Econ

omic

sT

able

9.

PhD

s in

Eco

nom

ics

8384

8586

8788

8990

9192

9394

9596

9798

9900

0102

83-0

2%

93-0

2%

US

cit &

per

m re

s65

259

458

661

757

357

357

554

152

852

251

156

662

660

859

057

854

350

345

942

411

169

100%

5408

100%

mal

e53

148

047

948

445

643

343

540

239

237

736

540

144

244

942

840

637

535

930

529

582

9474

.3%

3825

70.7

%

fem

ale

121

114

107

133

117

140

140

139

136

145

146

165

184

159

162

172

168

144

154

129

2875

25.7

%15

8329

.3%

Whi

te56

750

149

453

747

647

848

845

542

142

841

743

045

945

043

142

841

739

735

832

789

5982

.2%

4114

77.7

%

m

ale

466

407

401

416

377

360

365

339

314

304

300

296

317

331

314

301

290

283

244

233

6658

61.1

%29

0954

.9%

f

emal

e10

194

9312

199

118

123

116

107

124

117

134

142

119

117

127

127

114

114

9423

0121

.1%

1205

22.8

%A

sian

s40

3729

3350

5138

3641

4651

9312

010

389

8565

4856

5611

6710

.7%

766

14.5

%

m

ale

2632

2023

4141

3226

2431

2972

8875

5654

4032

3031

803

7.4%

507

9.6%

f

emal

e14

59

109

106

1017

1522

2132

2833

3125

1626

2536

43.

3%25

94.

9%N

ativ

e A

m.

01

22

01

11

11

01

21

10

11

20

190.

17%

90.

17%

mal

e0

11

20

01

11

00

11

11

00

11

013

0.1%

60.

1%

fem

ale

00

10

01

00

01

00

10

00

10

10

60.

1%3

0.1%

Bla

ck16

2321

1617

1917

2529

2523

2325

2222

2328

2212

1342

13.

86%

213

4.02

%

m

ale

1213

2115

1315

1417

2724

1917

2118

1917

2017

1010

339

3.1%

168

3.2%

f

emal

e4

100

14

43

82

14

64

43

68

52

382

0.8%

450.

9%H

ispa

nic

1216

178

1512

1615

1614

1515

1420

2526

2122

1816

333

3.06

%19

23.

63%

mal

e11

1414

812

69

1211

1012

1110

1420

2116

1713

1025

12.

3%14

42.

7%

fem

ale

12

30

36

73

54

34

46

55

55

56

820.

8%48

0.9%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Polit

ical

Sci

ence

Tab

le 1

0. P

hDs

in P

oliti

cal S

cien

ce83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

532

542

501

487

461

426

488

536

552

599

618

715

689

743

788

791

805

803

747

729

1255

210

0%74

2810

0%

m

ale

391

396

356

321

312

296

311

388

366

399

413

469

469

481

527

470

502

503

471

402

8243

65.7

%47

0763

.4%

f

emal

e14

114

614

516

614

913

017

714

818

620

020

524

622

026

226

132

130

330

027

632

743

0934

.3%

2721

36.6

%W

hite

439

436

406

402

385

360

410

429

450

490

513

570

560

592

655

633

640

637

586

575

1016

883

.5%

5961

82.5

%

m

ale

319

318

292

267

255

246

259

300

295

318

336

365

379

391

438

377

396

414

374

319

6658

54.6

%37

8952

.4%

f

emal

e12

011

811

413

513

011

415

112

915

517

217

720

518

120

121

725

624

422

321

225

635

1028

.8%

2172

30.1

%A

sian

s11

2212

2112

1320

2525

3630

4851

4645

4246

3836

3361

25.

0%41

55.

7%

m

ale

916

915

1010

1022

1825

2434

3530

2926

2824

1517

406

3.3%

262

3.6%

f

emal

e2

63

62

310

37

116

1416

1616

1618

1421

1620

61.

7%15

32.

1%N

ativ

e A

m.

11

10

21

21

33

04

24

43

74

53

510.

42%

360.

50%

mal

e1

11

02

01

13

20

32

20

26

23

133

0.3%

210.

3%

fem

ale

00

00

01

10

01

01

02

41

12

22

180.

1%15

0.2%

Bla

ck34

3545

3431

2940

4838

4245

5249

5937

5559

6171

6192

57.

59%

549

7.60

%

m

ale

2327

3018

2124

2936

2831

2835

3032

2526

4028

4331

585

4.8%

318

4.4%

f

emal

e11

815

1610

511

1210

1117

1719

2712

2919

3328

3034

02.

8%23

13.

2%H

ispa

nic

1915

1416

2010

920

2219

2024

2129

1935

3128

2136

428

3.51

%26

43.

65%

mal

e14

117

1116

75

1713

1616

1718

1514

2215

1714

1928

42.

3%16

72.

3%

fem

ale

54

75

43

43

93

47

314

513

1611

717

144

1.2%

971.

3%D

ata

sour

ce:

Surv

ey o

f Ear

ned

Doc

tora

tes

(NSF

/NIH

/USE

D/N

EH

/USD

A/N

ASA

).

Soci

olog

yT

able

11.

PhD

s in

Soc

iolo

gy83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

450

442

392

405

346

351

326

329

365

378

395

420

429

424

461

442

459

514

469

475

8272

100%

4488

100%

mal

e24

623

417

820

919

316

013

515

217

017

518

618

218

218

818

818

216

420

518

218

536

9644

.7%

1844

41.1

%

fem

ale

204

208

214

196

153

191

191

177

195

203

209

238

247

236

273

260

295

309

287

290

4576

55.3

%26

4458

.9%

Whi

te39

138

233

233

829

528

925

725

828

530

631

633

232

832

834

634

534

638

234

934

865

5381

.0%

3420

78.1

%

m

ale

213

192

147

174

160

126

104

117

130

134

152

138

132

140

138

135

130

143

128

144

2877

35.5

%13

8031

.5%

f

emal

e17

819

018

516

413

516

315

314

115

517

216

419

419

618

820

821

021

623

922

120

436

7645

.4%

2040

46.6

%A

sian

s10

118

1119

1413

1519

2421

3850

4429

2330

3230

3047

15.

8%32

77.

5%

m

ale

38

56

136

86

913

719

2217

1210

616

1210

208

2.6%

131

3.0%

f

emal

e7

33

56

85

910

1114

1928

2717

1324

1618

2026

33.

2%19

64.

5%N

ativ

e A

m.

01

14

22

11

26

04

17

43

46

27

580.

72%

380.

87%

mal

e0

10

40

20

02

30

01

51

01

31

024

0.3%

120.

3%

fem

ale

00

10

20

11

03

04

02

33

33

17

340.

4%26

0.6%

Bla

ck26

2826

2612

2228

2327

2629

2629

2542

4045

5744

4662

77.

75%

383

8.75

%

m

ale

1516

1313

814

1312

814

1115

1313

1821

1826

1819

298

3.7%

172

3.9%

f

emal

e11

1213

134

815

1119

1218

1116

1224

1927

3126

2732

94.

1%21

14.

8%H

ispa

nic

1117

1814

1017

2327

2313

2112

1613

1915

2626

3825

384

4.74

%21

14.

82%

mal

e8

159

56

810

1314

812

510

710

78

1519

819

72.

4%10

12.

3%

fem

ale

32

99

49

1314

95

97

66

98

1811

1917

187

2.3%

110

2.5%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Psyc

holo

gyT

able

12.

PhD

s in

Psy

chol

ogy

8384

8586

8788

8990

9192

9394

9596

9798

9900

0102

83-0

2%

93-0

2%

US

cit/p

erm

res

3108

2986

2864

2832

2806

2729

2737

2992

3018

2986

3161

3136

3184

3233

3129

3274

3293

3231

3032

2790

6052

110

0%31

463

100%

mal

e16

0514

6614

2513

6212

7712

1711

7412

2011

2812

0612

2311

6911

2710

4810

2210

6310

6410

5498

291

423

746

39.2

%10

666

33.9

%

fem

ale

1503

1520

1439

1470

1529

1512

1563

1772

1890

1780

1938

1967

2057

2185

2107

2211

2229

2177

2050

1876

3677

560

.8%

2079

766

.1%

Whi

te27

8526

8325

9025

4725

1624

4524

5226

4826

5226

3528

0327

2927

2227

4425

2326

4527

0226

0524

5322

2652

105

87.6

%26

152

84.8

%

m

ale

1456

1318

1302

1234

1170

1094

1065

1075

991

1078

1094

1028

980

909

833

882

913

881

825

746

2087

435

.1%

9091

29.5

%

fem

ale

1329

1365

1288

1313

1346

1351

1387

1573

1661

1557

1709

1701

1742

1835

1690

1763

1789

1724

1628

1480

3123

152

.5%

1706

155

.3%

Asi

ans

4443

4441

4747

5553

5959

7310

812

112

112

611

313

214

612

212

816

822.

8%11

903.

9%

m

ale

2321

2318

1620

2822

1520

2232

4331

3129

3447

2943

547

0.9%

341

1.1%

f

emal

e21

2221

2331

2727

3144

3951

7678

9095

8498

9993

8511

351.

9%84

92.

8%N

ativ

e A

m.

96

109

167

1119

1315

1512

1417

1831

3522

1715

311

0.5%

196

0.6%

mal

e7

55

44

33

65

66

56

86

1312

35

711

90.

2%71

0.2%

f

emal

e2

15

512

48

138

99

78

912

1823

1912

819

20.

3%12

50.

4%B

lack

112

121

105

109

9310

397

115

130

106

118

124

149

152

152

158

172

189

174

172

2651

4.5%

1560

5.1%

mal

e37

4542

4234

4636

4344

2844

4639

3841

4337

4550

4382

31.

4%42

61.

4%

f

emal

e75

7663

6759

5761

7286

7874

7811

011

411

111

513

514

412

412

918

283.

1%11

343.

7%H

ispa

nic

9484

6990

9593

9310

912

213

313

113

314

617

317

120

821

521

117

518

427

294.

6%17

475.

7%

m

ale

4342

2847

3238

3052

5255

4543

4953

6456

5760

4656

948

1.6%

529

1.7%

f

emal

e51

4241

4363

5563

5770

7886

9097

120

107

152

158

151

129

128

1781

3.0%

1218

3.9%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Bio

logy

Tab

le 1

3. P

hDs

in B

iolo

gica

l Sci

ence

s83

8485

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0283

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

3324

3399

3256

3241

3141

3323

3299

3380

3525

3568

3752

4088

4329

4364

4256

4308

4124

4268

4241

4102

7118

610

0%41

832

100%

mal

e22

0223

0821

7821

2519

9720

7120

2320

6821

3521

3021

6823

4524

7024

2323

3623

8722

6022

8122

7221

8742

179

59.3

%23

129

55.3

%

fem

ale

1122

1091

1078

1116

1144

1252

1276

1312

1390

1438

1584

1743

1859

1941

1920

1921

1864

1987

1969

1915

2900

740

.7%

1870

344

.7%

Whi

te29

9530

4429

1328

8827

5929

6629

0429

7530

4130

6831

4431

0531

1531

7031

5832

4631

2833

0832

5331

1458

180

83.3

%31

741

77.4

%

m

ale

2007

2085

1962

1911

1764

1852

1784

1821

1871

1847

1833

1758

1770

1771

1760

1810

1726

1798

1768

1723

3489

850

.0%

1771

743

.2%

f

emal

e98

895

995

197

799

511

1411

2011

5411

7012

2113

1113

4713

4513

9913

9814

3614

0215

1014

8513

9123

282

33.3

%14

024

34.2

%A

sian

s16

415

815

116

817

017

120

120

026

126

836

671

992

088

572

165

760

853

955

858

078

8511

.3%

6553

16.0

%

m

ale

8889

9410

193

9811

211

313

213

619

545

151

148

237

336

633

227

628

727

943

296.

2%35

528.

7%

fem

ale

7669

5767

7773

8987

129

132

171

268

409

403

348

291

276

263

271

301

3556

5.1%

3001

7.3%

Nat

ive

Am

.4

1013

1711

67

410

137

1615

207

1220

1715

1222

40.

3%14

10.

3%

m

ale

37

411

74

43

68

511

1011

46

1010

86

132

0.2%

810.

2%

fem

ale

13

96

42

31

45

25

59

36

107

76

920.

1%60

0.1%

Bla

ck46

5053

4860

4856

5164

6275

7810

798

112

111

116

118

139

122

1492

2.1%

1076

2.6%

mal

e24

2432

2635

2532

2932

3843

3364

5852

4150

4455

5573

71.

1%49

51.

2%

f

emal

e22

2621

2225

2324

2232

2432

4543

4060

7066

7484

6775

51.

1%58

11.

4%H

ispa

nic

4344

5966

6276

7189

9510

211

413

112

713

114

616

817

517

316

517

820

372.

9%15

083.

7%

m

ale

2229

3639

3849

5056

5659

5769

8065

8389

9982

8865

1146

1.6%

777

1.9%

f

emal

e21

1523

2724

2721

3339

4357

6247

6663

7976

9177

113

891

1.3%

731

1.8%

Dat

a so

urce

: Su

rvey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).

Ast

rono

my

Tab

le 1

4. P

hDs

in A

stro

nom

y85

8687

8889

9091

9293

9495

9697

9899

0001

0285

-02

%93

-02

%U

S ci

t & p

erm

res

8491

7310

482

9686

106

111

112

141

149

158

147

117

139

123

109

2028

100%

1306

100%

mal

e75

8464

9069

7879

9188

9111

611

413

212

091

104

9487

1667

82.2

%10

3779

.4%

f

emal

e9

79

1413

187

1523

2125

3526

2726

3529

2236

117

.8%

269

20.6

%W

hite

7779

6993

7486

8395

100

9711

113

113

212

010

911

510

387

1761

90.1

%11

0588

.0%

mal

e69

7660

8163

7077

8479

7892

101

110

9686

8976

6914

5674

.5%

876

69.8

%

fem

ale

83

912

1116

611

2119

1930

2224

2326

2718

305

15.6

%22

918

.2%

Asi

ans

26

15

25

04

310

2212

813

313

613

128

6.5%

103

8.2%

mal

e2

41

40

30

21

918

87

103

96

1299

5.1%

836.

6%

fem

ale

02

01

22

02

21

44

13

04

01

291.

5%20

1.6%

Nat

ive

Am

.0

00

02

00

01

00

01

11

11

08

0.4%

60.

5%

m

ale

00

00

20

00

10

00

11

00

10

60.

3%4

0.3%

f

emal

e0

00

00

00

00

00

00

01

10

02

0.1%

20.

2%B

lack

00

20

01

01

20

10

21

21

11

150.

8%11

0.9%

mal

e0

02

00

10

02

01

01

10

01

09

0.5%

60.

5%

f

emal

e0

00

00

00

10

00

01

02

10

16

0.3%

50.

4%H

ispa

nic

02

02

22

14

22

42

32

13

74

432.

2%30

2.4%

mal

e0

10

22

21

32

22

12

21

26

334

1.7%

231.

8%

fem

ale

01

00

00

01

00

21

10

01

11

90.

5%7

0.6%

Dat

a so

urce

: Sur

vey

of E

arne

d D

octo

rate

s (N

SF/N

IH/U

SED

/NE

H/U

SDA

/NA

SA).