A Million Voices: The World We Want

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A SuStAinAble Future with Dignity For All

A Million Voices: The World We WAnT

B A MillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT | A susTAinAble FuTureWiTh digniT y For All

©unitednationsdevelopmentgroup2013.ManufacturedintheunitedstatesofAmerica.

Theanalysisandrecommendationsofthisreportdonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsoftheunitednations,itsagenciesoritsMemberstates.Textualmaterialmaybefreelyreproducedwithpropercitationand/orattributiontotheauthoringagencies,asappropriate.Allrightsreservedforphotographicmaterial,whichcannotbereproducedinanydigitalortraditionalformatwithoutpermissionexceptaspartofthispublication(suchaswhenrepostingaPdFfilewithattribution).

Acknowledgements

this report was produced by the unDg Millennium Development goals task Force. it would not have been possible without the contributions and commitment of agency colleagues across the un system, including the un country teams whose consultations contributed to the report. the lead author was Sheila Marnie, with regional content prepared by Muni Ahlawat, Diego Antoni, eunice Kamwendo, gina lucarelli, and tanni Mukhopadhyay. nicole igloi provided additional inputs and managed the production of the report with support from Camille Andre, Veronique lozano, gina lucarelli, gabriel normand and Antje watermann. Support to the online presentation of the report was provided by Zach hongola and gayan Peiris. overall guidance was provided by Paul ladd, head of unDP’s Post-2015 team. the report was copy edited by Jon Stacey (the write effect) and designed by Julia Dudnik Stern (Suazion).

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A SuStAinAble Future with Dignity For All

A Million Voices: The World We WAnT

AMillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT| AsusTAinAbleFuTureWiThdigniT yForAll iii

ForeWord Astheworldapproaches2015,thetargetdateforachievingtheMillenniumdevelopmentgoals,aprocessofreflectionhasbegunonthefutureofglobaldevelop-ment.Thedefinitionofthe‘post-2015agenda’isachancetousherinaneweraininter-nationaldevelopment–onethatcaneradicateextremepovertyandleadtoaworldofprosperity,peace,sustainability,equityanddignityforall.collectively,weneedtograspthishistoricopportunitytotransformoureconomiesandsocieties.

Thisreportsynthesizestheresultsofanunprecedentedglobalconsultationledbytheunitednationsthathasinvolvedmorethan1millionpeopleacrossallcountriesandfromallbackgrounds.Aspecialeffortwasmadetoreachouttothepoor,themargin-alizedandotherswhosevoicesarenotusuallyheard.Moderncommunicationstech-nology,themobilizationofunagenciesandtheexceptionalenthusiasmofcountlessvolunteersmadethisuniqueendeavourpossible.Throughthisexercise,theunitednationswasdeterminedtotapintothespiritofthefirstwordsofitsfoundingcharter:“WethePeoples”.

AgroupdiscussionsessioninZè(Photo:Pnudbenin/raphaelaKarlen)

iV AMillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT| AsusTAinAbleFuTureWiThdigniT yForAll

Theconsultationsentaclearmessage.Whilethepost-2015agendashouldandwillbedeterminedbygovernments,peopleacrosstheworldaredemandingasayinthedecisionsthataffecttheirlives.civilsociety,theprivatesector,youngboysandgirls,women,peoplewithdisabilitiesandindigenousgroupsmustfeelempoweredbythefutureframeworksothatitisfullylegitimateand,mostofall,sothatitcanbeimple-mentedandmonitored.reachingaunanimousagreementthatcarriesthesamesimplicity,strengthandpowerastheMdgframeworkandrespondstothechallengeofsustainabledevelopmentisaformidablechallenge.Theunsystemwillcontinuetosupportthenegotiationsandbringthevoicesofthepeopletothetable.Theseyearningsandexpectationscannotbeignored.Theyarticulatetheworldthatpeoplewant.

BAn Ki-Moon

Secretary-general, united nations

A MillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT | A susTAinAble FuTureWiTh digniT y For All V

PreFAce Theconsultationsonthepost-2015developmentagendafacilitatedbytheundevelopmentgroup(undg)havebeenafascinatingandhumblingexercise.Wehavebeencontinuallyinspiredbytheenthusiasmandenergytheseconsultationshaveunleashed.reachingmorethan1millionpeoplehasexceededourinitialexpecta-tions.inthespiritoftheMillenniumdeclaration,andbuildingontheexperienceoftheMillenniumdevelopmentgoals(Mdgs),peoplefromallcountriesandfromallbackgroundsclearlywanttohaveasayintheirfuture.Therichandextensiveinforma-tioncollectedthroughthisconsultationprocesswillbeinvaluablefordesigningthepost-2015developmentagenda.

Theconsultationshaverevealedthecontinuingindignityofpoverty,inequality,injusticeandinsecurity.

endingincomepovertyandhunger,achievingfullgenderequalityandimprovinghealthservicesandaccesstoeducationforeverychildremainforemostinpeople’spriori-ties,andtheywanttheseissuestocontinuetobedirectlyaddressedinthefutureagenda.

Atthesametime,theconsultationshaverevealedtheneedtolearnfromandbuildontheexistinggoals.Forexample,thereisademandcomingfromthegroundfora

secretary-generalbanKi-moon(centre)meetswithvolunteersof‘MyWorld’,aun-ledglobalsurveyofpeople’sprioritiesforabetterworld.Theresultsofthesurveywillbesharedwithinternationalleadersinsettingthenextglobaldevelopmentagenda(Photo:unPhoto/eskinderdebebe)

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greateremphasisonthequalityofbasicservices—notjustaccess.itisnotjustthenumberofchildreninschoolsthatmatter,butwhattheyareabletolearn.Andincreasingwomen’sparticipationinnationalgovernmentsisonlythefirststeptowardsenablingwomentohaveanequalsayindecision-makingateverylevel.

Therearealsocallsforatrulytrans-formativeagendatotacklethechallengesthatwerenotaddressedintheMdgs,aswellasthosethatarenowbecomingcritical.ManyoftheseissueswereaddressedintheMillenniumdeclaration:inclusivegrowthanddecentjobs,govern-ance,peaceandsecurity,freedomfromviolence,andenvironmentalsustain-ability.Peoplearedemandingauniversalagendathattackleschallengesbothforpeopleandfortheplanet.equalityandnon-discriminationalsostoodoutasakeymessage:peoplearedemandingjustice,participationanddignity.Thereisnoprogressifpeopleareleftbehind.

Finally,peoplewanttocontinuetohaveasay,tomakesuretheirinputistakenintoaccountinthefutureframework,monitorinrealtimetheprogressmadeintheircountries,andholdtheir

governmentsaccountablefordelivery.Aspartofthis,theyaredemandingadatarevolution,throughincreasedaccesstoupdated,morereliableanddisaggre-gatedinformation.inshort,theywanttocontinuethedynamicofengage-menttriggeredbytheconsultations.Thephenomenalengagementandparticipa-tionwe’veseenintheseconsultationscouldwellbethestartofsocialaccount-abilityforthenextdevelopmentagenda.

Theseresultshavebeenachievedbyanexceptionalcollaborationbetweenallundgagenciesandbeyond,working‘asone’bothatheadquartersandatfieldlevel,forthesamecommonpurpose.ourthanksgotoalltheresidentcoordinatorsanduncountryTeams,toalltheunagenciesinvolvedatglobal,regionalandcountrylevels,toallmembersoftheundgMdgTaskforcefortheirveryactiveengagementandtoallthosewhohelpedmakethisunprecedentedendeavourpossible.specialthanksarealsoduetothedraftingteamforpullingtogethertheincrediblyrichmaterialfromtheconsulta-tionstohelpshapethenewdevelopmentagendaandensurethatitfullyreflectsthefuturepeoplewant.

John hendrA

Assistant Secretary-general for Policy and Programmes, un women

olAV K JørVen

Assistant Secretary-general and Director, bureau for Development Policy, unDP

AMillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT| AsusTAinAbleFuTureWiThdigniT yForAllVii

conTenTs

ForeworD iii

PreFACe v

Key MeSSAgeS 1

1| whAt Are the ConSultAtionS telling uS? 3

Thestorysofar:unprecedentedengagementinshapingthepost-2015agenda 3buildingontheMdgsandtheMillenniumdeclaration 9Asenseofinjusticeatdeepinequalitiesandinsecuritiespermeatesalltheconsultations 17Astrongcallforanexpandedagenda 21Anewagenda:broad,transformationalanduniversal 36

2| one Million VoiCeS FroM ArounD the worlD 43

diversestakeholdersandmethodsofoutreach 43Voicesfromsub-saharanAfrica 47VoicesfromlatinAmericaandthecaribbean 59VoicesfromAsiaandthePacific 70VoicesfromArabstates,theMiddleeastandnorthernAfrica 80VoicesfromeasterneuropeandcentralAsia 91

3| A SuStAinAble DeVeloPMent AgenDA 105

education 106health 110Water 113hunger,Foodsecurityandnutrition 117energy 120Populationdynamics 122growthandemployment 125environmentalsustainability 130governance 135conflict,Violenceanddisaster 138Addressinginequalities 142

AnnexeS 147

Annex1:Processdescriptionofnationalconsultations 147Annex2:Processdescriptionofthematicconsultations 152Annex3:Theunitednationsdevelopmentgroup 158

A MillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT | A susTAinAble FuTureWiTh digniT y For All 1

KeY MessAGes Thisreportcollectstheperspectivesonthe‘worldwewant’fromover1millionpeoplearoundtheglobe.Foralmostoneyear,peoplehaveengagedenergeticallyin88nationalconsultations,11thematicconsultations,andthroughtheMyWorldglobalsurvey.Firstandforemostthisshowsthetremendousappetitethatexistsinallcountriesforpeopletoplayaroleinshapingandchangingtheirworld.

Thefindingsofthisglobalconversationcontainimportantmessagesforgovern-mentsastheyseektoagreeonanewdevelopmentagendathatcanbuildonthesuccessesoftheMillenniumdevelopmentgoals(Mdgs).

PeoplehaveclearlysaidthatthefundamentalareascoveredbytheMdgs–education,health,waterandsanitation,andgenderequality–remaincriticallyimportant,andnotonlyforpeoplelivinginpoorercountries.ThefirstjobofanynewdevelopmentframeworkmustbetofinishtheunfinishedbusinessoftheMdgs.

Atthesametime,thereisacalltostrengthenambitionandurgencysoastoreachtheremainderoftheworld’speoplewhoarestilllivingwithmanyunacceptableexpres-sionsofpoverty.Theworldhastheresourcesandtechnologytoeradicatepovertyand

internationaldayofhumanrightsinQuito,ecuador(Photo:MariaJoséguevara,unV)

2 A MillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT | A susTAinAble FuTureWiTh digniT y For All

hunger.Andonepreventabledeathofachildisonedeathtoomany.

Thentherearealsocallstogobeyondquantitativetargetsthatonlyaimtoincreaseaccess.Forinstance,peoplewantaccesstoagood-qualityeducationthroughouttheirlives,aswellastocomprehensiveandbetterhealthcare.

Thecallsofamillionvoicesdonotstopthere.Peopleareindignantattheinjusticetheyfeelbecauseofgrowinginequalitiesandinsecurities.Theyfeelthatthebenefitsofeconomicgrowtharedistributedunequally,andsodemanddecentjobsandlivelihoods.Theywanttheirgovernmentstodoabetterjobinrepresentingthem–deliveringkeyservices,encouraginggrowthwhileregulatingmarkets,andpreventinginse-curitiesassociatedwithcompromisingtheplanetandthewellbeingoffuturegenerations.Theywanttoimprovetheirlivesandthoseoftheirfamiliesandaskthatgovernmentscreateopportunitiesfortheirfullandequalparticipationindecisionsthataffectthem.Andtheywanttolivewithoutfearofviolenceorconflict.Theyaskthattheseissuesbepartofanewdevelopmentagenda.

inequalitiesandsocialexclusionexistparticularlyforpoorerpeople,womenandgirls,thoseinruralareasandurbanslums,peoplelivingwithdisabilities,indigenouspeople,migrantsanddisplacedpeople,andotherswhoaremarginalizedforreasonsrelatedtoreligion,ethnicityorsexualorientation.Theinsecuritiestheyfacecompoundeachother:forinstance,thelackofadecentjobcanleavepeoplewithoutaccesstohealthservicesandlivinginconditionsthatareunsafe.

inaddition,peoplehavesaidemphat-icallythatthechallenges–andindeedopportunities–theyfacearecomplexandinterlinked.Accesstoaffordableand

nutritiousfoodislinkedtolanddegrada-tionandtheavailabilityofwater.Fetchingwaterorfuelcanexposepeopletocrimeandviolence,andunsafeenergysourcescancausedeathsfromtoxicsmoke.Peoplefinditmoredifficulttoaccessservices,haveequalopportunitiesorbenefitfromthewealthoftheircountry’snaturalresourceswheninstitutionsareweakorcorrupt.Thispointstotheneedtogobeyondasiloapproachandarriveatafuturesustainabledevelopmentagendathatismoreintegratedandholistic.

Peopledemandthatthisnewagendabebuiltonhumanrights,anduniversalvaluesofequality,justiceandsecurity.bettergovernance,ofmarketsandoftheenvironment,underpinsmanyoftheircalls.becauseourworldisnowlinkedinextricablythroughtheglobaleconomy,ourcommonenvironmentandourabilitytoinstantlyshareideas,theyemphasizetheneedforauniversalagendathatappliestoallcountriesandallpeople.

Thereisalsoastrongcalltoretainthefocusonconcrete,measurablegoals,yetimprovedramaticallythewaywemeasureprogressagainstthem.Thisrequiresasignificantupgradingoftheinformationwehaveavailabletous,throughpublicstatisticssystemsaswellasnewformsofdata.enhancedanddisaggregateddatawillallowustotrackgainsforallgroupsofpeople,tohelpensurethatnooneisleftbehind.

Finally,adatarevolutionwillsupportanaccountabilityrevolution.Theconsul-tationshaveopeneddoorsforcontinuedparticipation–notjustinthisprocesstodeterminetheworld’spriorities,butalsotoholdgovernments,business,inter-nationalorganizationsandcivilsocietytoaccountforachievingthem.greatercommitment,strongeraction,enhancedresourcesandbetterpartnershipswillberequiredtodeliverthe‘worldwewant’.


1| WhAT Are The consulTATions TellinG us?

MarathonworldrecordholderPatrickMakauandschoolchildrenstageamarchinnairobihavingvotedonMyWorldandcallingforsaferroads(Photo:ZenaniMandelacampaign2013)

the Story So FAr: unPreCeDenteD engAgeMent in ShAPing the PoSt-2015 AgenDA

Thisreportcapturestheresultsofanunprecedentedglobalconversationonthevision

forthepost-2015developmentframework,involvingmorethan1millionpeoplefromall

aroundtheworld.in2012,membersoftheunitednationsdevelopmentgroup(undg)1

respondedtothesecretary-general’scallforanopenandinclusiveprocesstoshapethis

visionandbringthevoicesofindividualsandcivilsocietyintotheconversation.Wehave

castthenetwideandtriedtobeasinclusiveaspossible,recognizingthatprocesseswill

bedifferentineachcountry.Manycountriesmadespecialeffortstoreachouttomarginal-

izedanddisadvantagedgroupsofallagesandnationalities:voicesthathavesofarbeen


poorlyorunder-representedinthediscus-siononcurrentandfuturedevelopmentagendas.Theprocesshasincludedstake-holdersfrommanyanddiversewalksoflife,includingrepresentativesofnationalandlocalgovernments,theprivatesector,unionsandcivilsocietyorganizations.

AninterimreportonthisglobalconversationwaspublishedinMarch2013.sincethentheconversationhasexpandedallovertheworld—

throughsurveys,focuseddiscussionswithmarginalizedgroupsandotherstakeholders,andthroughthematiconlinee-discussions.Therehavebeenthreemainchannelsforthisconversa-tion.First,88nationalconsultationsincountrieswheretheunprovidesassistancetogovernments,facilitatedbyuncountryteamsincoordinationwithgovernments,theprivatesector,thinktanksandcivilsociety.second,

11thematicconsultationsledbyunagenciesincollaborationwithgovern-ments,alsoinvolvingcivilsociety,academicsandbusiness.Third,the‘worldwewant2015.org’spaceprovidedtheplatformforonlineengagementonkeytopicsrelatedtothe11thematicdiscussionsandnationalconsultations.ThiswassupplementedbytheglobalMyWorldsurvey,whichasksrespondentstolistsixprioritiesforthemselvesandtheirfamilies,andhassofarattractedmorethan800,000votesfrompeoplein194countries.2

Thisreportreflectsontheresultsofthesecomplementarystreams.Totheextentpossible,itusesandpaysfulltributetothevoicesweheard:toexpresstheproblemsandconstraintsthatpeoplefacearoundtheworldintheirownlanguage,andtoprovidetheirperceptionofwhatgovernmentsshouldprioritizeandpursuetogettheworldtheywant.

TAKinG uP Where We leFT oFF

inthisreportwetakeupwherewelefttheglobalconversationinMarch,whenwesummarizedwhatwehadheardintheinitialphasesoftheconsultationprocess.Thecontinuedconversationhasreinforcedtheinitialconclusionsfromourfirstreportbutalsoshedsnewlightonemergingpriorities.TheresultsfromtheconsultationsshowastrongdesiretocapturethemomentumgeneratedbytheMdgs,butalsoanequallystrongdesiretobringinadditionalareasandprinciplesfromtheMillenniumdeclarationthatwerenotintheMdgs.Theyalsoclearlyreflecttheneedtotakeintoaccount

in addition to the 88 national consultations in the South, multi-stake-holder consultations around the post-2015 agenda are also happening in many ‘developed’ countries such as Canada, Denmark, France, germany, italy, Japan, the netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the united Kingdom and the european union.

the findings are often in line with the consultations in developing countries. People have similar worries and aspirations — for example, around education and health — and believe that global issues affect their lives and those of their children.

in these national dialogues, peoples are calling on their governments to do their utmost to contribute to the achievement of the MDgs by 2015, but at the same time they are pushing for a strong and legitimate successor framework that combines development and sustainability. the common plea is for universal goals which contribute to human dignity and human rights. they want a just, equitable and sustainable world in which every person can fulfil their potential and live free from poverty.

to reach a new post-2015 framework, the consultations emphasize the importance of starting with a true common vision on the future of our planet, and underline that development can only be achieved through the joint efforts of all.

in the words of a Spanish ngo representative: “we have to think globAlly but also act globAlly.”

“PeoPleAndcoMMuniTiesshouldbeTheKeydriVersATThesTArT,TheendAndThroughouTAnyeFForTToTrAnsForMsocieTy,buildresilience,MiTigATeconFlicTAndAchieVesusTAinAbledeVeloPMenT.”tAnZAniA nAtionAl rePort, ChAPter 3.11 on Volunteer ACtion AnD CiViC PArtiCiPAtion, P.39

http://worldwewant2015.org

http://www.ccic.ca/_files/en/members/CCIC_Events/2013_02_03_MDG_Conference_Report.pdf

http://www.beyond2015.org/sites/default/files/Post2015_Positionpaper%20English.pdf

http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/politique-etrangere-de-la-france/aide-au-developpement-et/assises-du-developpement-et-de-la/les-cinq-grands-chantiers/quelle-vision-du-developpement/

https://www.worldwewant.de/home;jsessionid=2CBD4FBCD24E62473D84C0BDD8816F16

https://partos.nl/system/files/ckeditor/files/130322%20Dutch%20Civil%20Society%20consultation%20on%20the%20Post%202015%20agenda%283%29.pdf

http://www.un.org/spanish/waterforlifedecade/pdf/informe_consultas_post_2015_spain.pdf

http://www.post2015.ch/post2015/de/home.html

http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/public-consultations/towards_post-2015-development-framework_en.htm


issuesthathaveemergedsince2000,aswellasfuturechallenges,particularlythoselinkedtopopulationdynamicsandenvironmentaldegradation.Theyshowacleardemandfortacklinginequality,injusticeandinsecurityinallmanifesta-tions,andastrongrecognitionoftheneedtoaddressgovernanceconcernsandincreaseaccountabilityifgoalsaretobeachievedsustainably.Theyexpressclearlythechallengeofrecognizingandrespectingfundamentalhumanrights,understandingthecomplexitiesofthevariousissuesandtheinterlinkagesbetweenthem,andtakingupthecallforamoreambitiousandtransformationalagenda—whileretainingthefocusonconcrete,realisticandmeasurablegoals.Thesepointsareelaboratedfurtherinthenextsection.

ourinterimsynthesisreport,The Global Conversation Begins,drewoutthreemainconclusionsfromtheinitialphaseoftheconsultations:

First,theissuescoveredbytheMdgsarestillrelevantandhighonpeople’sagenda.ThishassincebeenstronglycorroboratedbytheMyWorldsurveyresults,whereaccesstoqualityeducationandhealthservicesrankconsistentlyasthetwotopglobalpriorities.

second,thewaywemeasureprogressontheareasunderthecurrentMdgsneedstobeadapted,refinedanddeepened.Forexample,weneedtobeclearthatouraimistoreachallpeople,includingthemostmarginalized.For

instance,weneedtoliftallpeopleoutofextremepovertyandhunger,notjusthalf.Weneedtoensurethatallwomenhaveasayinthedecisionsthataffectthem.Weneedtoeliminateallpreventablechildandmaternaldeaths,notjustsome.Andaccesstoeducationisnotenough—wealsoneedtocaptureimprovementsinthequalityofwhatistaughtandensurethatyoungwomenandmenarewellpreparedfortheirworkinglives.

Andthird,therewasacalltocompletetheunfinishedandcontinuingbusinessoftheMdgsinthecontextofsustainabledevelopment,toaddressinequalitiesanddiscrimination,andtouseahumanrightsframeworktoreachconvergenceonatrulytransformativeagendaforall.Thismeansconsideringadditionalareassuchasinclusivegrowthanddecentjobs,envi-ronmentalsustainability,governance,andpeaceandsecurity.

ramónrivero-salvadorsocialorganization(Afrodescendentsngo)(Photo:undPuruguay/Pablobielli)

“TheMdgsAresTillunFinishedbusinessinsoloMonislAnds.ThelessonsleArnToFTheiMPleMenTATionoFTheMdgsWouldbeThATQuAliTATiVeAndcounTry-sPeciFicTArgeTsAreneededATTheTArgeTseTTingsTAge.FurTherMore,inThecAseoFsoloMonislAnds,TheyouTh,PeoPleWiThdisAbiliTy,Theelderly,ThePoPulATioninrurAlAreAsAndoTherVulnerAblegrouPshAVenoTbeenFullyengAgedinTheMdgsiMPleMenTATion.ThereFore,AninclusiVeAPProAchshouldbeAPPliedATTheTArgeTseTTingAsWellAsiMPleMenTATionoFThePosT-2015AgendA.”SoloMon iSlAnDS PoSt-2015 AgenDA Country ConSultAtionS FinAl rePort


Theseconclusionsarefullycompat-iblewith—and,indeed,havefedinto—theresultsemergingfromtheglobaldialogue.sinceMarch,othercontribu-torshavebroughttheirconclusionstothetable,makingthisanewstageinthedialogue.ThehighlevelPanel(hlP)publishedtheresultsofitsdeliberationsattheendofMay.itsreportcalledforsignificanteconomicandinstitutionalshifts,arenewedglobalpartnership,andadatarevolutionfortrackingprogressandstrengtheningaccountability.Three

otherreportshavecalledforanequallyambitiousvision:thoseofthesustainabledevelopmentsolutionsnetwork(sdsn),theunregionalcommissionsandtheglobalcompact.Thesehavebeensupplementedbyreportsfromcivilsociety,thinktanksandacademia.TheopenWorkinggroup(oWg),agreedtobymemberstatesinrio,hasalsoheldaseriesofconsultationswithmemberstatesandexpertsfromacademiaandunagencies.somereportshavegonebeyondprovidingavision,andpropose

concretesetsofgoalsandtargets.indoingso,wearebeginningtoseethatanambitiousandholisticdevelopmentframework,anchoredinhumanrights,isbothnecessaryandviable.

Theconsultationshaverevealedahugeappetiteanddemandforinvolve-mentnotonlyinthedesignofthedevel-opmentagenda,butalsoinitsfutureimplementation.onemillionvoicesareaclearcallthatpeople,businessesandcivilsocietyorganizationswanttobeengagedincreatingdevelopmentsolutionswhileholdinggovernmentsandtheinterna-tionalcommunityaccountableforimple-mentation.Peoplefromvariouswalksoflifeareaskingfortransformation—notjustofthe‘what’,butalso‘how’wedodevelopment.Theyareaskingnotjustforaone-offconsultation,butanongoingconversationandconcreteopportunitiesforengagement.Theywantnotonlytoarticulatetheproblems,buttohelpfindsolutionsandbeinvolvedinimplementingthem.inthiscontext,anumberofnationalconsultations,suchasindrc,egypt,indonesia,KyrgyzstanandTanzania,calledforanenablingenvironmentforcivicengagement:“Peopleandcommuni-tiesshouldbethekeydriversatthestart,theendandthroughoutanyefforttotransformsociety,buildresilience,mitigateconflictandachievesustainable

AnaclaraPlanel-nationalyouthinstitute(Ministryofsocialdevelopment)(Photo:undPuruguay/Pablobielli)

“...inPArTiculAr,iTisiMPorTAnTTolisTencAreFullyToTheneedsAndTheVoicesoFThePooresTgrouPs.ThisisnoTJusTAMorAlnecessiTybuTAPrAcTicAlone.iTisThePooresTgrouPsWhoFirsTencounTerTheProbleMsWeMAyAllFAce—TheFirsTToexPerienceeVenMinorshiFTsinTheirlocAlecosysTeMs;TheFirsTToFeelchAngesinThelAbourMArKeTs;TheFirsTTosuFFerFroMFlucTuATionsinbAsiccoMModiTyPrices.bylisTeningToAndsuPPorTingThePooresTcoMMuniTiesWecAnsTArTPrePAringForAnincreAsinglyunPredicTAbleFuTure.”iieD, June 2013


development.”—Tanzanianationalreport,chapter3.11onVolunteerActionandcivicParticipation,p.39

inmanycountriespeoplearealreadyinvolvedinshapingnewsolutions—governmentsatalllevelsareengagingthepublicinfindingsolutionstonaturalresourcepreservation,innovativeenergysourcesandmonitoringpublicservicequality.Theseeffortsallformpartofacomplexdialoguethatisgeneratingthebestideasandbuildingconsensusonthepost-2015agenda:theWorldWeWant.

Thisconsensus-buildingprocesshasaninherentvalueinitself,inthateveryoneshouldhavetherightandopportunitytoparticipateindecisionsthataffecttheirlivesandthoseoftheirchildren.butitisalsoavitalinvestmenttoensurethesuccessfulimplementa-tionoftheemergingglobalvisiononthefuturedevelopmentagenda:infact,thedialogueisnotjustonthevision,butonhowthebuildingblocksforimple-mentationcanbeputinplacequickly.Peopleallovertheworldhavestronglyexpressedtheirdesireandwillingnesstobecomeinvolved.Toensurebroad-basedownershipandsustainability—ofboththevisionanditsimplementation—anyfutureagendaneedstointegratewaystoleveragetheenergyandcapacitiesofitspopulationsmorefully.

Themainpurposeofthisreportistostrengthenthediscussionbybringingmore—andmorediverse—voicesto

thetable.consultationswithabroadsetofstakeholdersoverthepastseveralmonthshavereconfirmedourbeliefthatpeoplearethebestexpertsontheirowndevelopment.AsmemberstatesconsultwithintheoWgontheshapeandcontent

ofsustainabledevelopmentgoals,itishopedthattheopportunitytolistentotheover1millionvoicesfromacrosstheworldwillcontributetoreachingconsensusonwhatisneededtomovetowardstheworldwewant.

Pregnantmother,waitingtobetestedforhiVwithherbaby,withalocalvolunteerwhoistellingherhowtheMyWorldsurveyworksduringthenationalcampaign,June2013,stJeanhospital,limbe,nord,haiti(Photo:benjaminFrowein,unVolunteerfromgermany/unV)

“WereAliZedThATThenexTdeVeloPMenTAgendAMusTbuildonThereAlexPeriences,sTories,ideAsAndsoluTionsoFPeoPleATThegrAssrooTs,AndThATWe,AsAPAnel,MusTdoourbesTToundersTAndTheWorldThroughTheireyesAndreFlecTonTheissuesThATWouldMAKeAdiFFerenceToTheirliVes…WeAgreedThATThePosT-2015AgendAshouldreFlecTTheconcernsoFPeoPleliVinginPoVerTy,WhoseVoicesoFTengounheArdorunheeded.”rePort on the high leVel PAnel on the PoSt-2015 DeVeloPMent AgenDA, PP.1-2


21 August 2013

MyWorldsurVeyresulTsworlD


builDing on the MDgS AnD the MillenniuM DeClArAtion

TheMdgswereformulatedonthebasisofthe2000Millenniumdeclaration,withthepurposeoftranslatingintoactionthecollectivecommitmentsmadebyheadsofstateandtheinternationalcommunity.WhiletheMdgshavebeencriticizedforboththeprocessthroughwhichtheyweredefinedaswellastheircontent,3overthelast13yearstheyhaverallied—andcontinuetorally—governments,non-stateactorsandinternationaldevel-opmentagenciesaroundasetofclear,simplyformulatedgoalsandtime-boundtargetsthataimtoimproveaverageoutcomesfordifferentdimensionsofpovertyanddeprivation.Theyhavealsostimulatedincreasedknowledgeandcapacity,fosteredgreaterunderstandingofthemultidimen-sionalnatureofpoverty,andhelpedinre-thinkingandre-formulatingnationalpolicypriorities.Theyhavedrawnattentionawayfromtheexclusiveuseofeconomicindicators,questioningtheirroleasthesoleormainmeasurementofprogress.Aspreciseandmeasurabletargets,theyhavehelpedtocreateafabricofaccountabilityatlocal,nationalandgloballevels.WeshouldnotlosesightoftheconsiderableachievementsoftheMdgswhilewecontinuetostrivetowardstheircompletion.Wehavetheoppor-tunitynowtobuildontheconsiderable

positivemomentumtheyhavecreated.TheMyWorldsurveyresultshave

confirmedthecontinuingrelevanceoftheMdgsforpeoplethroughouttheworld—notjustinlow-incomecountries.respondentswereaskedtovoteforsixprioritieswhichtheyseeasmostimportantforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.goodeducationandbetterhealthcare—keyelementsoftheMdgs—comeoutasclearpriorities,followedcloselybyanhonestandresponsivegovernmentand

betterjobopportunities.inaddition,thecountryconsultationsemphasizedcross-cuttingissuessuchasinequalitiesanddiscrimination.

Theprocesstodefineanewdevelop-mentagendahasbroughttolightthecontinuedexpectationsthattheworldwilldeliveronthepromiseoftheMdgsandtakethemfurthertoreachallpeople.itisclearthatanewsetofgoalswillgainitslegitimacyfromtheachievementoftheMdgs.

AutotransportdriverstakingtheMyWorldsurveyinWayanad,districtofKerala,June2013,india(Photo:AFrcindia,2013)

“TheMAinlessoninMycounTryisThATTheMdgsAssisTedThegoVernMenTToForMulATeProgrAMMesAndPoliciesThATAreinlineWiThcurrenTProbleMsAndchAllengesinMAlAWi.ThegoVernMenTMAnAgedToForMulATeTheMAlAWigroWThAnddeVeloPMenTsTrATegy(Mgds),WhichcoVersAllAreAsunderTheMdgs.ThedocuMenThAsbeenAcTingliKeTheengineAndPlATForMForTheiMPleMenTATionoFMdgsAsiTeAsyToMoniTorProgressAndiMPAcToFPlAnnedAcTiViTies.” PArtiCiPAnt, MAlAwi, wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort, P12

10 AMillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT| AsusTAinAbleFuTureWiThdigniT yForAll

The AreAs coVered BY The exisTinG MdGs reMAin oF criTicAl iMPorTAnce To PeoPle The World oVer, BuT should Be reFined And deePened To MoVe BeYond AVerAGes

Thoseparticipatingintheconsultationspaytributetotheconsiderableachieve-mentsoftheMdgs,butastheylookforward,theyalsoreflectedonlessonslearnedfromtheexperienceofimple-mentation.indoingso,theyexpressacleardesiretogomuchfurther:tosignificantly‘raisethebar’forthenextsetofgoals,torefineanddeepentheircoverage.Thehealthconsultationreport,forexample,recognizestheconsiderableachievementsinthehealth-relatedMdgsbutnotesthattheworkofreducingchildandmaternaldeathsisonlypartiallydone;italsopointstotheomissionofnon-communicablediseasesandotherhealthpriorities,whichmeantthatprogressonimprovingoverallhealthindi-catorshasbeenlessimpressive.

intheeducationconsultation,thereareoverwhelmingcallsforamoreambitiousagendawhichgoesbeyondensuringuniversalaccesstoprimaryeducation,andfocusesonequalityofaccesstoalllevelsofeducation—includingpre-primary,technicalandvocationaltraining,andlifelonglearning—andonquality,thewhat,howandwherepupilslearn,ratherthanenrolmentrates.Thisentailspayingmoreattention

“TheliMiTednuMberoFcleArheAlThgoAlsinTheMdgsisWidelyconsideredAsAcriTicAlsuccessFAcTor;hoWeVer,TheiroMissionoFoTherMAJorheAlThchAllengesiscoMMonlyciTedAsAMAJorWeAKness.…soMeinPuTsArgueThATTheexclusionoFMAnyheAlThPrioriTiesFroMTheMdgs,includingnon-coMMunicAblediseAses(ncds),coMPrehensiVesexuAlAndreProducTiVeheAlThAndrighTs,MenTAlheAlTh,ViolenceAndinJuries,hAshinderedProgressonThegoAlsTheMselVes,AndeQuiTAbleProgressinoVerAllheAlThouTcoMes.”heAlth ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort, P25

youngwomancallingforcleanwaterandsanitationasahumanrightduringthethematicconsultationonenvironmentalsustainability(Photo:undP)

AMillionVoices:TheWorldWeWAnT| AsusTAinAbleFuTureWiThdigniT yForAll11

tothemeansofensuringthatqualityeducationcanbedelivered,includingaddressingthelackofqualifiedteachers,largeclasses,inadequateinfrastructure,andoutdatedcurriculathatfailtoprepareyoungpeopleforproductiveemploy-ment.Theseareallfactorsthatinfluencethequalityofeducationandwereclearlyreflectedinthenationalconsultations.

ThewaterconsultationcallsforgoingbeyondthefocusinMdg7onexpandingaccesstosafewaterandsanitation.itcallsforimprovedaccesstowater,sanita-tionandhygiene(WAsh);forbetterandmoresustainablemanagementofwaterresourcesandwastewater;andimprove-mentsinwaterqualitythroughpreventa-tiveapproacheswhichcanbebothpossibleandprofitable.

inthesamevein,thehunger, Food Security and nutritionconsultationarguesthatbothundernutritionandobesityhavetobetackled,andcallsforhungerandfoodinsecuritytobeeradicatedinasustainablemannerbyby2025basedontherightofeveryonetosafe,sufficient,nutritiousandafford-ablefood.Thewaystoachievefoodsecuritywereemphasized,withattentionpaidtowomenasdriversofchangeinensuringnutritionandfoodsecurity,

sustainableandresilientfoodproductionandconsumption,reducingpost-harvestlossesandfoodwaste,andincreasingagriculturalproductivity.

TheinequalitiesconsultationstressedthatnationalaverageshaveconcealedoftenhighlyunevenprogresstowardsMdgtargets,withmanyspecificgroups,suchaswomenandgirls,peoplewithdisabilitiesandethnicminorities,aswellasfamiliesinremoteruralandurbanslumlocalities,beingsystematicallyleftbehind.Theconsultationemphasizedtheneedtoidentifyandaddressthestructuralfactors,suchasdiscrimination,gender-basedviolenceandsocialexclusion,whichperpetuatetheseinequalities.inthemajorityofnationalandthematicconsultations,therewerecleardemandsforgenderinequalitytobetackledatrootinallitsdimensions,andnotjustbyfocusingonthethreemanifestationsexpressedastargetsinMdg3:genderparityineducation,improvedaccessofwomentoqualityjobsoutsidetheagri-culturalsector,andincreasedrepresenta-tionofwomeninparliament.

The MdGs need To Be exPAnded To TAKe inTo AccounT neW And eMerGinG chAllenGes

Theconsultationsexpressedastrongambitiontogofurther.buttheyalso

lookedatwhathadhappenedintheworldsince2000,anddrewattentiontotheincreasingprevalenceofjoblessgrowth,violenceandinsecurity,politicalexclusion,evidenceofdiscriminationandgrowinginequalitieswithconsequencesforall,theurgencyoftacklingenviron-mentalsustainability,aswellastheassoci-atedincreasesinvulnerabilitytodisastersassociatedwiththeeffectsofclimatechange.Theyalsohighlightednewchal-lengestotakeintoaccount,includingpopulationdynamicsandtheimpactofcurrentunsustainableconsumptionandproductionpatterns.

intheconsultationsongrowth and employment,participantswidelyagreedthatemploymentanddecentworkshouldbeoneofthecentralmacroeconomicobjectivesforallcountries,andacoredevelopmentgoal.Jobsareseennotonlyasawayoutofpoverty;theygivewomenandmenasenseofself-esteem,dignityandrespectbysociety.Theabsenceofjobopportunitiesandexclusionfromlabourmarketsincreaseinequalities,weakensocialcohesionanddiminishtrustinpoliticalleadershipandinstitutions.discussantscalledformoreattentiononthequalityofgrowth—towardsinclusivegrowththatgeneratesemploymentand

“ATTheendoFTheyeAr,Though,eVeryonegrAduATesdesPiTenoTMeeTingProPereducATionsTAndArds.”CoMMunity leADer, burKinA FASo

“TheTrAdiTionAlTeAchingMeThodsMusTbechAnged,AsWellAsTheneedToAPPlyneWMeThodsToenhAnceThesKillsoFAnAlysisAndinnoVATion,WhereThesTudenTWillbeAPArTnerForTheTeAcher,AndnoTAPAssiVereciPienT.”MAle uSer, FACebooK, JorDAn, FebruAry 2013

“WesTudysciencesThATreQuireexPeriMenTsinlAborAToriesAndTheuseoFiMPorTedcheMicAls.unForTunATely,WelAcKbAsicsAndThereForeMusTTAKeAllThesecoursesWiThouTAsingleexPeriMenTAndonlyusingTheories.ThisisWorrisoMeForhoPeFulscienTisTs.”College StuDentS, togo


decentworkandreducesinequalities.specificpoliciesfortheyouthshouldalsobepromoted,inparticularbyenhancingskillsdevelopmentinstitutions.nationallydefinedsocialprotectionfloorsshouldbeextendedtosupportandempowerthosewhocannotwork.

Population Dynamics—includingpatternsofpopulationgrowth,populationageing,migrationandurbanization—cannotbeignoredwhensettingnewgoals.Theyaffectthedesignofpoliciesandmeasurestoachievethesustainable

useofnaturalresources.Theyarelinkedtothechallengeofjobcreationandinclusivegrowthinasituationwhereunemploymentandunderemploymentarealreadyhigh.Populationdynamicsalsoprovideimportantopportunitiesformoresustainabledevelopment.Afallinfertilitylevelsandslowerpopulationgrowth,forexample,leadtoanincreasedconcentrationofthepopulationintheworkingagerange,whichcanenablecountriestoreapademographicbonusandboosteconomicdevelopment.

Migrationcanbeanimportantenablerofsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Today,morethan1billionpeoplerelyoninternationalandinternalmigrationtoescapefrompovertyandconflict,adapttoenvironmentalandeconomicshocks,andimprovetheincome,healthandeducationoftheirfamilies.Populationchangeshaveimplicationsforthesustain-abilityofsocialprotectionsystems,partic-ularlypensionsystems,andensuringuniversalaccesstohealth,education,water,sanitation,foodandenergy.4WhentheMdgswereformulated,theglobalpopulationlivedpredominantlyinruralareas.in2050itisforecastthattwothirdsoftheglobalpopulationwillliveincities,meaningthatthepost-2015frameworkwillneedtoconsiderthechallengesofachievingsustainableandhealthyurbanenvironments.TheglobalthematicconsultationonPopulationdynamicsemphasizedtheimportanceofrights-basedandgender-responsivepoliciestoaddressingandharnessingtheopportunitiesofferedbypopulationdynamics.itwasstatedthatsuchpoliciesarenotonlyimportantinthecontextofhighfertilityandpopulationgrowth,butalsoinacontextoflowfertilityandpopu-lationageing,andthattheyalsorelatetohumanmobilityandurbanization.

Anotherchallengeisonethatwas

“ToArTiculATeThecoMPlexnATureoFneglecTedissues,AndshoWhoWAneWFrAMeWorKcouldcoMPleTeTheunFinishedbusinessoFdeVeloPMenT,TheWATerTheMATicconsulTATionWenTbeyonddeMAndingToileTsAndTAPsForbillionsoFsTillun-orunder-serVedPoor.insTeAdiTAddressedWATer,sAniTATionAndhygiene(WAsh);WATerresourcesMAnAgeMenT;AndWAsTeWATer/WATerQuAliTyMAnAgeMenTAsThreeViTAlAndinTerdePendenTdiMensionsThAT,TAKenTogeTher,cAnsecureuniVersAlAccessToWATer,ForAll,ForeVer.”wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort

globalleadershipMeetingonPopulationdynamics,dhaka,bangladesh(Photo:sylviei.cohen,unWomen)


reflectedinpartinMdg7,butwhichhasnowbecomeevermoreurgent—environmental Sustainability.Wearefastapproaching,andinsomecaseshavealreadybreached,importantplanetaryboundaries.Thismakesiturgenttobothraisethebaronenvironmentaltargetsandalsotoincorporateenvironmentalsustain-abilityconcernsintoalldevelopmentactions.Poormanagementofnaturalresources—andalackofincentivestoimprovemanagement—hasraisedtheriskofconflictoverdepletingnaturalresources,hasalreadyhadnegativeeffectsonpeople’slivelihoodsandincreasedtheirvulnerabilitytodisaster.Apartfromtacklingtherootcausesofenvironmen-tallyunsustainabledevelopment,therearecallsformoreattentiontobedevotedtobuildingtheresilienceofsocieties,

particularlyvulnerablepopulations,andimprovingtheirabilitytoresisttomorrow’sshockswithoutreversinghard-wondevel-opmentachievements.

energy SecurityisseenasamissingelementoftheMdgs.currently1.3billionpeoplelackelectricitytolighttheirhomesorconductbusiness,andnearly40percentoftheworld’spopulationreliesonwood,coal,charcoaloranimalwastetocooktheirfood,breathingintoxicsmokethatcauseshealthproblemstomanyofthem.energyisneededforchildrentostudy,athomeandatschool.childrenwhohavetocollectwoodandwaterfortheirfamiliesarelesslikelytoattendprimaryschool.energyisrequiredtoimprovepoorhealthoutcomescausedbyun-boiledwater,respiratoryillnessesandinfantandchildmortalitydueto

indoorairpollution,andtoprovideotherhealthservices.inallcountries—includingthosewhereenergyservicesareplentiful—thereisanurgentneedtomaketheenergysupplymoresustainableanddecreaseemissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesfromfossilfuels.Thesearecontributingtoclimatechange,whichinthefuturethreatensfoodandwatersecurityformillionsandmayevenunderminestability.Thetran-sitiontomoresustainableproductionpatternscangenerateimportantjobopportunitiesinthelowcarbonsector.

overall,thechallengesassociatedwithpopulationdynamics,environ-mentalsustainability,energysecurityandachievingdecentjobsallcallfornewmodelsofeconomicgrowth.Marketsalonedonotprovidetheincentivesforenvironmentallysustainableandinclusivegrowth.changeswillrequireactivegovernmentpoliciescoupledwithincreasedaccountabilityoftheprivatesectorandgovernmentsatalllevels.

“WeshouldencourAgeMATernAlAndinFAnTheAlThAndMAKeiTFreeForchildrenunder5TogeTheAlThcAre.ThisProgrAMMeshouldbeexTendedToeVeryone–noTJusTThoseinurbAncenTres.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, benin

youngmancallsforanimprovementofairqualityinurbanareasduringthethematicconsultationonenvironmentalsustainability(Photo:undP)

14 A Million Voices: The World We WAnT | A susTAinAble FuTure WiTh digniT y For All

cAlls For reAsserTinG cenTrAl eleMenTs And PrinciPles FroM The MillenniuM declArATion

in addition to stressing new challenges, the consultations drew attention to elements that were clearly emphasized in the Millennium declaration but not

reflected in the Mdgs. This is mostly

because they were more difficult to get

collective agreement and action on, but

also reflected that they had not been

prioritized for measurement. These

missing — or inadequately reflected —

elements include better governance, peace and freedom from violence, respect for nature, and inclusive economic growth. There is a strong sense that these need a much more prominent place in the new agenda.

but the consultations bring out concerns that it is not just some elements, but the overall principles and values of the declaration that disappeared from view as the Mdgs gathered pace. This was particularly true of the underlying human-rights-based approach. This led to a lack of attention to participation, discrimination and inequalities in the design and imple-mentation of the Mdgs, as well as weak accountability and the neglect of civil and political rights and issues such as political participation, personal security and access to justice. The consultations contain many calls for more attention to be paid to universal human rights as a systematic guiding principle. goals should not just be for some, or not just for some in some countries: they should be for everybody.

in the same vein, the consultations have also revealed concerns that the way in which the Mdgs were formulated meant that attention was less focused on the plight of those left behind even when

high-level Meeting of the Thematic consultation on energy,

oslo, norway, April 2013 (Photo: Thomas eckoff)

“PArTiciPAnTs urged The globAl coMMuniTy To AdoPT A seT oF deMocrATic goVernAnce And huMAn righTs in The PosT-2015 deVeloPMenT AgendA reFlecTing The PrinciPles oF The MillenniuM declArATion Which includes righTs oF The child, righTs oF Persons WiTh disAbiliTies, And sociAl, econoMic And culTurAl righTs.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, MongoliA

“To be Able To AchieVe A beTTer FuTure For young AFro-ecuAdoriAns, iT is necessAry To begin A Process oF sociAl inclusion And resPecT The righTs oF The AFro-ecuAdoriAn PeoPle. ”young AFro-DeSCenDAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, eSMerAlDAS, eCuADor


overalltargetswereachieved.Thefocuson‘half-way’targets(forexample,reduceby50percentinMdg1,orreducebytwothirdsinMdg4)andtheuseofnationalaggre-gatesoraveragesaskeyindicatorshasmeantthatthepoorestfamiliesandmostdeprivedgroupscouldbeleftbehindevenifthegoalswillbemetatthenationalorgloballevel.Allthematicconsultationshavedrawnattentiontothis,leadingtocallsforthenextdevelopmentagendatobemore

consistentwithuniversalhumanrights.Thiswouldmeanexpressingtargetsas‘reducetozero’or‘100percent’.Forexample,therearecallsforeradicatingextremeincomepoverty;forhunger,foodinsecurityandmalnutrition(forexample,childstunting)tobeendedsustainablyby2025;forprevent-ablechilddeathstobevirtuallyeliminatedby2035;foruniversalaccesstobasichealthservices;foreducationforallatalllevels;andforagenerationwhichisfreefromthe

threatofhiV/Aids,Tbandmalaria.Thecallformorefocusoninequali-

tiesandthoseleftbehindhasbeenveryforcefullyarticulatedbycivilsocietyorganizations.Forexample,thereportsofthe‘Participate’initiativeandbeyond2015nationalconsultationsarguethatyoungpeople,indigenouscommuni-ties,womenandgroupsfacingvariousformsofdiscriminationcontinuetobemarginalizedintheMdgs.Theystatethat

Mayanleaderstatesindigenouspeoples’viewsondevelopmenttothemedia,guatemala(Photo:sabrinaMorales/unFPA)

“hunger,FoodinsecuriTyAndMAlnuTriTioncAnbeendedsusTAinAblyby2025.TheerAdicATionoFhungerAndMAlnuTriTionMusTbedeFiniTiVeAndirreVersiblebAsedonTherighToFeVeryoneTosAFe,suFFicienT,nuTriTiousAndAFFordAbleFood.ThisVisionisAchieVAble.bold,eFFecTiVeAcTionisurgenTAndboThAMorAlAndPoliTicAliMPerATiVe.”MADriD globAl theMAtiC ConSultAtion on hunger, FooD SeCurity AnD nutrition


Participate, co-convened by the institute of Development Studies and beyond 2015, brings together participa-tory research from a research group of 18 organizations in more than 30 countries. it connects the unfiltered voices of those most affected by poverty and marginalization with decision-making at national and global levels, thereby providing high-quality evidence on the reality of poverty at ground level, bringing the perspectives of the poorest into the post-2015 debate. the full Participate report, details on the methodology, and multimedia research outputs can be downloaded from the Participate website: www.participate2015.org.

Participatory research carried out by a global Participatory research group has been drawn together to explore people’s experiences of living in poverty and marginalization, and mechanisms and processes for positive change. the report looks at how this knowledge contributes to a set of principles for development and a new vision for the future. the following 10 interconnected and mutually reinforcing principles provide a strong framework for a vision of post-2015 development that is transformative.

(1) Prioritize those living in extreme poverty and marginalization through a rights-based approach. to make dignity a reality for all people, the rights to food, work, education and civil and political freedoms must be seen as foundational and interconnected.

(2) tackle inequality by addressing discriminatory norms. For excluded groups to enjoy equal access to resources, services and justice, the intersecting social constraints and institutional power relationships that oppress them need to shift.

(3) Dignity and recognition are central. interventions that aim to transform the lives of the poorest and most marginalized need to promote their dignity, recognition and empowerment.

(4) Strengthen families and communities — not just individuals. Development initiatives need to prioritize interventions and capacity development which strengthen the positive elements of people’s closest support networks and challenge the negative ones.

(5) Make sure development interventions are holistic. Poverty and marginalization are dynamic and interlocking social processes. this requires coordinated, integrated responses, based on the realities of people on the ground, and locally led programmes.

(6) invest in community organization and capacity development. Community organization and capacity can be a powerful way to increase people’s sense of agency, challenge negative norms, build links between the individual and the community, and promote collaboration for positive social change.

(7) Promote a participatory approach to governance. this is an approach that engages with local knowledge, strengthens people’s voices, ensures the influence of citizens in decision-making and enables people to hold decision makers to account.

(8) Accountable, inclusive institutions and access to justice. institutions should see people at the centre of why decisions are made; they must move away from nepotism and greed, and towards an inclusive and people-centred approach to policy and development.

(9) Quality of services over quantity. Service provision must move away from quantity as a measure of success, and focus on quality.

(10) working over the long term. interventions need to be based on longer-term relationships and investments in communities, not on short visits which set up short-term, disconnected projects.

“WhenAddressingThisissueonAccessToWATer,TheneedsoFPersonsWiThdisAbiliTiesshouldAlsobelooKeduPon.AsAPersonWiThMobiliTyiMPAirMenTAndusingAWheelchAir,iTisVerydiFFiculTForPeoPleliKeMeToAccessWATerWhenWATeriscoMingFroMTheWell.reAsonAbleAccoMModATionshouldbeProVidedToensureThATPersonsWiThdisAbiliTiescAnhAVeAccessTocleAnWATer.”PerSon with DiSAbilitieS, wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort, P13

B

C

www.participate2015.org


thefocusonnationalandglobalaggre-gateshasmeantthatwehavemissedtheincreasinggapbetweenthoseatthebottomandthoseatthetop.Asaresult,themainmobilizingimpactoftheMdgshasonthewholenotbeenfeltbytheverypoorest.sincewehavenotconsistentlymeasuredtheextentofthegap,attentionhasbeendivertedawayfromwhoisgettingaheadandwhy.

A SenSe oF inJuStiCe At DeeP ineQuAlitieS AnD inSeCuritieS PerMeAteS All the ConSultAtionS

Theconsultationshaveshownthatinequalitiesandinsecuritiesframemanyofpeople’sconcernswhenitcomestotheworldtheywant.eachrepresentsstruc-turalbarrierswhich,ifnotaddressed,willthreatenorhaltprogressonallgoals—currentandfuture.

A sTronG concern WiTh inequAliTies

Perhapsstrongerthananythingelse,theconsultationshavecalledforanincreasedfocusonequalityinthefutureagenda.Thiswasexpressedinthenationalconsul-tationsinthewaythatpeoplearticulatedtheirfrustrationwiththevariousformsof

Since September 2012, beyond 2015, the global Call to Action Against Poverty (gCAP) and the

international Forum of national ngo Platforms (iFP) have been convening national, regional and community civil society deliberations in 30 countries in europe, latin America, Africa and Asia: bangladesh, benin, bolivia, Cambodia, China, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican republic, DrC, el Salvador, ethiopia, France, germany, guatemala, india, indonesia, ireland, Japan, Kenya, liberia, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Spain, Sri lanka, uganda, united Kingdom, Zambia.

the results of the consultations suggest that there is a collective understanding across national contexts that the world is in crisis. there is a strong need for a new development framework that expresses universal values. A fundamental, trans-formative shift will require that all countries commit to upholding common values of equality, respect for human rights, peace and environmental sustainability.

the eradication of poverty and hunger is essential to a new development agenda. this requires implementing universal social protection. it also requires extending specific support to farming communities and rural areas, which experi-ence poverty differently from urban areas. equitable land distribution was identi-fied as fundamental to eradicating hunger in many national contexts.

equality is essential to a new development agenda. this includes gender equality. every single deliberation recognized that there can be no equality without gender justice. while equality begins in the household, it must extend to the national level. to ensure equality between nations, fair terms of trade and a just system of global governance are required.

there was a consensus in the deliberations: climate change poses an eminent threat to society. in every region, consultations noted that the effects are already being felt by people living in poverty. A post-2015 framework must take into account the interconnectedness between social and environmental conse-quences of our growth path.

it emerged very strongly from the national consultations that human rights must underpin a new development framework. this means that poverty must be eradi-cated — not merely reduced — and coverage must be universal for fundamental human rights. one strong criticism of the MDgs was that it set targets that left people behind. we must not make the same mistake again.

Finally, concern was raised in many national deliberations about the threat of poor accountability to achieving current and future goals. therefore, a post-2015 framework should be underpinned by a comprehensive and inclusive accounta-bility mechanism that should empower existing human rights structures. it must also provide for financing in a way that is fair.

however, to ensure a meaningful result, civil and political rights must be firmly entrenched, including freedom of expression and assembly. Access to informa-tion is a priority for accountability and to fight corruption and tax evasion; the private sector must be included in this. People must participate in building their future for the vision of a development framework to be realized.

the full report by beyond 2015 is available at http://www.beyond2015.org/civil-society-demands-post-2015-agenda.

“iTisnoTgoodenoughToPicKoFFTheeAsyToreAchAndleAVeThePooresTAndMosTVulnerAbleunTillAsT.”wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort

http://www.beyond2015.org/civil-society-demands-post-2015-agenda

http://www.beyond2015.org/civil-society-demands-post-2015-agenda


inequality,discriminationandexclusiontheyexperience.itisfrequentlyassociatedwithcallstobetreatedwithdignity and respect.itisalsoexpressedstronglyinallofthethematicconsultations,andnotjusttheconsultationthatdealsexplicitlywithinequalitiesandthestructuraldriversofinequalities.intheinequalitiesconsulta-tion,weheardthat“themostcommonfeatureofthehundredsofpapersandothersubmissionswastheclearviewthatanyresponsetoinequalitiescanandmustbeguidedbyhumanrights”.evidencesuggeststhatinequalitiesinmanydimen-sionshaveincreasedsince2000,makingthesecallsevenmoreforceful.

Theconsultationspointtohowdifferentformsofinequalitiesanddiscriminationintersectandreinforceeachother—forexample,inequalitiesinaccesstolandandotherassets,tosocialservices,tonutritiousfood,safedrinkingwaterandimprovedsanitation.gender-baseddiscriminationwasidenti-fiedasasignificantmanifestationanddriverofinequalities.educationsystemsstillexcludesomegroups,andilliteracyandincomepovertymeanthatsomearelessabletoexercisetheirrightsinotherareas.suchinequalitiesareoftenfurtherreinforcedbydiscriminatorysocialandculturalattitudesandpractices,andevenlegislativeoradministrativebiases.

“…ThelAcKoFATTenTionToeQuiTyisWidelyregArdedAsoneoFTheMosTsigniFicAnTshorTcoMingsoFTheheAlThMdgs.AlThougheQuiTyisAniMPorTAnTPArToFTheMillenniuMdeclArATion,iTisnoTAcenTrAlFeATureinMoniToringTheMdgs.becAuseThegoAlsFocusonAggregATenATionAlTArgeTs,TheyFAilToMeAsureAndThusdisregArdouTcoMesFordisAdVAnTAgedAndMArginAliZedgrouPs.TheFocusoniMProVingnATionAlAVerAgesencourAgesuTiliTAriAnrATherThAnuniVersAlAPProAches,oFTenexAcerbATingineQuiTieseVenWhenProgressisMAdeinAbsoluTeAVerAgeleVelsoFindicATors.”heAlth ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort, P24

indigenousmaninPuyo,ecuador(Photo:Mareikeeberz,undP)


Theincidenceofnon-communi-cablediseasesisgrowingworldwide,butparticularlyamongthepoorandmarginalized,andparticularlyinthelessdevelopedcountriesofAfricaandsouthAsia.Accesstoqualityhealthservicesismoreproblematicoutsidecapitalcities.Alloftheseinequalitiesareleadingtodifferencesinlivingstandardsandoppor-tunitiesbetweenruralandurbanpopula-tions,orbetweenmenandwomen,andcontributingtotheexclusionofsomeethnicandothergroups.Theinequalitiesconsultationstressedthattheempower-mentandadvancementofwomenandgirlsiscrucialtoeliminatinginequalities,andthatinvestinginwomenandgirls’education,healthandparticipationandensuringtheirequalrights,includingsexualandreproductivehealthandrights,isa‘fasttrack’todevelopmentandinclusiveeconomicgrowth.

Forexample,thenationalconsulta-tioninJamaicahighlightedthesituationofilliterate,poorwomeninruralareas,wheretheintersectionofinequalitiesexperiencedduetogender,poverty,unequalaccesstoeducationandruralresidencecombinetolimitthechoicesandopportunitiesofthoseaffected.

Thekindsofinequalitiesthatarementionedmostfrequentlyarethosebetweenmenandwomen,betweenruralareasandurbanareas(orinmanycasesbetweencapitalcitiesandtherestofthecountry)andbetweenrichandpoorpeople.Thelatterisoftenconnectedtotheexperienceofexclusionfromemploy-ment.however,inequalitiesanddiscrimi-nationfacingpeoplewithdisabilitiesand

ethnicminorities,andinter-generationalinequalitiesarealsomentionedfrequently.refugees,internallydisplacedandstatelesspeoplefacealmostinsurmount-ablechallengesinrealizingtheirrights.

inequAliTies coMPounded BY GroWinG insecuriTies

Theconsultationsshowedhowinequali-tiesarecompoundedbymanyandvaryingkindsofinsecurities.economicandjobinsecuritiesareamongthemostprevalenttypesofinsecuritymentioned.Alackofjobopportunitiesforyouthmeansthatinmanycountriesawholenewgenerationisfacinganuncertainfuturewithlittlehopeofimprovingtheirsituation.lackofdecentemploy-mentopportunitiesisforcingpeopleallovertheworldtoacceptprecariousand

sometimesunsafework,evenincountriesexperiencingrelativelyhighgrowthrates.Thosewhofindawayoutthroughmigrationoftenfacediscrimination,crimi-nalizationandlackofsocialsecurityandotherrights.Attemptstoaddressincomesecuritycomeatthecostoffacingothersecurities.unplannedmigrationputspressureonurbancentres,withmigrantsoftenfindinghousingsolutionswithunsafeorunsanitaryconditions.Alackofaccesstowell-functioningsystemsofjusticeandprotectionmeansthatpeoplearemorevulnerabletoviolenceandthreatstotheirpersonalsecurity.Womenandgirlsareparticularlyvulnerabletoviolenceandfearofviolence,includingintheirownhomes.

someaspectsofinsecurity,suchasviolentcrimeandsocialconflict,affectall—richandpoorpeopleinrichandpoorcountriesalike.however,poorpeoplearelesswellequippedtoadapt.developmentthatdoesnottakeintoaccountalreadyfragileecosystemsmakestheriskofbeingaffectedbydisastersevengreaterforthoseleastabletocope.Theeffectsofclimatechange,especiallyextremeweathereventsandecosystemdegradation,threatenthelivelihoodsofmany,increasinginsecuritiesparticularly

“MAMAciTA!here,inMonTePlATA,ThereisAgAPdueToPoliTicAlFAcTors,conscienceAnddiscriMinATion.”rePreSentAtiVe FroM woMen’S rightS orgAniZAtion, DoMiniCAn rePubliC

“APArTFroMThechildren,WoMensuFFerTheMosTFroMineQuAliTy.becAuseWhenigouPThehillsinTosoMecoMMuniTiessoMeoFTheMcyAAn[cAnnoT]reAdAndWriTe;cyAAnholdAJob.TheonlyThingshecAndoishAVesoMebAbies.TheonlyThinginherMindisTogeTsoMeMoney;iMusTgeTAyoungbAbyForhiM.WhAThAPPenToFihAr[her]children?TheMgroWuPonsugArAndWATer.”MAle PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JAMAiCA


forthosedirectlydependentonlandand

agricultureforsurvival.

Theincreasinginterconnectednessof

countriesduetoglobalizationhasmade

iteasierforriskstoaffectneighbouring

countries:whetherfromirresponsible

behaviourbymultinationalcompanies

orfromrapidincreasesinglobalfood

andenergypricesthataffectthosein

countrieswherepeopleandthegovern-

mentsfeeltheyhavenomechanismsfor

reducingrisk.Multiplerisksarehavinga

multipliereffectontheinsecuritiesfacing

populationsaroundtheworld.Achieving

theMdgshasbeenalmostimpos-

sibleincountriesaffectedbyconflict.

however,conflictsandinstabilityarenot

justaproblemforthecountriesdirectly

affected:experiencehasshownthat

conflictinonecountrycaneasilyspillover

andaffectthedevelopmentprospectsof

thoseinothers.

“sinceTheMillenniuMdeclArATionWAsAdoPTed,MAnyTyPesoFineQuAliTieshAVeWorsened,inAPeriodWhenTheMillenniuMdeVeloPMenTgoAlsdidnoTFocussysTeMATicAllyonTrends‘beneAThTheAVerAges’.eVenWherehuMAndeVeloPMenTProgresshAsbeenrAPidinAggregATeTerMs,PArTiculArineQuAliTieshAVeoFTenPersisTedorbecoMeMoreseVere.increAsedglobAlAccessToTechnologyAndsociAlMediAhAshighlighTedTheexTenToFineQuAliTies,driVingAWArenessAndincreAsingdeMAndForchAnge.””ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort

“in2015,iWAnTAWorldWhereWoMenArenoTKilled,MurdersoFWoMenArenoTnorMAliZed,AndWoMenhAVerePresenTATionindAilyliVeAndPoliTics.”uniVerSity StuDent, AnKArA, turKey

“ThereisAniMPressionThAThAVingAPoorPoPulATionisbeneFiciAlToTheAuThoriTiesbecAuseThisPoPulATioncAnWorKForTheMForPeAnuTs,youKnoW?”FoCuS grouP DiSCuSSion with lAbour MigrAntS, uKrAine

insouthAfricachildrenfromthesivilePrimaryschool,Westerncape,dida‘longshortWalk’campaignandtheMyWorldsurveyonMandeladay(Photo:ZenaniMandelacampaign2013)


A Strong CAll For An exPAnDeD AgenDA

overall,concernswithinequality and insecurity,aswellassustainability,representandcapturethekeymissingelementsandprinciplesfromtheMdgs.TheyunderpinmanyofthecallsfordeepeningandrefiningtheMdgs,andstrengtheningtheelementsthatwerenotincludedorweretreatedunsatisfactorily.consistentwithahuman-rights-basedapproach,theyarealmostalwayscoupledwithclearcallsformoreaccountable and responsive government:formorechancetoparticipateandtohaveavoiceinfindingsolutionstoinsecuri-tiesandredressinginjustices.ThesevaluesorprinciplesprovidethelensforlookingattheelementsthatwereintheMillenniumdeclarationbutwhichareeithernotreflectedorareinadequatelyreflectedintheMdgs:inclusiveeconomicparticipationandproductiveemployment,environ-mentalsustainability,governance,andpeaceandsecurity.Theyare,however,equallyrelevanttotheissueswhicharealreadydealtwithintheMdgs.

“oneoFTheMAinreAsonsForgenderineQuAliTyischildMArriAgeWhichdePriVesThegirlsFroMeleMenTAryAndsecondAryeducATion.ThisleAdsTouneducATedMoThersAnduneducATedchildren.iTisAViciouscycle.”rePreSentAtiVe 20-yeAr-olD woMAn FroM An urbAn AreA, nAtionAl youth ConSultAtion, ShirVAn, AZerbAiJAn

“ourgenerATionhAsbeneFiTedFroMuniVersAlPriMAryeducATionAndAreAbouTcoMPleTingsecondAryeducATion.WhATcAnbedoneToiMProVeTheeducATionleVelsoFourPArenTsWhoAreilliTerATeAndhAVeToMAKeMAJordecisionsinourliVes?”StuDent, the gAMbiA

Astudentlivingwithdisability,amemberofthegabonstudentsassociation,participatesinaworkshopforyouth(Photo:Pnudgabon)


econoMic PArTiciPATion And GroWTh WiThouT JoBs

concernsaboutalackofdecentjobswereexpressedinconsultationsinallpartsoftheworld.Thegapbetweenthenumbersofwomenandmenseekingproductiveemploymentandthecreationofdecentworkopportunitieswasseenasunsustainablesocially,economi-cally,environmentallyandpolitically.

Joblessgrowthisseenasamajorfactorcontributingtoincomeinequalitiesandreinforcingothertypesofinequalities.Alackofjobsleadstoasenseofinjusticeandinsecurity.Forsocieties,jobsarenecessarytobringaboutthedevelop-menttransformation.Forindividuals,jobsaretheonlysustainablemeanstoearnincomesandescapepoverty.

Peopleinconsultationstalked

aboutwidespreaddiscriminationandmarginalizationinthelabourmarket.Thisisexperiencedby,forexample,theromapopulationineasterneurope,indigenouspeoplesinlatinAmerica,andmanypoor,marginalizedgroupsthroughouttheworld.Theyareoftenunabletofindjobsduetopoor-qualityeducationearlierinlifeorduetopercep-tionsofinferioritybasedonsex,age,

“(…)WheniAsKedForAloAninAbAnK[TosTArTAbusiness],TheMAnAgerToldMe‘looK,AsAdisAbledPersonyou’renoTeligible…hoWAreyougoingToPAy?’”DiSAbleD PerSon, guAteMAlA

“eVeryoneWAnTsTogoTobAKu.iWouldloVeToreTurn[ToMyVillAge],buTThereisnoThingForMeTogohoMe.”young woMAn FroM A rurAl SettleMent, SAlyAn region, nAtionAl youth ConSultAtion, ShirVAn, AZerbAiJAn

“WeWAnTAWorldFreeoFPoVerTyAndinJusTice,WiThgendereQuAliTy,AndWherehuMAnrighTsAreAreAliTy.” nAtionAl ConSultAtion, Peru

“iFTheyseeFroMTheVerybeginning,FroMKindergArTen,ThATyouAreFroMAPoorVulnerAbleFAMily,TheyWillAlWAysTreATyouliKeThis,Won’TsuPPorTyourideAs,eVeniFTheyAregoodAndeVenbeTTerThAnyourcolleAgues’ideAs.”young StuDent FroM DePriVeD AreA, MolDoVA

“TheMAJorglobAlchAllengeoFThecoMingTWenTy-FiVeyeArsishoW,PeAceFully,ToAchieVeglobAlenVironMenTAlsusTAinAbiliTyWhilsTMeeTingThelegiTiMATeAsPirATionsForhigherliVingsTAndArdsoFbillionsoFPeoPleinAWorldWhere,in2005,TherichesT10PercenT…receiVed55PercenToFTheWorldincoMeAndThePooresT60PercenT…receiVedonly10.1PercenT.”PArtiCiPAnt in growth AnD eMPloyMent e-DiSCuSSion

SoMe oF the ‘loSt’ VAlueS FroM the MillenniuMdeclArATion5

“Freedom. Men and women have the right to live their lives and raise their children in dignity, free from hunger and from the fear of violence, oppression or injustice. Democratic and participatory governance based on the will of the people best assures these rights.”

“Equality. no individual and no nation must be denied the opportu-nity to benefit from development. the equal rights and opportunities of women and men must be assured.”

“Respect for nature. Prudence must be shown in the management of all living species and natural resources, in accordance with the precepts of sustainable development. only in this way can the immeasurable riches provided to use by nature be preserved and passed on to our descendants. the current unsustain-able patterns of production and consumption must be changed in the interest of our future welfare and that of our descendants.”


socialclass,race,ethnicity,disabilityorothercharacteristics.

evenwhentheyfindjobs,discrimi-natedandmarginalizedgroupsfacedifficultworkingconditions.inPeru,professionalfemalehousekeepersaskedformorerespectandbetterworkingconditions.Theyrequested‘dignified’employment.genderinequalitiespreventwomenfromfindingdecentemploymentandaccessingproductiveassetssuchasland.

discriminatedandmarginalizedpeoplefaceemploymentproblemseveningoodeconomicconditions.butwhenjobsbecomescarce,theyarepushedfurthertothemargins.inArmenia,serbiaandTajikistan,participantstalkedabouthow,whendecentjobsarescarce,peopleareforcedtoacceptinformalorunsafeworkandlonghours.

Thedeficitofdecentworkisapervasivephenomenoninmostcountries.Thegrowthandemploymentconsultationdocumentedhowunemploymentisrisinginthedevelopedworld,whileinlow-andmiddle-incomecountrieslargesharesoftheworkforcearetrappedininformalandprecariousformsofemployment.halfof

thoseemployedindevelopingcountriesworkintheinformalsector.

Theconsultationshighlightedthechoicesthatpeoplemakeintheabsenceofdecent,adequatelypaidwork.Peoplemaydounpaidworkonsmallplotsofland.Womenmaystayathomeandhavemorechildren.Menandyoungpeople

“JobsAreThecenTreoFdeVeloPMenT.Assuch,eMPloyMenTMusTbeseenAsoneoFThePriMAryinsTruMenTsForoVercoMingPoVerTy,ineQuAliTyAndexclusion.”trADe union rePreSentAtiVe, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, inDiA

romasettlersinthebašaidvillagenearKikinda,duringthevisitstotheromasettlementsinAPVojvodina,serbia(Photo:Mrslobodancvejic,sociologistleadoftheconsultationprocess)


gotocities,boomingtownsorothercountriesinsearchofbetterjoboppor-tunities,swellingtheranksofinformaltraders,minersandmigrants.Manyyouthmaycontinuestudyinginthehopethatthiswouldimprovetheirjobprospects.otheryoungpeoplemaytaketothestreetstoexpresstheirangerandinsecu-rity.Mostpeopletakejobs—anyjobs—regardlessofwhethertheyaremistreatedorabused,whetherworkingconditionsaredangerousorwhetherthejobisjustforadayorafewhours.

informal-sectorworkersandmigrantsfeelparticularlyinsecureandvulnerable.Forexample,inrwanda,peopletryingtoearnalivingbytradingonthestreetstellofhowtheyarevulnerabletoarrest:“streethawkersarearrested,dispossessedoftheirgoods,andjailed,andthestart-upsmallcapitaldisappears.”

lackofjobsfuelslabourmigration,which,ifbadlymanaged,createslargecontingentsofmigrantworkerswhoareoftencriminalizedandhavelimitedrightsinreceivingcountries.inMoldovaandTajikistan,participantsemphasizedhowmigrationhasalsocreatedhardshipandrisksforfamiliesandchildrenleftbehind,especiallywhensocialprotec-tioncoverageisweak.inTanzania,participantssaidthatinternalmigrantsfacehugeinsecurities,andthatmanyarevictimsofviolenceandevenhomicide,leavingthemselvesandtheirfamiliesevenmoreinsecure.

youthunemploymenthasreachedalarmingproportionsinsomecountries,developedanddevelopingalike.insomecountriesinsoutherneurope,over50percentofyouthareunemployed.indjibouti,unemploymenthasreachedalarmingproportionsandaffectsnearly50percentoftheactiveworkingpopu-lationandabout60percentofyoungpeople.giventhedifficulteconomicsituationandpersistentunemployment,theyoungergenerationssaytheyhavelostconfidenceinthemselvesandinthefutureofthenation.Mostyoungpeoplehavegrownfatalisticandconsiderthatthesolutionistogoabroad.Particularly

“gender-bAseddiscriMinATionconTinuesTobeAseriousbArrierinAchieVingeQuiTAbleAndsusTAinAbleliVelihoods.desPiTeTheFAcTThATWoMenconsTiTuTeThreeQuArTersoFTheWorKForceengAgedinAgriculTure,ProPerTyrighTsAreheAVilysTAcKedAgAinsTTheM.”PArtiCiPAnt FroM FArMerS’ ASSoCiAtionS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, inDiA

“[W]henPeoPleAreAPPlyingForJobsiFyouliVeinThegheTToyouhAVeToPuTAnuPToWnAddressinorderTogeTTheJob.”FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JAMAiCA

“TheFuTureisgriMForusWoMensMAllholderFArMers.inlocAlcusToMs,onlyMeninheriTlAnd,AlThoughWoMendoMosToFTheWorKinFields.ThissTrucTureKeePsusdePendenTonMenAndshAcKlesusinPoVerTy.”woMen FArMerS, togo

consultationwithyouthinbelfordroxo,riodeJaneirostate,March2013(Photo:FlaviolopesunV/undPbrazil)


worryingisthelargenumberofyoungpeoplewhoareneitherinemploymentnorinfull-timeeducation.

Addressingthesetremendousemploymentchallengesrequiresnothingshortofstructuraltransformationofeconomies.Thelackofinclusivegrowthisseenascontributingtoinequality,injusticeandinsecurity.inthegrowthandemploymentconsultation,therewerestrongcallsformoreactivepoliciestopromoteemployment-generatingsectorsandenablestructuraltransformationtohighervalue-addedproduction.

The iMPorTAnce oF GoVernAnce

Marketsandtheprivatesector,ontheirown,areseenasbeingincapableofensuringgrowththatissociallyandenvironmentallysustainable:governmentshavetobeproactiveinpromotingproductiveandsustainablesectorswhilereducingenvironmentalpollutionandnaturalresourcedegrada-tion.governmentsneedtoputinplacecoherenteconomicpoliciestospurcreationofdecentworkformany.Peopleinconsultationsalsoexpectgovern-mentstodoabetterjobincreatingpublic‘goods’,addressingdiscrimina-tioninlabourmarkets,extendingsocial

protectioncoverageandotherrightstoinformalandmigrantworkers,andtakingmoreproactivemeasurestotacklethehighlevelsofunemploymentorexclusionfromlabourmarketsparticularlyexperi-encedbyyoungpeopleandwomen.

expectationsofamoreproactiveroleofgovernmentscometogetherwithexpectationsofgreateraccountabilityofgovernments.deficitsingovernance—suchascorruption,controlofkeyresourcesbypoliticalandbusinesselites,compoundedbylowcapacityofgovern-mentinstitutions—areseenashinderinginclusivegrowthbysquanderingresourcesneededfordevelopment.Manyparticipants,particularlyfromAfricancountries,seecorruptionasnotonlyleadingtomisuseofpublicresources,butalsoerodingthecultureoftrustthatisnecessaryfordeepeningandbroadeningmarkets.Forexample,tacklingcorrup-tionamonggovernmentelitesisseenaskeyfordiversifyingeconomiesthatrelyontheexportofalimitednumberofunrefinedproducts.TherewerecallsfromtheprivatesectorintheMiddleeastandnorthAfricaforashiftawayfromasystemthatisdependentonstate-controlledresourcesandcontractstoonethatcanharnessindependentcapitaland

entrepreneurialinitiatives.greaterinterdependenceamong

countriesrequireschangesininterna-tionaleconomicgovernance.Participantsintheconsultationscalledforareformofglobaltrade,financeandtechnologytransfer,becausewithoutthesereformsmanycountrieswillnotbeabletomakeprogressoninclusivegrowth,employ-mentandenvironmentalsustainabilityobjectives.Forexample,intheconsulta-tionsinindonesiaandthePhilippines,concernsarevoicedabouttheimpactoftradeagreementsonsmalltraditionalindustriesandlocallivelihoods.Theseareexpressedincallsfor‘fairtradenotfreetrade’.continuedsubsidiesofagriculturalproductioninrichcountriesposebarrierstoimprovementsinagriculturaljobsandincomesinlessdevelopedeconomies.Thelackoftransparencyininternationalfinancialsystemsisleadingtoincreasedvolatilitiesandthe‘socialization’ofrisks,withwhichvulnerableeconomiesandvulnerablesectionsofsocietiesarelessabletocope.rulesthatinhibittechnologytransferandknowledgeexchangeareholdingbackopportunitiesfordiversifica-tionandbusinessdevelopment,andalsomoresustainablesolutionsforfuturegrowth.

“WehAVeToTAKecAreoFourPAchAMAMA[MoThereArTh],oTherWise,hoWAreWegoingToliVe?”inDigenouS MAn, iMbAburA, eCuADor

drawingbyMilicaPetronijevic,10yearsold,whotookpartinadrawingcontestonthetopic‘TheserbiaiWant’.Thisdrawingpresentshervisionofserbiaafter2015(Photo:uncTserbia)


The need For enVironMenTAl susTAinABiliTY

environmentalsustainabilityistreatedasaseparategoalintheMdgsarchitecture,whereasintheMillenniumdeclarationitistreatedasanunderlyingvaluethatshouldrunthroughallothergoalsandtargets.Thishasmeantthatthelinkbetweenenvironmentalsustainabilityandincomepovertyandinequalitieshasbeenunderestimated.Theenvironmental Sustainabilityconsultationhasdrawnouttheselinkages,andthenationalconsultationsshowclearlyhowthelackofenvironmentallysustainablepracticesandcurrentunsustainablegrowthpatternsarecontributingtoinequalitiesandincreasinginsecurityforhighlyandnewlyvulnerablepopulations.Theconsultationscallforbothagoalonenvironmentalsustainabilityandforsustainabilitytobeconsideredasabasicprincipletobestreamlinedinallothergoals.

consultationsinAfrica,forexample,showedhowchangingweatherpatternsexacerbatedbydeforestationandlanddegradationaredirectlyimpactingnotjustincomesthroughlossofarableland,butalsofoodandwatersecurity.inlatinAmericaandthecaribbean,concernswerealsoexpressedstronglyaboutthepresentandfutureimpactofresourcedepletiononhumansecurity.

Thelackofsustainablemanage-mentofnaturalresourcesisseenasreinforcinginequalitiesbyleadingtomoreunequalaccesstonaturalresources,includingsafewater,safewastedisposal,safeairandexposuretopollutionandchemicaloragriculturalhazards.Attheinternationallevel,inequalitiesarefeltbypoorercountries,andtheirpopula-tions,whichoftenbeartheburdenofclimatechange,arelessabletocopewiththeeffectsandhavecontributedlittletoitscauses(forexample,Africaisresponsiblefor2.5percentofcarbonemissions).6globalinequalitiesintheuseofnaturalresourcesarealsoseenintheuseofwaterforproducingenergy:worldwide,energyuses8percentofallfreshwaterwithdrawals,butrichcountries

“WeAreTheFuTureleAdersoFTodAy,ToMorroWAndbeyond2015,AndourrighTs(ToexPression)hAVeTobeheArd.”14-yeAr-olD girl, luSAKA SeConDAry SChool, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, ZAMbiA

youngmancallsforchangesinconsumerbehaviourduringthethematicconsultationonenvironmentalsustainability(Photo:undP)


divertupto44percentofthis.Thelackofeffectivemanagementofnaturalresourcesiscontributingtoinequalitieswithincountriesandgloballyinaccesstotheseresources.Theseapplyalsotointer-generationalinequalities,ascontinueddepletionofnaturalresourcesimplieslessaccessforfuturegenerations.

Thenationalconsultationshigh-lightedcaseswherejobandincomeinse-curityareincreasingamongcommunitiesaffectedbylanddegradationandwaterpollution.TheexampleoffishermenfromTogoshowshowthiscanreinforceinequalities,asthosewhoarealreadymoreestablishedorbetter-offareabletocopeandfindalternativesolutions.

Theconsultationspointtogovern-ancedeficitsatthenationalandinter-nationallevels,aswellaslackofpoliticalwill,asbeingalargepartoftheprobleminachievingmoreenvironmentallysustainablepathsofdevelopment.bettermanagementofnaturalresourcesiscalledfor,withclearincentivestoencouragemoreefficientandlesswastefuluse.Thereisalsoaneedforregulatoryframe-works,andwaysofcallinggovernments,individualsandcompaniestojusticefordamagingpracticesandlackofrespectforenvironmentalsustainability.

The iMPorTAnce oF GoVernAnce

environmentalsustainabilityrequireschangesincurrentwastefulconsumptionandproductionpatterns.governments

areseenasvital‘enablers’insteeringtheshiftawayfromprioritizingeconomicgrowthatallcosts,tothedetrimentofsocialandenvironmentalsustainability.oneofthecoreproblemsisthatnaturalcapitalistraditionallynotvalued,orgivenaprice,andthusnotincorporatedintoeconomicdecision-making.Asa

result,itisgreatlyundervalued,andtherearefewincentivestouseitsustainably.Therearemeasuresthatcanbeusedtoincorporatethevalueofnaturalresourcesintoeconomicpolicydecisions,andgovernmentsshouldapplythemconsist-ently.Attachingapricetotheuseofglobalcommonswouldfurthersupport

“ThelAKesAreAlMosTdeAdAroundhere.conseQuenTly,ThelucKiesTAMongusgoTogAbonToFishAndcoMebAcKWiThAloToFMoney,WhereAsPoorFisherMenliKeMyselFAreconFinedToThisMisery.WedeMAndThATThelocAllAKes,WhichAreboThdirTyAndliFeless,beexAMinedbyexPerTs.”togoleSe FiSherMen

youngmancallsforpublicaccountabilityduringthethematicconsultationonenvironmentalsustainability(Photo:undP)


theshifttowardsdecouplingeconomicactivityfromresourceusebyintroducinginnovativeprocessesandtechnologies,sincethesavingsofsuchmeasureswillnotonlystateaclearbusinesscasetotransformcorporateproduction,butalsosupportpolicymakersinjustifyingtheinvestmentsneeded.

boththeenvironmentalsustainabilityandgovernanceconsultationspointedtothepotentialbenefitsofmoreopportuni-tiesforparticipationbycommunitiesin

managinglocalecosystemsandnaturalresources,andofmoreconsciouseffortstomakelinkagesbetweenthelocalandgloballevels.

Participantsintheenvironmentalsustainabilityconsultationcalledforlegalempowermentoflocalcommunitiesbyestablishinglocalenvironmentalcourtswherecompaniesorindividualscanbebroughttotrialoverthenegativeenviron-mentalimpactsoftheiractions.examplesofthesegreencourtsandtribunals

alreadyoperateinchinaandindia.

Finally,itisrecognizedthatthelackofeffectiveregulatoryframeworks,justicesystemsandincentivescanmeanthattheprivatesectormayundermineeffortstoimproveenvironmentalsustainability.butthereverseisalsotrue:governmentshavearoletoplayinprovidinganenablingenvironment—throughappropriatedesignoftaxes,subsidiesandpublicprocurement—toharnessprivate-sectorcontributionstoamoreenvironmentally

“ATrooTTheWATercrisisWAsseenAsAgoVernAncecrisis…sTAKeholderVoiceAndTrAnsPArencyAreiMPorTAnTingredienTsineFFecTiVedecision-MAKingonWATerAllocATions.”wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort, P14

“TheseVerelydegrAdedenVironMenToFsudAn,TogeTherWiThTheunresolVedlAndissues,PosesenorMouschAllengesForliVelihood,econoMicsecuriTyAnddeVeloPMenT.Thenon-susTAinAblenATureoFThesudAneseenVironMenTisessenTiAllyTheresulToFWeAKenedenVironMenTAlgoVernAnceinVolVingThePolicy,legAlAndinsTiTuTionAlFrAMeWorKsForenVironMenTAndnATurAlresourceMAnAgeMenT.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, SuDAn

“successFulAdVAncesinAnysusTAinAbledeVeloPMenTunderTAKingreQuiregoodgoVernAnce,ruleoFlAWAndTrAnsPArencyWiThengAgeMenToFciVilsocieTy.”PArtiCiPAnt, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility ConSultAtion

“inTheinTeresToFFAirnessAndeQuiTy,goVernMenTsneedToAgreeonAninTernATionAlregulAToryFrAMeWorKThATWouldesTAblishMiniMuMsociAlAndenVironMenTAlsTAndArds,ensureThATcorPorATionsPAyTheirFAirshAreoFTAxes,AndPreVenTcoMPAniesbecoMingsolArgeThATTheyhAVeAMonoPolyPosiTionAndAreMorePoWerFulThAngoVernMenTsorToobigToFAil.”rePreSentAtiVe FroM internAtionAl enVironMent ForuM, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

“ThelAcKoFeFFecTiVeinTernATionAlgoVernAnce,AndTheWeAKnessoFnATionAlgoVernMenTs,AlloWThesehuMAnAcTiViTiesdesTrucTiVeToTheenVironMenTToFArouTWeighThoseThATresPecTnATionAllAWsAndPrinciPlesoFenVironMenTAlresPonsibiliTy.”enVironMent SuStAinAbility ConSultAtion


sustainablegrowthpattern.

Asonecontributortotheenvironmentalsustainabilityconsulta-tionputit:“Theprivatesectorisgettingincreasinglyawareofitsroleforlong-termgrowththatisgreenandinclusiveforsustainabledevelopment.itisprovidingnewideasinthefighttoendglobalpovertybypartneringwithtraditionaldevelopmentplayerssuchasnationalaidagenciesandngos,leveragingsupplychainstocreateeconomicopportunityfortheworld’spoorestpeople,andincor-poratingsocialresponsibilityintotheir

businesspractices.itisanimportantcontributortoshapethegreenandinclusivegrowthagenda.governmentsneedtoensureaconduciveinvest-mentclimatetospurprivate-sectorengagement.”

Achievingenvironmentalsustain-abilityandsustainablegrowthpatternsisauniversalchallengeinthatitaffectsallcountries,andallcountriesmusttakeoncommitmentstoaddressit.Theinternationalcommunityhasaroletoplayinmanagingglobalpublicgoods,andgettingtheincentivesand

accountabilitymechanismsrightfortacklingpublic‘bads’—particularlycarbonemissions,oceanacidityandnaturalresourcedepletion.

deMAnds For More resPonsiVe GoVernMenT

democraticandparticipatorygovern-anceismentionedintheMillenniumdeclarationasthemostimportantmeansofachievinghumanrights.successinmeetingdevelopmentgoalsandpovertyeliminationwassaidtodependongoodgovernancewithineachcountry,andongoodgovernanceattheinternationallevel,particularlyontransparencyinthefinancial,monetaryandtradingsystems.however,theimportanceofresponsiveandaccount-ablegovernancewasnotadequatelyreflectedintheMdgs.

improvementsingovernancearecalledforintwowaysintheconsul-tations.First,therearedemandsformoreaccountabilityandparticipationarisingfromasenseofinjusticeatbeingexcluded.second,thereisakeensensethatwithoutimprovementsinthecapacityandtransparencyofgovern-mentinstitutions,particularlytheircapacitytodeliverpublicservicesandmanagenaturalresources,thebenefitofdevelopinganew,ambitiousdevel-opmentagendamaybelimited.good

“enVironMenTAlissuesArebesThAndledWiThThePArTiciPATionoFAllconcernedciTiZens,ATThereleVAnTleVel,esPeciAllyyouThPArTiciPATion—TheyWillinheriTTheongoinginTer-generATionAlchAllengesoFenVironMenTAlAndecologicAlsusTAinAbiliTy.youTh-inclusiVeAndyouTh-eMPoWeringgoVernAnceiscruciAlToTAcKleenVironMenTAlchAllenges.”goVernAnCe ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort

“iFeelTheWAyourgoVernMenTsysTeMFuncTionsAndineQuAliTyinoursocieTyAreiMPediMenTsForgroWThAnddeVeloPMenT.iFiTconTinuesliKeThisWheTherWePlAnForAWorldPosT2015or2050ThingsWillbeThesAMe”22-yeAr-olD MAle, tAMil nADu, inDiA

Participantsinthethematicconsultationongovernance(Photo:undP)


governanceisseenasadevelopmentoutcomeinitsownright,aswellasakeyenablerforimplementingmeasurestoachievetheMdgsandallfuturedevelop-mentgoals.

Therighttovoiceandparticipationisseenascontributingtopeople’ssenseofdignityascitizens.itisthebasisforamoretrustingrelationshipwithgovern-ments,whichinitselfisanimportantdriverfordevelopment.Therighttoavoiceisnecessarytobringinjusticestothetable,andholdinggovernments,asdutybearers,accountablefornotmeetingtheirobligations.

lackofparticipatorygovernanceisseenasoneofthestructuralbarriersthatdriveinequalities.itisseenascontrib-utingtovolatilesituations,instabilityandpotentialconflictsand,therefore,increasinginsecurity.youngpeopleandadolescentchildrenfeaturedprominentlyintheconsultations,bothascontributorsandassubjectsoftheconversation.Therewasrecognitionofthisgroupasaforce

“heAlThserVicesAreVerybAd,TiMeconsuMingAndlAcKeFFicienTMedicAlserVices.ibelieVeThATcorruPTioncAnbeAFAcTorThATAFFecTsThePoorQuAliTyoFTheheAlThserVice.”MiDDle-AgeD woMAn, brAZil

“WheniTcoMesToTheheAlThTheMeyouhAVeToTArgeTMArginAliZedgrouPsAndheArFroMTheM.”young MAle uSer, FACebooK/online SurVey, JorDAn, JAnuAry 2013

“TheMosTiMPorTAnTPosiTionsinThegoVernMenTAreAllheldbyMen.ThoseWoMenWhoMAKeiTFArinThesysTeMusuAllyenduPholdingMoresyMbolicPosiTions,inso-cAlled‘soFT’MinisTriesWiThouTbeingsuPPorTedbybudgeTsToFulFilTheirduTies.ThisneedsTochAnge.”FeMAle youth PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, yeMen

“noThingForusWiThouTus.”young woMen with DiSAbilitieS, reQueSting to SPeAK without helP or interPreter, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, eCuADor

consultationwithchildrenandyoungpeoplefromunrWAschoolsduringthenationaldialogueinJordan(Photo:un)


fortransformation,butweakparticipationfailstoharnesstheenergyandwillfortransformationamongthisgroup.

inadditiontothestrongrequestsformoreparticipatoryandaccount-ablegovernanceasaright,govern-ancewasrecognizedthroughouttheconsultationsasanecessary‘enabler’toensureeffectiveimplementationofothergoalsandtargets.Thishasbeenillustratedinthesectionsaboveongrowthandemployment,aswellasenvironmentalsustainability.deficitsingovernance—lackofcapacityofinstitu-tions,transparency,corruption,lackofeffectivesystemsofjustice,andlackofaccountability—areseenashinderingtheachievementofMdgsorleadingtounequalachievements.TheArabspringhasshownclearlyhowperceivedinjusticesconnectedtolackofpoliticalparticipationor‘voice’,combinedwith

unequalpatternsofgrowthandlimitedpossibilitiesforeconomicparticipation,canreachatippingpointinseeminglystablesituations.

Thelackofawell-functioningjusticesystemleadstopeoplefeelingpowerless.Anextremeexampleofthiswasfoundincolombia,thecountrywiththehighestnumberofinternallydisplacedpersons(between4.9and5.5million).Thispopu-lationlostitslandandmeansoflivelihoodandisdemandingjusticesothatitsreturnissecureandfair.Therepresentativesoftheinternallydisplacedpersonsareaskingforguaranteesthattheirlandwillbegivenbacktothemandthattheycanreturntothoselandssafely.similarly,actionsfordeminingthefieldsshouldbeundertakentoofferthepopulationsustainableproductivealternativestoensurefoodandnutritionsecurity.

governanceasanenablercameup

indiscussionsaboutlessonsfromimple-mentationoftheMdgsandalsointhecontextoffuturegoals.itwasconsideredfundamental,forexample,toachieveequitableaccesstoqualityeducationandhealthservices,andtoachievebettermanagementofnaturalresourcestoensuresustainableandequitablesupplyofwater,foodandenergy.challengesinachievingimprovementsareoftenseenasbeingconnectedtodeficitsingovernance;and,ontheotherhand,improvementsingovernanceareseenasapreconditionforreachingsustainablesolutions.

incompleteorpartialdecentralizationprocesses,notbackedupwithbudgetaryflexibilityandstrongaccountabilitymechanisms,wereseenascontributingtogrowingdisparitiesbetweenruralandurbanareas,orbetweenthecapitalcitiesand‘therest’.

governanceisinitselfamissing

“youngPeoPleWAnTTobeProAcTiVe,bePArToFchAnge.TheirVieWs,ideAsAndneedsMusTbeTAKeninTodueconsiderATion.youThAreJoiningorgAniZATionsProMoTingciVilPArTiciPATionAndVolunTeerisM…[ToobTAin]MoreoPPorTuniTiesForciTiZenPArTiciPATionAndVolunTAryWorK.”nAtionAl rePort, guAteMAlA, PP1 AnD 12

“WehAVeAhugeneedForAgoVernMenTThATisreAllyconcernedWiThThePeoPle’snecessiTies.WiThThisgoAlWecAnMeeTVAriousoThergoAls.WiThAgoVernMenTThATisreAllyhonesTAndTrAnsPArenT,WecAnresolVeVAriousProbleMssuchAseducATionAndAccessToPoTAbleWATerAndelecTricenergy,WhichArebAsicThingsForhuMAnsurViVAl.”14-yeAr-olD PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, brAZil

“ihoPeThATonedAyiWillbeAbleTogeTMyVieWsAndideAsoVerTodecisionMAKers.”PArtiCiPAnt, FoCuS grouP with youth orgAniZAtionS, JorDAn

“besidesTheAVAilAbiliTyoFMeAgreresourcesFordeVeloPMenTAcTiViTies,ThereisliMiTedcAPAciTyoFThesTATeinsTiTuTionsTouTiliZeFundseFFicienTlyAndeFFecTiVely...corruPTionseVerelyhAMPersProgressToWArdsPoVerTyreducTionAndhuMAndeVeloPMenT.ThePublicAccounTAbiliTysysTeMneedsTobesTrengThenedAndMAdeTrAnsPArenT.ciTiZensshouldbeProVidedoPPorTuniTiesTorAiseTheirVoicesAndToholdAccounTAbleThePublicoFFicebeArersForresulTs.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, PAKiStAn


elementoftheMdgs.Theconsultationsshowthatgreatimportanceisattachedtoresponsivegovernment:thisisseenbothinthecallsforrecognitionoftherighttoparticipateandhaveavoice,andinthedefinitionoftransparentandcapablegovernanceasakeyenablerforachievingothergoals.Thissuggeststhatmoreattentionshouldbepaidinthefuturedevelopmentagendatotargetsthatworktowardsuniversalguaranteesoflegalrightsandidentity,implementationofruleoflaw,ensuringindependentjudiciarysystems,andestablishinganti-corruptionwatchdogs,recoursemechanismsandparticipatorymonitoringsystemsaspartofeffortstoimproveaccountability.

AddressinG conFlicT, Violence And disAsTer

AclearmessagefromtheConflict, Violence and Disasterconsultationwasthatpovertywillneverbeeradicatedifpeopleremainburdenedbyfear,insecu-rityandvulnerability.Acallwasmadeforafutureinwhichallpeopleareguaran-teedalifefreefromthefearofviolence,insecurity,injusticeanddisaster.

Thedramaticincreaseinurbanization,climatechange,ecosystemdegradation,migration,foodinsecurity,conflictandfragility,andotherunexpectedshocksfurtherunderlinestheneedtoconsiderhowtoaddressthismultitudeofrisksandinsecuritiesinthenextdevelop-mentagenda.Theconflict,Violenceanddisasterconsultationstressedthatdevelopmentisneverriskneutral;iteithercreatesandexacerbatesrisksandvulnerabilities,orreducesthem.Thecurrentdevelopmentparadigmdoesnotacknowledgethemultidimensionalandcomplexriskenvironmentmanycountriesfacebytheoverlapoffragility,disastersandconflict.inthisregard,participantscalledonthedevelopmentcommunitytodesignanewdevelopmentmodelwhichaimsatanetreductioninallformsofriskinaflexibleandforward-lookingway.

Thedriversofviolence,conflictandinsecuritycanbetracedtodevelop-mentdeficitssuchasinequality,the

“[PrioriTyshouldbeThe]…FighTAgAinsTcorruPTionWiThinThegoVernMenTAndPriVATesecTorToForMeThic,honesTAndresPonsibleciTiZens,PoliTiciAnsAndbusinessMen;conseQuenTlyAsTrongernATionAndAlessuneQuAlsocieTy.”58-yeAr-olD MAle, PriVAte SeCtor, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, brAZil

“lAcKoFAccounTAbiliTyisAMAinchAllengeForlebAnon.lAWsgeTbreAched,MoneygeTsWAsTed,AndTheconsTiTuTiongeTsViolATedWiThliTTleornoAccounTAbiliTyesPeciAllyToTheindiViduAlsinPoWer.The‘secTAriAncoVer’or‘PoliTicAlTies’or‘FinAnciAlPoWer’AcTAsshieldsAgAinsTAccounTAbiliTy,WhichunderMinesTheruleoFlAW.”online PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, lebAnon

“TheleAdershiPshouldbeMoreTrAnsPArenT,WheTheriTisAbouTsPending,orbudgeTingorPlAnning.”rADio DiSCuSSion, ZAMbiA

“soMeTiMeschildrenoFMinisTersbecoMedePuTiesoFPArliAMenT.TheyhAVenoTeVenserVedinTheArMy,AndTheydonoTKnoWWhATTheProbleMsAre.hoWcAnTheydirecTPeoPle?TheVoTesshouldnoTbesold.”FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, KyrgyZStAn

localleadersduringnationalconsultationsinruralloreto,Peru,december2012(Photo:un)


marginalizationofwomen,thelackofeffectivepoliciesforchildrenandyouth,andthemisuseofnaturalandstateresources.Forexample,theworld’spoorestpeoplearethemostvulnerabletodisasters,includingthosewhichresultfrombothpoordevelopmentplanninginurbansettlementsandtheeffectsofclimatechange.Participantsinthegovernanceconsultationnotedthatconflict,violenceandfragilityhavehinderedtheachievementoftheMdgs,withnofragileorconflict-affectedlow-incomecountryhavingachievedasingleMdgtodate(governanceconsultation,finalreport,p10).

Thenationalconsultationsrevealaclearunderstandingthattherecanbenodevelopmentintheabsenceofpeaceandsecurity.Theconflict,Violenceanddisasterconsultationpointstohowinequalitiesinaccesstonaturalresourcesarecontributingtotheriskofconflict:atleast40percentofinternalconflictsoverthelast60yearshavealinktonaturalresources,andtheriskofconflictrelapsehasbeenshowntobehigherwhennaturalresourcesareunequallydistrib-uted.Thesustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesisnecessarynotonlyforeconomicwell-being,butalsoasaplatformforsustainablepeace.

Theconsultationsalsorevealhow

inequalitiesmakemorevulnerablepeoplelessabletodefendthemselvesfromviolence.Thisreferstothefearofconflict,butalsotoattacksonpersonalsecurity.Thecallforfreedomfromviolenceemergedveryclearlybothintheface-to-faceconsultationsandinthedifferent

surveys.Forexample,inlatinAmericaandthecaribbean,itscoresasthethirdhighestpriorityfortheregion,accordingtotheMyWorldsurveyresults.

Theseinsecuritiesandinequalitiesarecloselylinkedwithinjustice.Personalinsecurityisheightenedwhenpeople

“oVerAllcoVerAgeoFbAsicheAlThserVicesisAbouT45–50PercenT.diFFerencesbeTWeenurbAnAndrurAlAreAsinheAlThAndnuTriTionouTcoMesAndserViceuTiliZATionPersisT,AlThoughTheyseeMTohAVenArroWedoVerThePAsTdecAde,PossiblydueTosigniFicAnTMigrATionTociTies.ThereAresigniFicAnTurbAn–rurAlAndregionAldisPAriTiesinTheAVAilAbiliTyoFheAlThresourcesAndserVices.TheToTAlsKilledWorKForceislArge,buTisAlsoconcenTrATedinurbAnAndbeTTer-oFFregions.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn

“ThereisAshorTAgeoFheAlThFAciliTiesAndMedicAlexPerTsinThiscounTry.oFTenTiMes,ouTsideoFMAJorurbAncenTres,JuniornursesAcTAsdocTors.Thus,WeneedMoredocTors,seniornursesAndobsTeTriciAnsinlocAlAndnATionAlhosPiTAlsAndclinics.”MotherS’ Club, togo

“TheProbleMbeginsATschoolAndconTinuesThroughouTTheuniVersiTyyeArs.uniVersiTiesouTsideoFcAiroAndAlexAndriAdon’ThAVelAborAToryeQuiPMenToreVencoMPuTers,rulingouTreseArch-orienTedsTreAMsorsTudiesinThePredoMinAnTlyrurAlgoVernorATes.”egyPtiAn FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt on the Poor QuAlity AnD CentrAliZeD goVernAnCe oF eDuCAtion CurriCulA AnD FACilitieS

“iWAnTMoreneWschools,MulTi-sToreybuildings,sTAdiuMsAndKindergArTensTobebuilT,noTonlyinThecAPiTAlciTy,buTinAllPArTsoFourcounTry.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, turKMeniStAn

“inMyoPinion,ThebiggesTchAllengeisTheissueoFurbAngoVernAnce.”PArtiCiPAnt, PoPulAtion DynAMiCS e-DiSCuSSion

MatíasMartínez,coastalecology(environmentalngo)(Photo:undPuruguay/Pablobielli)


donothaveaccesstojusticesystemstoproviderealpossibilitiestoseekrecourseforvictimsofviolenceorwherethereislittlerespectfortheruleoflaw.itisfeltinthelackofimplementationofanti-discriminatorypolicies.

Thecostaricaconsultationrevealsthatpoorerpeoplefeeltheyhavefeweroptionsforavoidingdangerandfindingalternativestoprotectthemselves.youngpeoplesaidthattheywalkinfearofbeingattacked.olderpeopletellhowtheyareassaultedwhentheygotoretrievetheirpensions.childreninvulnerablecommu-nities,suchasthoselivinginbarriocuba,aneighbourhoodthatisstrickenbypovertyandviolence,identifieddrugsandbullyingaspriorityproblemsthattheywouldliketosolvetoensureabetterfuture.AwomanfromAlajuelita,acommunitystrickenbyviolence,sharedherstoryaboutherhusbandbeingkilledfornoapparentreasonandnothavingbeenabletobringtheperpetratorsto

“AsyoungPeoPle…ThereisAreAldesireToWorKTogeTherFordeVeloPMenTAndPeAceinTheFuTure…JoboPPorTuniTies,risingineQuAliTies,TheenVironMenT,gendereQuAliTyAndPeAceAndsecuriTyinnorTh-eAsTAsiAAreKeyPrioriTiesTheregion’syouThWAnTToseeAddressedinTheWorld’sFuTuredeVeloPMenTAgendA.”youth rePreSentAtiVeS FroM ChinA, JAPAn, KoreA AnD MongoliA, north-eASt ASiAn youth eVent, JAnuAry 2013

“ThesedAysViolencegoesAllTheWAyToThedooroFyourhouse.youdon´TFeelsAFeAnyMoreeVeninyouroWnhouse.””young MAn, el SAlVADor

“WeMusTdecreAsesociAldisPAriTiesToreduceViolence”35-yeAr-olD FeMAle PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, brAZil

consultationwithchildrenparliamentariansonpost-2015developmentprioritiesduringnationalconsultationinrabat,Morocco,9February2013(Photo:reineVanholsbeek/uniceF)


justice;anotherwomanfromthesamecommunitysaidhersonwasinprisonbecausehedefendedhiswifefromanattack.

genderinequalitiesmakewomenandgirlsparticularlyvulnerabletoviolence.gender-basedviolencewashighlightedinthematicconsultationsandacrossallregionsasasignificanthumanrightsabuseandamanifestationofunequalpowerrelationsbetweenwomenandmen.

Theinequalitiesdiscussionshavealsohighlightedtheimportantroleofcivicengagementandvolunteeringasawayforallpeople,andparticularlythemostvulnerable,tofostertheirsenseofrespon-sibilityandself-worth,andprovideoppor-tunitiesforthemtoconcretelyimpacttheirlivelihoodsandplayaconstructiveroleintheircommunities.

Toaddresstheseissuesofinsecu-rity,inequalityandinjustice,causedbyconflict,violenceanddisaster,thepost-2015developmentagendamustbecomprehensiveandmultidimensional.itmustfocusonthedriversofpeace,explic-itlyensuringpeople’ssecurityandaccesstojustice;equalityandsocialcohesion;participationindecision-making;fair,responsiveandaccountablegovern-ance;theimportanceofinclusiveinstitu-tions;andequitableaccesstoservices,resourcesandeconomicopportunitiesforallsocialgroups.

Participantsnotedthatgovernmentsneedtocreatecoherentsetsofpoliciesthathelpmorevulnerablepeoplebuildupresiliencetomultiplerisksthatmayaffectthemindividuallyorindifferentcombinations.economicdevelopmentpoliciesshouldnotexposecommuni-tiestomorevulnerability—forexample,enforcingcoastalzoneregulationsforhousingandotherinfrastructurealongcoastlines.Thereshouldberegulatoryframeworksandtransparentmechanismsforholdingtheprivatesectoraccount-ablefordamagingpracticesthatharmlocalcommunities.Again,therearecallsforthevulnerabletobeincludedinthedesignofpolicies:“Multipleshocksthataffectcountriesoftheregionincluding

“WeAresTucKinAbAdculTureThATdePriVesWoMenoFTherighTToexPressTheMselVes.conseQuenTly,WoMendon’TsPeAKuPWhenTheyAreAbusedorelse.”CoMMunity leADerS, togo

“AsForMe,iWouldWAnTMyFuTureTobeAMuchMoresAFerAndMoreVibrAnTenVironMenT,MeAningyoungchildren,esPeciAllygirlsAndWoMencAnbeAbleToWAlKAroundFreelyWiThouTbeinghArAssedbydrunKArds,rAscAlsAndolderMen.”girl, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, Port MoreSby, PAPuA new guineA

“ThesToryoFAllWoMenissiMilArAsiFPrescriPTionsoFViolencehAVebeencoMMAndeeredAndsynergiZedForMAxiMuMiMPAcT.FgM,doMesTicAndsexuAlViolenceAreseriousProbleMsThATTrAnscendeconoMic,sociAl,eThnicAndgeogrAPhicAllines…”CiVil SoCiety ConSultAtion, ethioPiA

“ThereisAneedToengAgePeoPle,MoresPeciFicAllyTheyouTh.inTheForMulATionoFThedeVeloPMenTAgendA,WhichinMAnyWAyscAnTieinToAdesireForincreAsedVolunTeerisMThATcAneMPoWeryouTh,TrAnsForMTheoFTenPAssiVerelATionshiPbeTWeenciTiZenAndsTATeinAddressingdeVeloPMenTchAllenges,AndProVideWorKsKills.”KyrgyZStAn nAtionAl rePort, theMAtiC AreAS: VAlueS, P16

“MulTiPleshocKsThATAFFecTcounTriesoFTheregionincludingsAMoAAreincreAsinglyinTerconnecTedAndconVerging,bringingAbouTcoMPlexlinKAges.AFrAMeWorKForbuildingresilienceMusTAddressTherooTcAusesrATherThAnAddressingrecurringcrisesAndseeKTorebAlAnceeconoMic,sociAlAndenVironMenTAlsysTeMs.TheFrAMeWorKMusTAlsobeinclusiVeAndMeeTTheneedsoFThePoor.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SAMoA


samoaareincreasinglyinterconnectedandconverging,bringingaboutcomplexlinkages.Aframeworkforbuildingresil-iencemustaddresstherootcausesratherthanaddressingrecurringcrisesandseektorebalanceeconomic,socialandenviron-mentsystems.Theframeworkmustalsobeinclusiveandmeettheneedsofthepoor.”—nationalconsultationreport,samoa.

A new AgenDA: broAD, trAnSForMAtionAl AnD uniVerSAl

PArTiciPAnTs in The consulTATions Are cAllinG For A neW FrAMeWorK

intheconsultationstherewasasensethatthefocusongoalsnotonlydivertedattentionawayfromimportantpartsandunderlyingprinciplesofthedevelopmentagenda,itmeantthatthefocuswasoftenonsymptomsofproblemsandnotontheunderlyingdriversofprogress.This,aswellastherecognitionthatimportantvalueswerelostintheimplementationoftheMdgs,hasledtocallsforanewframeworkforthenextsetofdevelopmentgoals:aframeworkwhichincorporatesandreaffirmsthevaluesandprinciplesasso-ciatedwithhumanrights,equalityandnon-discrimination,therighttopartici-pate,freedomfromfearandallformsofviolence,accesstojusticeandrespectfornature.Aframeworkthataddressesthemultipleformsofinjusticeandinequali-ties,aswellasmultiplerisksandinsecuri-ties,requirescoordinatedaction.

Withoutanintegratedframework,thereisariskthattheachievementofonegoalcomesattheexpenseofanother.Forexample,ifgrowthisliftingpeopleoutofincomepoverty,wealsohavetolookattheimpactofgrowthonenviron-mentalsustainability.Theconsultationshavedrawnattentiontothecomplexandinterrelatednatureoftoday’sdevelop-mentchallenges.Alloftheissuescanbeformulatedasgoals,butmanyofthemarealsoenablersorfactorsthatinfluence

theachievementoftheothergoals.Forexample,genderequalityandwomen’sempowermentleadtofasterprogressonallotherdevelopmentobjectives.

Asthehunger,Foodsecurityandnutritionconsultationputsit,astheyarecurrentlyconceived,theMdgsaddressthesymptomsofpovertyandunderdevelopment,butmostlyignorethedeepercauses.Thiscanleadtoanover-focusontheaid-basedalleviationofthesymptoms,ratherthansustainable,longer-termdevelopmentsolutions.

Asoutlinedabove,manyofthevaluesandprinciplessetoutintheMillenniumdeclarationarenotonlystillvalid,theyareinevenmoredemandgiventheintractabilityofglobalchallenges.ThenewframeworkshouldbuildonandintegratethevaluesandprinciplesoftheMillenniumdeclaration,butalsotakeonemergingchallengesassociatedwithsustainabilityinallitsdimensions—environmental,socialandeconomic.it

shouldensurethateconomicgrowthisnotpursuedattheexpenseoftheplanet,anddoesnotexcludelargesectionsofthepopulationfromthebenefitsofdevelop-mentprogress.

AswasexpressedbyaparticipantintheWaterconsultation:“TheMdgshaveprovidedacommonplatformfromwhichallstakeholdersagree,planandexecutedevelopment.however,theonethingthattheMdgshavedone,unintention-ally,iscreatesilos—educationhasitsowntarget,waterhasitsowntargetetc.,soeveryoneisworkingintheirownlittlesilosandnottalkingorcheckingwithoneanotherforsynergiesandcommonalities.”Andinthefinalreportofthehealthconsultation:“TheMdgshavealsocontributedtofragmentedapproachestodevelopment:betweenthedifferenthealthMdgs;betweenthehealthMdgsandotherMdgs,suchasgenderequality;andbetweentheMdgsandprioritiesomittedfromtheMdgagenda.”

“ThesePArATioninTosTAnd‐AloneTArgeTsonPoVerTy,hunger,nuTriTion,heAlTh,WATerAndeducATion—WhichreFlecTsTheWorKoFThediFFerenTunAgencies—byAndlArgehAsconTribuTedToFrAgMenTediMPleMenTATionoFThegoAls,AndWhichhAsdiscourAgedcoordinATed,MulTisecTorAlAPProAchesneededTodeliVergreATerAndMoresusTAinAbleiMProVeMenTsinFoodsecuriTyAndnuTriTion.TheuseoFAhigh‐leVelinTegrATedFrAMeWorKillusTrATingTherolesoFdiFFerenTsecTorscAnFAciliTATecoordinATed,MulTisecTorAlAcTions—AlloFWhichArenecessAry,buTnoneAloneAresuFFicienTToAchieVeFoodsecuriTyAndnuTriTiongoAls.”hunger, FooD SeCurity AnD nutrition ConSultAtion


Theinterlinkagesbetweenthedifferentdevelopmentchallengesaresetoutbytopicinchapter3.itwaspointedoutabovethatresponsive,accountable,transparentandcapablegovernanceisadevelopmentoutcomeinitself,butalsoafundamentalenablerforachievingothergoals.Thesameistruetoalargeextentoftheotherissuesaddressedbythe11thematicconsultations.

Thiscanbeillustratedbylookingateducation,whichisseenasafundamentalhumanrightandagoalinitself;butalsoasanenablerforachievingothergoals.infact,oneoftheparticipantsintheMalawiconsultationreferredtoitasthebackboneofdevelopment,whileapartic-ipantinthebrazilconsultationsstatedthateducationisthebasebywhichalltheotherMdgscanbemet.

TheConflict, Violence and Disasterconsultationcallsforconflict-sensitiveeducation,andeducationwhichplaysaroleinpromotingtolerance,peace-buildingandconflictresolution.italsodrawsattentiontotheneedforsafeeducationalinfrastructure,sothatchildrenarelessvulnerabletodisasterrisks.Forenvironmentalsustainability,includingthesustainableuseofenergy,waterandland,educationisseenasvitalincultivatinganunderstandingofhowpeopleinteractwithandrelyontheenvironment.infact,theenvironmental Sustainabilityconsultationcalledfortransformativechangesineducationinsideandoutsideschoolstoraiseknowledgeofsustainabilitychallengesandtheurgencyoftacklingtheirrootcauses,andtoencouragerespectfortheresourcesoftheplanet.educationisseenasimportantintacklingmalnutri-tion,topromotehealthyfoodchoices,andtopromotegoodhygienepractices,allofwhichinfluencehealthoutcomes.educationimproveswomen’sandchil-dren’shealthandinfluenceschoiceoffamilysize.Theinclusionof sexual andreproductive rightsintoschoolcurriculahelpsensurethatwomenmakeinformedchoicesregardingfertility.inthegrowth and employmentconsultation,education

hasakeyroletoplayinhelpingyoungpeoplelearntheskillstheyneedtofinddecentjobs.educationalsohasaroletoplayinreducinginequalities,providedthatitisinclusiveofmarginalizedandexcludedgroups—suchasgirls,childrenwithdisabilities,andgayandlesbiancommunities—andaddressesdiscrimi-nationissuesbymakingyoungpeopleawareoftheirrights.education,especiallycompletedsecondary-leveleducation,hasamultipliereffectonwomen’s and girls’ empowerment.Thegovernanceconsultationrecommendedanti-corruptioneducationaspartofnationalcurricula,andmorebroadlytosupportparticipationindecision-making.

Achievingequitableeducationoutcomesalsodependsonaddressingissuesraisedinotherthematicgroups—issuesdealtwithinotherthematicconsultationswillbedriversorenablersforimprovements(orlackofprogress)ineducationtargets.Forexample,ifthereisnosecureaccesstowater,pupilsaremorelikelytohavetomissschooltocollectwater.Thewaterconsultationhasalsoshownthatprovidingstudents

withaccesstoWAshfacilitiescanboostattendance,increaseachievementandpromoteequity.however,49percentofschoolslackaccesstosafedrinkingwater,and55percentofschoolslackaccesstosanitationfacilitiesinmiddle-andlow-incomecountries(Waterconsultation,finalreport,p14).Populationgrowthanddynamicsalsohavetobeconsideredineducationplanning.

underlyingdrivershavetobeunderstood,inthatifnottackledtheycanhaveanegativeimpactonthesustainableachievementofthegoalinquestion.likeeducation,healthwasseenasinfluencingandcontributingtotheachievementofothergoals,whiletheyinturninfluencehealthoutcomes.goodhealthisdeterminedbymanyotheraspectsofdevelop-ment:education,genderequality,sustainableenergyandnutrition,waterandsanitation,andclimatechangeadaptation.Populationgrowthandageing,aswellasunplannedurbaniza-tion,willallaffecthealthaccessandquality.governanceisfundamentalfordeliveringqualityhealthservices.

studentsfillingoutsurveysinbangladesh(Photo:unV)


conflictanddisasterplaceastrainonhealthservices,includingthoseofneighbouringcountries.unsustainablepatternsofproduction,consumptionandgrowthareseenasunderpinningtherapidriseinnon-communicablediseases,whichaccountedfor65percentofdeathsin2010,80percentof

whichwereinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Furthersignificantincreases(over50percent)areexpectedby2030,especiallyinAfricaandsouthAsia(healthconsultation,finalreport,p47).TheconsultationsinAfricashowedhowunmetenergyrequirementshavedriventhemajorityofpeopletocharcoalas

asourceofenergyand/orlivelihoodsforruralandsomepartsofurbanareas,withnegativeeffectsonhealth.globalinequalitiesreflectedinexistingtraderegulations,includingthoseonknowledgeandtechnologytransfer,areseenashinderingaccesstodrugsforthoseindevelopingcountries.

“lAcKoFeducATionisTherooTcAuseoFMATernAldeAThinZAMbiA.hoWWillWeFindbeTTerJobsAndholdThegoVernMenTAccounTAbleWhenWedonoThAVeProPereducATion?WeMusTinVesTineducATionATThePriMAry,secondAryAndTerTiAryleVels.”town hAll Meeting, luSAKA, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, ZAMbiA

youngcommunityleaderfromsãoPaolowritesdowntheprioritiesofhisgroupduringaconsultationinbelfordroxo,brazil,January2013(Photo:JosivalAndradedesouzaPinto)


Asthefinalreportofthehealthconsultationputsit:“Furthergainsinimprovinghealthoutcomesrequiregreatersynergiesbetweenhealthandothersectors.Thiscouldbefacilitatedbyframinggoalsinsuchawaythattheirattainmentrequirespolicycoherenceandsharedsolutionsacrossmultiplesectors:thatis,awhole-of-governmentor‘health-in-all-policies’approach.”

Andregardinggovernance:“Thelargestgovernancechallengeforpolicycoherencerelatestointra-governmentalandinter-governmentaldecision-making,wherepublichealthprioritiesareoftenoverruledbyotherinterests,forexampletraderelationships.”

Thethematicconsultationongovernancerecommendedthat“humanrightsshouldbetheyardstickforpolicycoherence”.Thelinksbetweenachievingwater,energyandfoodsecuritywerearticulatedclearlyintheconsulta-tions:“Theissuewefaceinmoderndaysocietyisweforgettheinherentlinkagesbetweenwater,energyandfood.Wetendtolookatshortagesofeachoftheseresourcesinisolationandtrytofixthemwithoutfullyunderstandingtheimpactofouractions.Forexample,ifwewanttoproducefoodinalocationwherethenaturalecosystemcannotsupportourfavoritecrops,we‘fix’theproblembypumpingupgroundwaterortransportingitfromlongdistancesandmixingitwithfertilizers(energy)togrowthecrops.Thisfixusuallymeansanincrediblyinefficientredistributionofresourcesthatendsuphurtingecosystemsanddebilitatingthenaturalcyclesofourplanet.”—Participant,Waterconsultation

Theconflict,Violenceanddisasterconsultationnotes:“Tobuildsustain-ablepeaceandensurefreedomfromfear,thepost-2015developmentagendamustaddressthestructuralnatureoftheunderlyingcausesofconflict,violenceandinsecurity,whichmeansafocusonruleoflaw,governance,equality,inclusionandeconomicopportunities.”

Alloftheabovereinforcesthecallforfuturegoalstobesetinaframeworkthat

reflectsthehumanrightsapproachandcorevaluesofequality,justice,freedomfrominsecurityandviolence,andrespectfornature.Thisframeworkshouldalsobeusedasthebasisfordevisingasystemformonitoringprogress—i.e.progressmaybemonitoredineachgoal,buttoavoidsiloesandcompetitionbetweengoals,overallprogressshouldalsobemonitoredagainsttheoverarchingframework.

Thisframeworkfordesigninggoalsshouldmeanthatsustainabilityissuesandanylonger-termimpactontheenvironmentaretakenintoaccount—forexample,whenmeasuresaimedataddressingfoodsupplyandsecurity,water,energy,sanitationandhousingaredesigned.coordinationandpolicycoherencewillbekey.Forinstance,effortstointroduceincentivesthatencouragemorerationalandefficientuseofnaturalresources—namely,byputtingapriceonthem—mayruncountertoeffortstoensureaccessibleandsafewaterandenergyforall.Poorpeoplemaynotbeabletopaythepriceofwhatareregardedasbasichumanneeds,whichareusuallyofferedfreeoronasubsidizedbasis.yetwithoutbettervaluationofwaterandunderstandingofitslinkstoenergy,therewillbelimitedprogressinaddressingglobalwarming.notonlywillsustain-abilityissuesneedtobetakenintoaccount,buteconomicgrowthmodelsandsocialprotectionsystemswillhavetobeadaptedaccordingly.

structuralchangesineconomiesaimedatcreatingmoreproductivejobs,especiallythosethatinvolvetheagriculturalsector,willhavetoconsiderhowtheproposedchangesaffectlocalecosystemsandlocalfoodsupply.otherpoliciesaimedatjobcreationwillhavetotakeintoaccounttheirpotentialeffectonvulnerabilitytodisasters.Forexample,oneparticipantinJamaicaexpressedherconcernsaboutgovernmentpoliciesondevelopingthetourismsectorinwesternJamaicabygrantingpermitstobuildbeachsidehotels.shesensedafrictionbetweenthejobcreationgoals,andtheneedtoprotectthecoastlineandensure

thatthepoliciesdidnotmakecommuni-tiesmorevulnerabletodisaster.

Theaboveshouldnotdetractfromthefundamentalimportanceofdevisingasetofclear,measurable,boldbutrealisticgoals,whichcangalvanizeactiontoimprovespecificoutcomes.

cAlls For TrAnsForMATionAl chAnGe cenTred on PeoPle

Theconsultationshavecalledformoreambitiousgoals,butbeyondthis,therearecallstoredirectourdevelopmenttrajectoryinanambitiousway.Thisisexpressedinthecallsfortransformationalchange,coupledwithexpressionsofconfidencethatwehavetheknowledgeandcapacitytotakeonsuchtransformation,providedthattheinternationalcommunityhasthewilltoactcollectivelytotakethisambitionforward.Transformativechangecallsforputting people—theirrights,aspirationsandopportunities—at the centre of development:forexample,fornewwaystoenableeducationandlearning;fornewwaysinwhichwemanageandvaluenaturalresources;anditcallsintoquestioneconomicgrowththatisvoicelessandjoblessandattachesnocosttothedepletionofnaturalresources.

Transformationalchangealsoinvolveschangingthewayinwhichtheinternationalcommunitydoesbusiness,includinggettingtheupwardanddownwardverticallinksbetweenglobal,nationalandlocalpriorities.Thiswillempowerpeopleinlocalcommunitiestohavetheirvoicesheardandheededathigherlevelsandtotakeactionsfortheimprovementoftheirownlivesandthoseoftheirfamiliesandcommunities.itwillextendmechanismsthatstrengthenaccountability,participatorymonitoringandrecourse.itinvolvesreconsideringtheuseofgrossdomesticproduct(gdP)asthestandardmeasurementofdevelop-mentprogressandusingpeople-centredandenvironmentallysensitivemeasuresaswell,ifnotinstead.itinvolvesfosteringnewpartnershipswiththeprivatesector,


whichcanbeatremendousdriverofchangeifthereareappropriateregula-torysafeguardscoupledwithrecognitionthatsustainableproductionprocessesalsomakebusinesssense.Thecallsfortransformationalchangearecoupledwithwarningsagainstthefutilityanddangeroftryingtoachievesustainableprogressby‘incremental’changeorpursuing‘businessasusual’.

The FuTure AGendA hAs To Be uniVersAl

Thereisacallthroughouttheconsulta-tionsforauniversalagenda—forrecog-nitionthatinourincreasinglyglobalizedworldthedevelopmentchallengesareglobalandallcountriesareinterlinked.Thereareissuesandvaluesthatspanallcountries:humanrights,sustainability,equalityandsecurity.Andthereareissuesandchallengesthathavetobetackledcollectively.Thekeyglobaldevelopmentchallenges—andtheuniversalnatureofthesechallenges—cannotbereducedtorichcountriesprovidingaidtodevel-opingcountriestoeliminateextremepoverty.This‘businessasusual’approachtodevelopmentmissesthekeypointsemergingfromtheconsultations.Thereisamoralimperativeforrichcountriestocontributetoovercomingpoverty,but

alsototackleglobalinequalitiesthroughreformsintradeandfinancialinstitutions,whichrepresentsomeoftherootcausesofpoverty.richcountriesshouldbetakingtheleadintransformingtomoresustainableconsumptionandproductionpatterns,andshowinghow—withtherightincentives—existingknowledgeandtechnologycanbeharnessedtoachievethiswithoutthreatstopeaceandsocialstability.Partnershipsmustbeformedtoovercomesustainabilitychallenges,wherebyeachcountrytakesoncommitmentsandresponsibilities,andcanbeheldaccountableforfulfillingthem.

Populationdynamics,genderinequalityandviolenceagainstwomen,achievingsustainableenergyforall,watersecurityandsustainablefoodproduction,adifferentqualityofeducationandhealthservices,andadifferentqualityofjobsandemploymentareallchallengesfeltindifferentwaysbycountriesthroughouttheworld.however,althoughtheagendashouldbeuniversal,allconsultationspointoutthatthereshouldalsobesomeflexibilityforglobalgoalstobeadaptedtolocalcircumstances.Asthehealthconsultationreportputsit:“Anyfuturehealthgoalmustbeuniversallyrelevant.

everycountryishometofamiliesandindividualswholackthefinancialmeans,nutrition,medicineorcaretoprevent,treatandmanageillness.however,notwocountriesarethesame:targetsandindicatorsmustbeadaptabletoacountry’shealthprioritiesandcircumstances.”

dATA concerns

ithasbeenseenthattheconsultationscallloudlyandclearlyformoreaccount-ableandresponsivegovernance,andtoleavenoonebehind.itisalsorecognizedthat,toensureaccountabilityandtackleinequalities,moredata,betterdata,newtypesofdataandmoreaccessibledataareneeded.Theneedforadatarevolu-tionhasbeenrepeatedseveraltimes.

intheinterestsofensuringauniversalhuman-rights-basedapproach,thereisaclearagreementthatthereshouldnolongerbeafocusonjustnationalaggre-gates,butondisaggregateddata—byincomequintile,geographicregion,sex,andbyrelevantsocialgroups,particularlythosemostexcluded.Asdiscussedabove,thefocusonaggregateindicatorsdivertsattentionfromthemostdisadvantagedandmarginalized,whocontinuetobe‘leftbehind’.

TheAddressing inequalitiesconsul-tationcallsforparticipationinmonitoringprocesses,supportedbymeasurestostrengthenthecapacityandcoverageofnationalandsubnationalmonitoringandevaluation,datacollectionandanalysis.Thesewillbeneededtotracktheimpactofpolicies,legislation,budgetsandprogrammes,includingbythosemostdisadvantagedandexcluded.Thereshouldbetrulyparticipatoryassessmentofthesemeasures,andmechanismsforlocallyledcitizenmonitoringandfeedbackonprogressandperformance.however,boththisconsultationandtheenvironmentalsustainabilityconsultationpointoutthat,forcitizenmonitoringtobeeffective,communitiesandvulner-ablegroupsneedaccesstothenecessarytoolstoallowthistypeofmonitoringtobeeffective(forexample,education,

“WeAlsocAllForAdATAreVoluTionForsusTAinAbledeVeloPMenT,WiThAneWinTernATionAliniTiATiVeToiMProVeTheQuAliTyoFsTATisTicsAndinForMATionAVAilAbleToPeoPleAndgoVernMenTs.WeshouldAcTiVelyTAKeAdVAnTAgeoFneWTechnology,croWdsourcingAndiMProVedconnecTiViTyToeMPoWerPeoPleWiThinForMATiononTheProgressToWArdsTArgeTs.”hlP rePort, P21


capacity,resource,information).Thereisagreementthattherearenew

waysofmeasuringtargetsthatwerenotpreviouslyconsideredmeasurable.Forexample,thegovernanceconsultationunderlinesthatgovernanceandhumanrightscommitmentsaremeasurable,andthatthereisawiderangeofdatasourcesfromwhichindictorsforpost-2015demo-craticgovernanceandhumanrightscommitmentscanbedrawn.Judicialindependenceandaccessibilitycanbemeasured,ascanpersonalsecurityandpoliticalparticipation.Moreover,thereisscopeforsector-specifictargetsonfiscaltransparencyandcitizenaccount-ability.Theaccountabilityandmonitoringframeworkcouldincludepeerreviewmechanismsand/orcitizenscorecards,wherebycitizensgradetheservicesprovidedbytheirgovernments,followedbysocialhearingwhereserviceprovidersandmembersofcivilsocietydirectlyengageoneanother.

indicatorsforconflictandviolencepreventionarerelativelynew,butagaintherearealreadymodelsandtoolswhichprovideexamplesofhowprogresscanbemeasured.Theenvironmentalsustainabilityconsultationnotesthatmethods,toolsandexamplesalreadyexisttomonitorenvironmentalexternali-tiessuchasnaturalcapitalaccountingandgreenaccounting.

boththePopulationdynamicsandthehealthconsultationspointtotheneedtofurtherstrengthennationalcapacitiestocollectandanalysedemographicsocio-economicandlabourdata,prepareprojec-tionsandintegratedemographicdatawithothercriticalsocialeconomicandenvironmentalstatistics.Moreresourceshavetobedevotedtoimprovingnationalcivilregistration,andtoensurethatdisaggregatedpopulationdatabyage,sex,disabilityetc.areavailabletodesign,implementandmonitorprogrammesandaddressdisparities.Thegrowthandemploymentconsultationhighlightstheneedforlaboursurveys,andharmoniza-tionofdefinitionsandsurveyinstruments.richcountrieshavetheexpertiseand

shouldinvesttheresourcestohelppoorercountriesimplementsuchsurveysatrela-tivelylittlecost.

Alongsidethevitaltaskofstrength-eningtraditionalformsofstatistics,therearenewandinnovativemeansofcollectingdatawhichcanbeimple-mentedwithlittlefinancialinvest-ment,andwhichcanfillsomeofthegapsinmonitoringindicators.TheseincludeusingnewtechnologiessuchassMsmessagingandcrowdsourcing.Qualitativeperceptions,quality-of-liferesponsesandsenseofwell-beingcanbeasimportantasquantitativemeasuresofoutcomes.Theconsultationscallforparticipant/serviceusersurveysandfocusgroups,andotheroptionsforqualitative,participatoryassessmentbydisadvantagedgroups.Theeducationconsultationcallsforreportingmecha-nismsandprocessesthatincludeschoolsandcommunities.however,effortswillberequirednotonlytoimplementandstandardizethesenewmethodsofdatacollection,buttoensurethattheunderin-vestmentintraditionalstatisticalsystemsisovercome.

Withinthehealthconsultationtherewasacallforanoverallgoalof

‘sustainablewell-beingforall’,whichcouldcapturethelinksbetweenhealthandotheraspectsofwell-being.oneoption,goingbeyondsectoralmoni-toring,couldbetoincludeameasure-mentofdifferentaspectsofdeprivationssuchasaMultidimensionalPovertyindex,whichshowsthedeprivationsahousehold(orchild)experiencessimul-taneously,highlightingthepoorestofthepoorasthoseexperiencingalargesetofsimultaneousdeprivationsatthesametime.Thiswouldnotonlyhighlightchangesinmultidimensionalpoverty,butalsoillustratetrendsinsocialexclusionandmarginalization.

To suMMArize

Theconsultationsshowfirstandforemostthetremendousappetitethatexistsgloballyforpeopletoplayacentralroleinshapingandchangingtheirworld.TheyhighlightthatthefundamentalareascoveredbytheMdgsarestillcriticallyimportant,andnotonlyforpeoplelivinginpoorercountries.ThefirstjobofanynewdevelopmentframeworkmustbetofinishtheunfinishedbusinessoftheMdgsandensurethecontinuinginvestmentsneededtocompletethoseMdgtargetareaswhicharestillpartialinnature.

drawingbyirenastepanovic,8yearsold,whotookpartinadrawingcontestonthetopic‘TheserbiaiWant’.Thisdrawingpresentshervisionofserbiaafter2015(Photo:uncTserbia)


Atthesametime,thereisacalltostrengthenambitionsoastoreachtheremainderoftheworld’speoplewhoarestilllivingwithmanyunacceptableexpressionsofpoverty,deprivationandinjustice.Therearecallsto‘gettozero’onthecurrentnon-universaltargets,gobeyondquantitativetargetsthatdonotcapturequalityissues,andtranscendthesiloapproachtogetamoreintegratedandholisticapproach.Theframeworkshouldarticulateahumanrightsapproachunderpinningeach‘sectoral’goal,anduniversalvaluesofequality,justiceandsecurity.

TherearealsocallstogobeyondtheMdgsandincludechallengesthatarenowbecomingcriticalforourcommonglobalwell-being.ManyoftheseelementsandprincipleswereaddressedintheMillenniumdeclarationbutdidnotfigureintheMdgs.Fourissuesstandouthere:inclusivegrowthanddecentjobs;governanceandaccountability;peaceandsecurity;andenvironmentalsustain-ability.Participationinthemajorityoftheseconsultationsalsoshowedclearlyhowimportantvaluessuchasequalityare.Peoplearedemandingnotonlyeducation,foodandhealth,butalsojustice,participationanddignityforeveryone.Thereisnolastingprogressifpeopleareleftbehind.

Theconsultationsindicatedforcefullythattoday’sglobalchallengescannotbeapproachedinsilos:progressinallofthemisrequiredatthesametime.Thereisaneedforaholisticandhuman-rights-basedapproachthattakesintoaccounttheissueofsustainabilityinallitsdimensions.Thepovertyreductionagendacannotbeseparatedfromtheactionsneededtosafeguardourplanet.Theintegratedapproachmustclearlylinkthe‘traditional’Mdgmultidimensionalpovertyreductionagendawithachievingsustainabledevelopment:povertyreductionwithinthecontextofsustain-abledevelopment,wherebysustainabledevelopmentreferstoaframeworkwhichusesahumanrightsapproachandincor-poratesissuesofeconomic,socialandenvironmentalsustainability.

Finally,theypointtotheneedforadatarevolutionandasoundframeworkforpeople-centredmonitoringofprogressandensuringaccountabilityduringimplementation.Theconsulta-tionsthemselvesshouldbeseenasthebeginningofthisdatarevolution:anexampleofaparticipatorydatacollec-tionexercise,andalsoanexampleoftheoptionsforandbenefitsofgivingcitizensmorevoiceandopportunitiesforpartici-pation.n

noTes

1 Theundgunitesthe32unfunds,programmes,agencies,departmentsandofficesthatplayaroleindevelop-ment.Thegroup’scommonobjectiveistodelivermorecoherent,effectiveandefficientsupporttocountriesseekingtoattaininternationallyagreeddevelopmentgoals,includingtheMdgs.

2 www.myworld2015.org.3 TheMdgsweredrawnfromtheMillenniumdeclarationaswellastheunconferencesofthepreceding

decade,butwithlimitedpopularengagement.somegroupshavecriticizedtheMdgsforcapturingareducedandsimplisticvisionofdevelopment:onethatignoresthelinkagesbetweenissuesaswellastherootcausesofpoverty,inequalityanddiscrimination.

4 PopulationdynamicsandtheirimplicationsfiguredprominentlyinthediscussionsinAsiaandthePacific,including,forexample,inVietnam.“Vietnamisundergoingauniquedemographicprocess.Alargeyoungpopulationandarapidlyageingpopulationareprovidingbothchallengesandopportunitiesfortheyoungandoldandsocietyingeneral.Foryoungpeople,thechallengeistofindmeaningful,productiveemploy-ment.Forolderpeople,itistosecureadequatestatecareandsocialsecurityinthefaceoftheerosionoftraditionalhouseholdcaringforolderpersons.Thesetrendsarecompoundedbyrapidurbanization,whichisre-shapingthepopulationdistributionofthecountryandfuellingeconomicgrowthinurbancentres,whilstsimultaneouslyplacingstressontheurbanenvironmentandurbanmanagement.Thesedemographicchangeshighlighttheneedforacomprehensivesocialprotectionsystemforall.”—VietnamPost-2015Agendacountryconsultationreport

5 unitednationsgeneralAssembly,Millenniumdeclaration,unitednations,newyork,2000,http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf.

6 Addressinginequalitiesfinalreport,p53.

http://www.myworld2015.org

http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf


DiVerSe StAKeholDerS AnD MethoDS oF outreACh

Thischapterreportsonthemessagescomingoutfromthenationalconsultationsthathavetakenplacein88countriesacrosstheworld.TheseconsultationshavebeenledbyuncountryTeams(uncTs)withtheinvolvementofnationalgovernments,andwerecarriedoutbetweenoctober2012andJune2013.somearestillongoingandare,therefore,notreflectedinthisreport.countriesinallsituationshaveparticipated:bothlow-andmiddle-incomecountries,includingleast-developedcountries,smallislanddevelopingstates(sids),landlockedcountries,countriesaffectedbyconflictorhighdiseaseburdens,andthosewithlargeindigenouspopulations.

2| one Million Voices FroM Around The World

consultativeprocessinTanzaniaonpost-2015withyoungpeoplewhilefilmingthedocumentary‘listentous’(Photo:un/unFPA)


Themainfocushasbeenonreachingouttopoorandmarginalizedpeople:thosewhowouldnotnormallyhavethepossibilityofcontributingtothepost-2015debate.Theyincluded,forexample,children;youngpeople;lesbian,gay,bisexualandtransgender(lgbT)people;indigenouspeoples;tradesunions;theprivatesectorinmanycountries;displacedpeople;homelesspeople;farmers;prisoninmates;andgangmembers.butthesewerebynomeanstheonlygroupswhichparticipated.ineachcountryandregion,theconsul-tationscoveredabroadspectrumofstakeholders.nationalandlocaldecisionmakerswereengagedinthisprocessineachcountry,aswererepresentativesoftheprivatesector,and—togivejustafewexamples—membersofthemilitaryarmedforcesinecuador,andjournalistsandacademicresearchinstitutesiniraq.Manyoftheconsultationswerefacilitatedbylocalcivilsocietyorganizations(csos),andsomewerecarriedoutwithsub-nationalgovernments.

Thisdiversityincontributorshasbeenmatchedbythediversityofthetoolsusedforoutreach.Theconsultationmethodsvaryfromcountrytocountry,butmost

combinedamixofon-andofflinesurveys,radiophone-ins,textmessaging,socialmedia,focusgroups,interviewsandmulti-stakeholdermeetings.Whileeffortsweredirectedatengagingawiderangeofviews,insomecases,vulnerablegroupswerenotalwaysreached.(AfulldescriptionofprocessissuesisprovidedinAnnex1.)

Whilethefocusofthischapterisontheresultsofthenationalconsultationsexplicitlyconvenedbytheundg,wehavealsobenefitedfrominputsfromcsosandtheprivatesector,includingfromhigh-incomecountries,andfromconsultations

withmarginalizedpopulationsconductedundertheaegisofthebeyond2015campaign.Thenatureoftheexercise—convenedbyunteamswithdevelopmentcooperationprogrammes—hasmeantthathigh-incomecountriesarelessrepresented.however,thescopeoftheglobalconversationonanewdevelopmentagendahasbenefitedfromactionandconsultationsledbyinter-nationalandnationalcsosineuropeandnorthAmerica,aswellastheworkofunregionalcommissions.

one Million Voices: A neW source oF dATA on deVeloPMenT chAllenGes

Asfaraspossiblewehavetriedtoavoidimposingtoomuchorderonthisrichanddiversematerial.Thereisariskoflosingtherichnessandimmediacyofthemessagesand,inparticular,losingthesometimesstrikingperceptionsoftheinterconnectednessofthedevelop-mentchallengesaffectingpeopleandtheircommunities.respondentshavedifferentlevelsofawarenessandtechnicalknowledgeoftheissues,butwehavetriedtoavoid‘translating’contributionsintotechnicalterms.however,inevitablycondensingthevastamountofmaterialshasledtosomecompromises.

The88nationalconsultationsdemon-stratethatpeoplefromdifferentwalksoflifehaveanintuitiveunderstandingofdevelopmentchallengesandtheirinterlinkageswithoutnecessarilyhavingbenefitedfromexpertiseandanalytical

ThroughaninnovativeballotdesignedbyundPandProcterandgambleinThailand,childrencolourintheirprioritiesontheMyWorldglobeaftervotinginbanKlonghuaynaschool,Phetchabun,Thailand(Photo:Markcogan/undPThailand2013)

“ThoughThesegoAls[Mdgs]AddressediMPorTAnTdeVeloPMenTAreAssuchAsPoVerTyreducTion,educATionAndheAlTh,ThereQuiredinTer-linKAgesbeTWeenThegoAlsArehoWeVerMissing–ThishAsledToAnAbsenceoFsynergyAndconsTiTuTesTheMAinshorTcoMingAcrossAlloFTheMdgs.”reSPonDent, nAtionAl Country ConSultAtion, irAn


reportsdevotedtothedevelopmentchallengesofourtime.Thisreportandthenationalconsultationsonthenewdevelopmentagendahavecreatedanewsourceofdata,butonewhichdrivesthedialoguetowardsconvergence.Thecrowdsourcingmethodsusedforthisprocessvalidateexpertreportsproducedunderthisandotherstreamsinthepost-2015dialogue.

Forthepurposesofthisreport,wehaveslicedupthe88nationalconversa-tionsintoregional-sizebites.however,asameasureofaccountabilitytothehundredsofthousandsofpeopleengagedinthisprocess,eachcountryhasanationalreportwhichisvalidatedatcountrylevel.Foracountry-by-countryconsolidationoftheresultsofnationalconsultations,themostcompletesourcesareeachofthe88nationalreports.

Theregionalanalysesthatfollowdonotattempttosummarizeallissuesthataroseinallcountriesbut,rather,toexplorethemostsalientthemes.Manycommonthreadsemerge,butalsomanydifferencesbetweenregionsandwithinregions,reflectingboththeneedandcallforauniversalagenda,ontheonehand,andanagendawhichallowsflexibilitytotakeintoaccountdifferentcontexts.Wehopethattheregionalapproachcomple-mentsotheravailablereportswhichfocusonglobaltrends.bymakingtherawmaterialavailable,wealsohopethatinterestedanalystswilldelvefurtherandlookatothercategories—forexample,atthespecificneedsandprioritiesof,forinstance,middle-incomecountries,countriesexperiencingconflict,sids,leastdevelopedorlandlockedcountries.

cAlls To KeeP The consulTATion chAnnels oPen

Aswashighlightedinchapter1,theconsultationshaverevealedahugeappetiteanddemandforinvolvementnotonlyinthedesignofthedevelopmentagenda,butalsoinitsfutureimplementa-tion,throughmechanismswhichallowpeopletoholdgovernmentsandtheinternationalcommunity—andinsome

casestheprivatesector—accountable.Peopleareaskingnotjustforaone-offconsultation,butforanongoingconver-sationaboutthefuturetheywant.indeed,duringthecourseofconveningtheseconsultationsweseesignsoffatigueatthemanyconsultationprocesseswhichaskforparticipationbutremainaone-off‘extractive’conversation.Theunprec-edentedengagementofcivilsocietyandotherstakeholdersinthisdialogueandtherichnessofthematerialgeneratedwillhopefullytriggerthebeginningofaprocessthatwillestablishandmaintainthelinksbetweencommunity-level,local,national,regionalandglobaldebatesonthepost-2015agenda.Thenationalconsultationsareseenbymanystakeholdersasthelaunchofalongerconversation,someofwhichwillbetakenupinthenewglobalagenda,andsomeofwhichrequiresnational,localorevenregionalresponses.

Theconsultationsalsorevealcallstostepuppressurefordecisionmakersandpolicymakerstobemoreaccount-ablefordeliveringonthesegoalsatthe

nationalandgloballevels.Atthisstage,theresultsofthenationalconsultationsarebeingdiscussedwithgovernmentsatthenationallevelandinsomecasesatregionalforums.Manygovernmentsseetheviewswhichhaveemergedduringtheseconsultationsasavaluablesourceofinformationfortheirnationaldevelop-mentplanning.Astheintergovernmentalprocesstodefineanewagenda—includingtheopenWorkinggrouponsustainabledevelopmentgoals—movesforward,memberstatesarebenefitingfrominputsfromthehighlevelPanel,aswellasfromexpertswithinandoutsidetheunstructures.Thepeopleconsultednotonlyhaveaclearsenseofpriorities,theyalsoproposesolutionsandarekeentoparticipateinputtinginplacemeasurestodeliverthefuturetheywant.Thisrichnessoftheresults,andthesuccinctandimmediatewayinwhichmanypartici-pantsexpresstheirprioritiesandrecom-mendationsforthefuture,areelementstobebroughttotheattentionofmemberstatesastheymoveforwardwithfinalizingandimplementingtheagenda.

ensuringthatthevoicesofallgroupsofthedominicansocietyareheardduringthePost-2015developmentAgenda(Photo:unV/undP/sararomero)


beforediscussingtheresultsofthenationalconsultations,itisworthlookingattheresultsoftheMyWorldsurvey(resultsbyregionarereportedintheregionalsummariesbelow).overall,theMyWorldresultssuggestaclearandresoundingcallforeducation,health,securejobsandincome,andhonestandresponsivegovernmenttobepartofthepost-2015agenda.TheseprioritieshavebeenexpressedbyMyWorldvotersfrom

alltypesofcountriesandallcategoriesofpopulation(old,young,male,female);theyconfirmthatthecorefocusofMdgscontinuestoberelevantandthatMdgsshouldundoubtedlybethebuildingblocksforourfuturedevelopmentagenda.comparedtoMyWorldresults,thenationalconsultations,whichemploymethodsthatallowadeeperdiscussionofparticipants’concernsandtheimpactoflocalpolicies,revealamuchgreater

preoccupationwithtacklinginequalities

ofmanykinds,througheconomicpolicies

whichpromotejobcreation,improved

andmoretransparentandinclusiveforms

ofgovernance,physicalsecurityandrule

oflaw;theyalsorevealarealandgrowing

awarenessofthefragilityoftheenviron-mentandthethreatstolivelihoodsfrom

growthpatternswhichdonottakeinto

accountenvironmentalsustainability.

Theyalsopointtocultureasanintegral

partofdevelopmentandsocialcohesion.

inadditiontotheapproximately

800,000peoplewhohavetakenpart

intheMyWorldsurvey,approximately

362,600peoplesharedtheirviewsduring

thenationalconsultations.brokendown

byregionthisis:110,000peoplein31

sub-saharanAfricancountries;20,600in

latinAmericaandthecaribbean;92,000inAsiaPacific;16,000intheMiddleeast

andnorthernAfricaregion;and124,000

peopleineasterneuropeandcentralAsia.

tAble 1 counTriesunderTAKingnATionAlconsulTATions

AFricA

AsiA And The PAciFic

lATin AMericA And The cAriBBeAn

ArAB sTATes

eAsTern euroPe And cenTrAl AsiA

AngolabeninburkinaFasoburundicamerooncapeVerdecôted’ivoiredrcethiopiagabongambiaghanaKenyalesotholiberiaMali

MalawiMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiquenigernigeriarwandasaoTomeandPrincipesenegalsouthAfricaswazilandTanzaniaTogougandaZambia

bangladeshbhutancambodiachinaindiaindonesiairanMongoliaPakistanPhilippinesPapuanewguineasamoasolomonislandsThailandTimor-lesteVietnam

boliviabrazilcolombiacostaricacubadominicanrepublicecuadorelsalvadorgrenadaguatemalahondurasJamaicaPerusantaluciaTrinidadandTobagouruguay

AlgeriadjiboutiegyptiraqJordanlebanonMoroccosaudiArabiasudanyemen

AlbaniaArmeniaAzerbaijanbelarusgeorgiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanKosovoa

MoldovaMontenegroTajikistanTurkeyserbiaTurkmenistanukrainea.Asperunitednationssecuritycouncilresolution1244

“WeAllKnoWWhATTheProbleMsAndsoluTionsAre.ThesehAVeAllbeensTudied.WhATWeneedTodoisAgreeonhoWThesechAngesWillbeMAde.WeneedAshiFTFroMQuAnTiTATiVe(Mdg)TArgeTsToQuAliTATiVechAnge.”CiVil SoCiety exPert, lebAnon


VoiCeS FroM Sub-SAhArAn AFriCA

Angola, benin, burkina Faso, burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Côte d’ivoire, DrC, ethiopia, gabon, gambia, ghana, Kenya, liberia, Mali, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, niger, nigeria, rwanda, Sao tome and Principe, Senegal, tanzania, togo, uganda, Zambia1

oPTiMisM ThAT AFricA cAn TAKe on deVeloPMenT chAllenGes

Theconsultationsinsub-saharanAfricadrawattentiontotheconsiderablehumandevelopmentchallengeswhichremaininthesubcontinent,aswellastotheunfinishedbusinessoftheMdgagenda.buttheyarealsomarkedbyaperceptiblenewsenseofoptimismandconfidenceintheabilityofAfricancountriestotakeontheirchallenges,andareadinesstoexploredifferentwaysoftacklingthem.Thisoptimismiscoupledwithastrongemphasisontheneedtoachieveeconomicstructuraltransforma-tiontoachievemoreinclusivegrowthandabetterqualityofemploymentforthemajorityoftheworkingpopulation.

Thisisseenasfundamentalforputtingcountriesonapaththatcouldguaranteegreaterlonger-termself-sufficiency,aswellasmoresustainabledevelopmentandhumandevelopmentgains.

Thisoptimismandconfidencewhichpermeatestheconsultationsispartlybuoyedbyrecenteconomicsuccesses:thecontinenthasbeenregisteringconsistentandpositivegrowthratesaveraging4.9percentfrom2000through2010.however,recentgrowthhasbeenlargelydrivenbyafewcountriesthatbasetheirgrowthratesontheirnatural

resourceendowments.giventhelackofdomesticmeansforvalue-addition,themereextractionandexportofnaturalresources—whileaccountingforthegrowthingdP—hashardlygeneratedadditionaljobsorsocio-economicdevel-opmentoutcomes.Asinotherpartsoftheworld,growthpatternshavenotalways—ornotyet—translatedintoequallypositiveemploymenteffects,andlargesectionsoftheworkingpopulationarevulnerable,withlowwages.

consultationsinMozambique, togo, rwanda, tanzaniaandMalawipointto

girlhubAmbassadorexplainingtheMyWorldsurveytothechildrenofeFoTecschool(Photo:Markdarrough/girlhubrwanda)

“WhATneedsTobedoneToMAKeliFebeTTerForThecoMinggenerATion?WeneedToconTinueonThecurrenTdeVeloPMenTPATh:inVesTingininFrAsTrucTure,huMAndeVeloPMenT,JobcreATion,goodgoVernAnceAndsoon.ciTiZensMusTPArTiciPATeAndoWndeVeloPMenT.MoreeFForTisneededForbeTTercoordinATionAndsynergyinAsseTcreATion.inVesTTodeVeloPeThicAlciTiZenry,ensureThATThePublicsecTorAndMArKeTProVidecerTAinQuAliTysTAndArdsoFgoodsAndserVices.deVeloPMenTProgrAMMesneedToTArgeTTheFAMilyAscenTrAlFocusWiThshAredAndMuTuAlresPonsibiliTyForAchieVingdeVeloPMenTresulTsATThehouseholdleVel.”PArtiCiPAntS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, ethioPiA

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/regions/160431































thepowerthatstructuraltransformationofeconomiescouldhaveonpeoples’live-lihoods.Theagriculturalsectorissingledoutasthelargestemployerinmanycountries,andtherearecallsformassiveinvestmentsinthissectortogeneratepoverty-reducingjobs.Thiskindoftrans-formationisseenashavingapotentiallycatalyticeffectonaddressingeconomicinequalitiesinAfricaand,particularly,ongreaterinclusionofyoungpeopleandwomenineconomicactivities.

sub-saharanAfrica’srelativelylargeyoungpopulationisseenasaformidableresourcethatcouldspurfurtherprogress,providedthatthereareopportunitiestoparticipateindevelopment.

MyWorldlaunchesintheMaldiveswiththesupportoflocalcelebrities.inthispicture,Maldivianstudentsvotefortheirpriorities.(Photo:unrco,Maldives)

“ourdeVeloPMenTsTrATegyshouldbeonselF-reliAnceAndnoTbeggingForFinAnciAlAssisTAnceAsWeAreblessedWiThenoughnATurAlresourcesForoursusTAinAbledeVeloPMenTiFWiselyAndeFFecTiVelyuTiliZed.leTuschAngeourMindseTFroMbeggingToselF-reliAnceAsbeggingisnoTsusTAinAble.”PArtiCiPAntS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, ethioPiA

“WhileWeWouldAcKnoWledgeWhATeVerAidhAsdoneToourcounTries,buTWeshouldbeAbleTolooKon‘WhATiF...AidWAsnoTThere?’AndForsure,WeMighTbebeTTeroFFThAnnoW.WecouldbeMoreorgAniZed,ciTiZensWouldbeMoreenlighTened,ThereWillbesTrongWATchdogbodiesAndbilAshAKAleVeloFcorruPTionWouldbeMiniMAl.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, tAnZAniA

“iFThereWereMoreJobPosiTions,iTWouldbeAWAyToFighTPoVerTy.ThegoVernMenTshouldinVesTinseTTinguPFAcToriesAndoTherJobsThATcAnProVideeMPloyMenTForloW-sKilledWoMen,WhoAreTheMAinVicTiMsoFPoVerTy.Forus,WoMen’seMPloyMenTisTheKeyToeVeryThing,soWecAnhAVeAccessToFood,reAsonAblehousing,schoolingForourchildrenAndgrAndchildren,heAlThserVices,eTc.”woMAn PArtiCiPAnt, beirA, MoZAMbiQue

“ThereAreMAnyneWcoMPAniesinThecounTry,buTThereArenoJobsForyoungPeoPle…APosT-2015AgendAMusTbringsTrATegiesTogiVeyoungPeoPleVocATionAlTrAining,eMPloyMenTAndhousing;WeWillMAnAgeTheresTbyWorKing.”young StuDent, MoZAMbiQue


Moststakeholderscallforamovetowardsmanufacturingandindustri-alization,coupledwithinvestmentsinselectedsectorsofagriculture,forthecreationofproductiveemploymentopportunities.however,itisalsorecog-nizedthatpoorinfrastructure(road,rail,electricity,telecommunicationsandirriga-tion)isstillactingasamajorconstrainttotransformation.Participantscallforgreaterinvolvementoftheprivatesector,aswellassteppingupinitiativestocreateenablingenvironmentsforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.

Thisfocusoneconomictransforma-tionemergingfromtheconsultationsmayalsobeduetosignsofincreasingpoliticalwilltoformpartnershipsaimedatinvestingininfrastructureandeconomictransformation.Forexample,thenewPartnershipforAfrica’sdevelopmentiscoordinatingwithAfrica’sdevelopmentpartnersandregionaleconomiccommissionsoninfrastructuredevelopment.TheAfricanPeerreviewMechanism,establishedin2003,hasservedasapowerfultoolforpeerpressureandconstructivedialogueamongstmemberstates,whichareaddressingkeychallengesrelatedtodemocraticandpoliticalgovern-ance,corporategovernance,economicgovernanceandsocialandeconomicdevelopment.inaddition,thecontinentisalsopoolingeffortsandresourcesininfrastructuredevelopmentfortransportnetworksandenergywithincountriesandacrosstheregion.Theconsultationsconfirmaperceptionthatinfrastructureneedsremainenormous,butcountriesintheregionarelookingfornewwaysofmeetingthem.

youthconsultationsessionheldintheAngolaprovinceofKwanza-sulinnovember2012(Photo:uniceFAngola/2012/samandjata)

“econoMicAlly,WeliVeATTheMArginoFsocieTy.noTMAnyPeoPlebuyourWorK,clAiMingThATTheydon’TeArnenoughTobeAbleToAFFordArTWorKs.soWeAreATTheirMercy.”ArtiStS, togo

“sTreeThAWKersAreArresTed,disPossessedoFTheirgoods,AndJAiled,AndThesTArT-uPsMAllcAPiTAldisAPPeArs.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, rwAnDA

“ThegroWingroleoFThePriVATesecTorTocreATeneWJobsPArTiculArlyinindusTryAndMAnuFAcTuring,AsAcoMPleMenTTogoVernMenTFAciliTATedJobcreATion,isessenTiAlTodriVeAMoreWidesPreAdgroWThinZAMbiA.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, ZAMbiA

“WehArVesTedlArgeQuAnTiTiesoFcornThisyeAr,buThAVenoMArKeTToselliTTo…ToMAKeMATTersonlyWorse,ThereisnoAdeQuATeinFrAsTrucTure(roAdsAndrAilWAys)ThATWecAnuseTosellourgoodsAcrossThecounTry.”woMen FArMerS, togo


9 August 2013

MyWorldsurVeyresulTsAFriCA

“AgriculTureAndFoodsysTeMsnoWAdAysAreexPosedToMoreunPredicTAbleAndexTreMeWeATherPATTernsAndcondiTions,deTeriorATingecosysTeMs,groWingcoMPeTiTionoVerscArceresourcesAndincreAsinglyhighAndVolATilePrices.”woMAn FArMer, rwAnDA

“ourcoAsTlinesArePolluTed.WedeMAndThATThesnPTcoMPAnyFindsAdiFFerenTlocATionToduMPiTsToxicWAsTesThATcoMeFroMexTrAcTingAndWAshingPhosPhATe.WesuFFeriMMenselyFroMThisAndiTMusTbeAddressedsoon.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, togo

“TherAPidProgressoFThedeserT,ThedeTeriorATionoFFishsTocKsAndMArineenVironMenT,desTrucTionoFbiodiVersiTy(deForesTATion,degrAdATionoFWeTlAndsAndPArKs)AccelerATedAndunconTrolledurbAniZATionAndThenon-exisTenceoFreliAblecollecTiVesysTeMsoFsAniTATionAndWAsTeTreATMenTAndhouseholdWAsTeAreThechAllengesourcounTryhAsToFAce.”DiAlogue with CSo networKS, MAuritAniA


A diVerse conTinenT WiTh diFFerinG PrioriTies

despitetheoptimism,theconsulta-tionshighlighttheconsiderablechal-lengesthatstilllieahead.countriescontinuetofacerelativelyhighpovertyrates,havelowlevelsofeducationtocontributemeaningfullytodevelop-ment,andcanbarelycopewiththeburdenofdiseases.reducingpoverty,enhancingfoodsecurityandnutrition,improvingaccesstoqualityeducationandhealthcare,aswellasaccesstocleanwaterandsanitation,arerepeat-edlymentionedasprioritiesinalltheconsultationreports.TheMyWorldsurveyresultsfortheregionconfirmthisfinding:goodeducation,betterhealthcare,betterjobopportunities,andaccesstocleanwaterandsanita-tionappearasthetopfourissuesofconcern.Theresultsalsoshowthesignificancethatparticipantsattachtohavinganhonestandresponsivegovernment,bothforthemanage-mentofnationalresourcesandforcreatingthefiscalspacetoprovidequalityservicestocitizens.

TheresultsforAfricamaskintra-regionaldifferences.Formostlow-incomecountries—27outofthe31countriesthatcarriedoutnationalconsultationsinsub-saharanAfrica—meetingbasichumanneeds,povertyreductionandinclusivegrowtharecentralandreoccurringthemes,whileaddressinginequalities,migrationissues,growthandemployment,environmentalsustainabilityandthepromotionofgoodgovernanceresonatemorewithlowermiddle-incomeandmiddle-incomecountries(7outofthe31countries).similarly,goodgovernance,peace,security,humanrightsandtheruleoflaw,environmentalsustainabilityandaddressinginequalitiesareemphasizedmorebycountriesthatarerichinmineralresources.inaddition,infrastructuredevelopmentandregionalintegrationisarecurringthemeinallcountriesbutisstronglyemphasizedbyparticipantsinlandlockedcountries.

PeoPle undersTAnd The iMPlicATions oF enVironMenTAl deGrAdATion

environmentalsustainabilityandclimatechangearefrequentlycitedasconcerns,andthereisevidenceofagrowingawarenessoftheimpactofhumanactionsontheenvironmentanditseffectonlivelihoods.Africareliesheavilyonitsnaturalenvironmentforagriculturalproductionandgrowth,includingforfishing,tourism,trade,transportandenergy.Anynegativeimpactontheenvironmenthasfar-reachingimplications.referencestopreservingtheenvironmentaremadeinseveralconsultations.Formostland-lockedcountries,suchasrwanda, Malawi, uganda, ethiopia, niger, burkina Faso, MaliandZambia,environ-mentalconcernscentrearoundchangingweatherpatternscausedbydeforestationandlanddegradation.ThishasadirectimpactonfoodsecurityformostpartsofAfrica,whereagricultureproductionisrain-fed.inaddition,waterscarcityandthelossofarablelandarealsoseenasdirectresultsofenvironmentaldegrada-tion.MostcountriesrealizethatunmetenergyrequirementshavedrivenmostoftheAfricanpopulationtounsustain-ablemeansofsurvival,suchasmakingcharcoalasamainsourceofenergyandlivelihoodsformostpopulationsinrural

areasandshantytowns.coastalcountriesandsidsarecontin-

uallybeingimpactedbythenegativeseffectsofclimatechange,suchasthelossofshorelinesanddestructionofmarineecosystems,andraiseconcernsdirectlyconnectedtothesustainablemanagementofwaterresources.Forexample,youngpeopleingabonraisetheimpactofclimatechangeandhumanactivityonPort-gentil,whichtheyfearmaydisappearfromthemapbecauseofcoastalerosion.Thiswouldleadtothelossofarablelandandothermeansoflivelihoodsforcommunitiesaroundthecoast.Participantsinbenin, togo, nigeria, liberia, ghana, Côte d’ivoire, South Africa, tanzaniaandMozambiquealsoraiseconcernsaroundcoastalerosion.Thiswillhavesignificantimplica-tionsfortourismandtrade,andexposecommunitiestomorevulnerabilitiesasso-ciatedwithchangingweatherpatterns.

FishingcommunitiesalongtheAtlanticcoastofAfrica(togo, liberia, Côte d’ivoireandnigeria)decrythedepletionoffish,whichremainsthemainsourceofproteinformillionsofAfricans.Thishasbeenduetopollutionanddestructivefishingpracticesbylargeindustries.Thesameisechoedincountriesalongtheindianoceancoast(tanzania, KenyaandMozambique).in

Womenengagingduringthenationalconsulationinsenegal(Photo:un)


othercases,siltation,coastalerosionandsedimentationarecitedaskeyconcernsindiscussionsontheenvironment.ParticipantsinMalawi, Mozambiqueandtanzaniapointtotheimpactthatsiltationhashadonhydroelectricpowergenera-tion.Thisisarealconcernfortheregion,asitreliesheavilyonhydroelectricpower.

PeoPle see educATion As The BAcKBone oF All deVeloPMenT

Theimportanceofeducationwasemphasizedinseveralconsultations.Forexample,women’sgroupsintogo linkilliteracytotheabilitytomakewisedecisionsoninvestmentsofallkinds:youthinsaonicolasduringthenationalconsultationincapeVerde(Photo:un)

“educATionisThebAcKboneoFdeVeloPMenT,suchThATeVenduringAPPlicATionoFFerTiliZer,oneneedseducATion.”youth ConSultAtion, MAlAwi

“ToFixThisProbleMoFPoVerTy,ThePrioriTyisTheeducATionThATchAngesPeoPle’sMinds.”ArtiSt, ZAMbiA

“lAcKoFeducATionisTherooTcAuseoFMATernAldeAThinZAMbiA.hoWWillWeFindbeTTerJobsAndholdThegoVernMenTAccounTAbleWhenWedonoThAVeProPereducATion?WeMusTinVesTineducATionATThePriMAry,secondAryAndTerTiAryleVels.”PArtiCiPAnt, town hAll Meeting, luSAKA, ZAMbiA

“WeWAnTTheQuAliTyoFeducATionToiMProVeiFWeAreTodeVeloPAsAnATion.TheForM4sTudenTsoFThesedAysdonoTKnoWhoWToreAdAndWriTeProPerly,WhereAsForM2oFoldisMuchbeTTerThAnTheForM4oFThesedAys.”woMAn PArtiCiPAnt, DiStriCt ConSultAtionS, MAlAwi

“deVeloPMenTisAchieVedThroughhuMAncAPiTAlAndinVesTMenTineducATion.yeT,eVeryoneAgreesThAToureducATionsysTeMisFAiling,AsiTisFocusingonQuAnTiTyinsTeAdoFQuAliTy,AndunsuiTedToTheneedsoFdeVeloPingcounTriesAndTheirlAbourMArKeTs…”oPinion leADerS FoCuS grouP, MAuritAniA

“WhileschoolisFree,noTebooKsAnduniForMsArenoT.MAnyoFourPeerscoMeToclAssWiThonlysoMegAriThATTheycAneATForlunch.iT’sTooMuch,WeArePoor.”PriMAry SChool PuPil, togo

A Million Voices: The World We WAnT | A susTAinAble FuTure WiTh digniT y For All 53

who do not have sufficient and accurate information about their field of activity in terms of opportunities.”

education is repeatedly mentioned as important by youth groups, csos and minority groups across a range of countries, as it gives one the skill sets required to engage in meaningful economic activity, make the right health choices and contribute to a host of other development outcomes.

Almost all the countries that conducted national consultations have removed user fees to primary education to ensure access to all and address gender inequalities. While this policy has increased enrolment, the quality of education has been adversely affected, as governments have struggled to make the necessary inputs into this investment model. unqualified teachers, high pupil-to-teacher ratios, insufficient teaching and learning materials, inadequate infra-structure and outdated and non-respon-sive curricula are all contributing to low educational outcomes.

Participants in the consultations often cite the lack of basic literacy skills in children graduating from primary and secondary schools in recent years and are calling for governments to invest in ‘quality education’ at all levels.

A demAnd for better heAlth services And sociAl protection coverAge

health concerns also dominate the consultations. relatively high hiV/Aids prevalence (east and southern Africa alone account for 34 percent of the world’s infected population), malaria and high infant and maternal mortality rates remain key issues in the health debate. The impact of hiV and Aids cannot be underestimated. Aids has erased decades of progress despite notable success in extending antiretroviral treatment to many in Africa, and significantly fewer new infections.

Participants in the consultations call for measures to improve the availability of drugs and tackle inadequate health infrastructure. They point to the lack of

“The kids coMe hoMe sAying TeAchers Are on sTrike. AT The end oF The yeAr, Though, eVeryone grAduATes desPiTe noT MeeTing ProPer educATion sTAndArds.”Community leader, Burkina Faso

“our generATion hAs beneFiTed FroM uniVersAl PriMAry educATion And Are AbouT coMPleTing secondAry educATion. WhAT cAn be done To iMProVe The educATion leVels oF our PArenTs Who Are illiTerATe And hAVe To MAke MAjor decisions in our liVes?”student, the GamBia

“We WAnT A FuTure Where We hAVe enough MedicATion in The clinics And The heAlTh Workers Are cAring And eVeryone is TreATed equAlly regArdless oF WheTher They Are MAle or FeMAle, liVing WiTh hiV And Aids or is liVing WiTh A disAbiliTy.”PeoPle livinG with hiv and aids, Burkina Faso

“There is A shorTAge oF heAlTh FAciliTies And MedicAl exPerTs in This counTry. oFTen TiMes, ouTside oF MAjor urbAn cenTres, junior nurses AcT As docTors. Thus, We need More docTors, senior nurses And obsTeTriciAns in locAl And nATionAl hosPiTAls And clinics.”mothers’ CluB, toGo

“WhAT AbouT our colleAgues ThAT Are PhysicAlly chAllenged, hoW do you exPecT TheM To go The ToileT on Their oWn When There inAPProPriATe FAciliTies For TheM? iT is eMbArrAssing For TheM To be escorTed To The ToileT Where one is exPecTed To enjoy PriVAcy.”student, malawi

54 A Million Voices: The World We WAnT | A susTAinAble FuTure WiTh digniT y For All

personnel and accessibility to health centres as well as the need to confront the growing incidence of non-commu-nicable diseases (ncds). in almost all the countries people highlight the need for governments to ensure equal access to social services for women, people living with hiV/Aids, people with disabilities and other minority groups. The issue is particularly salient for people with disabilities, for whom access to education, health care and sanitation facilities is a real challenge. People living with hiV/Aids continue to face discrimination and stigma when accessing social services.

For most countries, the provision of some form of social protection is seen as

young woman presents causes of inequality and social inclusion during the national consulatation in uganda (Photo: un)

“…The Prying eyes oF socieTy, ThAT We Find iT hArd To exPose ourselVes Publicly. oFTen We heAr PeoPle sAy ThAT We MusT MAke Public The nAMes oF PeoPle liVing WiTh hiV…”PeoPle livinG with hiv and aids, Burkina Faso

“A ForM Four girl shAred ThAT girls Who Are on ArVs Are discriMinATed AgAinsT in boArding schools in MAlAWi. As soon As iT is knoWn ThAT They Are TAking drugs, oTher girls begin To shun TheM And They droP ouT oF school soMeTiMes. schools need To coMe uP WiTh PlAns To ProTecT Those Who Are hiV PosiTiVe And TAking ArVs in schools.”national Consultation, malawi

“There Are noT enough docTors To TreAT illnesses ThAT Are sPeciFic To The elderly. We Are TreATed WiThouT Much ATTenTion To our needs.”elderly Person, national Consultation, Burkina Faso

“We TAke cAre oF our grAndchildren Who Are AlreAdy orPhAns And becAuse We hAVe no MiniMuM condiTions To giVe TheM Food, cloThing And educATion, These children end uP hAVing Their FuTure jeoPArdized becAuse MAny oF TheM go To The sTreeT looking For surViVAl.”elderly woman, muhala County, namPula, mozamBique

“We should encourAge MATernAl And inFAnT heAlTh And MAke iT Free For children under 5 To geT heAlTh cAre. This ProgrAMMe should be exTended To eVeryone — noT jusT Those in urbAn cenTres.”national Consultation, Benin


necessarytohelpliftvulnerablegroupsoutofabjectpovertyandpreventtheintergenerationaltransferofpoverty.consultationsinsomecountriescallforapost-2015agendathatwouldprovideminimumsocialprotectionrightstovariousgroups.inrwanda,therearecallsforimprovedsocialprotectionprogrammesforpeoplewithdisabilities,whileintogo,minoritygroupsandthedisenfranchisedcallforfreehealthcare.insouthernAfrica,wheretheprevalenceofAidsisveryhigh,thepandemichasleftthousandsoforphanswhoareeitherheadsofhouseholdsorcaredforbygrandparents.Thismakestheprovisionofsocialprotectiontothisgroupaparticu-larlypressingissue.

childrenwhoheadhouseholdsoftenstruggleonmanyfronts.Theyusuallyendupdroppingoutofschooltomakealivingand,insomeinstances,engageinriskybehaviourtosurvive.Theprovisionoffood,healthcare,education,housing,waterandsanitationisofcriticalimpor-tancetothesechildren.

Participantsinmanycountriescallfortargetedsocialprotectionforthemostvulnerablehouseholds,whileextendingotherformsofsocialprotectionandsafetynetstoable-bodiedsegmentsofsocietytorebuildtheirresilienceandbreakthepovertycycle.

lackoffoodsecurityandpoornutritionisrepeatedlymentionedasoneofthewaysthatpovertyhasmanifesteditselfinamorepronouncedwayinmanyAfricancountries.in2012,sub-saharanAfricahadtheworld’ssecondhighestglobalhungerindex,withalarminglevelsofhungerinsomepartsoftheregion.overall,highprevalenceofhungerandmalnutrition,particularlyamongchildren,remainsamajorchallenge.Althoughsub-saharanAfricahasabundantagriculturalnaturalresources,millionsofpeoplecontinuetoremainhungryandmalnourishedduetolowagriculturalproductivityduetoweathervariability,naturaldisastersandpoliticalinstability.Participantsfrom rwanda, Malawi, ethiopia, nigerandMaliraise

foodproduction,availabilityandaccessaspriorityissuestobeincludedinthepost-2015agenda.

PeoPle in AFricA cAll For eMPoWerMenT oF WoMen

genderinequalitycontinuestobeanissueofconcern.Althoughprogresshasbeenmadeinclosingthegap,achieve-mentisuneven.Forexample,whilerwanda,Malawi,Zambiaandseychelles

hadreachedparityinprimaryeducation

in2010,southAfrica,swaziland,namibia,

Madagascaranderitreashowedaslight

regression.unfortunately,genderparity

hasdecreasedatsecondarylevelsof

education,withevenwidermargins

intertiaryeducation.somecountries,

includingrwanda,southAfrica,Angola,

Mozambique,capeVerde,lesotho,benin,

gambia,nigeria,Tanzania,burundi,

“FoodProducTionAndTrAdingAreexPAndinginThecounTry.FoodPriceshoWeVerhAVeAlsogroWninThesAMeProPorTion.ThechAllengeisThATMosToFushAVenoJobsTogenerATeMoneyTosPendeVenonFood.PeoPleFeedongoodFooddePendingonAFFordAbiliTy…”woMAn in A MArKet, rwAnDA

“TAnZAniAAsAcounTryshoulddeclAreAMorAToriuMonFAMineAndhungerbyAllMeAsures.ThisWouldMeAnWeMobiliZeAllThenecessAryresourcesToWArdsAddressingFoodinsecuriTyissues.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, tAnZAniA

“TheFuTureisgriMForusWoMensMAllholderFArMers.inlocAlcusToMs,onlyMeninheriTlAnd,AlThoughWoMendoMosToFTheWorKinFields.ThissTrucTureKeePsusdePendenTonMenAndshAcKlesusinPoVerTy.”woMen FArMerS, togo

“WeAresTucKinAbAdculTureThATdePriVesWoMenTherighTToexPressTheMselVes.conseQuenTly,WoMendon’TsPeAKuPWhenTheyAreAbusedorelse.”CoMMunity leADerS, togo

“rWAndAnWoMenseeTheMselVesrePresenTedinPArliAMenTAndinsocieTy,WorKinghArd,buTiTissTilldiFFiculTToAFFordbAnKguArAnTee.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, rwAnDA


ethiopia,seychellesandugandahavemadeimpressivegainsinincreasingthenumberofwomeninnationalparlia-mentsanddecision-makingpositions,butthisisnottrueforallcountries.ThemajorityofwomeninAfricaarepoorandnoteconomicallyempowered,stillsufferfromviolenceandabuse,andarenotwellrepresentedinvariousgovernancestruc-tureswheretheirvoicewouldmatter.

inotherpartsofthesubregion,particularlyinethiopia, tanzania, benin, Côte d’ivoire, togo, burkina Faso, Sudan anduganda,issuesofunfairtreatment,includingsexualviolenceandgenderdiscriminationduetorepressiveculturalpractices,camestronglyfromwomen’sgroupsandcsos.

TrAnsPArencY And GoVernAnce AT The core

goodgovernanceandresponsivegovern-mentsarerecurringthemesinmostoftheconsultationsintheregion.

Mostcountriesinsub-saharanAfricahavedemocraticgovernmentsthataredecentralizedtovariousdegrees,buttherewereconcernsraisedaboutalackofeffectivepolicyimplementationandinstru-mentstosafeguardpublicinterests.Mostparticipantsdrawattentiontothelackoftransparencyandaccountability,includingalackofaccountabilityformembersofparliamentstothecommunitiestheyrepresent,andveryweakaccountabilitymechanismsfornationalandsubnationalbudgetallocationsandexpenditures.

Poorservicedeliveryintheprovisionofsocialservices(health,education,waterandsanitation),especiallyinruralareasandperi-urbanareas,isseenaspartlyaresultofpoorlyimplementeddecentralizedadmin-istration.decentralization,includingfiscaldecentralizationanddevolutionofpowerforservicedelivery,isseenasparticularlyimportantamongparticipantsinbenin, Malawi,anduganda.

openingupspaceforeffectiveandincreasedcitizenparticipationisanotherareaoffocusinthenationalconsultations.Participants,particularlyatsubnationallevelsandfromminority

“ThesToryoFAllWoMenissiMilArAsiFPrescriPTionsoFViolencehAVebeencoMMAndeeredAndsynergisedForMAxiMuMiMPAcT.FeMAlegeniTAlMuTilATion,doMesTicAndsexuAlViolenceAreseriousProbleMsThATTrAnscendeconoMic,sociAl,eThnicAndgeogrAPhicAllines.deVeloPMenTWhichisAbouTFAciliTATingTheMeeTingoFTheseneedsshouldThenbecenTredonhoWnorMsAndrighTsWouldenAbleMeeTingWoMen’sneedsAndFulFilTheirPoTenTiAl.”CiVil SoCiety ConSultAtion, ethioPiA

“TheleAdershiPshouldbeMoreTrAnsPArenT,WheTheriTisAbouTsPending,budgeTingorPlAnning.”rADio DiSCuSSion, ZAMbiA

“WeAreTheFuTureleAdersoFTodAy,ToMorroWAndbeyond2015,AndourrighTs[ToexPression]hAVeTobeheArd.”14-yeAr-olD girl, luSAKA SeConDAry SChool, ZAMbiA

“iTMAniFesTsiTselFThroughrenT-seeKingbehAViourWhichrAisesTheTrAnsAcTionscosTsonMAnyPublicAndPriVATeAcTiViTies.corruPTionnoTonlyrAisesThecosTsoFdoingbusinessAndleAdsTosQuAnderingoFPublicresources,buTiTisAlsocorrosiVeToThenATionAlPsyche.iTerodesTheculTureoFTrusTThATisnecessAryForThedeePeningAndbroAdeningoFMArKeTs.ThereFore,coMbATingcorruPTionAndProMoTinggoodgoVernAnceshouldbeAninTegrAlPArToFThePosT-2015deVeloPMenTFrAMeWorK.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, MAlAwi

“TheonlyWAyoFsusTAiningbeneFiTsFroMTheexPloiTATionoFnon-reneWAbleresourcesisToMAKesureThATbeneFiTsFroMTheseresourcesAreinVesTedinToAlTernATiVecAPiTAl,suchAshuMAncAPiTAlAndinFrAsTrucTureToensureThATTheProducTiVecAPAciTyoFTheeconoMyisnoTdecliningAsTheresourcesgeTdePleTed.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, tAnZAniA


groups,expresstheneedtocontributemeaningfullytopolicyformulation,planning,budgetingimplementation,andmonitoringofdevelopmentagendas.youngpeopleinallnationalconsultationsareparticularlyvocalinexpressingtheneedtobeincludedinpolicydebatesandimplementation.

Forresource-richcountriessuchasAngola, Côte d’ivoire, Democratic republic of Congo, gabon, ghana, liberia, nigeria andZambia,rootingoutthecultureofcorruptionissingledoutasakeypriorityforthepost-2015agenda,alongsidetransparencyinthemanage-mentofnaturalresources.Forthesecountries,economicgovernanceasabroadthemeresonatesstrongly.

Participantsintanzania, Mozambique, ugandaandMalawi—countriesthathaverecentlydiscoveredmineralandenergydeposits—raisemanagementofnaturalresourcesasaparticularconcern,toavoidthe‘resourcecurse’phenomenon.Peoplecallforexplo-rationofnationalcapacitiestoexploittheseresources,forincreasedtranspar-encyincontractualarrangementswithmultinationalcompaniesintheindustry,formoreconsiderationtobegiventodisplacedcommunities,andclearplansforinvestingthebenefitsfromextractiveindustriesintonationalhumancapitalandinfrastructure.

securiTY And sAFeTY As A PrecondiTion For deVeloPMenT

Manyresource-richcountries,butalsoothersthatareeitherinorrecoveringfromconflictorinsecurity,areparticu-larlyconcernedaboutsecurityandsafetyasapreconditionfordevelop-ment.consultationsinAngola, burundi, Côte d’ivoire, Democratic republic of Congo, liberia, Mali, nigeriaandrwandaallenvisionapost-2015agenda

wheresecurityfromconflictandcrimeand,therefore,peacewillbeguaran-teed.countriesthatshareborderswith‘fragile’states,suchasuganda(borderingsouthsudan),Kenya(somalia),ethiopia(somaliaandsouthsudan),niger(libya,Mali),Senegal (Mali)andburkina Faso(Mali)raisetheissueofsecurity,particularlyaroundtheirbordertowns.inaddition,participantsinmanycountriesemphasizethenegativeimpactthat

PreparationforfocusgroupdiscussionatthelaunchofthePost-2015consultationinTamale,northernghana(Photo:Mariambalmasalifu,nationalservicePersonnelwithundP)

“ThePosT-2015deVeloPMenTAgendAMusTTAKeAMoreinTegrATedAPProAchTodeVeloPMenT.heAlThcAreAloneWillnoTsuFFiceiFPeoPledonoThAVeAccessTocleAnWATerAnddecenTsAniTATion,oriFTheydonoThAVenuTriTiousFoodorTheylAcKAbeTTereducATion.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, ZAMbiA


instabilityandconflicthaveonhuman

development,andtheaddedburden

thatdisplacedpopulationsexertonthe

provisionofsocialservicesinneigh-

bouringcountries.itisnotsurprising,

therefore,thathumandevelopment

indicesforcountriesinconflict—andthe

bordertownsofneighbouringcountries

inmostcases—fallbelowregionaland

nationalaverages.

concernsaboutpersonalsecurity

areraisedeveninpeacefulcountries.

Poverty,migrationandinsecurityfrom

crimeandviolence,oftenexacerbatedby

inequalities,arefrequentlymentioned.

Theconsultationspointtoincreased

crimeratesincitiesandhomesinMalawi,

Zambia, Kenya, Senegal, Mauritius,

ethiopia, nigeriaandSouth Africa,

aswellastheever-presentthreatof

violenceagainstwomenandchildren.

communitiesinghanasituatedinconflict

areascallforpeace,becausewithoutit,

theyareunabletocultivatetheirfarms.

unFinished ProGress on The MdGs, And neW reAliTies in AFricA

overall,theconsultationsinAfricareveal

theunfinishedbusinessontheMdg

agenda,andmore:theyexposenew

realitiesandchallengesthatneedtobe

addressed,suchasqualityofeducation

andhealthcare,growinginequalitiesand

unemploymentevenincountriesexpe-

riencingeconomicgrowth,thestrong

connectionbetweentheenvironment

andpeople’slivelihoods,andtheimpor-

tanceoftakinganintegratedapproach

todevelopment.Theseissueshave

resonatedwithallstakeholdergroups:

women,men,youngpeople,policy-

makers,minoritygroupsandtheprivate

sectoralike.

regionAl ConSultAtionS inAFricA

Since 2000, African countries have been fully engaged in the implementation of the MDgs. to increase the role of African stakeholders in shaping the post-2015 agenda, the economic Commission for Africa (eCA), the African union Commission (AuC), the African Development bank (AfDb) and unDP initiated a series of processes at the regional and continental levels aimed at articu-lating an African Common Position on the post-2015 agenda.

Four regional and subregional consultations have been held so far in AAccra (ghana) in november 2011; Mombasa (Kenya) in october 2012; Dakar (Senegal) in December 2012; and hammamet (tunisia) in March 2013. Stakeholders from a total of 53 African countries repre-senting governments, regional economic Communities, civil society organizations including youth and women’s organizations, parlia-mentarians, academic institutions and the private sector participated in the regional consultations including through an online survey.

the four regional consultations resulted in an outcome document outlining the key issues to be included in the African Common Position. the outcome document was discussed at the Au Forum of heads of States and governments in May 2013. the forum took collective action to endorse the following key priorities for Africa:

i. Structural economic transformation and inclusive growth – inclusive sustainable growth, agriculture, food security and nutrition, green growth, industrialization and value addition, infrastructure and development;

ii. innovation, technology transfer and research and development – enhanced technological capacities;

iii. human development – eradication of poverty, education and human capital development, universal and equitable access to quality health care, gender equality and women’s empowerment, popula-tion dynamics, disaster risk reduction and access to decent shelter;

iv. Financing and partnerships; and

v. Development enablers – the domestic, continental and global enabling environments for development.

next StePS: the five agreed priorities for Africa are to be developed into goals, targets and indicators for discussion at the next Au Summit.


VoiCeS FroM lAtin AMeriCA AnD the CAribbeAn

bolivia, brazil, Colombia, Costa rica, Cuba, Dominican republic, ecuador, el Salvador, grenada, guatemala, honduras, Jamaica, Peru, Saint lucia, trinidad and tobago, uruguay2

PeoPle in lATin AMericA And The cAriBBeAn AsK ‘WhY do soMe PeoPle noT enJoY A Good liVinG?’

“Whydosomepeopleinthiscountrynotenjoya‘goodliving’[buen vivirinspanish]?”Thisisthequestionaskedbyaparticipantinecuador,highlightingamajorrecurrentthemeintheconsultationsinlatinAmericaandthecaribbean—namely,theentrenchedinequalitiesexperiencedbymostparticipantsinaccessingpolitical,economicandsocialrights.Theydonotalwaysusetheword‘inequality’,buttheyalltalkaboutexperiencingbarrierswhenitcomestofulfillingtheirrightsascitizensandhumanbeings.Discrimination,exclusionandviolencearealltopicsthatcutacrossthevariousconsultations.

Thenationalconsultationsintheregionincludedthevoicesofthosenotusuallyheardandmorelikelytobediscriminatedagainst(refugees,internallydisplacedpersons,disabledpersons,indigenouspeoples,Afro-descendant,migrants,lgbT,peoplelivingonthestreetsetc.);therefore,thecallforgreaterequalityisperhapsnotparticularlysurprising.however,theneedtotacklediscrimination,exclusionandinequalitiesisalsoseenasaprioritybyothergroups,includingtheprivatesectorandmembersofthepoliticaland/oreconomicelites.Thereisanincreasingrealizationthatinequalitiesareharmfultosocietyasawhole,notjusttothosedirectlyexperi-encingthem.Thecallforgreaterequalitywasheardinallcountries,regardless

consultationwithsouthregioncommunitieswithundPngopartnerMovimentonósPodemosincuritiba,February2013(Photo:FlaviolopesunV/undPbrazil)

“AllThingsWhichAreWriTTeninTheconsTiTuTionshouldbeMeT,buTTheTruThisTheyArenoTAnd,iFMeT,iTisForJusTMoreorlessThesAMechosenones.”young PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, el SAlVADor

“iiMAgineAFuTureFulloFrighTsWhereThereisnogenderdiscriMinATion,WherelAWisenForcedregArdlessoFPreFerences,WhereliFeisTrulyeQuAl.”young inDigenouS woMAn, eCuADor

“ThelAWsAreThere,buTTheyArenoTuPheld.WeconTinueTobediscriMinATedbyThecolouroFoursKin.ToenForceThelAWsWillTAKeTiMe...iTTAKeseducATionAndguidAnceForourchildrennoTTodiscriMinATe.”AFro-DeSCenDAnt MAle, boliViA



















ofwhethertheyhadmadeprogressinrecentyearsorwerestillbehindinwhatisgenerallyapositiveregionaltrendtoreduceinequalities.

insomecountries,suchasJamaica,peopleexplainthemeaning,natureandconsequencesofinequalitybyusingparticipants’perspectives.Throughouttheregion,manyperceivedinequalityasaclearbreachoftheirhumanrights.Thoserightsareenshrinedindifferentnationallawsbutarenotfulfilled,atleastnotforeverybodyandnotforallrights.

somegroupsfeelthattheyover-whelminglybearthemajorityoftheinequalitiesandhowthesereinforceone

anothertocreatesystemicdiscrimination.Forexample,womenfromJuliaca,inthehighAndesinPeru,facegender,ruralandethnicdiscriminationandsufferfromlowincome(26percentofthenationalaverage)andhighratesofilliteracy(20percent).Theirchildrendonotfaremuchbetter,with28percentofthoseagedsixtonineexperiencingsomeformofmal-nutrition.inguatemala,disabledpersonsidentifydiscrimination,corruptionandalackoftargetedpublicpoliciestosupportthemastriggersforotherinequalitiesinaccessingjobsandcredit,specializedhealthcarefordifferenttypesofdis-abilities,andalifefreefromviolence.

PeoPle Are cAllinG ATTenTion To inequAliTies in AccessinG quAliTY sociAl serVices

Asinothermiddle-incomecountriesaroundtheworld,peopleinlatinAmericaandthecaribbeanaredemandingequalaccesstoqualityservices,especiallyinregardstoeducationandhealth.

Althoughaccesstosecondaryschoolisstillnotarealityforeveryone,latinAmericanandcaribbeancountrieshaveensureduniversalaccesstoprimaryschool.Ascoveragehasexpanded,qualityeducationhassurfacedasanewpriority.inthepast,itwasbelievedthataccesstoeducationinitselfwasan‘equalizer’.currently,thedebatefocusesonhowasystemthatvariesinqualitybothmaintainsandproducesnewdriversofinequality.Peoplehavevaryingexpecta-tionsastowhateducationshouldprovide.

inbrazil and Colombia,peoplefeelthatagoodeducationshouldproducechangesinqualityoflife.Foryoungcolombiansinurbanregions,theeduca-tionalmodelfailstoteachthemhowtobecomeagentsofchange,whileinruralareasofcolombia,youngpeoplecriticizetheeducationalmodelasbeingtoourban-oriented.brazilianandcostaricanparticipantsalsoaskthateducationbemorecloselyrelatedtotheregionalcontextandtheneedsofthepopulation,topreparestudentsforabetterlivelihoodintheirowncommunities.

inbolivia,theconsultation’sfinalreportsynthetizesparticipants’defini-tionofqualityeducationintothreemainpoints:a)ausefulandpracticaleducationthatemphasizesemploymentbasedonthecountry’severevolvingneedsandtrends;b)acadreofwell-trainedteacherswithacallingfortheirprofession;andc)equipmentandadequateinfrastructure.youthleadersinlima,Peru,underlinetheimportanceofcurriculathatshouldincludeenvironmentalcultureandbetterawarenessofhumanrights.ingrenada,participantsdemandgreaterincorporationofgenderissuesintotheeducationsystem.lgbTparticipantsinbrazilrequestthatschoolstakeactionto

ArmedForcesinQuito,ecuador(Photo:Mareikeeberz,undP)

“WheniAsKedForAloAninAbAnK[TosTArTAbusiness]TheMAnAgerToldMe‘looK,AsAdisAbledPersonyou’renoTeligible…hoWAreyougoingToPAy?’”DiSAbleD PerSon, guAteMAlA


eradicatediscriminationagainstsexualorientation.inthe10countrieswithindig-enousparticipants,qualityeducationwasalsoassociatedwithcontentofindig-enousissuesorbilingualcurriculainthenativelanguage.

quAliTY cAre And serVice deliVerY

Whenitcomestohealthcare,theissueofqualityinpublicservicesisacompellingconcernforpeopleintheregion.careanddeliveryaresingledoutasthetwomainproblemsfacingthepeople,evenincountrieswithuniversalsocialprotection.hospitalsmaybebuiltandthedoctorshired,butcomplaintsremain.Peoplecitearangeofissueswhendescribingtheneedtoinvestinbettercareanddelivery:denialofaccesstocertainservices;rudecommu-nicationandnegligence(oneindigenouswomanwasdescribedas‘disgusting’bythedoctortowhomsheshowedherbodyaffectedbydisease);theprovisionofscarceinformationtousers;longwaitingtimesforbothappointmentswithspecial-istsandoperations;andlongdistancesthatneedtobetravelledtoseespecial-izeddoctors.corruptionisoftencitedasapossiblekeycauseofpoorservice.

insomecases,negligentservicesturnsimpleandtreatablehealthissuesintoseriousandsometimeslife-threateningones.ThestoryofanolderwomanfromsanVitodecotobrusinCosta rica istelling:her13-year-oldgrandchildwasbroughttothehospitalduetoaconstantpaininoneofhislegs.Thedoctortoldthemthathewassimplyagrowingboy,andsentthembackhome.seeingthathergrandson’spaindidnotleavehim,shebroughthimback,andthedoctorthenscoldedher,sayingthatshewasunquali-fiedtomakediagnoses.somedayslater,medicalexaminationsshowedthattheyhadtoamputatehislegbecauseofaserioustumor.

inothercases,unaddressedexternalfactorscanbejustascritical.inSaint lucia,womenwhowereconsulteddonothaveadequateandregularaccesstosexualandreproductivehealthservices,inpartduetoalackofknowledgeofwhatis

availabletothem.othersdescribebarriersincludinglegalprovisionsregardingtheageofconsentandreligiousviewsthatopposesexualandreproductivehealthpracticessuchastheuseofcondomsandotherformsofcontraception.

Whatdotheconsultationssayaboutpossiblesolutionstotheseproblems?expertsconsultedinguatemalasuggestedsomepossiblewaysaheadsuchas:promotinghealthasapublic

good,withuniversalcoverageasagoal;inequalityreductionpoliciesinhealthservices;locallyadaptedinformationregardinghealththreats;morerobusthealthmonitoringsystems;afocusonpreventivecare;andtailoringservicestotheneedsofspecificdemographics.

Followinguponotherissuesrelatedtopreventivecare,questionsofdietandnutritionaswellasepidemiologicalcountrycharacteristicscannotbeignored.

youngpeopleinthepost-2015consultation,upala,costarica(Photo:unFPAcosTAricA/grodrigueZ)

“regArdingeducATion,MosToFTheTeAchersinschoolsATTendedbyMisKiTosdonoTbelongToThiseThnicgrouPAndculTure.MisKiToshAVeTheiroWnlAnguAge,AndTeAchersdonoTKnoWThelAnguAgesPoKenbyTheirsTudenTs.”young inDigenouS woMAn, honDurAS


consultationsacknowledgethatthenationalhealthsystemsintheregionhavetosimultaneouslycombatcommondiseasesfoundinmostdevelopingcountries,suchasmalnutrition,aswellasemergingissuessuchasobesity,diabetesandevencancer.Theincidenceofcommu-nicablediseases—suchasAids—andncdsisincreasingamongthepoorest

populations,especiallythoseofworkingage.Ashighlightedacrossdifferentconsultations,currentsafetynetsystemsinlatinAmericaandthecaribbeandonotalwaysmakeadequateprovisionforpersonswhorequiresecondaryortertiaryhealthcare.Poorpeoplearenotcoveredbyprivatehealthcareinsurance,anduniversalhealthcarehasnotyetbeen

implementedeverywhere.Acrossthedifferentconstituencies,

participantsalsoemphasizedtheneedformorehumanetreatmentbyhealthcareproviders.PeoplewithdisabilitiesinManta,ecuador,andthoselivingwithhiV/Aidsaskfor“morehumaneandsensitivetreatment”intheirdailyinteractionwithhealthprofessionals.inboliviaandCosta rica,participantsinclude‘warmth’(‘calidez’inspanish)asadesirablequalityinthosewhoprovidesuchservices.Thisentailsamoresympa-theticapproachinregardstothepatient’sparticularbackgroundandexperience.

WoMen, YounG PeoPle And rurAl And indiGenous GrouPs Are MosT concerned WiTh exclusion FroM econoMic liFe

severalcountriesintheregionhaveexperiencedsolideconomicgrowthwithinthelastfewyears.however,theconsultationsillustrateaperceptionthatthisrelativeprosperityhasnotbeenfeltequallyamongalldemographics.infact,someconstituenciesfeelthatthebarrierstoeconomicsuccessaresimplytoohigh.nowhereisthismoreobviousthaninthelabourmarket,bothintheformalandinformalsectors.

youngpeopleareoftenseenasthegroupmostaffectedbythelackofemploymentopportunities,whichisnotsurprising,asmanycountrieshaveyouthunemploymentratesthataretwiceashighasthenationalaverage.Whatistroublingisthatthisphenomenonisofteninterpretedasanextensionofasocialstatusquothathaslittlerespectforyouth.inJamaica,youngparticipantsfeeltheyarestuckbetweenapastdominatedbypoverty,andanuncertainfuturewithnoopportunitiestoimprovetheirsituation.youthfromruralcommunitiesareusuallyidentifiedasthemostdisadvantaged.unemploymentamongyoungpeopleisinterpretedasanexpres-sionofthelargersociety’sinabilitytounderstandyoungpeople’saspirationsintermsofcreativityandentrepreneurship.

Thelabourmarkethasalsobeenunfavourabletowomen.inaroundhalf

“heAlThserVicesAreVerybAd,TiMeconsuMingAndlAcKeFFicienTMedicAlserVices.ibelieVeThATcorruPTioncAnbeAFAcTorThATAFFecTsThePoorQuAliTyoFTheheAlThserVice.”MiDDle-AgeD woMAn, brAZil

“docTorsonlyTreATdiseAsesnoTThePerson.‘dengueFeVer’youKnoWhoWTocureiT…buTThePersonWhohAsdengueAndhoWiTAFFecTsTheFAMilyArenoTTAKeninToAccounT.”Senior PArtiCiPAnt, el SAlVADor

consultationwithguarani,KaiowáandTerenaindigenousPeopleinPanambizinho,Matogrosso,April2013(Photo:FlaviolopesunV/undPbrazil)


internationaldayofhumanrights(09.12.2012)inQuito,ecuador(Photo:MariaJoséguevara,unV)

“WehAVeAloToFyoungPeoPleWhoAreloiTeringbecAuseTheylAcKsKills…AndTheygeTPressureAThoMe…leTThegoVernMenTKnoWWehAVeyoungPeoPleWhoAreWillingTodoThingsWiThTheirhAnds.”PArtiCiPAnt, ConStituenCy FoCuS grouP, SAint luCiA

“Wedon’TWAnTTobeeducATedTobeeMPloyeesAndobeyorders,buTTobeenTrePreneurs,creATorsAndAgenTsoFchAnge.”PArtiCiPAnt, youth DiAlogue, ColoMbiA

“[iWAnT]AWorldWiThgreATeroPPorTuniTiesForAll,inWhichyoungPeoPlecAndreAMAndbelieVeThATiTissTillPossibleToMeeTyourneeds.”young PArtiCiPAnt, uruguAy

“youhAVeTobeyoung,PreTTy,And‘coQueTTe’TohAVeAnoPPorTuniTyAsAWoMAn.”PArtiCiPAnt, DoMiniCAn rePubliC

“We,TheWoMen,hAVeTheProbleMThATTheyTAKeourPensionsAWAy.ThereAreAlsoloTsoFWoMenlAcKingPensionsAndinsurAncesbecAuseTheyhAVePerForMeddoMesTicWorK,eVeniFTheyhAVeWorKedAllTheirliVes.”woMAn, SAn JoSé, CoStA riCA

Mayanspiritualguide,beforeWomen’sworkshop,guatemala(Photo:odethAlvarado/unWomen)


ofthecountriesinlatinAmericaandthecaribbeanyoungwomenare50percentmorelikelytobeunemployedthantheiryoungmalecounterparts.Theconsulta-tionsrevealthediscriminationwomenexperienceastheyseekemployment.notalleconomicsectorsareopentothem,andcompetitionisfierce.Forthosewomenwhoarealsomothers,jobswithflexibleschedulesarescarceandmainlyintheinformalsector.Andeventhen,benefitsarefew,asnarratedbyfemalehousekeepersinguatemala,PeruandCosta rica.Thesepatternsofexclusioncanonlyaggravateanalreadysignificantgapintheregionintermsoffemaleparticipationinthelabourmarket.

beyondquestionsofyouthandgender,manyparticipantsbroughtevidenceofdiscriminationinhiringdecisionsbasedoncriteriasuchassocialandeconomicbackground,ethnicity,sexualorientationormigrantstatus.indigenouspeoples’representativesin

guatemalafeelthatwomensufferedathree-prongeddiscrimination.Peopletalkabouttheperniciouseffectsonwomen’slivesoftheintersectionofpoverty,lackofeducation,andaruralgeographicallocationandindigenousaffiliation.

Migrantsintrinidad and tobagoandCosta ricasharestoriesabouthowtheyleavehomebecauseofeconomicdis-advantagesyetencounterianewsetofchallengesonenteringthelabourmarketinthehostcountry.Womenmigrantsfromnicaraguatocostaricacannotworkinagriculturaljobsduetorestric-tivepoliciestoprotectlocalemployment.Mostofthetime,workhastobeclandes-tine,whichmakesthemvulnerabletoexploitativejobconditions.intrinidad and tobago,migrantworkersfilllabourshortages,especiallyintheprivatesecurity,fastfoodandtradeindustries.however,migrantswhoareemployedinthesesectorsexperiencepoorerworkingconditionsandwagesbelowtheaverage.

Acrossthediversecountriesandeachoftheirparticularlabourmarketsandchallenges,itisstrikinghowpartici-pantsconvergeindescribinganidealjobasonethatrespectsminimumlabourrights.onmorethanoneoccasiontheyreferredtoitasdecentanddignifiedwork,inthetermsusedbytheinternationallabourorganization(ilo).Thisincludestheprohibitionofchildlabour,apracticethatpersistsinmuchoftheregionandisreaffirmedasapressingissueinsomeoftheconsultations.

Thecallfordignifiedworkwasechoedbylabourunionsaswellastheprivatesector.inbrazil,forexample,representa-tivesfromthecountry’sprincipalunionsagreedthatsocietyshoulddemandandrequirethestatetoimplementun/ilonormsandguidelines.Theyalsohigh-lightedtheimportanceofcivilsociety‘sroletomonitortheimplementationoftheseguidelines.inecuador,arepre-sentativefromtheprivatesectorwishesfor“acountrywithoutprecariousemploy-ment”.Colombian businessmenstresstheneedtodevelopajointstrategyforallstakeholderswherebysolutionscouldhelpvulnerablecommunities,includinginternallydisplacedpersons,findaccesstodecentjobs.

PeoPle in lATin AMericA And The cAriBBeAn Are concerned ABouT The enVironMenT And cliMATe chAnGe

Acrossmanyoftheconstituencies,includingtheprivatesector,thereisgreatconcernintheregionaboutthelevelsofdeforestationandthegenerallackofadequateregulationofnaturalresources.Theperceptionthatclimatechangeiscontributingtoadeterioratingenviron-mentisprominentaroundtheregion.ThelatinAmericaandcaribbeanregioncontains40percentoftheworld’sbiodi-versityandisalsoconsideredoneofthemostvulnerablepartsoftheworldtodisastersrelatedtoclimatechange.TheseopinionsareconfirmedbytheMyWorldsurvey,inwhich‘Protectingriversandforests’emergesasthefourthpriorityinsouthAmerica.

consultationwithyounggirlsinriodeJaneiro,brazil,withuniceF,April2013(Photo:FlaviolopesunV/undPbrazil)


raisingawarenessabouttheimpor-tanceofprotectingtheenvironmentandcombatingclimatechangewasexpressedindifferentwaysandfromdifferentperspectives.intrinidad and tobago,participantsareconcernedaboutyoungpeople’signoranceonclimatechangeissues.inecuador,anentrepreneurfromthecountry’sprivatesectorwantstobuilda‘green’countrywithcleanriversandcitieswithoutsmog,whilearepresenta-tivefromcivilsocietysuggestedreachingthesocialgoalsinharmonywithnature.inuruguay,participantsunderlinetheimportanceofcitizenparticipationinensuringthatthelawsandinternationaltreatiesontheenvironmentandclimatechangeareenforced.Theroleoftheunitednationswasseenasessentialinapplyingpressuretopenalizethosecountriesthatpollutethemost.

nowheremorethanincaribbeancountriesisclimatechangeseenasamajorthreatthatneedstobeaddressedwiththefullsupportofgovernments,civilsocietyandcitizensatlarge.expertsconsultedingrenadarecognizethat,whenitcomestoclimatechange,devel-opmentpartnersandpolicymakersarewellinformed,whilecitizensareoftenleftout.inSaint lucia,participantsmaderecommendationsrangingfromurbanplanning,better-qualityhousingandsanitationtoincreasedpositioningininternationalforumsforbetteradvocacyontheissuesofclimatechangeand

environmentalsustainability.inCuba,participantsinthe

nationalconsultationnotedthatthenewsustainabledevelopmentgoalsmustbeaddressedfromamultisectoralapproachandleavebehindbiasedapproachesbetweenenvironment,politics,economyorsociety.inthiscontext,theimportanceofaccesstoenergywashighlightedasakeyfactortoaddressdevelopmentchallengesrelatedtopoverty,water,foodsecurity,health,genderandtheenvironment.

Whendiscussingenvironmentalissues,thetensionsbetweentheneedtodevelopandtheneedtoprotectnaturalresourcesarise.inJamaica,for

example,peopletalkabouttheneedtoprotectJamaica’scoastline,ontheonehand,yetobservegovernmenteffortstodevelopthetourismsectorinwesternJamaicabygrantingpermitstobuildbeachsidehotels.Theconsulta-tionscallforimaginativewaystomergeeconomicandenvironmentaldimensions.uruguayanparticipantsdemandaneconomicmodelthatwouldfollowenvi-ronmentallysustainableconsumptionpatternsandthusfosteraparadigmshiftinthestructureofproduction.

The ThreAT ThAT Violence Poses To quAliTY oF liFe

beyondeconomic,environmentalandsocialuncertainties—andsometimesbecauseofthem—peopleinlatinAmericaandthecaribbeanseepersonalinsecurityasanimportantproblemaffectingqualityoflifeonadailybasis,withthosewhohavefewerresourcesbeingmorevulnerable.Protectionagainstcrimeandviolencecameupasastrongissuebothintheface-to-faceconsulta-tionsandinthedifferentsurveys(thirdhighestpriorityforcentralAmericainMyWorld,fourthinthecaribbean,andfifthinsouthAmerica).

youngpeopleconsultedinel Salvador saythattheywalkwithfearofbeingattacked;olderpeopleinCosta

regionalMeetingoftheThematicconsultationonenergy,Merida,Mexico,March2013(Photo:un)

“WehAVeToTAKecAreoFourPAchAMAMA[MoThereArTh],oTherWise,hoWAreWegoingToliVe?”inDigenouS MAn, iMbAburA, eCuADor


ricatalkabouthowtheyareassaultedwhentheyretrievetheirpensions.AwomanfromAlajuelita,acommunitystrickenbyviolence,sharesherstoryaboutherhusbandbeingkilledfornoapparentreasonandnothavingbeenabletobringtheperpetratorstojustice.childreninvulnerablecommunities,suchasthoselivinginbarriocuba,aneighbourhoodstrickenbypovertyandviolence,identifieddrugsandbullyingaspriorityproblemstheywouldliketosolvetohaveabetterfuture.

inthecaribbean,insecurityalsocameupasamajorconcern.inSaint lucia,participantsfeelthatpersonalinsecurityisamajorissueforcitizensinpartsofthecountrywherecrimeandviolencehaveintensifiedovertheyears.secondarydatasupporttheviewsofrespondents.Jamaica’spercapitahomicideratehasbeenonanupwardtrendsince1990,andthecountryisrankedamongthemostviolentintheworld.youngmen(aged18–34)aremorelikelytobethevictims

orperpetratorsofviolence,althoughwomenaretwiceaslikelytobevictimsofdomesticviolence.

Questionsofsecurityareoftenlinkedtodomesticviolence.becauseofdifficultfamilyandsocialenvironments,themostvulnerablecanbequicklyexposedtoviolentencounters.inPeru,boysandgirlswhoparticipatedinconsultationspointoutthatmanychildrenareleft

tothemselveswhiletheirparentsareout,whichputsthematrisk.Theysaythatsometimestheparentsareundertheinfluenceofalcoholordrugs,andteacherscanevenbetheoneswhoperpetrateviolence.

unequalpowerrelationsbetweenwomenandmenarealsomanifestedintheformofviolenceagainstwomenandgirls,inparticularsexualviolence.


“idon’TThinK…[WeAre]FocusingenoughonAbuseAgAinsTchildren.TheyAre[noT]TryingbuTinsTeAdTheyAreTurningAblindeye.AndWhileTheyArenoTPAyingATTenTionMorechildrenAredying…eiTherbysicKness,eiTherbyMAlnuTriTion…”PArtiCiPAnt, youth FoCuS grouP, JAMAiCA


Preventinggender-basedviolencecameupasapriorityissueinallthecaribbeanconsultations.intrinidad and tobago,participantsthinkthattheeliminationofsuchviolenceshouldbeastand-alonegoalinthenextdevelopmentagenda.inmostofthelatinAmericanconsultations,people’stestimoniesareconsistentwithobservablyhighratesofviolenceagainstwomenthroughouttheregion,whichcanaffectasmanyas70percentoftheminsomecountries.

PeoPle cAll For More inclusiVe PArTici-PATion And resPonsiVe GoVernMenTs

Manyparticipantsacknowledgethedemocraticprogressintheregionoverthelast20yearsbutexpectmoreintermsofincludingnewandemergingconstituenciesinthedemocraticprocess.indigenouspeoplesconsultedin10outofthe16nationalconsultationscarriedoutintheregionwanttohavemoreaccesstolocalandnationalgovernments.Theyalsowantasayinhowthenewdevelopmentagendaisdetermined.

ThelgbTcommunitywasalsoveryactivethroughoutthedifferentnationalconsultationsandinmanycasescalledformorepoliticallycoordinatedeffortstoimpactpublicpolicies.Forexample,lgbTparticipantsfromSaint luciacallfortherepealofsodomylawsandadevelop-mentagendathatincludestheelimina-tionofstigmaanddiscriminationandworkingtowardtherecognitionofrightssuchassame-sexmarriage.

Throughoutthedifferentnationalconsultations,thelinkbetweensocialandeconomicinequalitiesandpoorgovern-anceisoftensuggested.insteadofcaringforthepeople,politiciansandpoliticalpartiesareoftenperceivedasbeingmorefocusedontheirowninterests.inmanycountriesoftheregionthishasledtowide-spreadmistrustofgovernmentinstitutions.

lackoftransparencyandaccount-ability,particularlyatthelocallevel,areoftenseenasmajorchallengesfacingcitizensintheregion.Thedemandforbettergovernmentisoftenfocusedontheneedtocombatcorruption.

“WehAVeAdiFFerenTdeFiniTionoFPoVerTy,oFVulnerAbiliTy.WedonoTsAyThATWeArePoor,buTWeWereiMPoVerished.”leADer oF An inDigenouS orgAniZAtion, ColoMbiA

“WhenbrAZilrecogniZesTrAnsVesTiTeAndTrAnssexuAlidenTiTyThenWeWillhAVeATurnAroundToWArds…PublicPolicyAndTheissuesWeFAce.”rePreSentAtiVe FroM trAnSVeStite CSo, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, brAZil

“WhATWedon’TWAnTArecorruPTAuThoriTiesThATdonoTresPondToourneed,corruPTioninTheJudiciArybrAnch,orlossoFFuTurePossibiliTiesbecAuseoFcorruPTion.”PArtiCiPAnt, iQuitoS, Peru

“AnAcTiVePArTiciPATionbyTheyouThAndcoMMuniTyAcTorsisKeyFordeVeloPMenT,esPeciAllyATlocAlleVel.ThoseWhoholdPosiTionsingoVernMenTsAreTeMPorArybuTciVilsocieTyAcTorsArePerMAnenTAndThATguArAnTeesThATAnAgendAPrioriTiZedbyTheciVilsocieTyreMAinsindePendenTFroMPresidenTiAlorlocAlAdMinisTrATions.”CSo leADer, honDurAS

indigenouswomanandherdaughterinPost-2015consultation,lacasona,cotobrus,costarica(Photo:uncosTAricA/drAMireZ)


13 August 2013

MyWorldsurVeyresulTslAtin AMeriCA AnD the CAribbeAn

“WehAVeAhugeneedForAgoVernMenTThATisreAllyconcernedWiThThePeoPle’snecessiTies.WiThThisgoAlWecAnMeeTVAriousoThergoAls.WiThAgoVernMenTThATisreAllyhonesTAndTrAnsPArenT,WecAnresolVeVAriousProbleMssuchAseducATionAndAccessToPoTAbleWATerAndelecTricenergy,WhichArebAsicThingsForhuMAnsurViVAl.”14-yeAr-olD PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, brAZil

“MydAddiedWheniWAsAbAby,MyMoMliVesWiThAnoTherMAnAndicAMeToTheciTyWheniWAs12AndihAVenoone.buThereATThe‘FederAción’[union]ihAVeMyFriendsWhosuPPorTMe.”PArtiCiPAnt, boliViA

“TheFirsTMdgsshouldhAVeincludedculTureAndKnoWledge(…)AndhoWTheycAnconTribuTeToThedeVeloPMenToFMAnKind.”PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, uruguAy


Accordingtothe2011editionofthesurveyLatinobarómetro,almosthalfoflatinAmericans(48percent)considerthateradicationofcorruptionshouldbethetoppriorityofanygovernment.intheMyWorldsurveytheoption‘Anhonestandresponsivegovernment’isthesecondhighestpriority,aftereducationandbeforehealth.

inequalityisalsoexperiencedthroughunequalaccesstothedecision-makingprocesses.Thisisgenerallyphrasedasademandtomakethepeople’svoicesheard.“Wemuststarttobelievethatpeopledohaveavoice,”summarizedaparticipantinel Salvador.Anemphasisontheneedtofurtherengagecivilsocietyinpublicaffairsatlargecameupindifferentcountries.Forexample,membersofcivilsocietyinCuba stresstheimportanceofenhancingcitizenparticipation,includingyouthandcommunities,inpolicyformu-lationanddecision-makingonglobalissues,aswellascarryingoutparticipa-toryprocessesinnationalagendasthatincorporatescience,lawandeconomicsineverydaylife.

PeoPle Also deMAnd More solidAriTY And resilience

Facinganewsetofchallenges,peopleinlatinAmericaandthecaribbeanareturningtonewformsofsolidarityandcommitmenttocommonpurpose.inmanycases,thegreaterthevulnerability,thestrongeristheneedforstrengtheningfamilyandcommunityties.closelyassoci-atedwiththeseisacommonemphasisongreatersocialcohesionthroughsocialandculturalidentities.

Theclosestsocialtiesareoftenperceivedasthecoreoftheresilience

approach.inJamaica,participantshighlighttheroleofthefamilyandfaith-basedorspiritualleadersaspromotersofchangeandresilience.inSaint lucia,membersofacommunityhighlyvulner-abletonaturalhazardscallformoreparticipationfromthepeopleinthedeci-sion-makingprocesstomovetowardsamoresoundandresilientdevelopment.

Theimportanceofculturalidentityinmaintainingsocialcohesionisacross-cuttingthemeintheconsultations,

particularlyinthecaseofindigenouspeoples.culturewasalsomentionedasameansforhumandevelopment.

Thesolidarityenvisagedbyparticipantsisalsointergenerational.inuruguay,consultationparticipantsaskedthatallthedecision-makingprocessesintheeconomicandproduc-tionspherestakeintoaccounttheneedtoguaranteethatthecominggenera-tionshavethesameopportunitiesastheprecedingones.

regionAl ConSultAtionS in lATinAMericAAndThecAribbeAn

in latin America and the Caribbean, there were two main regional events on the post-2015 development agenda. the first one took place in bogotá, Colombia, on 5 March 2013. CAriCoM, eClAC and the unDg invited Caribbean countries to initiate discussions on the specific challenges facing the subregion in the shaping of the next development agenda. government delegates from latin America and the Caribbean discussed issues that the region needs to consider to follow up on the MDgs and the rio+20 conference. the second regional event was convened on 17-20 April in guadalajara by the Mexican government - with the support of eClAC and unDg – and attended by civil society, academic, indigenous people, media and private-sector stakeholders from all over the region. All 11 of the global themes for the post-2015 thematic consultations as well as cross-cutting issues such as universality, global governance and measurement were broadly discussed. in guadalajara, indigenous representatives agreed to organize a specific seminar on the post-2015 agenda that was held on 23 May during the annual Permanent Forum on indigenous issues in new york City.


VoiCeS FroM ASiA AnD the PACiFiC

bangladesh, bhutan, Cambodia, China, india, indonesia, iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Papua new guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon islands, thailand, timor-leste, Viet nam3

AsnapshottodateofthefeedbackfromAsiaandthePacificcapturedintheMyWorldsurveyshowsthatthemostvoteswereforgoodeducation,goodhealthcareandbetterjobopportuni-tiesfollowedbyresponsivegovernment,affordableandnutritiousfood,andprotectionagainstcrimeandviolence.sixteenofthesecountriesconductednationalconsultationswhereissuessuchasemployment,health,education,physicalsecurityandruleoflaw,envi-ronmentalsustainabilityandsocialprotectionemergeasbeingcentraltothenextroundofglobaldeliberations.The

nationaldiscussionsalsocontainclearcallsfortheglobalgoalstobeexpanded,refinedandsteppedup.

GroWTh For All, And noT GroWTh AT All cosTs

inAsia,therearepersistentcallsforgreaterattentiontoeconomicgrowththatcanensureemploymentgenera-tion;fordevelopmentgoalsotherthanjusteconomicgrowth;and—relatedtothis—tostartmeasuringandevaluatingdevelopmentprogressusingmetricsthatgobeyondgrowth.

Thenatureofeconomicgrowthisseentobedrivingandreinforcingnotjustincomeinequalities,butalsoothertypesofdisparitiesanddisadvantage,includinggrowinginequalitiesbetweenurbanandruralareas.inbhutan,forexample,peoplespeakofthewideningdividebetweenruralandurbanareas,notingthatduetoagriculturalstagnation,internalmigrationandlackofinvestmentinruralinfrastructure,thecountrysideisinrapiddecline.economicgrowthandemploymentopportunitiesareincreas-inglycentredaroundthecapitalcityand

otherurbanareas.ParticipantsinChina’snational

consultationpushfortheproblemtobetacklednotonlyonthesurfacebutalsoattheroot,notingthatwhilethecountryhasmadetremendousprogressinreducingthenumberofimpoverishedpeople,therearestillmanychallenges.Theseincludetheremaining122millionimpoverishedpeople,persistentinequali-ties,regionaldevelopmentdisparitiesandlarge-scalerural-to-urbanmigration.Peopleengagedinthechinesenationalconsultationfeelthattheseissueswillrequireactionfrombothgovernmentandcivilsocietyorganizations.

Theconsultationsinindiahighlighttheissueofpersistinginequalitiesandpovertyasbeingintertwinedwiththepoorqualityofjobsavailableformany,andapatternofgrowthwhichhasbroughtdecliningworkingconditions.Thisismanifested,forexample,intheincreaseininformalcontractlabourandthelargenumbersofinternalmigrantsforcedtoworkforbelow-subsistencewages.Theconsultationhighlightsprecar-iousworkingconditions,particularlyinthe

studentsofuniversitasMuhammadiyahyogyakarta(indonesia)sharingtheirprioritiesforabetterworldpost2015viatheMyWorldsurvey(Photo:dylanAlban/officeoftheresidentcoordinatorinindonesia)



















informalsector,withfrequentviolationsoflabourlawsandrights.outsourcingtointernationalcorporationswasalsonotedashavingfurthercontributedtotheweakenforcementofstandardsfordecentemployment.Theintersectionswithothertypesofinequality,suchasgender,regionalandinaccesstoservices,meanthatwithoutcorrectiveactiononmanypolicyfronts,largesectionsofsocietywillcontinuetobeleftbehinddespitetheeconomicboom.

Participantsalsosharedtheirconcernsaboutthesustainability—economic,socialandenvironmental—ofcurrentgrowthstrategies.inMongolia,citizensnotethatthankstotheminingboom,thecountryisgrowingatarapidpaceandhasgraduatedtolowermiddle-incomecountrystatus.butwhilegrowthisconsideredcentralforthefuturedevel-opmentofthecountry,ithastobecomemoreinclusivethrougheconomic

9 August 2013

MyWorldsurVeyresulTsASiA AnD the PACiFiC

“TheeMPhAsisonTAcKlingincoMeineQuAliTyisAMATTeroFPrioriTy,includingTheneedToensureThATTheboTToM20%oFThePoPulATionisiMProVingTheireconoMicsTATusFAsTerThAnTheToP20%ThroughinclusiVegroWTh.”woMen’S ASSoCiAtionS PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, inDiA

“groWThoFincoMeoFTheMiningsecTorhAsMAdenodiFFerenceinliVesoFFAMilies.ThereAreMAnyFAMiliesWhocAn’TFindFuelAndWood,childrenhAVingTheirdoginbed,inordernoTTodieFreeZing.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, MongoliA


diversificationandthedevelopmentoftheprivatesector.ifthisisnotaddressed,risingeconomicinequalitythreatenstoundomuchoftherecentprogressinsocialindicators.ParticipantsintheMongolianconsultationsalsofeelthatenvironmentalsustainabilityhastobeincorporatedintogrowthstrategies,withagreaterfocusonbuildingresilienceandsocialprotectiontoreducevulnerabilitiesandhelpbuildresilienceamongpoorandmarginalpopulations.

commentsfrompost-2015consulta-tionworkshopinMongoliatothequestion‘doestheminingsectorhaveapositiveinfluenceonpeople’slives,onyours?’:

•“growthofincomeoftheminingsectorhasmadenodifferenceinlivesoffamilies.Therearemanyfamilieswhocan’tfindfuelandwood,childrenhavingtheirdoginbed,inordernottodiefreezing.”

•“drinkingwateristhemostdifficult

problem.Wateronthesurfaceisgettinglessandless.somecentresareatriskofhavingnodrinkingwateratall.”

•“bigminingfactoryincomegoestothestate.”

•“Wemustn’tadoretheminingsector,insteadwehavetoproduceecoproductsinsuchacomparativelysuitablenaturalenvironment.”

•“Thenaturalenvironmentisgettingmoreandmorevulnerable.grasslandhasbeendeteriorated,soilisgettingpoor,andconditionsaregettingworse.naturalenvironmentpolicyshouldbepartofeconomicpolicies,andwehavetoprotectnature.”

Participantsinsomeofthelowermiddle-incomecountriesintheregionsuggestthatpeopleconsiderthesenationaleconomiestohavereachedaplateauintermsoftheirgrowthprospects.Theynotedthatwhiletheinitialeconomicgainshaveliftedtheireconomiesoutofthelow-wage/low-skillsendofglobalproductionchains,theirlackofahighlyskilledworkforceandtheirlimitedinvest-mentsinresearch,scienceandtechnologyarepreventingtheseeconomiesfromcompetingwiththehigh-skillsandhigh-innovationproductsoftheadvancedeconomies.Thepopularperceptionisthatthecurrentinternationaltradeandfinance

“deVeloPMenTMusTserVeAPurPoseAndThATisnoTMerelyToFurThereconoMicgroWThbuTrATherTocreATeThecondiTionsForhAPPinessAndTheWell-beingoFAllliFe.hoWdoWedoThis?ThereisonlyoneAnsWer‘TrAnsForMATion’oFeVeryhuMAnbeingoneArTh–leAders,Producers,consuMers,AndeVeryoneTobeMindFulhuMAnbeingsWheTherindecisionMAKing,ProFiTMAKing,eATing,AndoTherMATeriAlconsuMPTions…”bhutAn Centre For groSS nAtionAl hAPPineSS (Contribution to the Query PoSteD on SolutionS exChAnge)

indonesianyouthdiscussingthechallengestheyfaceduringtheyouthconsultationorganizedbyunescoinJakarta.Poverty,poor

governanceandlackofspacesforparticipationareamongthemainissuestheyraised(Photo:unescoJakarta)


architectureisstructuredsuchthatthesecountrieswillbeunabletobreakfreefromthemiddle-incometrap.

inindonesia,participantsdrawattentiontothegrowingneedforgreaterprotectionfordomesticgoodsandproducers,withanemphasisonreducingorrecalibratingFreeTradeAgreementstoprotectsmallortraditionalindustry,particularlyfarmersandfishermen.Participantsfeelthatgreaterprotectionforthesesegmentswouldsecurebetterlivelihoodsforpractitionersandthecommunitieswhichdependonthoseindustries.Asaby-product,itwouldalsodecreasetherelianceondangerousandenvironmentallydamagingpracticessuchasdynamitefishing,overfarming/monocroppingandillegalgoldmining.

similarconcernsaboutthewaysinwhichinternationaltraderegimesaffectlocallivelihoodsarevoicedbypartici-pantsinthePhilippines.‘Fairtraderatherthanfreetrade’isimportantforcountries

thatareseekingtostrengthentheirengagementininternationalmarkets,andtherearecallsforanenhancedAidforTradeinitiative.Thediscussionsalsonotetheimportanceof‘forgingglobalpartnershipsforfairtradeandjusteconomicorder’.Therewereseveraldiscussionsincivilsocietywhichnotedthatglobaltradetalks,after11yearsofnegotiations,remainatanimpasse,andthatconcludingthedoharoundcouldbecrucialinaddressingstructuralimbal-ancesintheglobaltraderegime.Thereisanurgentneedtoremovealltrade-restrictivemeasuresintroducedsincetheonsetoftheglobaleconomiccrisis,asthesemeasuresfurtherlimitthegrowthprospectsandopportunitiesforjobcreationindevelopingcountries.

PersisTenT inequAliTies in AsiA And The PAciFic

beyondthewideningeconomicgapacrosseconomicquintileswithincountries,theconsultationsdraw

attentiontogroupsandcommunitiesthathavebeenhistoricallymarginalizedandremainisolatedfromthemainstreamintheirsociety.Forexample,participantsinthailandnotedthatsomerightsarenotfullyenjoyedbymanymarginalizedgroupsandminorities.Theseincludetheslum-dwellersinthenorth-eastorlandlesspeople,forwhomaccesstolegalrightsishighlightedasapriority,asitwouldallowthemtoachievelivelihoodopportunitiesandentitlementstoothersocialservices(i.e.landtitlesinthecaseofthelandlesspeople,andobtainingahouseregistrationnumberfortheslum-dwellers).Therightsofmigrantworkersarealsoanimportantconcernamongsomeofthepopulationsconsulted.

Thediscussionofinequalitiesalsofocusesonage,andthechallengesfacedbyspecificagegroupssuchastheveryyoung,youthandtheelderly.TheAsia-Pacificregionisatasignificantcrossroads,withthecombinationofmany

Peoplewithdisabilitiesparade.April2013,ulaanbaatar,Mongolia(Photo:MinistryofPopulationdevelopmentandsocialProtection,Mongolia)


majordemographicchanges:decliningfertilityrates,growingyouthpopulations,rapidageing,urbanizationandmega-cities,andmigrationwithinandoutsidecountries.consultationsinChina, india, indonesia, Pakistanandthe Philippinesdrawattentiontothetwinchallengesofarapidlyageingpopulationandagrowingyouthpopulation,bothofwhichareshiftingthedependencyratioforeconomicallyactivemembersofsociety.

ParticipantsinViet namnotethatthecountryisundergoingauniquedemo-graphicprocess.Alargeyoungpopula-tionandarapidlyageingpopulationareprovidingchallengesandopportunitiesforthosegroupsandsocietyingeneral.Foryoungpeople,thechallengeistofindmeaningful,productiveemployment.Forolderpeople,itistosecureadequatestatecareandsocialsecurityinthefaceoftheerosionoftraditionalhouseholdcare.Thesetrendsarecompoundedbyrapidurbanization,whichisre-shapingthepopulationdistributionbetweentheurbanandruralsegmentsofthecountryandfuellingeconomicgrowthinurbancentres,whilesimultaneouslyplacingstressontheurbanenvironmentandurbanmanagement.Thesedemographicchangeshighlighttheneedforacompre-hensivesocialprotectionsystem.

genderinequalitypersistsinAsiaandthePacific,andishighontheagenda.Women’semploymentandeducationareseenasthemostimportantinterventionstoaddressgenderinequality.duringtheconsultations,theoverrepresentationofwomenininformalandunprotectedemployment,theirconcentrationincertainsectorsandprofessionsdrivenbygenderstereotypes,challengesinaccessingcreditandfinancialservices,andtheirlowerlevelsofownershipoflandandpropertyallsurfaceaspartofthediscussions.educationandgendersensitizationareseenashavingbenefitsforsocietyfarbeyondtheeconomiccontributionswomenwouldmake.Theyhaveanimportantroletoplayintransformingsocietiesanddiscrimina-toryculturalpracticesandperceptions,particularlyforthenextgeneration.

“WecAllForhouseregisTrATionbecAuseiTWillAlloWusToreceiVeeQuAlserVicesAndrighTs,inTerMsoFelecTriciTy,WATer,seWAge,heAlThcAreAndAccessTohosPiTAls,elecTionrighTs,AndoTherPublicserVices.”MeMber oF A MigrAnt CoMMunity reSiDing AlongSiDe rAilwAy trACKS in Khon KAen, north-eASt thAilAnD, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, thAilAnD

“gender-bAseddiscriMinATionconTinuesTobeAseriousbArrierinAchieVingeQuiTAbleAndsusTAinAbleliVelihoods.desPiTeTheFAcTThATWoMenconsTiTuTeThreeQuArTersoFTheWorKForceengAgedinAgriculTure,ProPerTyrighTsAreheAVilysTAcKedAgAinsTTheM.”PArtiCiPAnt FroM FArMer’S ASSoCiAtionS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, inDiA

“AsAPAPuAneWguineAn,iWAnTThegoVernMenTTogiVeFirsTPrioriTyToyoungWoMenAndgirlsesPeciAllyeducATionAndoTherThingsAndAlsoTheyshouldAlloWWoMenTorunThegoVernMenT.”SChoolgirl, Port MoreSby, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, PAPuA new guineA

nationalconsultationonPolicyreformfordevelopmentandProtectiontowardselderlypeople,February2013,darkhan,Mongolia(Photo:MinistryofPopulationdevelopmentandsocialProtection,Mongolia)


GoVernAnce And AccounTABiliTY Are seen As holdinG BAcK deVeloPMenT

deficitsintransparent,accountable,participatoryandresponsivegovern-anceareseenasimpactingthecapacityofgovernmentsandstateinstitutionstomanagesocialandeconomicdevel-opmentandrespondduringcrises.inextremecasesthesedeficitsarealsoresponsibleforsignificantbreakdownsintheruleoflaw,jeopardizinghumansecurityandexacerbatingviolentconflict.Thesepervasiveandroutinedeficitsarealsoexpressedinextensivecorruption,unevenregulatoryframeworks,andacorrosivepoliticalcultureofclientelismandpatronage.

ParticipantsinMongoliahighlighttheimportanceofresponsivegovernance,thelegalenvironment,thecapacityofinstitutionsandhumanrightsforfurtherprogressinachievingtheMdgs.inlightofMongolia’sexperienceofsettingself-imposedtargetsforaninthMdg(‘strengthenhumanrightsandfosterdemocraticgovernance’),participantsurgetheglobalcommunitytoadoptasetofdemocraticgovernancetargetsinthepost-2015developmentagendatoreflecttheprinciplesoftheMillenniumdeclaration.increasingtheroleofcivilsocietyinpromotingdevelopment—fromprovidingavoicetopoorpeopleandthemarginalized,todeliveringessentialservices—isadvocated,andtheneedformorepossibilitiestopartici-pateindecision-makingwasstronglyemphasized.Participantsstressedthatinformationandcommunicationtech-nologies(icT)andsocialmediaarelikelytobecomeincreasinglysignificanttoolsforsocialmobilizationandchangeinthefuture.Thesecanbeusedtogivestrongervoicetocitizensandvulnerablegroupsindecision-makingandenablethemtoaccessrelevantinformation.

inPakistan,participantsseepeaceandsecurityasthemostcriticaldevel-opmentchallenge.Thereisauniqueconsensusamongparticipantsthatwithoutresolvingtheissuesconcerningsecurity,lawandorderinthecountry,

theachievementsofotherdevelopmenttargetswillremainadistantdream.Peopleemphasizethatinternationalstakeholdersshouldappreciatetherealitiesonthegroundandnotenforcetheirpoliciesandagendaonthenationalgovernment.Atthenationallevel,participantsstressthateffortsshouldbemadetoenhancesocialcohesionamongpeoplefromdifferentsectsandethnicgroups,withtheobjectiveofpromotingtolerancefordiverseviewsandbeliefs.inparallel,goodgovernanceunder-pinnedbytheprinciplesoftransparency,accountabilityandtheruleoflawisthesecondmostpressingpriorityforthepeopleofPakistan.Therespondentsunderlinethatfullyfunctioninglocalgovernmentsystemsbringthegoverningapparatusclosertothecitizensandimproveaccountabilityandtransparencymechanisms.Aspartofgoodgovern-ance,ruleoflawandaccesstojusticeareseenascrucial,especiallyasaccesstoanduseofthelegalsystemisunevenamongdifferentsocialandeconomicgroups.Thenationallegalsystemshouldbeinclusiveandshouldprotectthepropertyrightsofwomenandmarginalizedgroupsandprovidesafeguardsagainsttheabuseofpolitical,economicorinstitutionalauthoritybytheeliteclass.

respondents’viewsfrompost-2015consultationsinPakistan:

•“PoliticalinterferenceservedasoneofthemainbarriersinachievingMdgs.”

•“ifweneedchangeatthegrass-rootslevel,aneffectiveandsustainablesystemoflocalgovernmentneedstobeputinplace.Withoutthis,theparticipationofmarginalizedcommu-nitiesinthedevelopmentprocesswillremainadistantdream.”

•“besidestheavailabilityofmeagreresourcesfordevelopmentactivities,thereislimitedcapacityofthestateinstitutionstoutilizefundsefficientlyandeffectively.”

•“corruptionseverelyhampersprogresstowardspovertyreductionandhumandevelopment.Thepublicaccountabilitysystemneedstobestrengthenedandmadetransparent.citizensshouldbeprovidedopportu-nitiestoraisetheirvoicesandtoholdaccountablethepublicofficebearersforresults.Thesocialaccountabilitysystemsshouldalsobestrengthened.”

Theconsultationprocessintimor-lestehighlightstheinterplaybetweenthreemainissues:weakgovernance,thepoorlevelofinfrastructure,andunderdevel-opedhumancapital.Weakgovernancecontributestothelackofinfrastructureandhumancapitalbecausetherelevantauthoritiescannotimplementmeasures

“ThecurrenTMinisTereVensAidnoTobribing,buTinreAliTy,eVeryonedoesiT.nobribingMeAnsnogoodQuAliTy.iTisThereAliTy.”FoCuS grouP DiSCuSSion with olDer PeoPle, hAnoi, Viet nAM


andputregulatorymechanismsintoeffect.Participantsalsopointtodispari-tiesinthequalityofinfrastructure,espe-ciallyinremoteruralareas,withregardstoroads,electricity,waterandsanita-tion,transportandhealthcare.Thisiseitherbecauseofabasiclackofinfra-structureorpoormaintenance,andhas

consequencesforthehealth,economicsituationandeducationallevelofthelocalpopulations.Powerremainsverycentral-ized,andthedistrict-levelauthoritiesdonothavetherequisitefinancialorinsti-tutionalcapacitiestoresponddirectlytocommunityneeds.Participantsalsohigh-lightedconcernswithlawenforcement,

monitoringandimplementation.Theyexpressconcernsaboutcorruption,nepotismandcollusioningovernmentinstitutionswhichpreventtheseproblemsfrombeingredressed.Theconsultationsalsoconveyastrongviewthatlocalbusi-nessesandthegeneralpublicareunabletothriveorimprovetheircapacities,asthelackofeffectivegovernanceenablesforeignplayerstodominatemarketsandbusinesses.linkedtothisissueisthepersistentlylowlevelofhumancapitaldevelopment.Theconsultationpointstoaneducationsystemthatisdifficulttoaccess,withlow-qualityeducation,espe-ciallyfortheruralpopulation.Thisresultsinayouthpopulationwithlowskillsandfewemploymentprospects.

intheconsultationsiniran,partici-pantsspokeabouttheresponsibilitiesofduty-bearers,andaneedtofocusonresponsivegovernancewithanemphasisonhumandignityandhumanrights.Transparencyaswellasprobityandintegrityareseenaskeyattributesforduty-bearers.similarobservationsareechoedacrossalltheconsultations,reiteratinganemphasisonthequalityandpracticeofgovernance,ratherthanonitsformalstructure.

inindonesia,participantsseetrans-parencyandtheeradicationofcorruptionaspreconditionsforthesuccessfulimple-mentationofdevelopmentinterventions,suchasgovernmentmanagementandregulationofwaterresources.goodgovernancealsorequiresgreatercivicparticipationinthepolicymakingandpolicy-regulatingprocess.

sociAl TrAnsForMATions underWAY in AsiA

Participantsinmanyconsultationsintheregionnotethatrapidsocialtransforma-tionsareunderwayintheirsocieties,andthatthesehaveimplicationsfortradi-tionalsystemsofsocialprotectionandcare.Theyareassociatedwithchangingdynamicswithinfamilystructuresaccom-paniedbythedemographicshifttowardssmallerfamilysize;theshiftsintraditionalemploymentarrangementsandthe

“socieTyhAschAngedToWArdconsuMerisM,WhilesyMPAThyAndFAiThinculTure,TrAdiTionAndWisdoMWereMoreVAluedinThePAsT.ThePATTernoFconsuMPTionchAngedAsWell.PeoPlerelyMoreonexTernAlFoodsourcesAndinsTAnTFood.ThebArTersysTeMinThecoMMuniTyhAsdeclined.TheKnoWledgeAbouTPlAnTATionisFAdingAWAyFroMThecoMMuniTy.TheyouThinThecoMMuniTyAreMoreinFluencedbyMediA,inTerneT,AndTechnologicAldeVicessuchAsMobilePhonesAndcoMPuTers.FAMilyMeMbersbecAMedisTAnTFroMeAchoTherbecAuseoFdiFFerenTATTiTudesAnddAilyAcTiViTies.coMMuniTiesAlsoFAcedrugAbuse.”thAilAnD’S PoSt 2015 DeVeloPMent AgenDA QuAlitAtiVe DAtA rePorting

childinislamabad(Photo:un)


changingneedsofthelabourmarket;growingurbanizationandmigrationfromruralsectors;andtheoverallchangesinthesocialfabricofcommunities.Thesehaveimportantramificationsfortherolesandresponsibilitiesofdifferentgroupsandsectionsinsociety—betheywomen,elderly,youthorveryyoung,disabledorinfirm.Thedemographicshifthasalreadysignalledincreasesintheelderlyandtheyoungerpopulations,bothofwhichincreasethedependencyratio.Womenwhohaveenteredformalemploymentorareworkinginsectorspreviouslydominatedbymaleworkersalsoencounterarangeofnewissuesincludingdelayedandreducedchild-bearingandincreasesinworkloadsandcareresponsibilities.Familiesareslowtoadjusttotheshiftsintraditionalrolesandresponsibilities.

observationsonthecustomaryproductiveandreproductiverolesofwomenfromthe Viet nampost-2015countryconsultation:“edewomensufferfromalotofhardships.Whenpregnant,westillhavetoworkuntilwedeliver,andthreedaysafterdeliverywehavetoworkagain:fetchingwater,fetchingfirewoodandworkingintheuplandfields,andwehavetocarryourbabieswithus.it’sveryhard,butifwedonotdoit,noonewillhelp.”—Femaleparticipant,groupdiscussion,easincommune,daklakprovince,Vietnam

shiftsinemploymentstructuresandtechnologies—awayfrommoretraditionallivelihoods—havealsohadimportantramifications.Peoplearelessconnectedtotheircommunitiesandenvi-ronmentthaninthepast,andsotherewasasensethatsomethingvaluablefromtheoldwaysofdoingthingsmayhavebeenlost.

Participantsintheindonesianconsultationamongotherscallfortheinclusionofcomprehensivesexualandreproductivehealtheducationinthenationalcurriculum.ThisisoneofthestrongestthemesoftheMulti-stakeholderdialogueoninequalities,andwasechoedbytheyouthleadersoftheunescoyouthconsultation.The

generalconsensusofstakeholdergroupsworkinginsexualhealth,thecommer-cialsextrade,hiV/Aids,gender,genderidentity,publichealthandothersectorsindicatesthatitisapriorityneed,notjustforindonesiabutalsointhepost-2015developmentagenda.

skills,jobtrainingandaccesstoeducationemergeascentralthemes.Theyhelptoensurethatnewentrantstotheworkforceareequippedwithnecessaryskillsetsandarealsoawareofthesocialtransformationsunderwayintheirsocietiesandtheirroleinthem.inthePhilippines,participantsnotethatcountriesinornearingdemographictran-sition(fromhightolowfertility)areexpe-riencinganincreasingrateofpopulationageing,andthechallengeforgovernmentis,first,toinvestineffectivesocialservicestopromotesuccessfulandhealthyageing;and,second,toprovidetheolderpopula-tionwiththenecessaryenvironmentforthemtosignificantlycontributetowards

economicdevelopment.Peopleconsultedaskthatexplicitpoliciesandprogrammesforqualitymedicalandsocialcareofoldercitizensbeputinplace.

PoPulATion exPAnsion, enerGY needs, urBAnizATion And enVironMenTAl susTAinABiliTY

urbanization,migrationandthegrowthofmegacitiesisanotheremergingissue.Thisisnotonlyabouturbanissuesandconcernsaboutcrumblinginfrastructure,theproliferationofslumsorthecapacityforurbanplanning.itisalsoaboutthedecelerationinagriculturalgrowth,theneglectoftheruralsector,anddisparitiesbetweenruralandurbanareasintermsofpublicserviceprovisionandinfrastruc-ture.Thedebatesdrawattentiontotheinterconnectedtopicsofrural-to-urbanmigration(andcross-bordermigrationforemployment),thegrowthofslums,theworkingpoor,anddeclininginvestmentintheruralandagriculturalsector.

“ThelAcKoFTrAnsPorTATioninFrAsTrucTureAndMisMAnAgeMenToFTrAnsPorTATionserVicesleAdsTooVerWhelMingTrAFFicJAMsinMAJorciTiesinindonesiA,JAKArTAchieFAMongTheM.PoorPlAnningscheMeshereleAdToTrAFFic,Floods,unTendedgArbAgeAndWATercrises,AsWellAsAriseinPoVerTyleVels,enVironMenTAlPolluTionAndroAdAccidenTs.goVernMenTPolicieshereAreoFTenconTrAdicToryWiThciTies’needs,eMPhAsiZingMoreonbuildinginnerciTyhighWAysAndlAndreclAMATionoFcoAsTAlAreAs,WhichsysTeMATicAllyreducesliVAbleAreAs.”inDoneSiA PoSt-2015 Country ConSultAtion rePort


enVironMenTAl susTAinABiliTY As A PArT oF PoVerTY erAdicATion

environmentalsustainabilityemergesasagrowingareaofdiscussion,withtheoldperceptionoftherebeingahardchoicetomakebetweenpovertyeradica-tionandenvironmentalconsiderationsgraduallyfading:bothareincreasinglybeingseenasintertwined.urbanization,environmentalpollution,deforestation

anddesertification,changesincropping

patterns,extractiveindustryexpansion

andincreasingsealevelsarehavinga

tremendousimpactonpeople’slives,and

particularlyonpoorandvulnerablepopu-

lations.Theconsultationsheldinseveral

ofthePacificSiDSnotethatclimate

changewillrequireacoordinatedpolicy

responsefromthepublicsectorandcivil

societytoaddressadaptationmeasuresandfoodsecurity.inthelongerterm,sealevelrisesmayeventhreatentheveryexistenceofthesesmallislandnations.

Participantsinthebangladeshconsultationnotetheproblemsposedbytheexpandingpopulation,includingtheincreaseddemandforcultivatinglandspreviouslyseenasunsuitableforagriculturalproduction.climatechangeisaffectingfoodavailabilityandaccess,butalsoconsumptionanddiversityofdiet.climatechangeisseenashavingariskmultipliereffect,ashungermakespopulationsmoresusceptibletoinfec-tiousdisease.otherdriversofriskincludepoorlymanagedurbanizationandweakgovernance.

ThefeedbackfromtheconsultationsinPapua new guineaconfirmsthestrongnexusbetweenhumandevelopmentandtheenvironmentinwhichpeoplelive.ParticipantsintheCambodianconsultationsnotethelimitednumberofearlywarningsystems,andthelackofacomprehensivepolicyandresponsemechanismonclimatechangeissuesatthelocalcommunitylevel.

youngpeoplediscussingtheissuesthattheyarefacingandtheworldtheywantpost2015,Vietnam(Photo:uniceF2013)

“cliMATechAngeinVulnerAbleenVironMenTsexAcerbATessociAlineQuAliTiesAnddisProPorTionATelyAFFecTsThePoor,WoMen,childrenAndMArginAliZedgrouPs.inbAnglAdeshThereisArelATionshiPbeTWeenenVironMenTAndMigrATionWhichArelinKedTooThersocioeconoMicFAcTorsThATdriVePeoPleToMoVe,eiTherVolunTArilyorbynecessiTy.inTurn,disAsTerrisKMAnAgeMenTshouldAlsobeTAKeninToconsiderATionToAddressVulnerAblecoMMuniTiesAndAreAs,AnddeVeloPTheirresilienceAsboThAsociAlAndeconoMiciMPerATiVe.TheexPAndingPoPulATionAndhighdensiTyhAsincreAseddeMAndForAgriculTurAlProducTionAndreQuiresTheculTiVATionoFlAndsPreViouslyseenAsunsuiTAbleForAgriculTurAlProducTion.inTurn,cliMATechAngeAFFecTsFoodAVAilAbiliTyAndAccess,buTAlsoconsuMPTionAnddiVersiTyoFdieT.cliMATechAngeserVesAsAhungerrisKMulTiPlier,MAKingPoPulATionsMoresuscePTibleToinFecTiousdiseAse.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, bAnglADeSh


educationandtrainingarethemainsolutionsproposedbythecambodianpeopletoaddressclimatechangeissues.Theysaythatnationalauthorities,subnationaladministrations,communecouncils,csosanddevelopmentpartnersallhavearoletoplayineducatingthepublicandchangingpeople’sbehaviour.Atthelocallevel,communecouncilscouldrehabilitateanddevelopresilientirrigationsystemsandwatersourcesandpromotecommunityleadershiponwatermanagement.otherideasonhowtoimprovetheenvironmentalsituationincludeintroducingalternativeenergysources—forexample,solarpower,windpower,hydropower,biogasandbiomass—anddevelopingappropriateenergyatanaffordableprice,aswellasintroducingenergy-savingdevicesandimprovingenergyefficiency.ParticipantsintheCambodiaconsultationsexpresstheirdesiretobuildresilientandprosperouscommunitieswherepeoplehavestrongadaptivecapacity,betterlivelihoods,healthycommunitiesandlessurbanmigration.Theywantknowledgeandaccesstoinformation,effectiveresponsesystemsandwell-coordinated,harmonizedmechanismstoprovidesupportservicesinclimatechangeresponses.

Accesstoaffordablecleanenergyisalsohighlightedbyparticipantsintheindonesianconsultation.Thediscus-sionsnotethat,althoughtheprivatesectoriswillingtouseclean/renewableenergysources,thecostofsuchenergyiscurrentlystilltoohighformostbusinessestoafford.governmentscouldincentivizethemajorpushrequiredtoinitiateorfacilitatethecreationofthisinfrastruc-ture.includingthisgoalinthepost-2015developmentagendacouldfacilitatethistransformationworldwide.

ParticipantsfromtheSolomon islands, Samoaand Papua new guineaconcludethattheissuesofemploymentopportuni-tiesandclimatechangevulnerabilityarecentralprioritieswhichhavetobetackledinacoordinatedmanner.climatechangevulnerabilitiesduetorisingsealevelsandshiftingcoastlinesaswellasincreasedrisk

ofnaturaldisasterswerenotedasexisten-tialthreatsforthepopulationsofthesesmallislands.Theircharacteristicsassids,withalargelytourism-driveneconomy,led

toconcernsabouttheriskswhichclimatechangeposestotheirpersonalsecurityandalsototheirmainsourceofincome

andemployment.

“ThelAcKoFKnoWledgeAndundersTAndingoFcliMATechAngeis[idenTiFiedAs]AcorechAllengeForFuTuredeVeloPMenTPolicyMAKing.loWAdAPTiVecAPAciTyTocliMATechAngeeVenTshAseQuAllybeenMenTioned.FurTherchAllengesAreThelAcKoFreliAblecliMATicinForMATionAsWellAsThelAcKoFWATersources,AndTheliMiTATionsoFPolicy,huMAncAPiTAl,energysuPPlyAndlAcKoFcAPiTAlAsWellAsTheliMiTATionoFeArlyWArningsysTeMs.”CliMAte ChAnge worKShoP, CAMboDiA

regionAl ConSultAtionS inAsiAAndThePAciFic

under the stewardship of eSCAP, a series of expert group meetings were organized in 2012-13 on the evolving post-2015 agenda. Subregional consultations were held in Almaty, Kazakhstan (26-28 September 2012) for Central and east Asian countries; in nadi, Fiji (10-11 october 2012) for Pacific island States; in bangkok, thailand (21-23 november 2012) for South-east Asian countries and in Dhaka, bangladesh (9-11 February) for South-Asian countries. A consultation workshop was also held in Siem reap, Cambodia (17-19 December, 2012) for the least Developed countries (lDCs).

the subregional consultations were informed by think pieces from eminent experts, and brought together representatives from govern-ments, civil society, academia and international organizations. there was clear support for a new development framework and goals that were applicable to all countries. At the same time, some partici-pants stressed the need for more customization at the regional and national levels. the majority of participants at these regional consul-tations also believed that the new development framework needs to have a special focus on lDCs, with additional goals or provisions.


VoiCeS FroM ArAb StAteS, the MiDDle eASt AnD northern AFriCA

Algeria, Djibouti, egypt, iraq, Jordan, lebanon, Morocco, Sudan, yemen4

TheMyWorldsurveyhascollectedover25,500votesfromtheArabstates.Asnapshottodateshowsthatthetopprior-itiesaremainlyagoodeducation,betterjobopportunities,healthcare,anhonestandresponsiblegovernment,andprotec-tionagainstcrimeandviolence.Theseaspirationsarealsoreiteratedthroughfeedbackfromthenationalconsultations,

whereissuessuchasfreedomfromviolenceandphysicalsecurity,bettergovernanceandruleoflaw,inclusiveemploymentgeneration,betteraccesstoandqualityofhealthandeducation,environmentalsustainabilityandresourcemanagementarenotedascentraltothenextglobaldevelopmentagenda.

PeoPle see FreedoM FroM Violence As A PrecondiTion For FuTure ProGress

TheArabstatessharemanycommontraitsbutarealsoverydiverse,notleastintermsoflevelsofeconomicdevelop-ment.Theyincludebothoilexportersandoilimporters,andcountriesatalllevelsofincome:high,middleandlow.conflicthasbeenaregularoccurrenceintheregionformanydecades,andthe

resultinginstabilitystillplacesbarrierstodevelopmentorcausessetbacks.Alloftheconsultationsbringupconflictpreventionandfreedomfromviolenceasapreconditionforanyfutureprogress.

Forcountriesaffectedbydifferentdegreesofconflict,transitionandinsecu-rity—directlyorthroughneighbouringstates—theresultinginsecurity,andperceptionsassuch,severelyreducesopportunitiesforpeopleinaffectedcommunities.Thishasnegativeimpactsonhealth,education,employment,familyformationandcivicengagement.Theeffectsofconflictalsoplaceparticularstrainsonalreadystretchedhealthcaresystemsandotherpublicservices,andrequireincreasedeffortstoenhancefood

youngparticipantatForumoneducationunderthetheme:‘MakingeducationrelevanttotheworkplaceforyouthinJordan’,Amman,19February2013(Photo:unescoJordan)











securityandnutritionforthoseaffected.stabilityandsecurityareseenbymanyasvaluablepublicgoodsthatthegovern-mentshouldprovidetoitscitizens.

Manycountriesintheregionarefacingpoliticalandsocialinstabilityafterpopulationshaverisenuptoexpressdiscontentatthelackofopportunitiestoinfluencetheircountry’spathofdevelop-ment,orfrustrationatthepaceorpatternofeconomicgrowth.Theyseemostbenefitsaccruingtoestablishedandnewelites,andgrowthnotbeingtranslatedintojobs,especiallyfortheburgeoningyouthpopulation.Thishashappenedincountriesthathadshownprogressnotonlyineconomictermsbutalsoinkeyhumandevelopmentindictors.infact,aswell-beinganddemocraticinstitutionsimprove,demandshavealsorisenforafasterpaceofchange,andtotacklesomeoftheunderlyingdriversofinequalityandexclusion.

7 August 2013

MyWorldsurVeyresulTsArAb StAteS, the MiDDle eASt AnD northern AFriCA

“iThinKThedreAMWeMusThAVeisThAToFdisArMAMenTAndPeAcebecAuseThisisTheonlysoluTionToMeeTTheMdgsAndiMProVeTheeconoMy.”PArliAMentAriAn, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, MoroCCo

“WhATWeneedAFTer2015isgoodgoVernAnceAndhuMAnsecuriTy.”ACADeMiC, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, irAQ, on the neeD For inCreASeD goVernMent ACCountAbility AnD trAnSPArenCy

“dJibouTiisAcounTryinPeAceAndeVeryThingisdoneToPreserVeiT.”goVernMent rePreSentAtiVe, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, DJibouti


BeTTer GoVernAnce underPins All discussions in The reGion

Thestrongestoverallmessagefromconsultationsinthisregionarecallsforbetter,lesscorruptandmoreaccessibleandresponsivegovernance;forchangesingrowthpatternsandeducationsystemstotackleemploymentproblems;andnaturalresourcemanagement.ThecallsforbettergovernanceunderpinalldiscussionsintheMiddleeastandnorthernAfrica.

PeopleseeprogressontheMdgsasbeingdependentonimprove-mentsingovernance.Fortheregionaswhole,humandevelopmentindi-cators—includinglifeexpectancy,health,education,infrastructureandgenderequality—haveshownpositivemomentum,but,duetoconflictandtheincreasinglycomplexanddiversifiedpoliticalandsocio-economicenviron-ment,progresshasstalledinrecentyears.inparticular,progressinachievingMdg1(eradicatingextremePovertyandhunger)andMdg5(improvingMaternalhealth)islagging.Progressinoverallaggregatesmasksconsiderabledifferentiationwithincountriesandwithintheregion.5Thisisperhapsexpressedmostclearlyintheaverageilliteracyratefortheregion,whichhoversaround30percent.6inallcases,illiteracyishigheramongwomenthanmen,leadingtodisadvantagesinjobmarketsandopportunitiesforleadershipandparticipationinsocio-politicallife.Again,furtherprogressisseentodependonimprovementsingovernance,onopportunitiestoparticipateandonhavinginstitutionsthatarecapableofusingamoreholisticcross-sectoralapproach.

Allthenationalconsultationsvoicetheneedfornationallytailoredgovern-ancereformsasadriveroffuturedevel-opment.inaddition,reformsthatcanreducemistrustbetweengovernmentsandcitizensareseenaskeytoaddressingtheprevailingfrustrationsevidentintheconsultationsregardinginequalities.Therearecallsformoreinclusivesocialcontractsbasedontherecognitionofhumanrights,andformechanismstoallowgreatertransparencyandaccountability.

“hosTingThesyriAnreFugeesconsTiTuTesAneWeconoMicburdenAndPuTsconsiderAblePressureonTheliMiTedresourcesoFThesTATe.insPiTeoFThesediFFiculTiesAndgroWingFinAnciAlPressureonTheeducATion,heAlTh,inFrAsTrucTureAndlAborMArKeTsinTheKingdoM,WeWillconTinueToProVidehelPAndAssisTAnceToTheM.”CiVil SoCiety rePreSentAtiVe, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn

“ForyouTh,AcAdeMicsAndciVilsocieTy,AddressingsociAlillsAnddeFicienciesAndTheProMoTionoFsociAlAndPoliTicAlsTAbiliTyAreessenTiAlcondiTionsreQuiredToreAliZePeAceAndsAFeTy.ForWoMen,FreedoMoFMobiliTyinPublicsPAcesWiThouTrisKoFhArAssMenTorATTAcKisconsideredAMeAsureoFPeAceAndsecuriTy.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, AlgeriA

consultationwiththeyouthParliament,rabat,February2013(Photo:unMorocco-reineVanholsbeek)


Alackofopendialogueandalter-nativesourcesofinformation(beyondgovernmentsources)isseenassympto-maticoftheproblemofalackoftranspar-encyandaccountability.duetosomepersistingformsofrestrictions,mediaarenotfullyempoweredtoplayanactiveroleandtosupportcitizens’participationindecision-making.

despitethegrowthofcivilsocietyandwidermarginsforexpressionandpoliticaldebate,themajorityofArabstatesarestillseenasauthoritarian.Whereparticipationexists,itislimitedinscopeandimpact,andoftenexcludesyouthandwomen.Thelargeandgrowingyoungpopulationisparticularlysensitivetotherestrictionsonpoliticalandeconomicparticipation.Asyoungpeopleentersociety,theyfacehighratesofunemployment,fewopeningsforpoliticalengagementandlittlehopeforchange.7civicengagementis,therefore,perceivedasacriticalfactortoadvancedemocraticandsocialreforms,asismakinguseofsocialmediatoachievebroaderyouthparticipation.

supportforlocal-levelgovernanceintheformofdecentralization,includingfiscaldecentralizationanddevolutionofpowerforservicedelivery,ishighlightedintheconsultations.WithmostArabstatesremainingfairlycentralized,there

“goVernAnceisAPrioriTyThATneedsTobesTrengThenedWiThPeoPle’sPArTiciPATioninPublicAFFAirs.ThereisAneedToiMProVeMechAnisMsToAssessPublicPolicies.”PriVAte-SeCtor PArtiCiPAntS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, AlgeriA

“iThAsbecoMeeVidenTThATTheMeAnsForAchieVingsusTAinAbledeVeloPMenTgoAlsAreAsessenTiAlAsThedeVeloPMenTgoAlsTheMselVes.This,bydeFiniTion,reQuiresWiderPArTiciPATionAnddeMocrATicgoVernAnceToensureoWnershiPoFThePosT-2015ouTcoMes,MoniToringMechAnisMsAndPosiTiVeinTerAcTionoFThePeoPleWiThTheouTcoMes.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn

“ThecurrenTsTATeoFMdgs[shoWs]ThATThereisAProbleMoFoWnershiPAndleAdershiP.ThedreAMisThenexTdeVeloPMenTFrAMeWorKincludesTheoWnershiPAndleAdershiPideAsFor[releAseoF]synergies.”FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, MoroCCo

“ThereArenoshAdoWrePorTs,reseArchedbyngos,TocoMPleMenTThesTAndArdgoVernMenTdocuMenTsorsTATeMenTs.”CiVil SoCiety PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt, on the DiMiniSheD role oF CiVil SoCiety

“reQuiregoVernMenTrePorTsThATAreTrAnsPArenTAndAccessibleToThePublic.conducTPublicoPinionPolls;consulTATiVeMeeTingsoFAssociATionsonVAriouseconoMicAndsociAlissues.”FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt reCoMMenDAtionS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, irAQ

“WeAreenTiTledTobeinVolVedinThedecisionsAndPlAnsThATAFFecTourFuTure.”youth PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt, on engAgeMent in PubliC AFFAirS

WelcomingremarksbybuthaynaAl-Khatib(uniceF)-Post-2015consultationonreducingchildandmaternalmortality–Amman,25April2013(Photo:unrcJordan)


isademandformorelocalautonomytoengagecitizensinissuesandopenuppublicspaceforlocalandregionalpolitics.

geographicaldisparitiesarenotedinalltheconsultations,especiallyinterms

ofbetweenruralandurbanareas.Thisispartlyattributedtoexistingpatternsofcentralizationandthewayinwhichitreinforcesdifferencesinaccessandqualityofbasicandsocialservices.

consulTATions in The ArAB sTATes reGion cAll ATTenTion To inequAliTies And disPAriTies

combatingchronicinequalitieswithinandbetweencountriesisaconsistentlyemergingconcernasastand-aloneissueandinterlinkedasapersistentbarrierinotherprioritiesthathaveemergedintheconsultations.

Againtheseareassociatedprimarily—butnotonly—withtheprevalentpatternsofgovernanceandpatternsofeconomicgrowthwhichallowbenefitstoaccruetoasmallelite.inthenationalconsultations,persistentinequalitiesareflaggedintermsofwealth,employment,accesstoassetsandland,socialservices,water,education,gender,socialjusticeandpoliticalparticipation.Thisparticu-larlyaffectswomen,personslivingwithdisabilitiesandvulnerablegroups.

genderinequalitiesareamongthosefeltmostkeenly.WhilealmostallArabstateshaveadheredtotheglobaldeclarationsandconventionsrelatedtotheempowermentofwomen,thesebroadcommitmentsarenotalways

“TheProcessoFdecenTrAliZATion,inTroducedin1992ToAddressregionAldisPAriTiesinThecounTry,hAsbroughTTolighTseVerecAPAciTydeFiciTsoFAninsTiTuTionAl,huMAnAndPhysicAlnATureincludingWeAKFinAnciAlAccounTAbiliTyAndrePorTing,lAcKoFTrAnsPArency,AndineFFecTiVeMoniToringoFTheuTiliZATionoFbudgeTAryAllocATionsAndreVenueMobiliZATion.TheProbleMhAsbeencoMPoundedbyThecoMPlexgoVernAncesTrucTures,WiThWeAKinTer-MinisTeriAlAndinTer-goVernMenTAlcoordinATion.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn

“eVeryciTyshouldhAVeiTsoWncenTrAliZeddecision-MAKingPoWerAlongWiThiTsselF-FundedsuPPorTsysTeMs.AslongAsPoWeriscenTrAliZedinonePoliTicAlbody,ThePoliTicAlFAcTionsWillKeePcoMPeTingToTAKeAPieceoFThePie.”PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, lebAnon

“WeneedToendcenTrAliZATionAndheAdouTsideThecAPiTAl...reAchingouTToPoVerTyPocKeTsbyPArTneringWiThlocAlciVilsocieTyinsTiTuTions.”entrePreneur At the eConoMiC AnD SoCiAl CounCil, rounD tAble on PoVerty reDuCtion AnD eMPloyMent, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn

consultationwithrepresentativesof10civilsocietyorganizationsfromupperegyptheldon4March2013inAswan(Photo:Ms.yasminedegheidy)


translatedintotangibleimprovementsontheground.Thisisbecausetheyrequiremultipleeffortsonmanyfrontstotacklethepolitical,economicandsocialdriversbehindentrenchedinequalities.Womenfacechallengesinincreasingtheirpoliticalengagement,elevatingtheirstatuswithintheircommunitiesandalsoinmeetingtheirbasicneeds.in Sudan,womensufferthehighestincidenceofhiV/Aidsinthecountry.inlebanon, Morocco and yemen,participantsnotethatwomencannotparticipatesufficientlyinpoliticaldecision-making.inegypt,participantscommentthatviolenceagainstwomenandgirlsisontheriseandisespeciallyapparentonthestreetsandinthepublicsphere.inAlgeria,womeninruralareaspointtovariousbarriersandincreasedvulnerabilityintheirabilitytoaccessaffordablehousing,especiallysocialhousing.inJordan,persistingstereotypesandculturalbarriersstillpreventwomenfromenjoyingfullparticipationinthelabourmarketandinthepoliticalarena.

PeoPle Are AsKinG For inclusiVe GroWTh And eMPloYMenT GenerATion

overall,ArabcountrieshavecontinuedtoachieverespectablegdPgrowthrates,but,duetostructuralimbalancesandlackofsupportivepolicies,thesehavenotbeenaccompaniedbyequivalentrisesinemploymentandwages.Thepopula-tionofaround320millionpeopleintheregionhasbeengrowingquickly,placingaconsiderablestrainonthelabourmarket.landandwaterresources,aswellasinfrastructureareunderstress,whichaffectsemploymentandincomegenera-tionopportunities.demographicchangesoverthenextdecadeareexpectedtoincrease,andtheregionisprojectedtohaveoneofthehighestpercentagesofyouthintheworld.by2015,thenumberofpeopleaged15–24isexpectedtoreach73million.youthunemploy-mentisofparticularconcern,asarethelowparticipationratesofwomen(forexample,indjiboutiandJordantherateoffemaleparticipationintheworkforceisamongthelowestintheworld).With

“ThereisdeVeloPMenTineQuiTyAMonggoVernorATesAndbeTWeengendersAsWellAsbeTWeenrurAlAndurbAnAreAs.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, irAQ

“susTAinAbledeVeloPMenTisPossibleonlyWhenPeoPlehAVeTheMeAnsTobecoMeAgenTsoFchAnge,leAdingToAheAlThiersocieTyWhichisProducTiVeAndsTronger.”PerSon with DiSAbilitieS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, AlgeriA

“ThereArenodiFFerencesbeTWeenTheroleoFWoMenAndroleoFMen—WhATWoMenWilldoisThesAMeThingThATMenWilldo.”CiVil SoCiety rePreSentAtiVe, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, yeMen

“TheMosTiMPorTAnTPosiTionsinThegoVernMenTAreAllheldbyMen.ThoseWoMenWhoMAKeiTFArinThesysTeMusuAllyenduPholdingAMoresyMbolicPosiTion,inso-cAlled‘soFT’MinisTriesWiThouTbeingsuPPorTedbybudgeTsToFulFilTheirduTies.ThisneedsTochAnge.”FeMAle youth PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, yeMen

consultationwithwomenandcivilsocietyactivistsheldon20February2013incairoandhostedbyunWomenthroughitscivilsocietyPlatform(Photo:Ms.Fatmayassin,communicationsAssociate,unWomen)


approximately60percentofthepopula-tionundertheageof25,morethan50millionjobswillneedtobecreatedinthecomingdecadetoaccommodatethisyouthbulge.8

stakeholdersintheregionassociategapsinachievementoftheMdgswiththelackofemploymentopportunitiesandnon-inclusivepatternsofgrowth.economieslackdiversification,withsomeresource-richeconomiesrelyingonresourceexports,othersonalimitednumberofsectorssuchastourism,

andthepoorestrelyingonforeignaid.economicrevitalizationwithjobcreationisseenclearlyascriticalnotonlyforpovertyreductionbutalsoforsocialcohesionandstability.

Thelinkbetweenimprovingemploy-mentopportunitiesandthemanage-mentofnaturalresourcesisarticulatedquiteclearlyinseveralconsultations.Thephysicallandscapeisbeingerodedbyrapidurbanizationandthreatenedbydesertification,climatechangeandrisingsealevels,whichimpactthelimitedarable

landintheregion.Populationpressuresandpoormanagementoflimitedwaterresources,compoundedbydroppingwatertablesandgroundwaterpollution,areposingthreatstofutureaccesstowater,foodsecurity,healthandagricul-turallivelihoods.

Arabeconomieswhichdependonexportsofnaturalresourcesremainveryvulnerabletoworldenergypricesanddemandfluctuations.Manyrelyonfoodimportsandarevulnerabletovolatilitiesandspikesinfoodprices.Theconsultationscallforsustainabledevel-opmentprogrammesthatcantargetdiversificationofeconomiestofosterjobcreation,improvesocialcohesionandguaranteeenvironmentalsustainability.discussantswantashiftfromexport-ledgrowthtowardsthecreationofsustain-ableproductivesectorswhichcancreateaddedvalueandjobsinagriculture,services,tourismandmanufacturing.

representativesfromtheprivatesectorarealsovoicingtheneedtoshiftfromasystemthatislargelydependentonstate-controlledresourcesandcontractstoonethatharnessesinde-pendentcapitalandentrepreneurialinitiatives.inshort,theywishforaclearerseparationanddefinitionoftheroleofthestateandprivatesectorineconomic

“inyeMen,uneMPloyMenTisreFerredToAsThe‘MosTiMPorTAnTchAllengeFAcingThedeVeloPMenTProcess’.recenTesTiMATesPlAcesuneMPloyMenTrATesAT54.4PercenTin2011,coMPAredTo42PercenTin2009.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, yeMen

“uneMPloyMenThAsreAchedAlArMingProPorTionsAndAFFecTsneArly50%oFTheAcTiVePoPulATionAndAbouT60%oFyoungPeoPle.giVenThediFFiculTeconoMicsiTuATionAndPersisTenTuneMPloyMenT,TheyoungergenerATionsdonoThAVebenchMArKs,TheyhAVelosTconFidenceinTheMselVesAndinTheFuTureoFThenATion.MosTyoungPeoPlehAVegroWnFATAlisTicAndconsiderThATThesoluTionisTogoAbroAd.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, DJibouti

groupdiscussionatthenationalForumofcivilsocietyorganizations–Amman,2March2013(Photo:unrcJordan)


development,forlevelplayingfieldsand—again—transparentaccount-abilitymechanismsforbothstateandprivatesectors.Thegovernmentisperceivedasnotdoingenoughtocombatcorruption,renderingthecostofdoingbusinessprohibitive.

in educATion And heAlTh, The deMAnd is For BeTTer Access And quAliTY

WhilemostcountriesintheArabregionhaveachieved,orareabouttoachieve,universalprimaryeducation,thereisadistinctperceptionofadeficitinthequalityofeducation.Thisisduetomultiplefactors,includingalackof

qualifiedteachers,geographicaldispari-tiesineducationalresources,inequalitiesinaccessduetolegalorsocialstatusandgender,andthemismatchbetweenskillsacquiredthrougheducationalcoursesandthedemandsofthejobmarket.overall,thecallforaddressingthequalityaswellasthecontentofeducationiscomingacrossloudandclear.

Theconsultationsarerevealingdemandsforamorecoordinatedapproachbetweentheprivatesector,educationalinstitutionsandthegovern-mentforabetterintegrationoftheregion’seducationandvocationaltraining

systemswiththeneedsofemployers.

giventhehighratesofilliteracyinsomepartsoftheregion,thereisalsoaclearneedtoprovideopportunitiesforthosewhohavedroppedouttoreturntothesystem.

Keyshortcomingsinhealthsystemswithintheregionareperceivedtobeduetothegovernanceissuesdiscussedabove:bureaucraticinefficiencies,limitedtechnicalanddatacapacitiesandin-adequatefunding.healthservicesoperatingagainstthebackdropofconflictareplacedunderparticularstrain.

contributorsfeelthatanyapproach

“ThesudAneseeconoMyishighlyVulnerAbleToexTernAlshocKsdueToheAVydePendenceonoilAndneglecToFgroWThinoTherProducTiVesecTorsnAMelyAgriculTureAndindusTry.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn

“noTonlyWouldThegreeneconoMybeAniMPorTAnTToolToProTecTTheenVironMenT,buTiTcAnAlsoleAdToThecreATionoFMAnygreenJobs.”PArtiCiPAnt, inCePtion Meeting with goVernMent, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn

“ThePriVATesecTorisoneoFMAnyPlAyers,buTThegoVernMenTisTheiniTiATor.”PriVAte-SeCtor PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt

“lAcKoFJoboPPorTuniTiesMAKesMePosTPoneMygrAduATionFroMuniVersiTy.WhyAMiinAhurryTosiTidleAThoMe?”youth PArtiCiPAnt, youth AnD eMPloyMent worKShoP, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn

“iWishicouldgobAcKToliVingWiThMyPArenTs,geTAneducATionAndbecoMeAcArengineer.”Street ChilD, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt

“ThereisnogenerAlsTAndArdoFcAre;loW-QuAliTyMedicATionisdAngerousAndliFe-ThreATening.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, irAQ

“WheneVerihAVeAMedicAlconsulTATionserVice,ForMysonAndForMyselF,iFeeleMbArrAssedbyThelooKsoFThesTAFF.”33-yeAr-olD woMAn liVing with hiV, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, MoroCCo, on DiSCriMinAtion when ACCeSSing SuPPort SerViCeS


toaddressinghealthissuesmustconsiderhealthasafundamentalhumanrightfoundedoncoreprinciplesofequityandaccountability.however,thisrightisbynomeansassuredforallcitizensinArabcountries.disparitiesinaccessareevident,forexample,betweenruralandurbanareas.inaddition,womensufferfromneglectandgender-biasedtradi-tionsandharmfulpractices.

disparitiesinaccesstoandqualityofhealthservicesaffectothervulner-ablegroups,includingpoorpeople,elderlypeople,youth,migrants,internallydisplacedpersonsandrefugees.evenwhentheydohaveaccess,manypeople—particularlythoselivingwithhiVandpeoplewithdisabilities—sufferfromstigmaanddiscrimination.

Participantsinsomeconsultationscallforcountriestoestablishminimumsocialprotectionfloorstoguaranteeaccesstoessentialsocialservicesandtransfersandtoaddressthestarkdisparitiesinhealthaccessandoutcomesacrosstheregionandwithinindividualcountries.

Peopleconsultedfeelthathealth

“AuniVersAlheAlThcoVerAgesysTeMshouldbeelAborATed,ToreAchAllTheciTiZensAndinhAbiTAnTsoFThecounTry,regArdlessoFTheircurrenTsociAlsecuriTysTATus.TheuniVersAlheAlThcoVerAgeWouldincludeAccessTohosPiTAlsAndcAresTrucTuresinreMoTeAreAs,AsWellAsAWArenessonheAlThissuesAMongVulnerAblegrouPs,AndAFFirMATiVeMeAsuresForPreVenTiVeheAlThcAre.inThisAPProAch,ThereWouldberooMForAQuAliTATiVeMeAsureMenToFheAlThserVices.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, lebAnon

“shorTAgeoFinFrAsTrucTureserVicesrePresenTsAreAldeVeloPMenTbArrierAsiTcAusesisolATionThATcreATesAndsusTAinsunderdeVeloPMenT.ThereFore,AddressingrurAlisolATionbyiMProVingAccessisexPecTedTobeAKeyeleMenTinAnydeVeloPMenTsTrATegy.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, SuDAn

“WeurgenTlyneedToAcTiVATeThelAWonreneWAbleenergyononehAnd,AndgrAnTFAciliTiesToThePriVATesecTorToinVesTonTheoTher.”young FeMAle PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn

Performancesatthehigh-levelmeetingoftheThematicconsultationonWater,Thehague,March2013(Photo:iisd/earthnegotiationsbulletin)


systemsshouldalsobestrengthenedtobemorecapableoftacklingemergingtrendsandthreats.Theseincludetheincreasedprevalenceofncds,hiV,dis-abilities,obesityandroadtrafficaccidents.Again,accountabilitymechanismsareconsideredkeyifimprovementsinaccesstoandqualityofcarearetobeachieved.

Food securiTY, enerGY And WATer

Theconsultationsunderscoretheurgencyoffood,energyandwaterinsecurityanddemonstrateanawarenessoftheirlinkstoissuessuchaspoverty,education,healthandgender.Waterresourcesareconsid-eredadominantvulnerabilityintheArabregion,wherepercapitawateravailabilityispredictedtofallbyhalfby2050.

governanceissuesandinequalitiesonceagainunderpinthesediscussions,asseveraloftheconsultationreportsclaimthatpublicservicesinthesespheresarefragmented,withpoordistributionandreliabilityandweakinstitutionalframe-workslinkingproviderstobeneficiaries.Thekeymessagesarethatthesustain-abilityoffood,energy,waterand,ingeneral,thesustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesarecoretosocialjusticeintheregion.improvedavailabilityandmoreequitableaccesstotheseresourceswillonlybepossiblebyintegratingthemwithrights-basedgovernancereforms.

“iTisTiMeThATTheissueoFPoPulATiondynAMicsisgiVendueATTenTion.WillegyPTbeAbleToAccoMModATeAndProVideForTheexPecTedincreAse?”FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt

“reseArchcouldProVeTobeoneoFThecounTry’sMosTVAluAbleAsseTsbecAuseiTMighTshedlighTonAreAsoFscArciTyAndProVideAlTernATiVes.”enVironMentAl exPert, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, egyPt, on the neeD For More enVironMentAl iMPACt ASSeSSMentS AnD AuDitS, AS well AS geogrAPhiC inForMAtion SySteMS to FeeD into DeCiSion-MAKing

regionAl ConSultAtionS inArAbsTATes,MiddleeAsTAndnorThernAFricA

regional consultations have taken place on post-2015 develop-ment priorities, the successes and relevance of the Millennium Development goals, emerging global challenges impacting the region, and the post-rio+20 processes for sustain-able development goals. engaging over 350 representatives from government, civil society, business and international organizations, these parallel consultations were held in beirut, Amman and Dubai, convened through the regional unDg, eSCwA, uneP, the league of Arab States and civil society.

what has emerged through these consultations is a need to build on the strengths of the MDgs while making refinements and additions that help trace a more relevant outline for the region’s path towards sustainable human development. Participants called for areas that were at the heart of the Millennium Declaration to be better reflected in the next global development framework, including addressing inequalities and disparities; governance issues such as voice and participation; issues related to peace, security and national self-determination; and a fuller expression of gender equality and women’s empowerment. they also called for the next development framework to better reflect the interdependencies of social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Many delegates acknowledged the importance of the water-energy-food nexus and called for increased coordination among ministries. they highlighted the need to combat desertification, ensure water security, and create jobs in the region to keep pace with demographic change.

looking ahead to implementation, participants were clear that development cannot be achieved by governments alone. All stakeholders need to contribute more to the definition of policy and the achievement of progress than in the past.


incorPorATinG resilience And enVironMenTAl susTAinABiliTY

lookingforward,theconsultationshighlightadesiretoincorporateresil-ienceandenvironmentalsustainabilityintothepost-2015agenda.Participantsrecognizetheneedforanewframeworktoenablecountriestorecoverduringandaftercrises,tobuildrobustservicesandinfrastructureandtoanticipateandrespondtoshocks.itisalsorecognizedthattheArabregionfacespressingenvi-ronmentalchallengesthatmayhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheregion’sfuturedevelopmentprospectsandcouldwellreversedevelopmentgainsbythemiddleofthecenturyunlessurgentactionsaretaken.environmentaldegradationasaresultofeconomicanddemographicpressuresisoftenseenasconnectedtopatternsofconsumptionandproduc-tion.consultationscallforintegratedapproachestosustainabledevelopmenttoencompassincentivesforrenewableenergiesandcleantechnologies.

Therearecallsforeducation—insideandoutsideschoolsandwithcsos—toplayamoreprominentroleinraisingawarenessoftheurgencyofaddressingenvironmentalsustainabilityissues.

“iFnobodyKnoWsWhATenVironMenTAlsusTAinAbiliTyis,hoWcAnWeensureiT?”PArtiCiPAnt, DiSASter riSK reDuCtion worKShoP, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn

“byinTegrATingenVironMenTAleducATionAndAsusTAinAbledeVeloPMenTculTureinschoolModules,childrencouldberAisedToresPecTTheenVironMenT.eVenTuAllyThegoAlWouldbeToMAKe‘ProTecTingTheenVironMenT’AciVicVAlueThATWillbeFolloWedAndresPecTedbyAll.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion rePort, MoroCCo

ThePost-2015consultationsiniraq’snorthernregionbroughttogetherpersonslivingwithdisabilities,academics,andwomen’sgroups(Photo:germanroblesosuna,unViraq)


VoiCeS FroM eAStern euroPe AnD CentrAl ASiA

Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, belarus, georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo,9 Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, tajikistan, turkey, turkmenistan, ukraine10

The countriesofeasterneuropeandcentralAsiahavemadesolidprogressonsocio-economicdevelopmentinthepast12years,includingontheMdgs.inglobalterms,thisregionisrelativelyprosperous:mostpeopledonotliveinwhatisgloballycalledextremepoverty,andmanypeoplehaveaccesstobasicsocialservicesincludinghealthandeducation.buteveninthisregion,whereaverageincomeshaveincreasedsince1990,thegapbetweenthewealthiestandthepooresthaswideneddrasticallyinmanycountries.Persistentinequalitiesdominatethelifeexperiencesofmarginalizedgroupssuchasmigrants,refugeesandotherdisplacedpersons,ethnicminorities,peoplelivingwithdisabilities,andresidentsofruralareasordistressedurbanareaswhichhavelaggedbehindfordecades.Thesegroups—aswellaschildren,youngpeople,womenandsomeelderlypeople—havebeenhitparticularlyhardbypost-2008incomelossesandreducedaccesstobasicsocialservices.

Thenarrativeaboutthefutureglobaldevelopmentagendaisincreasinglyfocusedontheneedfor‘transformation’.Thenationalconsultationswithcitizens,civilsociety,governmentandbusinesshelptounpackwhattransformationmeansinaregionwheresectionsofthepopulationarestillreelingfromthetrans-formationsintheirlivesbroughtaboutbytransition.ineasterneuropeandcentralAsia,whileindividualcapacitiesareoftenhigh,institutionsstillstruggletolevelthe

“WeAreWiTnessingsuchTrAnsForMATioninuKrAiniAnPosT-soVieTsocieTyWhereexcessiVeliberAliZATioncAusedserioussociAlconTrAdicTions,AndWeAreconTinuouslylooKingForAnoPTiMAlModelThATWouldcoMbineAMArKeTeconoMyWiThsociAlProTecTionAndeFFicienTsociAlPolicy.”exPert CoMMunity AnD ACADeMiA, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, uKrAine

“nodoubTliberAliZATiononceyieldedPosiTiVeresulTsAndconTribuTedTocurrenTProgress.yeT,noWiTishighTiMeToenTerThenexTsTAgeAndKeePPAceWiThneWdeVeloPMenTsAsourliberAliZATionPrAcTicesAreAlreAdyouTdATed.”ngo rePreSentAtiVe, yereVAn exPert DiSCuSSion, ArMeniA

PublicconsultationsonyouthemploymentinVlora,Albania(Photo:unAlbania)

















playingfieldandreachsociallyexcludedpopulations.Manypeopleintheregionfeelthatweakpublicaccountability,andthegapbetweenthepoorestandaprivilegedelite,preventpeoplelivinginornearpovertyfromenteringthemiddleclass.Theyalsoperceivecertainmentali-tiesasholdingequalitybackintheregion.

TheeasterneuropeanandcentralAsianexperiencesincethe1990s—thebaselinedateoftheMdgs—hasbeendominatedbytransitionawayfromcentralplanningtowardsmoreopeneconomiesandsocieties.Whilethesechangeshaveopenedupmarkets,theconsultationsrevealasensethatthebenefitsofthistransitionhavenotbeenfeltbyall.Thereisalsoasensethattheformersystemleftinitswakelegaciesthatmakeitmoredifficultfortheprinciplesofbureaucraticefficiencyandequalitytoguidebehaviourandmarketincentives

9 August 2013

MyWorldsurVeyresulTseAStern euroPe AnD CentrAl ASiA

“duringcoMMunisM,PeoPleWiThdiFFerenTAbiliTiesWerediscriMinATedAgAinsTbyThesTATeAndPoliTics.ThisdiscriMinATionATuPPerleVelshAsshAPedoursocieTy’sATTiTudesresulTingindiscriMinATorybehAViourToWArdsThisgrouP.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion DiAlogue on ineQuAlitieS, AlbAniA

“inTAJiKisTAn,MAnychildrensTudyuPToThe9ThgrAde,buTTheirPArenTsdon’TleTTheMconTinueTheirsTudies.ThisAPPliesPArTiculArlyTogirls…dueTonoTbeingeducATed,WoMencAnnoTProTecTTheirrighTs.”reSPonDent, My worlD SurVey, tAJiKiStAn


intheregion.interlinkingpatternsofpoliticalandeconomicexclusionareseenashinderingthedevelopmentofamiddleclassacrosstheregion.

PeoPle in eAsTern euroPe And cenTrAl AsiA WAnT A hiGher BAr For The riGhTs coVered in The MdGs

Acrossall15countrieswherenationalconsultationswereundertaken,peoplereaffirmthebasicrightscontainedintheMdgs.Forexample,theapproximately25,000womenandmenineasterneuropewhocompletedtheMyWorldsurveyrankagoodeducationandbetterhealthamongtheirtopchoices,althoughtheyplacealmostequalpriorityonanhonestandresponsivegovernment.Whilepeopleoftenwantmoreambitioninthegoalsofafutureframework,thereisalsoasensethatitisnotrightfortheglobalcommunitytolosefocusontheMdgsandmoveon“beforethejobisdone”—asoneparticipantinKosovoputit.

duringthenationalconsultations,peopleandgroupsinallcountrieshigh-lightedtheneedtoprioritizeeducationasaninvestmentintheircitizens’currentandfuturewelfare.Tajikistanisatellingexampleofacountrywhereenrolmentinbasiceducationisrelativelyhigh,butpeopleseethequalityofeducationasfarfromadequate.Meanwhile,groupssuchaschildrenwithdisabilities,ethnicminori-tiesandchildrenoflabourmigrantsfacesignificantbarriersinaccessingeducation.

Whileenrolmentratesintheregionarerelativelyhigh,boysaremorelikelytofinishschoolingthangirls.Amonginter-nallydisplacedpersonsinAzerbaijan,forexample,conversationsabouteducationinseverallocationsbroughtupcasesofgirlsdroppingoutofschoolduetochildmarriages.childmarriageswerealsoaconcernintajikistan andturkey.

PeopleineasterneuropeandcentralAsiaseetheMdgfocusonprimaryeducationastoolimited.Womenandcivilsocietyparticipantsseethelackofpre-schooleducationasholdingwomenbackinthelabourmarketandtheprivatesector.lackofaccesstovocational

andhighereducationisalsoaseverebottlenecktoeconomicadvancementatanationallevel.inturkmenistan,forexample,over1800peoplewhoparticipatedinthenationalconsultationaskedthatthenextglobaldevelopmentframeworkincludethreecomponentsintheareaofeducation:a)improvingthequality,flexibilityandabilityofeducationsothatitpreparespeopletomeetthechallengesofthe21stcentury;b)increasingtheaccessibilityofeducation,especiallypre-primary,vocationalandsecondaryeducationforvulnerablemembersofsociety;andc)increasingteachinghoursdevotedtoglobaltrendsandsustainabledevelopment.Asaway

tosustainthecountry’srapidgrowthoverthelastdecade,participantsinAzerbaijannationaldialoguesaskthatmoreattentionbepaidtothequalityofservices.

Manyparticipantsacrosseasterneuropedrawattentiontothebrokenlinkbetweeneducationandthejobmarket.representativesfromtheprivatesectorfromseveralcountriesincludingukraineandtajikistanarefrustratedthatinanenvironmentofhighunemploymenttheystillcannotfindadequateexpertise.studentsinmanycountriesareeagertogainreal-worldexperiencebutfindtheirschool’scurriculumdoesnotrespondtotheneedsofthelabourmarket.businessrepresentativesandstudentsacross

Andreistas,icehockeyplayerfordynamoMinsk,showshisprioritiesintheMyWorldsurvey.(Photo:Alexeyshlyk,unbelarus)


“oneoFTheMAinreAsonsForgenderineQuAliTyischildMArriAgeWhichdePriVesThegirlsoFeleMenTAryAndsecondAryeducATion.ThisleAdsTouneducATedMoThersAnduneducATedchildren.iTisAViciouscycle.”20-yeAr-olD woMAn FroM An urbAn AreA, nAtionAl youth ConSultAtion, ShirVAn, AZerbAiJAn

“AZerbAiJAnshouldFurTherinVesTincreATinghuMAnWeAlThAndsTriVeTobecoMeAcenTreoFexcellencebynurTuringQuAliFiedProFessionAls.”MiDDle-AgeD MAn, bArDA, AZerbAiJAn

“TeAchers’cAPAbiliTiesAndMeThodologiesAresoMeTiMesnoTuPTosPeedWiThTheneedsAndreQuesTsoFTheMArKeT,AsWellAsyoungPeoPle’sAbiliTies.TheAgeoFTheinTerneThAsMAdeThiseVenMoreexPliciT.”FeMAle grADuAte, leZhA, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, AlbAniA

“TheQuAliTyoFeducATionhAsseVerelydeTeriorATedAndWerisKbecoMingAnilliTerATePoPulATion.”entrePreneur, PriVAte-SeCtor ConSultAtion, tAJiKiStAn

“educATionAlinsTiTuTionsliMiTTheMselVesPurelyToTheory,deFiniTionsAndAbsTrAcTTheses.TheoryMusTbecoMbinedWiThPrAcTice;cooPerATionbeTWeeneducATionAlinsTiTuTionsAndbusinessshouldbeesTAblished,AndThesTATeMusTsuPPorTThis.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, uKrAine

Focusgroupdiscussionwithethnicminorities,oshProvince,oshcity,Kyrgyzstan(Photo:ibragimovhasan)


easterneuropegenerallyagreeonthenatureofthislabourmarketdisconnect,althoughsomeprivate-sectorrepresenta-tivesinukraine,forexample,wishtoseemorestudentsencouragedtotakeavocationaltracktobettermeetemployers’demand.somefeelthatsolvingthisdisconnectrequiresnotonlybetterlabourmarketresearch,butalsodirectinterac-tionbetweeneducationsystemsandtheprivatesector.inAlbania,theconsultationsnotedthatonlyonesuchhighereducationinstitutionoffersstudentstheopportunitytoworkwithaprivatecompanyduringtheirstudies.Thisworkswell:ifthespeciali-zationisright,studentsoftenevenhavejobslinedupbeforetheygraduate.

AsasignthatthelaststepoftheMdgsremainsimperativeinthemindsofpeopleineasterneuropeandcentralAsia,betterhealthranksfairlyconsistentlyasthehighestpriorityintheregionintheMyWorldsurvey.Afocusonhealthisalsoconfirmedamongmanyofthenationalsurveysconductedaspartofconsulta-tions.interestingly,inMyWorldandothersurveysconductedaspartofthenationalconsultations,women,forexampleinbelarus,placehigherpriorityonbetterqualityhealthservicesthanmen.intajikistan,dialogueswithwomen,ethnicminoritiesandcivilsocietyrepresenta-tivesallpointedoutthatmaternalandchildmortalityremainworryinglyhighintheircountry.someevenquestiontheimprovementinthisMdgtargetreflectedbyofficialdata,giventheirknowledgeofhomebirths,particularlyinTajikistan’smountainousareas.

ManystakeholdersagreethatbecausetheMdggoalstoreducechildandmaternalmortality,aswellastohaltthespreadofhiV/Aids,havenotbeenreached,theseshouldcontinuetoreceivepriorityattentionbeyond2015.WhilemanyfeelthathiV/Aidsandreproductivehealthservicesarestilllackingorevenbeingreducedsincethefinancialcrisis,othersseeprogressoverthelastseveralyearsinthestrengthoforganizationsworkingonhiV/Aids.

inadditiontogapsinservice

availability,thediscussionsabouthealthintheregionconcentrateonthreethemes:lowqualityofservices,especiallyoutsideurbanareas;theneedforadeeperfocusonpreventionandhealthylifestyles,particularlyforncds;and,resoundingly,corruptioninthehealthsector.inMontenegro,forexample,peoplefeelthatitiseithermoreexpensiveorimpossibletogettreatmentingovernment-operatedhealthinstitu-tionsthantheprivatelyownedones.

inadditiontoconsistentprioritizationforbetterqualityandaccesstohealthandeducationservices,thedrivetocompletetheMdgsintheregionisalsocontinuinginrespecttowaterandsanitation.ThisissueemergedasoneofthelargestconcernsamongpeopleinKazakhstanandtajikistan,andamongparticipantsinruralareasinseveralothercountries.Alackofsecuredaccesstosafedrinking

waterthroughouttheregion’sruralareasisanotherindicationthat,despitelarge-scaleeconomicandsocialprogress,theworkontheMdgsisnotcompleteintheregionandisoftencomplicatedbythetaskandcostofreplacingoutdatedorinefficientpre-transitioninfrastructure.

sTAGnAnT econoMies And uneMPloY-MenT doMinATe The discussions in eAsTern euroPe And cenTrAl AsiA

Thisregionwashithardbythefinancialandeconomiccrises,and—notsurpris-ingly—insufficientincomestopthelistofpeople’sconcerns.employmenthasbeenaconcernsincethebeginningoftransition,aseconomiesinmanycountriesrecoveredbutwithuneveneffectsonformal-sectorjobs.over80percentofpeopleengagedinanation-allyrepresentativesurveyinMoldovaseedecentjobsandhigherincomesasthemostnecessarycomponenttoensure

“iThinKTheyWillFindAcureForhiVinFecTion,AndThereWon’TbediscriMinATion,AndPeoPlecAnsAFelysAyTheyhAVehiV,JusTliKediAbeTesnoW.”hiV-PoSitiVe PerSon, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, belAruS

“noWAdAys,MenoF30AreAlreAdyProneToheArTATTAcKAndsTroKe.ThereAsonForThisisourenVironMenTAndTheFoodWeeAT.WecAnnoTliVeTo92yeArsoldAsourgrAndPArenTsdid.”PenSioner, town hAll DiSCuSSion, KAPAn region, ArMeniA

“TheMAinProbleMinMonTenegroisThesTATeoFTheeconoMy.PriVATiZATioninMonTenegroisonlyAsAleoFProPerTy.PeoPleWhohAVeWorKedForoVer25yeArsArelosT.TheycAnnoTreTire.PeoPleAredeceiVed.”PArtiCiPAnt in nAtionAl ConSultAtion, Montenegro


peopletherelivebetterinthelongterm.inSerbia,morejobsanddecentemploy-mentwasthehighestpriorityamongthe28,000peopleconsulted.unemployedpeople(58percent),ruralpopulations(35percent)andwomen(34percent)topthelistofpeoplewhoseeunem-ploymentasatoppriorityforserbia.inKyrgyzstan,womenfromruralareasweremoreconcernedwiththisissuethanwereotherstakeholdersacrossthecountry.inAzerbaijan,almost1500internallydisplacedpersonsinterviewedaspartofthenationalconsultationseealackoflivelihoodopportunitiesastheprimaryobstacletoachievingself-reliancefromgovernmentsubsidies.

inadditiontoweakjobprospects,peoplethinkunemploymentismotivatedbythreeotherdrivers:wagesthatareinsufficientforadecentstandardofliving;poorworkingconditionsthat

mightprovidetemporaryworkbutulti-matelyresultinunemployment;and,insomecases,outrightdiscriminationinemployment,particularlyamongromaandotherethnicminorities.inAlbania,youngwomenandmenseethe‘lackofmeritocracy’and‘familyandnetworknature’oftheprivatesectoraspreventingtheiraccesstojobs.Alackoftrustinpublicemploymentofficeswasalsoraisedasanissue,withseveralyoungpeopleadmittingthattheydonotevenmakeanefforttoseekemploymentinthepublicofficessetuptoassistpeopletofindjobs.

Theconsultationstellastoryofhowhighunemploymentnotonlyexcludespeoplefromearningtheirlivelihood,italsopropagatespoorworkingconditionsandworkplacerightsviolations.PeopleinArmenia, Serbia andtajikistan raisedthisissueduringtheirnationalconsulta-tions;whenjobsarescarce,menaremore

willingtoacceptanyworkingconditions,eventhosethatexceedworkinghoursorotherregulations.Peoplealsodrawattentiontohowhighunemploymententrenchesacycleofinequality.Theytalkabouthowinsomecountriesacceptingpoorworkingconditionsandlongerhoursisusuallynotanoptionforwomenand,especially,youngwomen,andisincon-ceivableforpeoplelivingwithdisabilities.

Acallforbettermanagementofmigrationandpopulationmobilityemergedfrommanyoftheregion’sconsultations,withattentiondrawninparticulartotheimpactonwomen.WomeninAzerbaijan, Moldova andtajikistantalkabouthowtheyarethede factoheadsofhouseholdwhenhusbandsmigrateforwork.inKazakhstan,ontheotherhand,womenmakeupoverhalfofthosewhomigrateforwork,andinSerbia ruralwomenmigratemoreoftento

KazakhyouthposttheirprioritiesintheMyWorldsurveyduringanoutreachcompaignorganizedbyunVKazakhstanoninternationalyouthday2013,Astana,Kazakhstan(Photo:Jihyunyang,unVolunteer/unV,2013)


citiesthanmen,duetolandinheritancepracticeswhichfavourmen.

Acommonthemeintheregionwasacoherentcallfordeeperandmoreaggressiveapproachestogenderequalityineducationandemployment.insomeplaces,including tajikistanandturkey,concernsovergenderequalitytopthelistofpriorities,andnotonlyintermsofwomen’seducationandemploymentbutalsotheirengagementinpubliclifeandwomen’sfreedomfromviolence.interestingly,anemphasisonequalitybetweenmenandwomenisanareawheretheresultsfromeasterneuropeontheglobalMyWorldsurveydifferfromtheresultsofthenationalconsultations.inMyWorld,‘equalitybetweenwomenandmen’isratedlastamong16prioritiesineasterneurope,andthirdfromlastincentralAsia.Thenationalconsultations,ontheotherhand,qualitativelyindicateahigherpriori-tizationofgenderissues.Thisdifferenceinhowpeopleprioritizegendermaybeduetothewaythetownhallsandfocusgroupswereconducted.WhereasintheMyWorldsurvey,peopleusuallyranktheirprioritiesindependently,thenationalconsultationsallowedforamorecontext-richdialogue.

PeoPle see seVerAl Kinds oF inequAliTies As BlocKinG Their chAnces oF A BeTTer FuTure

TheconsultationsrevealapervasiveconvictionamongmanythattheprincipleofequalityhasnotfullyinfiltratedmentalitiesandwaysofdoingbusinessineasterneuropeandcentralAsia.Thetwoprimaryprioritiesemergingfromdiscussionsamongover7000peopleinKosovo,11forexample,wereopportunityandequity.opportunitywasarticulatedasfarmorethanjustajob;Kosovansexpresseditasthechancetomaximizeallyourpotential,fromaccesstoqualitylearningandopentraveltodecentandfulfillingwork.equitywasarticulatedasfarmorethanwealthandpoverty;itwasviewedasasocialandpoliticalclimate,acontinuumofexperiencesandknowledgefrombirththatguaranteeafairchancetobehappyandfreeathome,insocietyand

thewiderworld.Thislineofthinkingisechoedinothercountriesaswell.

WhilepeopleineasterneuropeandcentralAsiaareveryawareofmanykindsofinequalities,theyaremostconcernedwiththree:a)betweenwomenandmen;b)betweentherichestandthepoorestmembersofsociety;andc)betweenthe

capitalcityandtherestoftheircountries.beyondincome,genderandtheurban–ruraldivide,theconsultationsalsorevealdistressoverinequalitiesfacingethnicminoritiesandthosewithdisabilities.inequalitiesintermsofaccesstopowerandpossessionofproprietyarealsoviewedasdecisiveinsomecountries

“in2015,iWAnTAWorldWhereWoMenArenoTKilled,MurdersoFWoMenArenoTnorMAliZed,AndWoMenhAVerePresenTATionindAilyliFeAndPoliTics.”uniVerSity StuDent, Street interView, AnKArA, turKey

“ThereisAniMPressionThAThAVingAPoorPoPulATionisbeneFiciAlToTheAuThoriTiesbecAuseThisPoPulATioncAnWorKForTheMForPeAnuTs,youKnoW?”FoCuS grouP DiSCuSSion with lAbour MigrAntS, uKrAine

Focusgroupdiscussionwithretiredpeople,chuiProvince,bishkekcity,Kyrgyzstan(Photo:haibulinnayil)


includingukraine.inturkey,thesinglethemethat

permeatedallthematicdiscussionswastheintractabilityofgenderinequality,althoughonthemorepositiveside,anonlinesurveyamong1656people

revealsoptimismamong44percentoftherespondentswhothinkthatthiswillimproveinthepost-2015period.interestingly,thisoptimismdoesnotextendtopeople’sexpectationsaboutincomedistributionandequal

opportunitiesineducation:60percentoftheTurkishsurveyrespondentsdidnotthinkthatincomeinequalitywilldecrease,and45percentdidnotthinkthatequalopportunitiesineducationwillimproveintheshortterm.inMontenegro,genderinequalitywasratedthemostimportanttypeofinequality,followedcloselybyethnicinequality.inukraine,62percentof1806elderlymenandwomensurveyedseeinequalitybetweenrichandpoorpeopleasthemanifestationofinequalitymostrelevantforukraine’sdevelopment.Thisistwiceashighastheimportancetheyplaceoninequalitiesrelatedtooldage,accesstopower,urbanandruralinequalityandthoseduetodisabilities.

severalofthethousandsofeasterneuropeanandcentralAsianwomenandmenconsultedduringthisprocessarticulatedhowthe‘capital-and-every-where-else’dynamicreinforcesterritorialinequities.duringtheturkishdialogueongrowthandemployment,peopleseeeconomicpoliciesashavingbeenoverly‘capital-oriented’forthelast40years.PeopleinArmeniatalkabouttheimplica-tionsofhigher-qualityhealthservicesinyerevan,thecapitalcity.betterqualitymeansthatservicesfeesinthecapitalsgrow,asdoincomesandpeople’shealthoutcomes.Thoseconsultedseethissituationasonethatentrenchesacycleofinequalitybetweencapitalcitiesandthesubnationalregions.

Vacatedruralareasandgrowingurbanzonesarephenomenathatwereraisedinseveralconsultationsincludingthoseinturkey,AzerbaijanandSerbia.inturkey,rural-to-urbanmigrationisseenassomethingthatexacerbatesinequalities.Thisisthecasebothamongpeopleintheregionsthatusuallysendmigrants(KastanamonuandKutahya)andtheregionswheremigrantsrelocate(istanbul),suggestingacycleofinequalityinbothunder-capacitatedruralareasandoverburdenedurbanareas.

“PoliTiciAnsPreFerThePeoPlebeingPoor.iFTheyArePoor,TheyArecheAP.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, Montenegro

“WehAVeToMAKerichPeoPleresPecTThePoorAndgiVeeVerybodyFreedoMTosAyWhATTheyThinK,regArdlessoFWheTherTheyArerichorPoor.”internAlly DiSPlACeD girl, 10–13 yeArS olD, rurAl SettleMent, FiZuli, AZerbAiJAn

“inMyhuMbleoPinion,TheineQuAliTybeTWeenWoMenAndMeninAsocieTyisAdirecTindicAToroFThATcounTry’sdeVeloPMenT.”young FeMAle teACher FroM PASKuQAn, inForMAl SettleMent, tirAnA, AlbAniA

“iWAnTMoreneWschools,MulTi-sToreybuildings,sTAdiuMsAndKindergArTensTobebuilT,noTonlyinThecAPiTAlciTy,buTinAllPArTsoFourcounTry.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, turKMeniStAn

TownhallMeetingparticipantsvotingforpossibledevelopmentscenariosafterthediscussiononFoodsecurityPost-2015scenariosforArmenia,cityofyeghegnadzor,Vayotsdzorregion,Armenia,March2013(Photo:unArmenia)


PeoPle Across The reGion deMAnd More resPonsiVe And AccounTABle GoVernMenTs

Particularlyinruralareas,butalsoinurbanzones,theconsultationsintheregionconsistentlyhighlightalackoftrustinpublicinstitutions.ThisissuesetseasterneuropeapartfromtherestoftheworldintheglobalMyWorldsurvey,whereover20,000womenandmencite‘anhonestandresponsivegovernment’astheirtoppriority,almostevenwithhealthcareandaboveagoodeducation.Thecallforaccountabilityandhumanrightsisreinforcedbymoredetailednationalsurveys.inKazakhstan,forexample,thehighestpriorityamong600peoplesurveyedistheprotectionandpromotionofhumanrights.Particularlyinruralareas,peopleineasterneuropeandcentralAsiaareaskingforlesscorruption,moretrustinthejudicialsystemandgreaterrespectforhumanrights.

Peoplefeeldisconnectedfrompublicauthorities.onelineofthinkingrelatestothefrequentlyheldviewthatsmall-scalecorruptionisacommonpracticeinthepublicenvironment.unwillingly,youngpeopleinsomecountriesfeelthatcorrup-tionispartofcoexistinginsociety.

Thiscameoutverystronglyacrosstheregionduringfocusgroupdiscus-sionsrelatedtothehealthsector,where

peopleseeadirectconnectionbetweenhowmuchmoneypeoplehaveandthekindofcaretheyreceive.Theissueofout-of-pocketpaymentsforhealthcareisaconsistentissueacrossseveralcountriesincludingMoldova, Albania, ukraine,andtajikistan.

consultationsintheWesternbalkans,includingKosovo,revealasensethat

thejobmarketisalsooverlypoliticized:youngpeoplearemorelikelytofindemploymentiftheyareaffiliatedwiththerightpoliticalparty.Thisperceptionwasalsoraisedinukraine,indicatingapoliticaldynamicwherepartyaffiliationinfiltratesareaswhereitdoesnotbelong,suchasinvestmentandemployment.

Theconsequencesofcorruptionwere

“iFihAdAchAnceTobebornAgAin,iWouldchooseTobebornnoWhereelsebuTinMyVillAge.idon’TWAnTToMoVeToTheciTy.iJusTWAnTTobeAbleTogeTeVeryThingineedAsAyoungPersoninMyVillAge.”young woMAn FroM A reMote rurAl AreA, geDAbey region, nAtionAl youth ConSultAtion, ShirVAn, AZerbAiJAn

“soMeTiMeschildrenoFMinisTersbecoMedePuTiesoFPArliAMenTTheyhAVenoTeVenserVedinTheArMy,AndTheydonoTKnoWWhATTheProbleMsAre.hoWcAnTheydirecTPeoPle?TheVoTesshouldnoTbesold.”FoCuS grouP PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, KyrgyZStAn

“ThoughihAVeheAlThinsurAnce,isTillhAVeTogiVebribesToTheheAlThPersonnel,soicAngeTbeTTerAndFAsTerserVice.”town hAll DiSCuSSion, tirAnA, AlbAniA

VolunteerAizadaArystanbek,19,supportstheMyWorldoutreachcampaignofunVKazakhstanoninternationalyouthday2013,Astana,Kazakhstan(Photo:Jihyunyan,unVolunteer/unV,2013)


studentsoflibrazhdspeakabouttheworldtheywantduringthepublicconsultationsinAlbania(Photo:unAlbania)

“inserbiA,TheonlyPeoPleWholiVeWellAreThePoliTiciAnsAndTheirFAMilies,eVeryoneelseisATrisKoFPoVerTy,bArelyAbleTosATisFyeVerydAyneedsForsurViVAl.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, SerbiA

“noTAllcorruPTionisThesAMe…oneThingisWhen,ForinsTAnce,AdocTorreceiVesgrATiTude,AreWArdFroMAbAby’sFATher.iTisAdiFFerenTThingWhenAnenTrePreneurWinsAPublicTenderbecAuseoFAbribeToAciVilserVAnT.inFAcT,resTricTionsArereQuiredinboThcAses.hoWeVer,TheyobViouslycreATediFFerenTsociAldAngers.corruPTionAssuchisToTAllydesTrucTiVeToAsysTeM.”nAtionAl youth ConSultAtion, lViV region, uKrAine

“ThesTATeMusTiMProVeThesMAllAndMediuM-siZedbusinesssysTeM.AllsecTorsMusTgeTridoF‘ogres’WhoKeePeVeryoneinFeArAndiMPoseTheiroWnWillAndPrices.”MiDDle-AgeD entrePreneur, town hAll DiSCuSSion, VAyontS DZor region, ArMeniA


commonlydescribedbyparticipantsfromthegeneralpublic,civilserviceandprivatesector.corruptioninthehealthsectoraddstothecostofhealthservices,whichhurtsthepoorestpeoplethemost.corruptionineducationunderminesyoungpeople’sbeliefinamerit-basedsystemandcanleadtounderqualifiedgraduates.inthelabourmarket,peopleseenepotismaspreventingthemostqualifiedfromgettinghired.intheprivatesector,corruptionhurtssmallbusinessesmost.ManycitizensandrepresentativesfromthebusinesssectorineasterneuropeandcentralAsiafeelthatanhonestbusinessisanincreas-inglyuntenableprospect,duetoanintertwinedcombinationofsmall-scalecorruption,ontheonehand,andwhattheyseeasoverlyburdensomeregula-tionsontheother.

inadditiontoperceptionsofmisuseofpower,peopleseealimitedimpactofpolicyreformsintheregion.inMoldova,forexample,morepeopleinruralareasratea‘trustfuljusticesystem’asnecessaryforpeopletoleadbetterlivesinthelongterm.Thisindicatesthataccesstojusticeisnotyetarealityinruralareas,whereas

inurbanareaspeopleseemoreprogressinthisarea.Policiesformanypeopleremainonpaper.duringthediscussiononinequalitiesaspartoftheturkishnationalconsultation,theprimaryrecom-mendationistofund,implementandensureequalaccesstoservicesasdefinedthroughcurrentpolicies,beforeaddingtothecurrentlegislation.Policyreformsarelargelyseenasincompleteintheregion.

soMe PeoPle in The reGion see GroWinG concern oVer enVironMenTAl heAlTh, noW And in The lonG TerM

lookingattheMyWorldsurveyresults,environmentalprotectionisanareathatstandsoutasahigherpriorityineasterneuropethanintheglobalsurveyatlarge.Thenationalconsultationsconfirmthatpeopleseewaterandlandscarcity,deser-tification,wasteremovalandpollutionaspriorityissues,althoughthisconvic-tionisoftenconfinedtospecificgroupsofstakeholders.TheMyWorldsurveyandadditionalpollingconductedinSerbia, turkey,Kazakhstan and Moldova showthattheconstituentsmostlikelytoprioritizeenvironmentalprotectionareyoungpeople,women,govern-mentrepresentativesandgraduatesof

secondaryeducationandbeyond.inturkey andAlbania,somebusinessesandtradesunionsalsoseethepotentialforjobcreationinagreeneconomy.inadditiontoprotectionforforests,riversandoceans,theeasterneuropeanMyWorldresultsalsodemonstratearela-tivelyhigherregionalpriorityforactiontocombatclimatechangethantheglobalsurveyresults.

duringdialoguesabouttheenviron-ment,peopledemonstratedanawarenessofthedualityofcausesofenvironmentaldegradation.ontheonehand,theyseesomeindustriesasreapingbenefitsfromtheirnaturalresources,whilelocalpopu-lationssuffertheconsequences.ontheotherhand,theyalsoknowthatmanyenvironmentalchallengesstemfromalackofawarenessofsustainablepracticesamonglocalpopulations.Thistwo-sidedanalysiscameoutstronglyinthecontextofArmenia,forexample,wherepeopleareconcernedoverthelong-termimpactoftheminingsectorbutalsoindividualpracticesofburningleavesandburyinghazardouswastes.

TheaccountabilitychallengealsoemergedinKazakhstan,wherecivilsocietyraisedconcernsoverthecarelessattitudesofpeopleaswellasairandwaterqualityandresourceextractioninthecaspiansea.Theeffectsofenviron-mentaldegradationhavebeenespeciallyvisibleinthelastdecade.

“ThereAresoMAnyPlAnsAnddocuMenTs.buTnoiMPleMenTATion.”MeMber oF the woMen’S CAuCuS, KoSoVo

“ThAT’sTheMAinProbleMoFuKrAine:WePlAnbuTWeneVerlooKATWhATWehAVedoneAccordingToThePlAns.ThAT’ssorToFAbsurd.reForMs,PlAns,sTrATegies,concePTs—TheyArebeingPlAnnedAndWriTTen.buTnobodyeVerAnAlysesWhyWehAVeAchieVedornoTAchieVed[TheM].”exPert AnD ACADeMiA StAKeholDer grouP, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, uKrAine

youngprofessorfromKharkivisencouragingherstudentstodiscuss

theprosandconsofgreeningtheeconomy(Photo:undPukraine)


eAsTern euroPeAns And cenTrAl AsiAns Are looKinG To The FuTure WiTh A ‘cAn-do’ ATTiTude

Whilethemethodsofpost-2015consul-tationsopenthedoorforpeopletolistwhattheyexpectfromgovernment,the‘can-do’attitudeofthoseconsultedisstriking.inmanyoftheareasthathave

emergedasahighpriority—productive

employment,education,health,unequal

societiesandenvironmentalhealth—

peoplerecognizetheobligationsonthe

state,andcallverystronglyformore

responsivegovernments.buttheyalso

recognizetheirownresponsibilitiesatthe

individualleveltoensureequalityandmakeprogressonqualityoflife.

Theconsultationsrevealdemandsforaneconomicenvironmentinwhichtheycanexcel—moresothanrequestsfordirectpublicsupport.inArmenia,duringatownhallmeeting,forexample,agroupoffarmerswereaskedwhichtheyprefer:afairandsecuremarketenvironmentordirectstatesupport.Theconsensusinthisgroupoffarmersisnotonlythattheirprioritywouldbeforafairermarket,butalsothatstateagriculturalsupportoftenhastheoppositeeffect.

inukraine,thecallforalevelplayingfieldalsocomesoutstrongly.small-businessowners,labourmigrantsandrepresentativesofcrimeanTartarsallfeelthatsmallbusinessesareheldbackbyburdensome,slowandgrowingregula-tionsandawebofcorruption.Asanothermanifestationofthedesiretoearnalivingratherthanrelyonsafetynets,inArmenia, Azerbaijan andturkey,theconsultationsevokedaperceptionthatinsomecaseshumanitarianrelief,projectsorotherassistancecanserveasabarriertoaddressingtherootsofvulnerabilityandpoverty.

The‘can-do’attitudeforthenewdevelopmentagendaalsotranslates

Womenfromdifferentregionsofthecountrydiscusstheworldtheywant,Women’sunion,Ashgabatcity,Turkmenistan,24April2013(Photo:AndreyKaletinskiy,undPTurkmenistan)

“inourToWn,WehAVeAriVerThATchAngescolouronceAyeArbecAuseoFindusTriAlWAsTeoFThelocAlPlAnT.yeT,AllTheenVironMenTAlFeesPAidbyThePlAnTAresoMehoWchAnnelledTooTherregionsoFThecounTry.”young woMAn, town hAll DiSCuSSion, KAPAn region, ArMeniA

“TheAlATAuMounTAinsWereFAMousForTheirbeAuTy.ThereisnosuchbeAuTyseenTodAy,AndThisisWorrying.MounTAinPeAKsnolongerhAVeWhiTeicingonTheM,WhichisAlsoAreAsonWhyThereislessWATerinriVers.AirgeTsPolluTedAlsoAsAconseQuenceoFForesTFiresinrussiA.iTisiMPossibleTobreATheTheAir,AsiTisFilledWiThsMoKeATTiMes.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, KAZAKhStAn


intotheirexpectationsforanhonestandresponsivegovernment.inturkmenistan,forexample,peopleaskforanewdevelopmentframeworkwhichseesgoodgovernanceasatwo-waystreet.inadditiontoaskingformoreattentiveservicedeliveryandtheeliminationofbureaucraticbarriers,peoplewouldalsoliketoseeprogressinsocietyto“improvethelegalcultureandconsciousnessofcitizens”,“developself-governance”andincreasetheparticipa-tionofwomeninsocialandpoliticallife,andyoungpeopleandchildreninissuesthataffecttheirlives.Peoplethroughouttheregionemphasizetheirownpersonalresponsibilityandtheroleofcultureinadvancingsustainabledevelopment.

inbelarus,private-sectorrepre-sentativesstresstheimportanceofsocialresponsibility:“ifeveryonetakescareoftheplacewherehelives,thenwewilllivewell.”–businessrepresentative,nationalconsultation,belarus

likewiseinSerbia,onlinesurveysfocusedonthequestion‘howcanyoupersonallycontributetothechangesinserbia?’.Amongthe3500peoplewhotookpartinthissurvey,micro-actionsuchasindividualresponsibilityineverydaylifethroughprofessionalengagementorresponsiblebehaviourinthecommunitytoppedthelistofresponses.Testimonialsincludepeopletalkingabouthowtheythemselvescantakeaction“byrefusingtopaybribes”,“byteachingmygrandsonswhatisgoodandbad”andby“stayinghere”,ratherthanmigratingabroadforwork.Thesepromisesofindividualactioncomplementmorediffusecallsforsoli-darity,toleranceandastrongerroleforngos.n

“seedshAVenoQuAliTycerTiFicATes,AndWecAnnoTMAKeAnylAborAToryTesTs.TheseedssecToriscorruPTTooAndconTrolledbyAsinglePerson.”town hAll DiSCuSSion with FArMerS, ArMeniA

“iTcouldbeeAsierToForMAMiddleclAssiFboThhusbAndAndWiFeWorK.”young woMAn, town hAll Meeting, ShirAK region, ArMeniA

“non-goVernMenTAlorgAniZATionsAlloVeruKrAineMusTbecoMeMoreAcTiVe.TheyneedToinVolVeAcTiVePeoPleWhoWAnTToAndcAnchAngesoMeThing.iT’sAVeryiMPorTAnTThingThATcAnWAKeuPThissTATe.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, uKrAine

“iFeVeryoneTAKescAreoFThePlAceWhereheliVes,ThenWeWillliVeWell.”buSineSS rePreSentAtiVe, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, belAruS

regionAl ConSultAtionS ineAsTerneuroPeAndcenTrAlAsiA

together with the economic Commission for europe, unDP and the unDg are planning a regional Consultation on the Post-2015 Development Agenda ‘realizing More inclusive, Sustainable and Prosperous Societies in europe and Central Asia: regional Perspectives on the new Development Agenda’, to be held on 7 and 8 november 2013 in istanbul, turkey. the high-level event will be hosted by the government of turkey.


noTes

1 consultationresultsforlesotho,southAfricaandswazilandarenotincludedinthissectionastheyareatapreliminarystage.linkstoreportsandotherdocumentationfromallofthisregion’snationalconsultationscanbefoundontheWorldWeWantplatformvia:http://www.worldwewant2015.org/regions.

2 linkstoreportsandotherdocumentationfromallofthisregion’snationalconsultationscanbefoundontheWorldWeWantplatformvia:http://www.worldwewant2015.org/regions.

3 linkstoreportsandotherdocumentationfromallofthisregion’snationalconsultationscanbefoundontheWorldWeWantplatformvia:http://www.worldwewant2015.org/regions.

4 consultationresultsforsaudiArabiaarenotincludedinthissectionastheyareatapreliminarystage.linkstoreportsandotherdocumentationfromallofthisregion’snationalconsultationscanbefoundontheWorldWeWantplatformvia:http://www.worldwewant2015.org/regions.

5 unitednations,leagueofArabstates,ThirdArabreportontheMdgsandtheimpactoftheglobaleconomiccrises,2010.

6 ibid.7 undP,Arabhumandevelopmentreport20098 undP,Arabhumandevelopmentreport20099 Asperunitednationssecuritycouncilresolution124410 linkstoreportsandotherdocumentationfromallofthisregion’snationalconsultationscanbefoundonthe

WorldWeWantplatformvia:http://www.worldwewant2015.org/regions.11 undersecuritycouncilresolution1244.




http://www.worldwewant2015.org/regions







Thischaptersummarizesthemainpointsandinterlinkagesemergingfromthe11thematicconsultationsledbytheundgin2012–2013.Thethemesareasfollows:Addressing inequalities;Conflict, Violence and Disaster;education;energy;environmental Sustainability;governance;growth and employment;health;hunger, Food Security and nutrition;Population Dynamics;andwater.

Theconsultationthemeswereselectedasissueswhichthegroupconsideredvitaltobringtothetableinthecurrentglobalcontext,andwhichtakeintoaccountchangeswhichhaveoccurredintheworldsincetheMdgswereformulated(includingpopulationdynamics,urbanizationprocesses,understandingofplanetarylimits,increasinginequali-ties).Theprocessformostconsultationsstartedinlate2012andcontinuedintoearly2013,

3| A susTAinABle deVeloPMenT AGendA

youngstudentsinZambialistingtheirfutureaspirationsforthePost-2015Agenda(Photo:georginaFekete/undP)

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/inequalities

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/conflict

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/education2015

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/Energy2015

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/sustainability


http://www.worldwewant2015.org/governance

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/employment

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/health

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/food2015


http://www.worldwewant2015.org/population

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/water


witheachgroupsettingitsowntimetable.Thegroupswerejointlyledbyspecial-izedunagencies,andtheconsultationswereco-hostedbyoneormorecountries,whoseinputshavebeenhighlyvalued.Theconsultationsbenefitedparticularlyfromtheactiveparticipationandsupportfromcivilsociety—individualcitizensandorganizations—academicresearchinsti-tutesandtheprivatesector.

eachconsultationhashaditsownjourney,thedetailsofwhicharesumma-rizedinAnnex2.Allhaveinvolvedaseries

ofincrediblyrichglobalon-andofflineconversations:theyhavereachedouttocontributorsworldwidethroughthevirtualplatformprovidedbytheWorldWeWant2015website,andincludedaninteractiveweb-consultationphase,withe-discussionsonspecificsub-topics,aswellascallsforpapers.someconsulta-tionscarriedoutsurveys/polls,hostedlivevideoQ&Asessionswithexperts,andlivestreamingofhigh-levelmeetings.somelaunchedsocialmediapagesonFacebook(e.g.Waterpost2015)andTwitter.Therehavebeenface-to-facemeetingsfor

sub-topicstoallowformorefocuseddiscussion.Theseincludedface-to-faceandonlinediscussionsspecificallyforyoungpeople,whoseenergyandappetiteforparticipationhasbeenparticularlyvocalandwelcome.Andallthematicgroupshavehostedaglobalhigh-levelmeetingwhichsummarizedandendorsedtheconsensusachieved.Theprocesshasbroughtaddedvaluenotonlytotheprocessofdevelopingthepost-2015agenda:eachconsultationhasfoundnewpartnerships,andwaysofworkingwithnationalandcommunitypartners.linkstothefullfinalreportsandotherdocumen-tationregardingthesubstance,contentofe-discussions,andprocessofthediscus-sioncanbefoundinthesummariesofeachindividualconsultationbelow.

eDuCAtionexPAndinG And reFininG The educATion GoAl: quAnTiTY And quAliTY

educationfeaturesasaseparategoalintheMdgs,andranksconsistentlytopintheMyWorldpriorities.despitesignificantprogressinaccess toprimaryeducation—from2000to2010over50millionadditionalchildrenenrolledinprimaryschool—hugedisparitiesremainbetweenandwithincountries.Primaryschoolenrolmenthasslowedsince2004,with57millionchildrenofprimaryschool

“ThisTheMATicconsulTATiononWATereMbArKedononeoFTheMosTAMbiTiousPArTiciPAToryProcessesinrecenThisTory.TheouTreAchWAsexhAusTiVeyeTATThesAMeTiMeinVigorATing.inThePAsT,AllToooFTen,TheconsTiTuencyoFTheWATer‘secTor’endsuPsPeAKingToiTselF.WhileThATensuresAgreeMenTinWATerconFerences,iTrArelygAinsTrAcTioninnATionAlPolicy.”wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort, P. 5

“educATionisThebAcKboneoFdeVeloPMenT,suchThATeVendoingAPPlicATionoFFerTiliZer,oneneedseducATion.”youth ConSultAtion, MAlAwi

TripleparalympicmedallistliudmilaVauchoktakespartintheMyWorldsurveyinMinsk,belarus.(Photo:Alexeyshlyk,unbelarus)


ageand71millionoflowersecondaryschoolagecurrentlylackingaccesstoqualitybasiceducation.1

effortsoverthelastdecadehavefocusedmoreonaccessandcomple-tionofschoolingratherthanonwhatchildrenactuallylearninschool.Atleast250millionchildrenarenotabletoread,writeorcountwell,evenamongthosewhohavespentatleastfouryearsinschool.2Moreover,millionsofyoungpeopleandadults,particularlywomen,arenotprovidedtheeducationandtrainingtodeveloptheskills,knowledgeandattitudestheyneedforasuccessfultransitiontoadultlifeanddecentjobs.3Therearemoreyoungpeoplethanever,disproportionatelyconcentratedinthedevelopingworld,andaboutthreetimes

aslikelyasadultstobeunemployed.in2011,anestimated774millionadultswereilliterate.4hence,theissuesofthequalityofeducation,oflearningoutcomesandofskillsdevelopmenthavebeenidentifiedaskeyconcerns.

Theinadequacyofhumanandfinancialresourcesandinfrastructureseriouslyunderminesprogresstowardsprovidingqualityeducationforall.Thisincludestheteachers’gap—atthegloballevel,some5.1millionteacherswillhavetobereplacedand1.7millionnewteachingpostswillneedtobecreatedtoreachthegoalofuniversalprimaryeducationby2015,5aswellastheneedforanadditionalus$26billion6annuallytoachievebasiceducationinpoorcountries.

equAliTY And Access For All

exclusionfromeducation—includingbeingleftoutofconsiderationineduca-tion-relateddevelopmentplanning,policiesandbudgeting—occursmostoftenamonggirls,ruralandindigenouspeoples,workingchildren,childrenlivinginconflict,orphans,migrantsandnomads,childrenwithdisabilities,personslivingwithhiV/Aids,personslivinginconflictanddisastercontexts,refugeesandinter-nallydisplacedpersons,andlinguisticandculturalminorities.girlsarealsomorelikelytobeoutofschoolatlowersecondaryagethanboys,regardlessofthewealthorlocationofthehousehold,7andalmosttwothirdsoftheworld’s774millionilliterateadultsarewomen.8

TheMATic consulTATion co-leAders sPonsorinG or AssociATed GoVernMenTs

Addressing inequalities(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/inequalities)

uniceFandunWomen denmarkandghana

Conflict, Violence and Disaster(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/conflict)

undP,Pbso,isdr,uniceF Finland,indonesia,liberia,Panama

education(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/education2015)

unescoanduniceFcanada,egypt,France,germany,Mexico,senegal,southAfrica,Thailand

energy(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/energy2015)

unido,desAandWorldbank india,Mexico,norway,Tanzania,

environmental Sustainability(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/sustainability)

unePandundP costarica,France

governance(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/governance)

undPandohchr germany,southAfrica

growth and employment(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/employment)

iloandundP Japan

health(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/health)

uniceF,Who botswana,sweden

hunger, Food Security and nutrition(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/food2015)

WFPandFAo colombia,spain

Population Dynamics(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/population)

undesA,ioM,unFPAandunhAbiTAT

bangladesh,switzerland

water(http://www.worldwewant2015.org/water)

uniceF,desAandunWaterhungary,Jordan,liberia,Mozambique,Thenetherlands,switzerland

AddiTionAlFinAnciAlsuPPorThAsbeenProVidedby:TheheWleTTFoundATion,TherePublicoFKoreA,TheuniTedKingdoMAndTheuniTedsTATes.













MoVinG ForWArd, BuildinG on The PAsT And MAKinG linKAGes

Withoutastrongeducationsystem,manystructuraldeficienciesandinequalitieswillpersist,hinderingtherealizationofthepost-2015agenda.Theconsultationclearlyacknowledgedthatthepost-2015agendaforeducationmustbuildonwhathasbeenachievedandwhatremainstobeachieved,whiletakingintoaccountcurrentglobaltrendsandtransforma-tionssuchasincreasingeconomicinter-dependency,globalizationandtechno-logicaldevelopment;growingpressureonnaturalresourcesandincreasedenergyconsumptionleadingtoenviron-mentaldegradation;rapidlychanginglabourmarkets;greaterinterconnected-ness;shiftinggeo-politics;olderandmoreurbanizedpopulations;populationgrowthand‘youthbulges’;andgrowingunemploymentandwideninginequali-ties.Alloftheseaffectdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesalike.

Thelinkageswiththeabovetrendsandtransformationwerealsohighlightedinotherthematicconsultationgroups.Forexample,theenvironmentalsustainabilityconsultationcallsfortransformativechangesineducation—insideandoutsideschools—toraiseknowledge

andawarenessofsustainabilitychal-lengesandtheurgencyoftacklingtheirrootcauses.educationforsustainabledevelopment(esd)isfundamentallyaboutvaluesandequality,withrespectatthecentre:respectforothers,includingthoseofpresentandfuturegenerations,fordifferencesanddiversityinsocietiesandcultures,andfortheresourcesoftheplanetweinhabit.Participantsinthegovernanceconsultationrecommended

thatcountriesengagewitheducationalsystemstointroduceanti-corruptioneducationaspartofnationalcurricula.

intheeducationthematicconsulta-tion,consensuswasreachedonthefollowingpriorities:

1. Thevisionforthepost-2015educationagendacallsforasingle harmonized global education framework, guidedbyarights-basedapproach,whichisofuniversalrelevanceandisinformedbythelessonslearnedfromtheeducation-relatedMdgsandeducationforAll(eFA)agendas.Thisframeworkshouldbeunderpinnedbythekeyprincipleofeducationasafundamentalhumanrightandapublicgoodthatshouldbemadeavailabletoall.

2. expanded access to quality learning should be ensured for all and at all levels of education. Alifelonglearningapproachshouldbetheguidingprincipleforthepost-2015educationagendawhichencom-passeslearningthroughoutthelifecycle,usingbothformalandinformaldeliverymechanisms,includingaccesstoearlychildhoodcareandeducation(ecce),primary

“TheQuAliTyoFeducATionhAsseVerelydeTeriorATedAndWerisKbecoMingAnilliTerATePoPulATion.”entrePreneur, PriVAte-SeCtor ConSultAtion, tAJiKiStAn

“WeneedToensureQuAliTyeducATion,iniTselFeducATioncAnbeboThgoodAndbAd,insoMecAsesdAMAging.TheQuAliTyneedsTobeThereToProVidehoPeAndsTrengThForTheFuTure.”nAtionAl ConSultAtion, yeMen

indigenouswomaninPost-2015consultation,lacasona,cotobrus,costarica.(Photo:uncosTAricA/drAMireZ)


andpost-primaryeducation,voca-tionaltrainingandhighereducation,accordingtocountrycontexts,devel-opmentchallengesandpriorities.Thisexpandedaccessshouldincludeanexplicitcommitmenttoprovidingopportunitiesforadultlearningandliteracy,particularlyforwomen.

3. Focused attention on the quality of education, including its content and relevance, as well as on learning outcomes. Thisimplies:

•ensuringthatthereisanadequatesupplyofwell-trainedandmotivatedteachersandschoolleadership.Thisinvolvesimprovingteachers’training,conditionsofservice,deploymentandopportu-nitiesforprofessionaldevelopment;

•focusingonrelevant,measur-ableandequitablelearningoutcomesacrossthelifecycle,9includingfoundationalliteracyandnumeracyaswellotherrelevantsocial,civic,economic,environ-mentalandhealth-relatedskillsandcompetencies;

•internalizingtheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopmentinprimary,secondaryandadultlearningsothatlearnersdeveloptheskillsandcompetenciestomakeinformeddecisionsforasustainablefuture.educationandtrainingshouldincludeenvi-ronmentaleducationandglobalcitizenshipeducationtopromoteawarenessandactiontoaddresscurrentandfuturethreatstotheglobalenvironmentandhumanwell-being.esdprovidesaholisticframeworkforincludingsustain-abledevelopmentintoalllevelsandtypesofeducation;

•strengtheningtrainingandskillsforworkandlife.ensuringthatyoungpeopleareequippedwithsocial,employabilityandtechnicalskillsandcompetenciestobeinformed,responsibleandactivecitizens,

finddecentworkandcontributetopeacefulsocieties.Thiseffortshouldincludecollaborationacrosssectorsfordevelopingtransversalskills(teamwork,criticalthinking,problemsolvingetc.),specifictechnicalorvocationalskills,andtheschool-to-worktransition;

•strengtheningtheprovisionofenablinglearningenvironments.Thismeansensuringsafeandhealthylearningenvironments,includingsafe,disaster-sensitiveschoolbuildingsandclassrooms,safeandcleandrinkingwater,schoolfeedingprogrammesandgender-sensitivesanitationandhygiene,andtheintegrationinthecurriculumofcomprehensivesexualandreproductivehealtheducationaswellasindigenousknowledgeandknowledgerelevanttothelivesofruralpopulations.

4. A greater focus on equity. Theneedofdisadvantagedchildren,youthandadults,especiallygirlsandwomen,toacquireliteracy,numeracyandrelevanttechnicalandvocationalskillscombinedwiththenecessarytransversalskillsforadecentlife

andworkshouldbefullyreflectedineducationpoliciesandstrate-gies.reachingouttoout-ofschoolchildrenusinginnovative,flexibleandmobileinterventionsandpartneringwithnon-stateeducationprovidersandcommunitiesshouldbeapriority.Toensurelearningismeasuredandimprovedinanequitableway,infor-mationcollectedandreportedshoulddescribeprogressovertimeandacrosspopulationgroups,inadditiontoaverageachievementlevels.

5. gender equality remains a strong priority, witharenewedfocusonenhancedaccesstopost-basicandpost-secondaryeducationforgirlsandwomeninsafe,supportivelearningenvironments.evidencedemonstratesthatthemultipliereffectofgirls’educationaldevelop-mentonlybecomesevidentwhengirlscompletesecondaryeducation.Furthermore, genderequalitycannotbeaddressedonlythroughanarrowfocusonaccesstoeducation;rather,itmustbeaddressedwithinthelargersocietysimultaneouslyonmultiplelevelsandinmultiplesectors,includingeconomic,social,politicalandcultural.

schoolgirlsparticipatinginanessaycontestontheirvisionofwell-beingby2030,secondaryschool,balkanabatcity,Turkmenistan,17April2013..(Photo:unFPATurkmenistan)


FrAMeWorK, GoAl And TArGeTs

Thevisionforthepost-2015educationagendacallsforasingleharmonizedglobaleducationframeworkwhichisofuniversalrelevance.global and national targetsshouldbesetforeachoftheaboveareas,withdueattentiontovulner-ablegroups,toaddressinequalitiesanddiscriminationbygender,wealth,ethnicity,locationetc.Theachievementofthisvisiondemandsa single harmonized

global education framework informedbythesuccessesandchallengesoftheMdgandeFAagendas.basedontheproposedoverarchingeducationgoalof‘equitable, Quality education and lifelong learning for All’,therecommendationistodevelopspecificgoals,indicatorsandtargets,wherethefollowingfourpriorityareashavebeenidentifiedasabasisforfurtherdiscussion:

1. Allgirlsandboysareabletoaccessandcompletequalitypre-primaryeducationofanagreedperiod(atleastoneyear).

2. equalaccesstoandcompletionofafullcourseofqualityprimaryschooling,withrecognizedandmeas-urablelearningoutcomes,especiallyinliteracyandnumeracy.

3. Alladolescentgirlsandboys areabletoaccessandcomplete qualitylowersecondary/secondary educationwith recognizedandmeasurablelearningoutcomes.

4. Allyouthandadults,particularlygirlsandwomen,haveaccesstopost-secondarylearningopportuni-tiestodevelop knowledgeandskills,includingtechnicalandvocational,thatarerelevanttoworkandlifeandnecessaryforfurtherlearningandforgingmorejust,peaceful,tolerantandinclusivesocieties.

heAlthheAlTh in The MdGs

Thediscussioninthehealthconsulta-tionre-confirmedhowcentralhealthistoanyfuturedevelopmentagenda.AlltheMdgsinfluencehealth,andhealthinturninfluencesandcontributestoalltheMdgs.healthisapreconditionforandanoutcomeandanindicatorofallthreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment(economic,environmentalandsocial),andsustainabledevelopmentcanonlybeachievedintheabsenceofahighprevalenceofdebilitatingcommunicableandnon-communicablediseases(ncds).Thelinkagesandrelationshipsbetweenhealthandeducation,climatechangeandotherenvironmentalthreats,financialandnaturalresourceconstraints,lesspovertybutgreaterinequities,popula-tiongrowthandrapidlyageingpopula-tions,unplannedurbanizationandnewdiseasesallaffectprogressonhealthandwell-being.

ThereisconsiderableevidencetosuggestthatthecurrenthealthMdgswillremainprioritiesafter2015:women’sandchildren’shealth,hiVandotherinfectiousdiseasescontinuetobethedominanthealthprioritiesinsub-saharanAfrica,inmanyfragilestatesandamongthepoorpopulationsinmanylow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Forexample,in2011,100millionchildrenwereestimatedtobeunderweight(Mdg1c).About19,000childrenunderfiveyearsolddieeveryday,andnewborndeathsareincreasinglyprominent,accountingfor43percentofallchilddeaths(Mdg4).Mostofthesedeathscouldhavebeenprevented.everydayapproximately800womendiefrompreventablecausesrelatedtopregnancyandchildbirth(Mdg5A).Anestimated222millionwomenworldwidedonothaveaccesstomoderncontraceptionandsexualandreproductivehealthservices(Mdg5b).everydayaround7000peopleinlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesarenewlyinfectedwithhiV;46percentofpeopleinneedofhiVtreatmentarestillunabletoaccessit;therewere

“AsAWoMAn,iWouldliKenoTTobehArAssed,rAPed,orFondled…buTToberesPecTed.iFWehAdcoMPrehensiVeeducATion,MenWouldresPecTWoMen.”ADoleSCent girl, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, guAteMAlA

youngboyataworkhopwithlocalauthoritiesinesmeraldas,ecuador.(Photo:Mareikeeberz,undP)


anestimated219millioncasesofand660,000deathsfrommalariain2010;anestimated8.7millionnewcasesofTband1.4milliondeathsin2011;andneglectedtropicaldiseasescontinuetoaffectthemarginalizedandpoorestpopulations,especiallyinsub-saharanAfrica(Mdg6).

despiteimpressiveprogressinloweringmortalityrates,in2015fartoomanypeoplewillstillbedyingfromcausesthatarepreventablebyabroadsetofpreventiveandcurativeinterven-tionsincluding:adequatenutrition,accesstosafedrinkingwater,goodsanitationandhygienepractices(suchashandwashing),vaccination,reductionofindoorairpollution,andaccesstohealthcareservices.

Moreover,aconsiderablebodyofnon-Mdg-relatedevidencepointstohealthbeinganevenmorepressingandcomplexglobalchallengein2015thanitwasin2000.Thegrowingburdenofncds,especiallyamongpoor,marginalizedanddisadvantagedpeopleincountriesofallincomelevels,andemergingglobalthreatstohealthsecuritysuchasanti-bioticresistanceandnewinfectiousdiseasesarejusttwoexamplesofhealthissuesnotaddressedbytheMdgs.

looKinG ForWArd, MAKinG linKAGes And TAcKlinG exclusion

Theconsultationshowedthatthereisbroadconsensusonthemainhealthchallengesandpriorities.Thepriorities

identifiedare:addressingthesocial,cultural,environmental,economicandpoliticaldeterminantsofhealth;improvingthehealthofdisadvantaged,marginalized,stigmatizedandhard-to-reachpopulationsinallcountries;andmeetingthespecifichealthneedsofpeopleatdifferentstagesoflife.TheconsultationcallsfornewgoalsandtargetswhichbuildontheexistingMdgs,butwithmoreambitioustargets,addressingtheburdenofncdsandtheirrisks,strengtheninghealthsystems

throughuniversalhealthcoverageandaccess,andtacklingthedeterminantsofhealththroughtargetsinothersectorsandthemes.

Theconsultationagreedthatprogressinimprovinghealthandwell-beingcanonlybemadebyreducinginequali-ties.Thiscanbemadeexplicitinallthegoalsbydisaggregatingindicatorsandtargetsatalllevels,andincludingtargetsforclosinggaps.Thepost-2015agendaneedsarigorousframeworkthatclearlyarticulatesbothhowsustainabledevelop-mentdiffersfromexistingdevelopmentmodelsandhowhealthanddevelopmentareinextricablylinked.

goodhealthisbothadriverandabeneficiaryofeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.illhealthisbothaconse-quenceandacauseofpoverty.everyyear100millionpeopleareeitherpushedintopovertybyhealth-relatedcosts,includingout-of-pocketexpensesforhealthcare,orunabletoaffordessentialhealthservicessothatpre-existingsicknessisaggra-vated.ensuringuniversalaccesstoqualityandeffectivehealthservices—andprotectingtheirpopulationfromfinancialriskwhendoingso—isachallenge

“oVerAllcoVerAgeoFbAsicheAlThserVicesisAbouT45–50PercenT.diFFerencesbeTWeenurbAnAndrurAlAreAsinheAlThAndnuTriTionouTcoMesAndserViceuTiliZATionPersisT…ThereAresigniFicAnTurbAn–rurAlAndregionAldisPAriTiesinTheAVAilAbiliTyoFheAlThresourcesAndserVices.”nATionAlconsulTATionrePorT,sudAn

olderpeopleinPost-2015consultation,Jicaral,Puntarenas,costarica.(Photo:uncosTAricA/drAMireZ)


facingallcountries.Anyfuturehealthgoalmust,therefore,beuniversallyrelevantandbasedonhumanrightsstandardsandprinciples.everycountryishometofamiliesandindividualswholackthefinancialmeans,nutrition,medicineorcaretoprevent,treatandmanageillness.however,notwocountriesarethesame:targetsandindicatorsmustbeadaptabletoacountry’shealthprioritiesandcircumstances.

Thenationalconsultationshavealsoshowedhowimprovedgovernanceatnationalandsubnationallevelsisfunda-mentalforensuringthatqualityhealthservicesaredeliveredoutsidecapitalcities,andthatinequalitiesinaccesstoandqualityofservicesavailableareaddressed.Thehealththematicconsulta-tionidentifiedenhancedmanagementcompetenceandcapacityasapriorityforhealthsystemstrengthening.

likewise,failuretoaddressshort-comingsinthedeliveryofbasichealthservicesleadstoanincreaseinthedistrustbetweenpopulationsandgovern-ments,andcanreinforceinequalities.

Thewayinwhichhealthcareisdeliveredalsohastoaddressquestionsofaccessforpeoplewithdisabilities,andsocietalattitudeswhichmeanthathiVpatientsarestigmatizedorthatwomeninsomesocietiesdonotfeelcomfortableusingtheavailableservices.Addressingfoodandnutritionissues(includingobesity)alsohasadirecteffectonhealthoutcomes,asdoeswatersecurityandwaterquality.Failuretoaddressvulner-abilitiestodisasterwillplacefurtherstrain

onalreadyoverstretchedhealthservicesinmanypartsoftheworld,whileconflictsituationshavebeenseentoplaceconsid-erableextrastrainsonhealthservicesincountriesaffecteddirectlybyconflict,aswellastheirneighbours,leadingtosetbacksinhealthindicators.

GoAls And TArGeTs

Thehealthconsultationconcludedthatsustainablewell-beingforallcouldbeanoverarchinggoalforthewiderpost-2015agenda.Thisgoalshouldrecognizehealthasacriticalcontributortoandoutcomeofsustainabledevelop-mentandhumanwell-being.Thiswouldanswerthegrowingcallstolookbeyondacountry’sgrossdomesticproduct(gdP)whenassessinghealthygrowthandsustainabledevelopment,andtoaddress

issuesofequity.italsoacknowledgesthatgoodhealthisdetermined,notonlybypreventingandtreatingdisease,butalsobymanyotheraspectsofdevelopment,includingeducation,genderequality,sustainableenergyandnutrition,waterandsanitation,andclimatechangeadap-tationandmitigation.

inadditiontothisoverarchinggoal,aspecifichealthgoal,suchasachievingbetterhealthatallstagesoflife(includingcrucialphasessuchasadolescence),wouldberelevantforeverycountry.effortstoaccelerateprogressonthehealthMdgagendashouldbuildonnationalandglobaleffortsthathavealreadyresultedinsignificantprogressinreducingchildandmaternaldeathsandcontrollinghiV,Tb,malariaandneglectedtropicaldiseases.ratherthanpullingbackfromthesegoals,thenewagendashouldbeevenmoreambitiousandreaffirmthetargetsofongoinginitiativessuchas:endingpreventablematernalandchilddeaths;eliminatingchronicmalnutritionandmalaria;providinguniversalaccesstosexualandreproductivehealthservices,includingfamilyplanning;increasingimmunizationcoverage;andrealizingthevisionofagenerationfreefromAidsandTb.

reducingtheburdenofmajorncdsshouldbeachievedbyfocusingon

“heAlThserVicesAreVerybAd,TiMeconsuMingAndlAcKeFFicienTMedicAlserVices.ibelieVeThATcorruPTioncAnbeAFAcTorThATAFFecTsThePoorQuAliTyoFTheheAlThserVice.”MiDDle-AgeD woMen, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, brAZil

AdolescentsinPost-2015consultation,guadalupe,sanJosé,costarica.(Photo:uncosTAricA/drAMireZ)


cardiovasculardiseases,cancers,chronicrespiratorydiseasesanddiabetes(thefourncdscausingthemostdeaths),andmentalillness.sometargetscouldbebasedontheWorldhealthAssemblyresolutionofa25percentreductionindeathsduetothesefourncdsby2025.othertargetscouldbeaimedatreducingmorbidityanddisabilityfromncds(includingmentalillness)atallages,andreducingtheprevalenceofrelatedriskfactors.universalhealthcoverageandaccessisputforwardasakeycontributionbythehealthsectortoachievinghealthgoalsandtargetsandtoimprovinghealthmorebroadly.itisalsoadesirablegoal,becausepeoplehavearighttoaccessahealthsystemthatpreventsandtreatsillnesseffectivelyandaffordablywithintheirhomesandtheircommunities,withreferraltoclinicsandhospitalswhenrequired.implementationofthehealthgoalwillrequiresustainableandpredict-ablefinancing,improvedglobalgovern-anceandareviewofthecurrentglobalhealtharchitecture.

requireMenTs For successFul iMPleMenTATion

regardingthemeansofimplementation,theconsultationcalledfornewformsofaccountabilitytobeanintegralpartofthenextdevelopmentframework,includingthosewhichallowgreatercitizenpartici-pation,ownershipandinfluence.Therewerecallsforspecialattentiontobepaidtomechanismsforengagingandempoweringadolescents,toincreasetheircapabilitiestotakeontheirownhealthdevelopmentastheyenteradulthood,especiallyregardinghealthysexualandreproductivehealthpracticesandavoidanceofrisksforncds.Therewerealsocallsforstrengtheningnationalhealthinformationsystems,civilregistra-tionandimprovingtheavailabilityofdisaggregatedstatistics.Theimportanceoflong-term,predictableandsustainablefinancingfromdomesticaswellasinter-nationalresourceswasstressed,andtherewerecallsforexperimentingwithnewinnovativefinancingmechanismssuchasafinancialtransactionstax.improved

accountabilityisneededtoavoidtrans-parencyofresourceusage,andinefficientuseofavailableresources.newpartner-shipsshouldbeexplored,includingwiththeprivatesector,whichcouldbestimulatedtoinvestmoreinpublichealthandheldtoaccountforanyactivitieswhichcauseharmtohealth.Finally,areviewoftheglobalhealtharchitectureisrequired,andanewframeworkwhichwouldallowmoreinteractionandcoop-erationbetweenthemanyprogrammes,fundsandagenciesinvolvedinhealthanddevelopment,andwhichwouldreducetheriskofduplicativeuseofresources.

wAterAchieVinG WATer securiTY For All: An exPAnded And deePer AGendA

Toarticulatethecomplexnatureofwatersecurityandtoshowhowanewframeworkcouldcompletetheunfinishedbusinessofdevelopment,theWaterthematicconsultationwentbeyonddemandingtoiletsandtapsforbillionsof

JapanesedrumsensembleTodorokiWadaikoofgermanyattheopeningofthehigh-levelMeetingonWaterinThehague,March2013(Photo:iisd/earthnegotiationsbulletin)


stillun-orunderservedpoor.instead,itaddressedthreevitalandinterdependentdimensions,namely:(i)water,sanitationandhygiene(WAsh);(ii)waterresourcesmanagement;and(iii)wastewater/waterqualitymanagement.Takentogether,thesethreedimensionscansecureuniversalaccesstowater,forall,forever.

TheprimacyofensuringWAshaccesswasexplicitlyandstronglyvoiced.despiteenhancingwatersourcesfor2billion

peoplesince1990,783millionpeoplestilllackaccess,1.8billiondrink‘improved’butunsafewater,2.5billionlackimprovedsanitation,and1.1billiondefecateintheopen.TheabsenceofWAshspreadspreventablediseaseanddeathtomillions.itjeopardizestrustingovernance,whetherlocalornational.itcosts1.5–4.3percentofgdP,stuntschildhoodgrowth,drainswomen’stimeandenergy,emptiesschoolchairs,forcesneedlessrisksand

denieshumandignity.buttheconverseisalsotrue.investing$1inWAshyieldsatleast$4.30inrevenue—aconservativeestimatethatrisesifoneincludestourism,naturalassetprotection,andproductivityfromcombiningWAshwithclassroomsandhealthfacilities.

largelyignoredintheMdgs,thecross-cuttingnatureofwaterresourcemanagementwasexploredindepthduringtheconsultation.Water’s

“cAnyouiMAgineAhouseWiThouTAToileT?iThinKMosToFuscouldn’TiMAgineToliVeinAhouseWiThouTToileT,AndiconsiderThesAMehAPPensForschools.buTunForTunATelyThAT’sAreAliTyinMosTdeVeloPingcounTries.ForinsTAnce,innicArAguAAround75%oFPublicschoolshAVenoAdeQuATesAniTATionFAciliTies.”wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort

Performancesatthehigh-levelMeetingonWater,Thehague,March2013(Photo:iisd/earthnegotiationsbulletin)


horizontallinkagesrevealcompetitionbetweenenergy,agriculture,industryandnature.risingaffluence,tempera-tures,populationsandpollutionfurtherintensifywaterstress.yetpotentialroutestocollaborationalsoemerged.Appropriateresourcevaluationcouldreduceenergy’shungerfor8–44percentofallwaterwithdrawals,andwater’sthirstforupto33percentofallenergy.Amoreefficientfoodsupplychaincouldgreatlyenhanceglobalnutritionsupplywithoutdemandingmorewater.sucheffortstoreducewastecanimproveaccessforvulnerablepopulations,boostclimateresilienceandeasetensionsinsharedwatersheds.butatrootthewatercrisiswasseenasagovernancecrisis.resolutionshouldcombine‘soft’reforms—transparency,accountability,participa-torydecision-making—withhardinvest-mentsinbothcivilworksand‘naturalinfrastructure’thatstores,conveys,coolsandfilterswater.

Pollutionofourriversplacesbillionsofthirsty,hungryurbanfamiliesthatlivedownstreamindanger.Thedialogueonwastewatermanagementandwaterqualityconfirmedthatdilutionofpollutionwasnolongerasolution.Partiesdiscussedhowprevention,reductionorremovalofpollutioncouldbebothpossibleandprofitable.Theyreconsideredtheuse,reuse,valueandevenmeaningof‘waste’water.Asmorethanhalfofhumanitylivesincities,contaminateddischargeandsurfacerunoffspreadwater-bornediseaseamongbillions.Whilerealsolutionsyieldhighreturns,theurbanpoorwhoneedthemmostgeneratealmostnotaxesorinfluence;meanwhile,politiciansrarelyinvestifdirectcostsareimmediateandindirectbenefitsappearonlyaftertheyleaveofficeorhelpthoseatadistance.downstream,theimpactedbillionswhodependonfoodfrommarineecosystemscouldlookupstreamtoslow,stoporreversenitrogenandphosphorousloadsinthe90percentofurbanwastewaterthatisuntreated.rewardscouldgobeyondresiliencetoboostgrowth,jobs

andbusinesscertainty.butscalematters.reuseoptionsmustrelatetolocalcircum-stances,culturalnorms,safetyofuse,awarenessandcapacity.

TheMdgshavegeneratedglobalmomentumandnationalprogressaroundwaterandsanitationgoalsasamoralimperative,andthisshouldbebuilton.

itbecameclearthroughtheconsulta-tionthatsecureaccesstowatermustberecognizedasafundamentalrightforall,andthepost-2015goals,targetsandindicatorsonwatershouldbeguidedbyahuman-rights-basedapproach.Thethematicconsultationemphasizedthebroadeconomicbenefitsfrom

“ProVidingsTudenTsWiThAccessToWAshFAciliTieshAsbeenshoWnToboosTATTendAnce,increAseAchieVeMenTAndProMoTeeQuiTy.hoWeVer…49%oFschoolslAcKAccessTosAFedrinKingWATerAnd55%oFschoolslAcKAccessTosAniTATionFAciliTiesinMiddle-AndloW-incoMecounTries.TheconsulTATionreVeAledThATAschoolisMoreThAnclAssrooMsAnddesKs,AndcAnnoTbecAlledschoolWiThouTThePresenToFToileTs,TAPsAndhygieneeducATion.”wAter ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort

youngpeople’saspirationsinthePost-2015consultation,guadalupe,sanJosé,costarica(Photo:uncosTAricA/drAMireZ)


judiciouswateruse.yetitwasarguedthateconomicincentivesalonewillnotsufficetoensureequalaccessfortoday’spopula-tion,letaloneforfuturegenerations.

in2010theungeneralAssemblyexplicitlyrecognizedthehumanrightstosafedrinkingwaterandsanitation.Thediscussionsre-emphasizedtheneedfortherighttoempowerwomenandchildrenwithequity,allowthepoorestandmostvulnerabletonegotiatefrombelow,andhelpensurethatlocalpoint-of-usedecisionsareintegratedacrossallthreesub-sectorsboth‘upstream’towaterresourcesaswellas‘downstream’towastewatertreatment.TheconsultationlistenedtoandamplifiedthevoicesofthenextgenerationrepresentedintheyouthParliament,aswellasthebeyond2015campaignof260civilsocietyorganiza-tionsfrom60countries.

looKinG ForWArd

Thepost-2015developmentagendashouldrecognizethatwaterisaprerequi-siteinthefuturedevelopmentframework,toattainvitaleconomic,equity,employ-ment,health,educational,agriculture/foodandenergybenefits,tomaintain

ecosystemsservicesandsupportresil-iencetoclimatechange.

TheWaterthematicconsultationendedwithahigh-levelmeetinginThehague,thenetherlands,whichadoptedastatementwhichsetanewcourseforconcertedactionandglobaldirection,capturingwater’simportancetothepost-2015developmentframeworkinthesekeypoints:

•Waterisakeydeterminantinallaspectsofsocial,economicandenvi-ronmentaldevelopmentandmust,

therefore,beacentralfocusofanypost-2015frameworkforpovertyeradicationandglobalsustainabledevelopment.

•Water,sanitationandhygiene,WaterresourcesManagementandWastewaterManagementandWaterQualityareallindispensableelementsforbuildingawater-secureworld.

•Watersecuritywillbeofgrowingimportance.Watershouldbeaddressedadequatelyinthepost-2015developmentagenda,topreventcrisesinthewateraswellasthewater-dependentsectors.

•governmentsplayakeyroleinsecuringwaterforcompetingdemands;however,thequestforawater-secureworldisajointrespon-sibilityandcanonlybeachievedthroughcooperationandknowledgeexchangeatlocal,national,regionalandgloballevelandthroughpartner-shipswithamultitudeofstakeholdersrangingfromthecitizenstopolicymakerstotheprivatesector.

•Water-relatedcapacitydevelopment,bothattheindividualandinstitu-tionallevels,willbefundamentalintherealizationandimplementationofthepost-2015developmentagenda.

• innovative,inclusiveandsustainablefinancingmechanismsforwaterneedtobeimplemented.

“TheissueWeFAceinModerndAysocieTyisWeForgeTTheinherenTlinKAgesbeTWeenWATer,energy,AndFood.WeTendTolooKATshorTAgesoFeAchoFTheseresourcesinisolATionAndTryToFixTheMWiThouTFullyundersTAndingTheiMPAcToFourAcTions.ForexAMPle,iFWeWAnTToProduceFoodinAlocATionWhereThenATurAlecosysTeMcAnnoTsuPPorTourFAVouriTecroPs,We‘Fix’TheProbleMbyPuMPinguPgroundWATerorTrAnsPorTingiTFroMlongdisTAncesAndMixingiTWiThFerTiliZers(energy)TogroWThecroPs.ThisFixusuAllyMeAnsAnincrediblyineFFicienTredisTribuTionoFresourcesThATendsuPhurTingecosysTeMsAnddebiliTATingThenATurAlcyclesoFourPlAneT.”PArtiCiPAnt, wAter e-DiSCuSSion

consultationwithayouthcouncilinbrasilia,March2013(Photo:FlaviolopesunV/undPbrazil)


More AMBiTious GoAls And TArGeTs

Theremustbeambitiousgoalsandtargetswhichtakeaccountofunfinishedbusinessandtheemergingandfuturechallenges.Thesegoalsmustinspireandcreateincentivesforachangeinbehaviourtosustainablymanageandallocateresources,thebenefitsofwhichreacheverypersonwithoutdiscrimination.

• Theworldmustaimforuniversalaccesstosafeandsustainablewater,sanitationandhygieneservices.

•groundandsurfacewatershouldbemonitored,governedandmanagedsustainablyandinanintegratedmannertosatisfyhumanneedswhilerespectingecosystemrequirements.

• Allusedwaterandwastewatershouldbecollectedandtreatedbeforeitisreturnedtonature,andmanagedunderprinciplesofpollutionpreven-tionandreuse.

hunger, FooD SeCurity AnD nutritionThe douBle chAllenGe

Theglobalprevalenceofmalnutritionandhungerremainsunacceptablyhigh.TheunFoodandAgricultureorganization(FAo)estimatesthatnearly870millionpeople(12.5percentoftheglobalpopu-lationoroneineightpeople)remainedundernourishedin2010–12,reflectingalackofprogressinseveralregions,evenasincomepovertyhasdecreased.Theprevalenceofhungerisparticularlyhighinsub-saharanAfricaandinsouthAsia.indevelopingcountries,oneinfourchildrenundertheageoffive(171millionchildren)arestuntedduetochronicundernutrition.Micronutrientmalnutri-tionor‘hiddenhunger’affectsaround2billionpeople(over30percentoftheworld’spopulation),withseriouspublichealthconsequences.

Atthesametime,obesityrateshavedoubledoverthelast30years.some

43millionchildrenunderfiveyearsofageareoverweight,andobesityaffectsaround500millionadults,withincreasingprevalenceinlow-andmiddle‐incomecountries.Thishasvariousconsequences—forexample,increasedriskofprematuredeathduetoseriouschronichealthconditions,includinganincreaseintheprevalenceinncds.Thisuniversaldoubleburdenofbothunder‐andover‐nutritionhighlightsthekeychallengesfacedinachievingfoodandnutritionsecurity.

underlYinG chAllenGes: AchieVinG susTAinABle Food ProducTion

underlyingthefoodandnutritionchallengesaremultiplechallengesinachievingsustainablefoodproduction.Arapidlygrowingandmoreaffluentworldpopulationisincreasingthedemandforfood.Theglobalpopulationisprojectedtoincreasefrom7billionpeopletodayto9billionby2050,withpracticallyalloftheincreaseexpectedtotakeplaceinlessdevelopedcountries.Withrisingincomes,globalizationandurbanization,dietsarechanging;inparticular,thereisanincreasingdemandforanimalproducts,whichareparticularlyresource‐intensivetoproduce.FAoestimatesthatthesefactorsmeanthatglobalfoodproduc-tionmustincreaseby60percentto

meetthedemandforfoodandbio-fuelsby2050.butitisnotjustaquestionofincreasingproduction:poormanage-mentofnaturalresourcesisthreateningourabilitytosustainablymaintainandincreaselevelsoffoodproduction.Thereareplanetarylimitswhichpresentchal-lengesforsustainablefoodproductionandwillrequirere-thinkingfooddistribu-tionsystems,withmoreconcentrationonreducingwasteandlossandimprovingaccesstomarkets.increasedfoodproduc-tionwillhavetohappeninthefaceofdwindlingresourcesandincreasingcompetitionforthoseresources.Morewillhavetobeproducedperunitofland,usinglesswater,fertilizerandpesticides.

ifabroad‐basedapproachtoaddressingfoodsecurityconcernsisnotadopted,progressinfoodsecurityandnutritionwillbeevermorethreatenedasaresultofpressureon—andpoormanagementof—naturalresources.Theworld’secosystemsandbiodiversityarealreadyunderextremepressurefromoverexploitationanddegradation.Thereisincreasingenvironmentaldegradationofproductivelandandotherproductivenaturalresources.overthepast40years,approximately30percentoftheworld’scropland(1.5billionhectares)hasbecomeunproductive.levelsofgroundwaterare

“hunger,FoodinsecuriTyAndMAlnuTriTioncAnbeendedsusTAinAblyby2025.TheerAdicATionoFhungerAndMAlnuTriTionMusTbedeFiniTiVeAndirreVersiblebAsedonTherighToFeVeryoneTosAFe,suFFicienT,nuTriTiousAndAFFordAbleFood.ThisVisionisAchieVAble.bold,eFFecTiVeAcTionisurgenTAndboThAMorAlAndPoliTicAliMPerATiVe.”MADriD globAl theMAtiC ConSultAtion on hunger, FooD SeCurity AnD nutrition


decliningasaconsequenceofoveruse.Withoutgoodmanagementofnaturalresources,wecouldundomuchoftheprogressachievedthusfarinimprovingfoodsecurityandnutrition.

climatechangeisaddingtothechallengeofachievingsustainablefoodproductionandmeetingthedemandsofagrowingpopulation.AccordingtotheunofficeforthecoordinationofhumanitarianAffairs,some70percentofdisastersarenowclimaterelated,upfrom50percenttwodecadesago,andtheirimpactisworsenedbyunsustain-ablemanagementofnaturalresources.increasingly,theseerraticweatherpatternsareleadingtomajoryear‐on‐yearfluctuationsinproductionlevels,andcontributetohighandvolatilefoodprices;extremeweathereventsoftenresultinacutefoodcrises.eventsrelatedtoclimatechangearelikelytointensifyinthecomingyears,whilerisingtempera-turesareexpectedtoreducelevelsofagriculturalproductivityinlargepartsofthedevelopingworld.

otherimportantriskfactorshavesurfaced.Thecyclicalnatureoffoodpricecrisesandcontinuedfoodpricevolatility,aswellastheimpactofthe2008–2009financialcrisis,wereassociatedwithrisingfoodinsecurityandincreasedlevelsofhungerandmalnutrition.

rapidurbanization(largelytheresultofrural‐to-urbanmigration,oftenlinkedtodecreasingeconomicopportuni-tiesintraditionalrurallivelihoods)hasgeneratedalargenewclassofpoorfoodbuyers,whoarehighlyvulnerabletorisingpricesandotherrisks.

looKinG ForWArd

giventhisrapidlyevolvingcontext,participantsintheconsultationstressedthatthenewpost‐2015developmentagendamustnotadopta‘businessasusual’approachtofoodsecurity.rather,aninnovativeandmulti-prongedapproachwasdemanded.itwasrecog-nizedthatinclusiveeconomicgrowthisoneofthemosteffectivemeansofimprovingfoodsecurityandnutrition,butthatitisnotenough:specificpoliciestargetinghungerandmalnutrition—includingobesity—arealsorequired;asarepoliciesinsupportofsustainablefoodvaluechains,includingallaspectsofproduction,processing,distributionandconsumption,andmeasuresaimedatthereductionoffoodlosses(roughlyonethirdoffoodproducedforhumanconsumptionislostorwastedglobally).socialprotectionmeasurestoensureadequateaccesstofoodarealsocritical.

TheZerohungerchallengerecentlylaunchedbythesecretary-generalatthe

rio+20conferencerepresentsarallyingcallforcommonactiontoaddressthemultiplechallengesassociatedwithsustainablyguaranteeingfoodsecurityforall.Withintheconsultation,therewassupportforthebroadthrustandvisionoftheZerohungerchallenge,asabasisformobilizingactiononfoodsecurityandnutrition,whilecoveringmuchofthebreadthofactionneeded.

Theimportanceofgoodgovern-anceandpoliticalwillasakeyenablerofactiononfoodsecurityandnutritionwasrecognized;aswastheimportanceofgovernancesystemstopromotestake-holderparticipationacrosssectorsandatalllevels.overall,theneedforinte-gratedactionacrosssectorswasstressedagainandagain,withstrongsynergiestoactiononhealth,education,water,energyandnaturalresourcemanage-ment.undernutritionleadstosub‐optimalphysicalandcognitivedevelopment,pooreducationaloutcomes,lowerresist-ancetoillness,increasedriskofchronicdiseasesinadulthood,andlowerproduc-tivityasadults—allfactorsthatlowertheeconomicpotentialofindividualsandsocietiesandperpetuatepoverty.overconsumption,likewise,increasesriskofchronicdiseasesandassociatedhealthcarecosts.Theimportanceoflinkingdevel-opmentandhumanitarianinterventionstoensureeffectiveresponsestoemergenciesandtransitiontodevelopmentwasnoted,aswastheneedtoaddressthechallengesposedbyurbanization.

Theconsultationagreedthathunger,foodinsecurityandmalnutritioncanbeendedsustainablyby2025throughaframeworktoaddressfoodsecuritybasedonhumanrightsprinciplesandstandardsaddressinginequalitiesanddiscrimina-tionfacedbythemostvulnerablegroups.however,achievingthisambitionwillrequirecomprehensive,transforma-tionalandstructuralchanges,aswellasacomprehensiveandmultisectoralapproachtofoodsecurityandnutritionsecuritywhichincludesthefollowingcriticalelements:



•give priority to the critical agents of change: women and small producers.smallfoodproducers,inparticularwomen,theirorganiza-tions,familyfarmers,fishers,livestockkeepers,forestusers,workers,small/ruralentrepreneurs,andindigenouspeoples,mustbeatthecentreofthenewdevelopmentagenda.Aspecialfocusonyouthisalsocrucialforthefuture.socialprotectionfloors,foodassistanceandsafetynets,promotionofruralemploymentandtechnicalcapacity-buildingarecriticalenablingconditionsinallcountries.

• Special attention to nutrition as key to achieving food and nutrition security. Participantsstressedthateradicationofhungerandotherformsofmalnutritioniswithinourreach.strengthenedsocialprotec-tionandsafetynetsforvulnerablepopulations,suchasinterventionstargetedatmothersandchildren,particularlyinthecritical1000-daywindow,includingpregnancyandbeforeachildturnstwo,areparticu-larlyneeded,ensuringlong-lastingimprovementinhealthandwell-beingofthesociety.inidentifyingauniversalagenda,participantsstressedtheimportanceofover-comingthedualchallengesofunder-andimbalancednutrition,whichrequireadiversifieddietmade

upofsafe,sufficient,nutritiousandaffordablefoodoverthelifecycle,especiallyforwomenofreproduc-tiveageandchildren.Accesstosafedrinkingwater,hygiene,sanitationandnutritioneducationisalsokey.

• Sustainable food production and consumption. sustainablefoodproductionandconsumptionrequiresacomprehensiveapproachthatintegratestheentirevaluechainofagriculturalproducts,betterquality,diverseandnutritiousdiets,localavailabilityoffood,efficientfooddistributionsystems,andreducedfoodwasteandlosses.

• the key role of the rural sector, where three quarters of the world’s poor people still live. ruraldevel-opment,moreandbetterruralandurbanemploymentalongthefoodchain,territorialapproaches,andenhancedlinkagesbetweenruralandurbanareasarealsolinchpinsforpovertyeradicationandsustain-ablelivelihoodsanddevelopmenttrajectories.

• Promote resilience to face chal-lenges. Tofeedagrowingpopula-tioninthefaceofclimatechange,globalization,pricevolatilityandurbanization,moreresilient,knowl-edge-basedandsustainableinten-sificationofagriculturalproduction,

betterinfrastructure,morefunc-tionalandconnectedmarkets,andjudiciousmanagementoffoodpricevolatility,speculationandriskareneeded.sustainableandresilientfoodproductionandconsumptionneedstobelinkedtomoreefficientuseofwater,energy,labour,landandstewardshipoftheglobalcommonsandecosystems(e.g.soils,land,air,oceans,forests,biodiversity)andcareful,integratedplanningofcrisisresponsewithinlonger-termdevelop-mentplanning,includingthroughtheestablishmentofsafetynetsandsocialprotectionfloors.

• enforcing existing mechanisms and frameworks. Participantsalsoagreedthateffortstocoordinateandenforcealreadyexistingcoordinationandpolicyconvergencemechanismsareoffundamentalimportance.TheseincludeinparticularthecommitteeonWorldFoodsecurity(cFs)andtheimplementationofitsinternationallyagreedframeworks,includingtheVoluntaryguidelinesfortheprogres-siverealizationoftherighttoFoodandtheVoluntaryguidelinesonTenureofland,Fisheries,Forestry,andnaturalresources.Theimpor-tanceofstrengtheningthesupporttomulti-stakeholderinitiativesonfoodsecurityandnutritionwasalsoemphasized.havingreceived

“FoodinsecuriTyisonecAuseoFundernuTriTion.hoWeVer,nuTriTionsecuriTyisonlyAchieVedWhenAccessToAnAPProPriATelynuTriTiousdieTiscouPledWiThAsAniTAryenVironMenT,includingAccessTosAFeWATerAndToAdeQuATeheAlThserVicesAndcAre.FuTuregoAlsMusTreFlecTTheinTerconnecTednessoFThesedeVeloPMenTissuesAndProVidesusTAinAbleresPonses.”hunger, FooD SeCurity AnD nutrition ConSultAtion, iSSueS PAPer


broad-basedsupportfrompartici-pantsinpreviousconsultations,TheZerohungerchallengewasrecog-nizedasapotentialstartingpointforthenextphaseofconsultations.

Theconsultationdidnotreachconsensus,andcalledforadditionalefforts,particularlyatglobalandregionallevels,tobringgreaterconvergenceonsomeareas,suchas:investmentinagri-cultureandprocessingsystems,tradepoliciesandaccesstomarket,subsidiesandtheroleofbiofuels.

Theconsultationsuggestedthatastand-alonegoalonfoodsecurityandnutritionshouldbeincludedinthepost-2015developmentagenda,namely:‘AchieveFoodandnutritionsecurityforall’.

energyThe MissinG MdG And The MissinG linKs

Participantswereunanimousthatuniversalaccesstoclean,reliableandaffordableenergyshouldbeaglobalgoalinthepost-2015developmentagenda.Manycalledenergythe‘missingMdg’thatmustberemedied.AttheregionalconsultationforAfrica,forexample,therewasemphaticagreementthatsustainableeconomicgrowthandsocialwell-beingcannotbeachievedwithoutaccesstoaffordablemodernenergyservices.

Manyemphasizedthatenergynotonlydeservesauniquegoal,butthatthepost-2015agendamustalsorecognizeenergyasanenablingfactorinaccesstocleanwater,foodsecurity,health,

education,povertyreductionandenvi-ronmentalsustainability.Participantswereforthcomingwithnumerousexamplesofhowlackofaccesstoenergyhamperedobtainingadecenteducation,runningahealthyandproduc-tivehousehold,operatingasuccessfulbusiness,andobtainingadequatehealthservices—allwithdetrimentalandlastingeffects.

stakeholdersunderscoredtheurgencyattachedtoaddressingtheenergychallenge.ThelatestsustainableenergyforAllglobalTrackingFrameworknotesthat1.2billionpeople—theequivalentofalmosttheentirepopula-tionofindia—donothaveaccesstoelectricity,and2.8billionhavetorelyonsolidfuels—wood,charcoal,animalandcropwaste,andcoal—tocookorheattheirhomes.Theindoorairpollutionthatresultscausesabout4millionprematuredeathsayear,mostofthemwomenandchildren.

Amassiveeffortisneededtoexpandaccesstoelectricityandsafecookingfuels,inlargeparttoruralareasinAsiaandsub-saharanAfrica.countries,inter-nationalorganizations,theprivatesectorandcivilsocietyneedtoincreaseenergyinvestmentsbyatleast$600billionayearuntil2030,morethandoublingthecurrentestimated$409billion.Theadditional$600billionwouldinclude$45billionforelectricityexpansion,$4.4billiononmoderncooking,$394billiononenergyefficiency,and$174billiononrenewableenergy.Manywereoftheopinionthatinvestinginenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprovideswin–winsolutionsforcountriesthatneedtobalanceeconomicandenvironmentalpriorities.

Theenergychallengeistoobigtotacklealone;allstakeholdershavearoletoplay.Forexample,inthe2012globalcompactAnnualimplementationsurvey,1712companiesworldwiderankedenergyinthe‘veryurgentandimportant’categoryandfelttheiroperationscouldhaveasignificantimpactonpromotingchange.

“WATerAndenergyAresoinTiMATelylinKedThATAcTionsToincreAseAccessTooneoFTheMWillineViTAblyhAVeeFFecTsonTheoTher.iFWeAreWiseWecAnTAPinToThesynergiesPresenTAndincreAseAccessToboTh.iFunWiseWeMAyTrAPourselVesinAdoWnWArdsPirAl.”PArtiCiPAnt, e-DiSCuSSion, eMPowering A thirSty worlD, wAter ConSultAtion

high-levelMeetingoftheThematicconsultationonenergy,oslo,norway,April2013(Photo:Thomaseckoff)

http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy/publication/Global-Tracking-Framework-Report

http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy/publication/Global-Tracking-Framework-Report

http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/9.1_news_archives/2013_06_18/UNGC_Post2015_Report.pdf

http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/9.1_news_archives/2013_06_18/UNGC_Post2015_Report.pdf


looKinG ForWArd

Acrosstherangeofvoicesheard—fromcivilsociety,theprivatesector,govern-ments,academics,youngpeopleandentrepreneurs—consensuswasclearontheneedforenergytohaveaspecificgoalinthepost-2015agenda.ThethreeobjectivesofsustainableenergyforAll—onachievinguniversalenergyaccessandincreasingenergyefficiencyandtheuseofrenewables—werebroadlysupported.

Anotherareaofstrongconsensusemergedaroundtheneedtoadoptaninclusiveapproachtoenergyprovision.Theroleofthecommunityindecision-makingatthebeginningofenergyprojects,fromconceptualizationtoplanning,throughtoexecutionandmonitoring,wasoftenunderscored.Morespecifically,grass-roots,youthandwomen’sparticipationinidentifyingtheneedswashighlightedasveryimportant.

consensusalsoemergedaroundtheneedforanationallydrivenapproachtomanagementoftheenergysectorandthecreationofenablingenvironments,whichisbalanced,holisticanduniversaltoensurerealresultsandrealizationofhumanrights.governmentsmust

establishtheirowncleartargetsandstrat-egies,andimplementasetofnationalpoliciesandregulationsthatenablethechangethatmarketsalonewillnotdeliver.

Therewasalsobroadagreementtoincreasesupportforresearchanddevel-opmenttodrivetechnologicalinnovationandsupportcleanenergytechnologies.steadilyfallingcostsforcleanenergytechnologies,suchaswindfarmsandsolarlanterns,makethesealternativesincreas-inglyattractiveeconomicallyallovertheworld.Manycalledforfinancingmecha-nismsthatbalancehigherinitialcostsagainsttheverylowoperationalcosts.

divergingopinionsemergedintermsofpositioningexpandingaccessasabusinessopportunity.someexpressedconcernthatthemosturgentinvestmentsneededareat‘thebottomofthepyramid’tocreateasustainable,long-termmarketopportunity,particularlyforruralaccess.duringthelatinAmericanconsultation,forexample,emphasiswasplacedonbuildingtheskillsandcapacitiesoflocalpeopleandenterprisesrequiringconven-tionalutilities,andtherequirementofdistributioncompaniestoinvestinruralenergydistributionunderuniversalserviceobligations.

concernwasalsoraisedovertheroleoflarge,investment-intensiveconstruc-tionprojects(e.g.suchaspowergenera-tionfromhydroornuclearprojects)wheretheaffectedcommunitieshavenotbeeninvolvedorconsulted.Amoreresponsibleapproachtodevelopmentwascalledfor—onethatfacilitatescommunitydevelopmentwithanemphasisonlocalcapacitiesaswellassocialandenvironmentalaspects.

itwasoftenreiteratedthatallpartners—governments,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector—mustworktogethertosupportthelarge-scaletransforma-tionneededintheenergysector.eachhasaroleinidentifying,implementingandmonitoringpolicyandaction;mobi-lizingsocialinnovationandgrass-rootsaction;leadingbehaviouralchange;andhelpingtospreadbestpracticesandbuildcapacityatalllevels.

Finally,therewaswidespreadsupportforthepost-2015frameworktoputinplacea‘simple,clearandaspirational’goalonenergy.itwasproposedthatthisbeformulatedas‘sustainableenergyforAll’(oranalternativewordingreflectingthesameidea).

high-levelMeetingoftheThematicconsultationonenergy,oslo,norway,April2013(Photo:Thomaseckoff)


PoPulAtion DynAMiCS

Theworldpopulationhassurpassedthe7billionmarkandisprojectedtogrowtoover9billionby2043.Populationtrendstodayarecharacterizedbyanincreasingdivergenceacrosscountriesandregions.Whereasmanyofthepoorercountriescontinuetoexperiencerapidpopulationgrowth,othersthataremoreadvancedintheirdemographictransitionareexpe-riencingrapidpopulationageing,andevenpopulationdeclineinsomecases.Furthermore,theworldiswitnessingincreasinglycomplexinternationalmigrationpatterns,andmanycountriescontinuetoexperienceveryhighratesofurbanization.

Thesepopulationdynamicsinfluencedevelopmentatthenationalandsubnationallevels,butalsoatregionalandgloballevels.Thus,thePopulationdynamicsconsultationdiscussedthe

challengeofmeetingtheincreasingneedsandexpectationsofagrowingpopulationwhileatthesametimemodifyingcurrentproductionandconsumptionpatternstoachieveamoresustainabledevelopmentmodelandaddressthelinksbetweendevelopmentandrapidpopulationchange.

WhY PoPulATion dYnAMics MATTer

Populationgrowth,populationageinganddecline,aswellasmigrationandurbanization,affectvirtuallyalldevel-opmentobjectivesthatareontopofnationalandglobaldevelopmentagendas.Theyaffectconsumption,production,employment,incomedistri-bution,povertyandsocialprotections,includingpensions;theyalsocomplicateoureffortstoensureuniversalaccesstohealth,education,housing,sanitation,water,foodandenergy.

Populationgrowth,inparticular,

placesincreasingpressuresontheplanet’sresources—water,forests,landandtheearth’satmosphere—contrib-utingtoclimatechangeandchallengingenvironmentalsustainability.however,populationdynamicsdonotonlyaffectcriticaldevelopmentobjectives;theyarethemselvesaffectedbysocial,economicandenvironmentalchanges.

PoPulATion dYnAMics: chAllenGes or oPPorTuniTies?

Populationdynamicsnotonlyposechallenges,theyalsoprovideimportantopportunitiesformoresustainabledevel-opment.Afallinfertilitylevelsandslowerpopulationgrowth,forexample,leadstoanincreasedconcentrationofthepopula-tionintheworkingagerange,whichcanenablecountriestoreapademographicbonusandboosteconomicdevelopment.

Migrationcanbeanimportantenablerofsocialandeconomicdevel-opment.Today,morethan1billion

illegalimmigrantswereoneofthevulnerablegroupsidentifiedbyparticipantsoftheconsultationheldintheprovinceofMontePlata,dominicanrepublic(Photo:sararomero/unV/undP)


peoplerelyoninternationalandinternalmigrationto escapefrompovertyandconflict,adapttoenvironmentalandeconomic shocks,andimprovetheincome,healthandeducationoftheirfamilies.Annualremittancestodevel-opingcountriesaloneapproach$500billion—tripletheamountofodA.

urbanizationcanbeapowerfuldriverofsustainabledevelopment.higherpopulationdensityenablesgovern-mentstomoreeasilydeliveressentialinfrastructureandservicesinurbanareasatrelativelylowcostpercapita.liveableandsustainablecitieshaveknock-oneffectsintermsofprovidingruralpopu-lationswithgreateraccesstoservicessuchaseducationandhealthcare,whilealsoempoweringthemeconomically.Furthermore,urbanizationcanproduceenergysavings,particularlyinthehousingandtransportationsectors.

however,thebenefitsofdemographictransitions,urbanizationandmigrationdonotmaterializeautomaticallyandinevitably.Whetherpopulationdynamicsposechallengesorbringopportunitiesdependslargelyonthepoliciesthatareinforce.

looKinG ForWArd: hoW To hArness The oPPorTuniTies

Populationdynamicsaretheresultofindividualchoicesandopportunities.Toaddressandharnesstheopportuni-tiesofpopulationdynamicsforsustain-abledevelopment,countriesshouldseektoenlarge,notrestrict,individualrights.countriesshouldworktoexpandpeople’schoices,resourcefulness,crea-tivityandresilience,byadoptingpoliciesthatarebasedonhumanrightsandgender-responsive.

human-rights-basedandgender-responsivepolicies,suchaspromotinguniversalaccesstosexualandreproduc-tivehealthandrights,includingvoluntaryfamilyplanning,andtoeducation,includingcomprehensivesexualityeducation,canmakeaworldofdiffer-enceforpeopleandsocieties.Together,thesemeasureshelptoavoidunwanted

pregnancies,reduceteenagepregnancies,curbinfantandmaternalmortalityandreducegender-basedviolenceandunsafeabortions.TheyalsohelptocombathiV/Aidsandothersexuallytransmitteddiseases,whichcontinuetoclaimmillionsofliveseveryyear.

rights-basedandgender-responsivepoliciesarealsocriticalinacontextoflowfertilityandrapidpopulationageingorpopulationdecline.Policiesaddressinglowfertilityshouldpromoteabetterwork–lifebalanceandensureaccesstoessentialservices,suchaschildcareandsocialprotections.Furthermore,non-discriminatorypoliciesareimportanttoallowolderpersonstocontributefullytosocietywhileatthesametimereceivingthecare,servicesandsocialprotectionstheyneed.Fiscalpolicies,socialprotec-tionsandnonfinancialsupportsystemsforfamiliescaninfluencedecisionsaboutfamilysize.

Ahumanrightsapproachisalsocrucialinmigrationpolicies,whichshouldbedesignedinfullrespectfor,andprotec-tionof,thehumanrightsofmigrantsandmigrantworkers.suchpoliciescangeneratelarge economicandsocialgainsfrommigration, whileensuringdecentlivingandworkingconditionsformigrants.Arights-basedapproachisessential,aswell,inchoosingpoliciesfor

addressingurbanizationandsustainablesettlementpatterns.Asmigrantsmakethedecisiontomovemostlybasedoneconomicconsiderations,theyshouldnotbecriminalized.

intoday’sworldthereisnoplaceforcoercivemeasuresofpopulationcontrolorforsettingdemographictargets.suchpoliciesarecontrarytotherespectforhumanrights,andexperiencehasshownthatsuchmeasuresarelikelytobecounter-productiveinthelongterm.

Thewideconsultationsonpopulationdynamicshavesuggestedunequivocallytheimportanceofmainstreamingthefollowingprioritiesintheframeworkforthepost-2015developmentagenda:

1. Strengthen the formation of human capital throughout the life course,withaparticularfocusonhealth,includingsexual andreproductivehealthandrights;education,includingcomprehen-sivesexualityeducation;andpovertyreduction,decentworkandsocialprotec-tions;aswellasaparticularemphasisonhumanrights,non-discrimination,equalopportunities,women’sempowermentandyouthparticipation.

Whethercountriesareabletoseizethebenefitsassociatedwithaslowdownofpopulationgrowth,aswellasthebenefitsthatcanderivefrompopulationageing,dependsonacommitmentto

“ThebiggesTchAllengeinPosT2015WillbeTheMisMATchbeTWeenPoPulATiongroWThinurbAnAreAsAndinFrAsTrucTureAndserVicedeliVery(includinghousing),TheMAinissuesThATinMyVieWdeFineinForMAliTy.”PArtiCiPAnt, PoPulAtion DynAMiCS e-DiSCuSSion


investmentinhumancapitalthroughoutthelifecourse.indeed,thedevelopmentofhumancapitalisimportantatallstagesofthelifecourse.

Aconcertedeffortisneededtoensurethatyoungpeoplehaveaccesstoeducation,sexualandreproductivehealthcareanddecentworkopportu-nities.investmentintheformationofhumancapital,whichstrengthenstheemployabilityofyoungpeople,mustbecomplementedbyeconomicpoliciesthatpromoteinvestmentinproductivecapacitiesandcontributetothecreation

ofemploymentopportunitiesforyoungpeople.

Toseizethebenefitsthatcancomewithpopulationageing,countrieswillneedtopromotetheactiveandhealthyageingofolderpersons.Thiscallsforadequateaccesstocomprehensivesocialprotectionssystemsandextensionofsocialprotectionfloors,includingpensionsandhealthcare,aswellasinvestmentincontinuingeducationandlifelonglearning,complementedbypoliciesthatcounterdiscriminationagainstolderpersons.

2. Promote the development benefits of migration,withafocusonensuringtherightsandsafetyofmigrantsandcombatingdiscriminationagainstmigrants,andaperspectiveonrealizingthedevelopmentalbenefitsofmigrationforbothsendingandreceivingcountries.

Migrationallowspeopletoescapefromdesperatesituationsandtoseekmorepromisinglives.Migrationandtheresourcesitgenerates,intheformofdiasporainvestments,workers’remittances,andknowledgeandskillstransfers,canenhanceindividualcapabilitiesandhumandevelopmentatthehouseholdlevel—atbothoriginanddestination—andcanalsocontributetolocalandnationaldevelop-ment,inpartbypromotingresilienceinthefaceofeconomicandenvironmentalrisksandshocks.

however,manymigrantsarestillforcedtoleavetheirhomesorarevictimsoftrafficking,andtoomanylackbasichumanrightsandaccesstoessentialservices.Migrants—especiallymorevulnerablegroupssuchaswomen,children,adolescentsandyouth,undocu-mentedmigrants,domesticworkersandtemporaryandlow-skilledworkers—oftenlackadequateprotections,espe-ciallywithrespecttotheirlabourrights,accesstojustice,healthcareandotherpublicservices.

Toreapthedevelopmentalbenefitsofmigration,countriesneedtoestablishcomprehensive,balancedandinclusivenationalpoliciesonmigration,andatthesametimetostrengthenbilateral,regionalandglobalpartnershipsonmigration.countriesshouldalsoworktoreducethesocialandeconomiccostsofmigration,includingbyfacilitatingthetransferofremittancesandloweringthecostsofsuchtransfers.Finally,countriesshouldtakemeasurestoensuretheportabilityofacquiredrightsandbenefitsacrossborders,includingold-agepensions.

3. Create equitable, liveable and sustainable cities thatcanaccommodateincreaseddemandsforlivelihoodsand

“inclusionAndinTegrATionoFMigrAnTsAndTheirFAMiliesissoMeThingThATshouldbeAccoMPlishedThroughTheguArAnTeeoFcoMPleTeAccessToAllPublicserVicesAndeMPoWerMenTinhuMAnrighTs.”MigrAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, eCuADor

olvinnahumreyes,ayoungboyfromthelencaindigenousgroup,participatesintheconsultationworkshopforindigenousandAfro-hondurangroups(Photo:Fernandoburguillos/unhonduras)


services,whilestrengtheningthelinkagesbetweenruralandurbanareasandpromotingthesustainabledevelopmentofruralcommunities.by2050thenumberofpeoplelivingincitiesandtownsisexpectedtorisetoabout67percentoftheglobaltotal.Therapidlyincreasingdominanceofcitiesplacestheprocessofurbanizationamongthemostsignifi-cantglobalsocialtransformationsofthe21stcentury.

byanticipatingurbanization,lever-agingtheadvantagesofagglomerationandmanagingurbangrowthaspartoftheirrespectivedevelopmentstrategies,centralgovernmentsandlocalauthori-tiescanaddressthechallengesofurbangrowth.citieshavealwaysbeencentresfordevelopment,innovationandthearts,and,ifwellmanaged,citiesmakeanimportantcontributiontosocial,economicandenvi-ronmentalsustainability.

4. Strengthen national capacities to collect, use and analyse population data and projections. People-centreddevel-opmentstrategiesmustsystematicallyconsiderchangesinthenumber,ageandlocationofpeople,andusepopulationdataandprojectionstoinformdevelop-mentgoals,targetsandindicators,aswellaspoliciesandprogrammes.dataproducersshouldsystematicallydisaggre-gaterelevantsocio-economicdatabysex,ageandlocation.

Todate,alloftheissuesbriefspreparedbytheTechnicalsupportTeamforconsiderationbytheoWghaveunderscoredtheimportanceofpopula-tiondynamics.Thechallengeofreducingpovertyandpromotinghumanwell-being,whileatthesametimeensuring

thesustainabilityofthenaturalenviron-ment,isinseparablefrompopulationpatternsandtrends.

Themeansofharnessingtheoppor-tunitiesofferedbypopulationdynamicswillneedtorelyonmoreeffectiveandstrongerglobal,regionalandnationalpartnerships,withanemphasisonknowledgesharing,andontechnicalandfinancialassistancethatwillenablecountriestoadoptevidence-andrights-basedpoliciesinformedbypopulationdataandprojections.

growth AnD eMPloyMent

Thecontributorstothegrowthandemploymentconsultationswidelyagreedthatemploymentanddecentworkshouldbeoneofthecentraldevelopmentobjectivesinthenewagenda,alongwithinclusivegrowthandsustainabledevel-opment.Jobsareseennotonlyasawayoutofpoverty,theygivewomenandmenasenseofself-esteemandrespectbysociety.Theabsenceofjobopportunitiesandexclusionfromthelabourmarketsincreaseinequalities,weakensocialcohesionanddiminishtrustinpoliticalleadershipandinstitutions.Participantsalsorecognizedthateconomicgrowthisnecessaryforsustainedemploymentgeneration,buttherewerecallsforashiftinattentiontowardsthequalityofgrowth—towardsinclusivegrowththatgeneratesemploymentanddecentworkandreducesinequalities.Andtogrowththatiseconomically,sociallyandenviron-mentallysustainable.

chAllenGes: currenT And FuTure

Theconsultationhighlightedsubstantialchallengesinemploymentanddecentworkintheyearsahead.Theseincludebothchallengesgeneratedbytheongoingglobaleconomicslowdownaswellasstructuralissues.Manycountriesneedtonotonlygeneratedecentjobsforwomenandmenwhoarecurrentlyunemployedandunderemployed,itwascalculatedthatabout470millionjobsareneededgloballyfornewentrantstothelabourmarketbetween2016and2030.

oneofthefundamentalemploymentchallengesfacedbymuchofthedevel-opingworldtodayisvulnerabilityandprecariousnessofemployment:overhalfofworkersindevelopingcountriesareintheinformalsector(includingoverthreequartersinsouthAsiaandsub-saharanAfrica).havingajobisnotaguaranteeagainstpoverty—nearlyoneinthreeworkersaroundtheworldlivewiththeirfamiliesinpoverty.Muchprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingthenumbersofworkingpoor,particularlybyincreasingproductivityandearnings,butmostofthisprogresshastakenplaceineastAsia.basicsocialprotectionislacking,minimumstandardsofsafetyandhealthintheworkplaceareoftenneglected,whilethevoiceofworkersandtheirfreedomtoassociateisrestricted.

Womenandyoutharedisadvantagedinthelabourmarkets.inallregions,theparticipationofwomeninthelabourmarketsislowerthanthatofmen,andisespeciallylowintheMiddleeast,northAfricaandsouthAsia(lessthan30percent).Womenaremorelikelytobe

“seeKingAJobisAnArduousJourneyinToTheiMPossible.”PArtiCiPAnt, youth AnD eMPloyMent worKShoP, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, JorDAn


occupiedininformalorlow-skilledjobs,butevenwhentheyworkonaparwithmen,theirpayis10–30percentlowerthanmen’s.Theglobaleconomiccrisishashityoungpeopleparticularlyhard,withthenumberofunemployedyouthincreasingby3.5millionbetween2007and2013andreachingalarminglevelsinsomedevelopedeconomies.however,thestatisticsdonotrevealthewholestory:moredetailedsurveysshowthatasmanyas40–70percentofyouthinsome

countriesarestuck‘nowhere’:neitherineducationnorinregularwork.

Theconsultationsexposedseveremarginalizationanddiscriminationofsomegroupsinthelabourmarkets,suchasolderpeople,ruralandindigenouspopulations,personswithdisabilities,ethnicandracialminoritiesandmigrants.Theseworkersfaceemploymentproblemseveninhealthyeconomicconditions;butinrecessionstheyarepushedfurthertothemargins.

underlYinG PrinciPles

Theconsultationsputforwardseveralapproacheswhichshouldunderpintheimplementationofthefutureemploy-mentanddecentworkagenda.First,theprinciplesofrights,justiceandreductionofinequalitiesshouldunderpinthepost-2015developmentagenda.second,one-size-fits-allpolicyapproachesshouldnotbepromoted,andthenewagendashouldprovidefordomesticpolicyspace.Third,theagendashouldrecognizetheneedforstructuraltransformationofeconomies,inparticularintheleastdevelopedeconomies.structuraltrans-formationformostdevelopingcountriesmeansatransitionfromextractionandexportofmineralandagriculturalcommoditiestomoreproductiveactivitiesandvalue-addition.Ascountriesattainhigherdevelopmentlevels,anotherkindofstructuraltransformation—shiftingtowardmoreenergy-efficientandlesscarbon-emittingsectors—acquiresgreaterimportance.Fourth,thenewagendashouldprovideforagreaterroleofthestateintheprovisionofpublic‘goods’andfillinginmarketgaps,accompaniedbygreateraccountabilityofgovernments.Fifth,theconsultationsshowthattheinternationalcommunityshouldplaythekeyroleinprovidingglobalpublic‘goods’andhelpingitsweakestmembers.

looKinG For soluTions

Participantsinthegrowthandemploymentconsultationsrecommendedanumberofpoliciestorealizetheobjectiveofsimultaneouslypromotingemploymentanddecentwork,inclusivegrowthandenvironmentalsustain-ability.Theyrecognizedthateconomicsectorsdifferintheirgrowthdynamicsandtheircapacitytogenerateemploy-ment.Therefore,sectorswhicharebetteratgeneratingemploymentshouldbepromoted,therebyachievingstructuraltransformation.Thedifferentcharacteris-ticsofthevarioussectors—agriculture,manufacturing,extractiveindustries,servicessectors—requiredifferenti-atedpolicies.Theconsultationscameup

“iTisTheQuAliTyoFeMPloyMenT,noTThenuMberoFJobs,ThATMAKesTheMosTdiFFerenceFordeVeloPMenTAndPoVerTyreducTion.inTerMsoFincoMePoVerTy,ThereisAhierArchyoFAVerAgeeArnings:WiThForMAleMPloyersATTheToPFolloWedbyForMAlWAgeWorKersFolloWedby,WiThinTheinForMAlWorKForce,inForMAleMPloyers,inForMAlWAgeWorKers,oWnAccounToPerATors,cAsuAldAylAbourers,indusTriAlouTWorKers,AndunPAidconTribuTingFAMilyWorKers.”PArtiCiPAnt, growth AnD eMPloyMent DiSCuSSion

“inAFricA…PeoPleWorKinginTheForMAlsecTorAccounTFor10orATMosT15PercenT.TheresTinMosTcounTriesAresoMehoWWorKingsoMeWhere,eiTherinAgriculTureorinForMAlsecTor.ThAThugePArToFeMPloyedPeoPleislArgelyPoornoTbecAuseTheyArenoTdoingAnyThing,buTbecAuseWhATeVerTheyAredoing,TheirProducTiViTyissoloWAndincoMesAresoloWThATTheyAreAcTuAllyWorKingPoor.”PArtiCiPAnt FroM tAnZAniA

“WeAreVeryWorriedAbouTuneMPloyMenToFourolderbroThers.TheysuFFerAloT.MAnyoFTheMhAVenoresPonseFroMAPPlicATionsTocoMPAniesAndeMPloyMenTAgencies.WeWonderWhATWillbeourFATeWhenWeFinishoursTudies.”SChool girlS, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, togo


withanumberofrecommendationsonpromoting the most productive sectors.

Theconsultationsunderscoredthecentralroleofagriculture,whichprovideslivelihoodsandfoodsecuritytobillionsofpeople.however,akeychallengeinmanysmallholderagriculturalsystemsislowproductivity.raisingproductivityisnecessarytoincreaseincomesbeyondthesubsistencelevels,whilesupplyingfoodtomorepeoplewithoutsignificantlyincreasingtheuseofnaturalresources.Productivity-raisingmeasures,suchasbetteraccesstoinputsandcredit,shouldbeaccompaniedbyruralnon-agriculturaldevelopmentandimprovedaccesstomarkets.developmentofruralmarketscanbringconsumersandproducersclosertogetherandtherebyreducetheenvironmentalcostsoftransportation.

Participantsbroughtbacktothedevelopmentagendathediscourseonthedevelopmentofindustrial sectors,whichhavethepotentialtostimulategrowth,increaseemploymentandlead

tosustainedimprovementinstandardsofliving.industrieswitheconomiesofscalearelikelytoachievehigherproductivityandwages.industrialsectorstendtohavehighcapacityforemploymentgenera-tion,especiallyifbothdirectandindirectjobcreationisconsidered.Thediscus-sants,however,recommendedamorenuancedtreatmentofindustrialprogressinthepost-2015developmentagenda—diversifyingawayfromcommodityproductiontowardhighervalue-addedproduction,upgradingtohigher-skillproduction,buildinglinkagesbetweencapital-intensiveindustriesandtherestoftheeconomy,andincentivizingindustrieswithmoreenergy-efficienttechnologies.

Participantscommentedonthelimitedabilityofextractive sectorstogenerateemployment,aswellasthenegativeimpactstheyusuallyhaveontheenvironment.nevertheless,thegrowthofextractiveindustriescanprovideoppor-tunitiestolow-incomecountriestoraisemuch-neededresourceswhichtheycaninvestinhumandevelopment.Therefore,

participantsrecommendedlinkingextrac-tivesectorswithothersectors;usingfiscalrevenuesfromextractiveindustriestosupportthedevelopmentofemployment-intensivesectors;andslowingdowntheextractionofnon-renewablemineralresourcesonboththeproductionandconsumptionsidebyusingtaxesandeliminatingconsumptionsubsidies.

Participantsnotedthedualnatureofservices sectors.Marketservices,suchasdistribution,retailingorfinancialservices,followthe‘productive’sectors.servicesalsoincludelargeinformalsectorswithlowproductivityandpoor-qualityjobs,whichbecome‘employersoflastresort’forpoorpeopleinurbanareasandthosemigratingfromruralareas.Themovementofpeopletoinformalurbansectorsgivesrisetorapid,poorlyplannedurbaniza-tion.recommendationsincludedraisingproductivity,improvingworkingcondi-tionsintheservicessectors,aswellasjob-creatingmeasuresinothersectors,particularlyinruralareas.

employmentwasidentifiedasoneofthemainconcernsduringtheconsultationheldintheprovinceofMontePlata,dominicanrepublic(Photo:sararomero/unV/undP)


secTorAl Policies hAVe To Be AccoMPAnied BY oTher MeAsures

Theconsultationshighlightedthatmicro, small and informal enterprisesfacevariousimpedimentsduetotheirsizeandlackofconnectednesswithlocaleconomies,whethertheyareinagricul-ture,manufacturing,extractiveorservicessectors,inbothurbanandruralareas.consultationsrecommendedspecialsupportmeasuresfortheseenterprises,suchasbetteraccesstofinance,businessdevelopmentservices,strengtheningtheirlegal,commercialandpropertyrights,andstreamliningregulatoryprocesses,encouragementofformationofassociationsandcooperatives,andlinkingtheseenterprisestolargefirmsintheformalsector.

Participantsintheconsultationssuggestedthatcountriesshouldusecoherent economic policiesaimedatemploymentgenerationandaddressingtheirspecificdevelopmentneeds.Thesepoliciesinclude,forexample,anexpandedtoolboxofmacroeconomicpoliciesaimedatemploymentgenerationbyscalinguppublicinvestmentusingfiscalpolicies,andenhancingaccesstofinancethroughmonetaryandfinancialpolicies.

Theconsultationsrecommendedpolicieswhichcanhelpreduceincomegaps,suchassocialprotection,collectivebargainingandminimumwages,progres-sivetaxation,andlegalandregulatorymeasures.Theparticipantscalledfor

morerecognitionofthecontributionofbroad-basedoruniversalsocialprotec-tionsystemstoreducingpovertyandinequality,supportingemploymentgenerationbyincreasinghumancapital,andservingas automaticstabilizersintimesofrecession.socialprotectionmeasuresandsocialservicesneedtotargetwomenspecificallyandpoorpeoplelivinginruralareas.Thesegroupsrequiresocialsecurityasprotectionfromclimatechangeanddisasters,degrada-tionofnaturalresources,andadjustmenttomoreenergy-efficientproduction.Totacklechallengesinexpandingsocialprotectiontotheinformalsector,partici-pantsrecommendedtheextensionoftax-fundedsocialprotectionfloorsandtheformationofassociationsandcoop-erativesofmicro,smallandinformalenterprises.combiningsocialprotectionmeasureswithemploymentopportuni-tiesenablespeopletobecomepartofsocietyandlabourmarkets,ratherthanbecomingpassiverecipientsofbenefits.

Theconsultationscalledforlegal and regulatory measurestomakelabourmarketsfunctionmoreefficientlyandequitably,suchasanti-discriminationandaffirmativeactionlaws,settingminimumwages,supporttocollectivebargaining,enablingwomentoownpropertyonaparwithmen,institutionsforlegalrecourseandaddressinggrievances,educationandraisingawarenessaboutrights.

Thediscussionsreflectedgrowing

concernforenvironmental sustainabilityofgrowth.Theparticipantshighlightedtrade-offsbetweengrowthandenvi-ronmentalsustainability.inthepoorestcountriesandcommunities,discussionsrevolvedaroundtheimpactofclimatechangeandgrowingscarcityofresourcesforpeople’slivelihoods.inurbanareasofmiddle-incomecountries,thereisgreaterawarenessandcallsfortakingactionstochangeconsumption,productionandinfrastructuresystems.Participantsfromdevelopedcountriesvoicedtheneedforpoliciesaimedatlimitingwastefulconsumptionandmakinginvestmentsinmoreresource-andenergy-efficientinfrastructure,underliningtheurgencyoftheseactions.Participantsalsorecom-mendedvariouspolicyandregulatorymeasures,suchasregulations,standards,taxes,subsidiesandpublicprocurementtogiveincentivesanddisincentives,aswellasinternationalsystemsandinstitutionstofinanceglobalenvironmental‘goods’.

despiteincreasedaccesstoalltiersofeducationinmuchoftheworld,therearewidespreaddeficitsineducationsystemsintermsofquality,relevanceandequity.youngpeoplefrompoor,ruralandindigenousbackgroundsareseverelydisadvantagedinaccessingandcompletinghigherlevelsofeducationduetotheirlackofeducationearlierinlife.Participantsrecommendedimprovingthequalityofskillsdevelopmentandeducationsystems,improvingtrainingsystems,re-trainingforwomenandmen,particularmeasurestomaketrainingandeducationinclusiveofpersonswithdisabilities,andstrengtheningcollabora-tionbetweengovernment,academiaandprivatesector.

Theconsultationscalledforrecog-nizing the voice of workers and promoting dialogueamongworkers’andemployers’organizations,aswellasothercivilsocietyorganizationsrepresentativeofpeopleworkingintheinformalsector.Theparticipantscalledforwideningsocialdialoguebeyondorganizationsofworkersintheformalsector.

Theconsultationsmadeclearthat

“TheindirecTeFFecTsoFMAnuFAcTuringAreMuchMoreiMPorTAnTThAnThedirecTeFFecTs.[…]eMPloyMenTMulTiPliersAreusuAllyhigherThAnThoseoFoThersecTors.ForeVeryJobcreATedinMAnuFAcTuring,TheeVidencesuggesTsThATinToTAlTWoToThreeJobsArecreATed.”PArtiCiPAnt, growth AnD eMPloyMent ConSultAtion


domesticpolicymeasurestowardtheseobjectivesrequiresupportiveglobalinstitutionsandinternationalpolicycoherence,sincepoliciesmadeinonecountryincreasinglyaffectdevelopmentoutcomesinothercountries.however,theconsultationsexpressedconcernovertheinabilityoftheglobalgovernancesystemtoaddresscollectivechallenges.

Theparticipantscalledforenhancingthedevelopmentgainsfrominterna-tional trade.Manycommentedonthedeleteriouseffectsofsuddenliberaliza-tionoftradeandcapitalflowsonlow-skilledworkers,farmersandothergroups.itwasnotedthatcountriesstrivingtoundertakestructuraltransformationfacechallengesduetotheglobalizationoftrade.however,participantswarnedthattheproliferationofbilateral,regionalandsubregionaltradeagreementsshouldbemonitoredfortheirdevelopmentimpacts.Theycalledforreformsintheinternationaltradesystemtoprovideanenablingenvironmentforcountriestobuildtheirproductivecapacities.

Participantsunderscoredtheneedtomanagetheinternational financial systemtolimitvolatilities,excessiverisk-takingandinequalitiesinpayandrewards.Theynotedthatfinancialsystemsshouldsupportproductivesectors.Acknowledgingpositivestepsinthisdirectionwiththeonsetoftheglobaleconomicandfinancialcrisis,theparticipantssuggestedthatmuchmoreneedstobedone.Theconsultationsalsoemphasizedtheneedforcreatingafavourableenvironmentfortechnology transfer and knowledge exchangeamongcountriestoenablefreerexchangeoftechnologyacrosscountries,inparticularofinnovativetechnologiesthatgenerateoruserenewableorlesspollutingsourcesofenergy.

Manypredictedasignificantincreaseinmigrationinthenextdecades,drivenbythelackofdecentjobsinsendingcountries,highinequalitiesamongcountries,andpopulationdynamics.itwasclearfromtheconsultationsthattheinternationalcommunityneedsadequate

rulesandinstitutionstosupportthemovementofworkersacrossborders,protecttheirrightsandenhancethebenefitsofmigrationtothesendingandthereceivingcountries.

GoAl And TArGeTs

Theconsultationsrecommendedadoptingastand-alonegoaloninclusivegrowthandemployment.Thisgoalwouldincludeasetoftargetsonemployment,formulatedcarefullytotakeintoaccountthedifficultiesofmeasuringinformalwork.Participantsrecommendedconsid-eringgrowth-relatedtargets,suchasthoseonstructuraltransformation,increasesinproductivity,reductionininequalitiesandcoverageandimpactofsocialprotec-tionpolicies.Furthermore,targetsshouldbeadjustedtotakeintoaccountnaturalandhumancapital.Theestablishmentofbaselinesby2015andcontinuedtrackingofprogressrequiresharmonizingdefini-tionsofdataandsurveyinstruments,aswellascarryingoutextensivelabourforcesurveysaroundtheworld.

AdolescentsinPost-2015consultation,upala,costarica(Photo:unFPAcosTAricA/grodrigueZ)


enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility

oneofthemainchangesintheworldsince2000,whentheMdgswereformu-lated,istheincreasingspeedatwhichweareapproachingplanetaryboundaries,andinsomecasesalreadyexceedingthem.Anotherchangeistheincreasingintensitywithwhichtheeffectsofclimatechangearebeingfelt,particu-larlyextremeweatherevents.ontheotherhand,therehasbeenanincreaseinawarenessof,andscientificevidenceon,planetaryboundaries.Awarenessofthelinkbetweentheenvironmentandhumanrightshasalsogrown—inparticular,therightsofthisgenera-tionandfuturegenerationstonaturalresourcesandacleanandhealthyenvi-ronment.TheselinkswerenotreflectedinMdg7,whichsufferedgreatlyfromthesiloapproacheswhichtheMdgarchitec-tureencouraged.Thelackofanoverallguidingframeworkmeantthatenviron-mentalsustainabilitybecameaseparateandover-loadedgoal,insteadofbeinganunderlyingprincipleintegratedacrossallthedevelopmentgoals.

Theglobaldiscoursehasevolvedtorecognizethatintegrationacrossthesocial,economicandenvironmentaldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentleadstomultiplebenefits.Thelinkagesbetweenpovertyandenvironmentare

nowclearlyrecognized,asisthefactthatthesolutionsforpovertyreductionandenvironmentalsustainabilityareinterconnected.

linKAGes: inTeGrATinG enVironMenTAl susTAinABiliTY

stakeholdersintheconsultationonenvironmentalsustainabilitydecidedtoconcentrateontheinterlinkagesamongtheenvironmental,economicandsocial

dimensionsofsustainabledevelopment.Theaimwastoconsciouslyavoidthesiloapproach,andnottotreatenviron-mentalsustainabilityasastand-aloneissue.Theresultwasanoverwhelming callforapost-2015agendawhichnotonlyfullyintegratesthethreedimen-sionsofsustainabledevelopment,butalsoembracesequality,humanrightsandresiliencetoachievethemultiplebenefitsofimprovinghumanwell-beingwithinplanetaryboundaries.

naturalresourcesandecosystemsserviceswererecognizedasafunda-mentalcontributiontomeetingbasicneeds(e.g.providinglivelihoods,shelter,food,freshwater)andreducingincomeinequalities,bothinruralandurbansettings.Thechallengeistoensurethatenvironmentalsustainabilityisfactoredintomeasuresaimedatimprovingthelivesofpoorpeople,includingthoseaimedatincreasingfoodsupply,water,energy,sanitation,education,healthcare,housing,securityetc.however,basicneedsareimmediate,andthusthemeansathandareoftennotdevisedwith

“oneshorTcoMingoFTheMdgshAsbeennoTToexPliciTlylinKTheenVironMenTAlTArgeTsAndindicATorsWiThThoserelATingToTheoThergoAlsoFPoVerTyreducTion,heAlTheTc.”PArtiCiPAnt, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

Paintingbya12-yearoffromanelementaryschoolinthenortherntownofPluzineonthetopicoftheenvironment(Photo:un,Montenegro)


aviewtominimizingtheirimmediateandlonger-termimpactontheenviron-ment.Thishasputcurrentdevelopmentpracticesonanunsustainabletrajectory.gettingthisrightwillbethe‘makeorbreak’ofthepost-2015agenda.

Populationdynamicswerementionedtimeandagainwithinthisconsultation.rapidandunplannedurbanizationwasalsohighlighted,asitisentrenchingconditionsofpoverty,environmentaldegradationandunhealthylifestyles.Withtwothirdsoftheglobalpopulationsettoliveincitiesby2050,thepost-2015frameworkwillneedtodrivesustainableandhealthyurbanenvironmentswithactiononslumimprovements,sustain-abletransportandurbanliving,includingcleanairandgreenspaces.

Theconsultationsdiscussedlinkstothehealthchallenges—forexample,thoserelatedtotheindoorairpollutioncausedbyunsustainablebiomassandcoalstovesinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Theyalsodiscussedtherisksposedinmanycountriestopoorpeopleinruralareas,whooftendependdirectlyonnaturalresourcesandecosystemservicesandwhoaremostatriskfromenvironmentalhazards,suchasthoserelatedtoclimatechange.urbanpopula-tionsarealsodisproportionatelyatriskfromnaturaldisasters.Theconsultationsalsodiscussedexamplesofpoormanage-ment,ornomanagement,ofnaturalresourceswheretheresultingscarcityisfuellinglocalconflicts.

GroWinG AWAreness oF The issues, BuT resPonses sTill FAll shorT

Thediscussionshowedthat,despiteincreasedawarenessofenvironmentalsustainabilityissues,currentresponsesfallshortandarenotkeepingpacewiththemultipleandcomplexchallengesfacingpeopleandtheplanet.however,mostparticipantsintheconsultationalsosharedoptimismthatinnovationandintegratedapproachesdemonstratethatwehavetheknowledge,capacityandambitiontoredirectoursustain-abledevelopmenttrajectorytowards

auniversalagendawhichnotonlyreflectsourcommonobjectivesbutalsoembracesourdifferentrealities.however,itwillbekeytogetconsensusthatweneedtransformativeactionratherthanincrementalsiloedresponses,whichmaybringshort-termgainsbutwilldolittletoeffectivelyintegratethemultipleandcomplexenvironmental,socialandeconomicdimensionsofsustain-abledevelopment.Participantsintheenvironmentalsustainabilityconsultationcametotheconclusionthattransforma-tionalchangerequiresafocusonfourkeyareas,namely:economictransformation,governanceandaccountability,localactionandempowerment,andeducation.

FurTher ProGress requires TrAnsForMATionAl chAnGe in Four KeY AreAs

Theneedtoreviewexistingeconomic growth modelswasidentifiedasacriticalissueinthisconsultation,aswellastheconsultationsonAddressinginequalities,growthandemployment,andhealth.Thecurrenteconomicgrowthmodelhastotransformsoastodecoupleeconomicproductivityfromtheuseofnaturalresources.changinghow economicgrowthismeasuredwasalsoidenti-fiedasakeydriverfortransformation:thewaywemeasureprogresshastogobeyondsolelygdPindicatorsandalsotakerelatedenvironmentalandsocialimplicationsintoconsideration.Thecoreproblemisthatnaturalcapitalistradition-allyunaccountedforandthusnotincor-poratedintoeconomicdecision-making.

Asaresult,naturalcapitalisgreatlyundervaluedandconsequentlyusedunsustainably.discussantscalledforastrongerfocusonvaluingenvironmentalexternalities.Theynotedthatmethods,toolsandexamplesalreadyexisttoconsiderenvironmentalexternalitiesandintegratetheenvironmentmorefullyintodecision-making,suchasthroughnaturalcapitalaccounting,greenaccounting,andpaymentsforecosystemservices(Pes).10governmentshaveavitalroletoplayinsteeringthischangeintherightdirectionthroughtaxes,incentives,quotasandmore,buttheyneedtobeabletocountontheprivatesectorandtheconsumerstofullytakeuptheirrolesandresponsibil-itiessothatconsumptionandproductionpatternscanchangefundamentally.

inthisregard,theroleoftheprivatesectorandmarketsneedstobeconsid-ered.Marketsandcorporationscanhaveapowerfulinfluenceonnaturalresourceusedecisions.butalltypesofbusinesses,includingthemicro,small,andmediumenterprisescanbetremendousdriversofchange,byshowingthatsustainableproductionprocesses(e.g.limiteduseoftoxicchemicals,cleanerproduction,andsocialdevelopmentschemes)canalsomakeeconomicsense.Althoughwehavestartedtounderstandthepotentialrolesandresponsibilitiesoftheprivatesector,wehavenotgoneasfarasunderstandinghowandtowhatextentitcanhelprespondmassivelyandinatimelyway,alongsidegovernmentsandcivilsociety,totheenvi-ronmentalchallengeswearefacing.

“AsTheexPloiTAbleresourcesAredWindlingAndnATurAlresourcesdegrAded,TheliVelihoodsoFThosePeoPleWhoAredePendingonTheMAreseVerelyAFFecTed.”PArtiCiPAnt, ethioPiA, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion


Atransformativeshiftwasalsocalledforingovernance and account-ability.governmentshaveakeyroletoplayinsettinganenablingframeworktopromotecross-sectoralintegrationofenvironmentalandsocialvalues,andinengagingtheprivatesectorandcivilsocietytoensurethatchangeisintunewithlocalaspirationsandreflectsprin-ciplesofhumanrightsandsocialjusticeatalllevels.Manyparticipantsviewedenvironmentaldamageasbeingrelatedtocorruption,inadequatelegislation,dysfunctionalinstitutions,poorenforce-mentofexistinglegislation,andinsuf-ficientinformation.however,governancewasalsoseenasfundamentaltodrivingtransformationalchange.Therewerecallsforstrengthenedinstitutionsandcapacitiesacrossalllevelstoprovideanenablingenvironmentformulti-stakeholderandmulti-levelgovernance

andengagement,includingincentivesforcollectiveactionandintegratedapproaches.Theruleoflawandtheroleofgovernmentsinsettingadequatepolicyandregulatoryframeworkswereregardedasfundamental.

Acceptablesocialandenvironmentalstandardsfortheprivatesectorshouldbesetandenforcedatnationalandgloballevels.Therewerecallsfortransparencyandaccountabilityindecision-makingatalllevels,especiallyinnaturalresourcemanagement,extraction,tradeandcommerce.Accesstoinformationwasalsohighlightedascritical.Therewerealsocallsforsocialandenvironmentaljustice,withsomesuggestingtheneedforahigher-leveloverseeingbodysuchasaninternationalcriminalcourtforenviron-mentalcrimes,whichwouldenablecivilsocietytoholdpublicandprivatesectoraccountableforenvironmentalimpacts

thataffecttheirlives.Participantsalsosuggestedstrength-

eninglegalempowermentforlocalcommunitiesbyestablishinglocalenvi-ronmentalcourts.inchina,forexample,inresponsetosurginglevelsofsocialprotestoverenvironmentalimpacts,aseriesof47 localgreentribunalshasarisensince2009,whileinindiaanewnationalgreenTribunalActwaspassedin2010,settinganenablingenvironmentforthefutureemergenceoftheworld’smostextensivesystemoflocalenvironmentaltribunals.Theseareimportantexamplesamongmorethan350suchgreencourtsandtribunalsthathavearisengloballyinrecentyearsascommunitiesdemandgreateraccesstojustice.

regardingthethirdtransformativeshift,therewaswidespreadagreementthatlocal communitiesandotherstakeholdersareessentialtosecuring

“TheliVelihoodsoFTherurAlPooroFTendePenddirecTlyonnATurAlresourcesAndecosysTeMserVices,AndTheirenJoyMenToFsubsTAnTiVehuMAnrighTsisMosTATrisKFroMenVironMenTAlhAZArds,e.g.ThoserelATedTocliMATechAnge,suchAschAngingrAinFAllPATTernsAndMoreFreQuenTexTreMeWeAThereVenTs.urbAndWellers,PArTiculArlyThoseliVingininForMAlseTTleMenTslocATedinhAZArd-ProneAreAs,AredisProPorTionATelyATrisKFroMnATurAldisAsTers,TheirVulnerAbiliTyFurTherexAcerbATedbyThegroWingPoPulATionAndurbAniZATion,ThreATeningTheFulFilMenToFTheirhuMAnrighTs.”wwF internAtionAl, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

“cliMATechAngeisThegreATesTThreATToPoVerTyreducTion.iTisAlsosyMPToMATicoFAFundAMenTAldeVeloPMenTAlAndeconoMiccrisis.iTisA‘ThreATMulTiPlier’,AMPliFyingexisTingsociAl,PoliTicAl,AndresourcesTresses.TheiMPAcTsoFcrossing‘PlAneTAryboundAries’,esPeciAllycliMATechAnge,hiTPeoPleliVinginPoVerTyFirsTAndhArdesT,AsTheyoFTendePenddirecTlyonnATurAlresourcesForTheirliVelihoodsAndhAVeTheleAsTresourcesAVAilAbleTounderTAKeAdAPTiVeAcTion.”CliMAte ACtion networK-internAtionAl AnD the beyonD-2015 CoAlition, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion


environmentalsustainability,providedthattheyareempoweredtomanageecosystemsandnaturalresources.Marginalizedandtraditionallydisempow-eredcommunities,notablyvulnerablegroupssuchaswomen,childrenandindigenouscommunities,needtohaveaccesstothetools(education,capacity,resources,information,enablingenvironmentetc.)toachievetransfor-mationalchangethatequitablyreflectslocalrealitiesandneeds.yetthelinkagesbetweenglobalandlocalactionarenotalwaysmade,andcapacitiesatthelocallevelcanbeaconstraint.establishinglinkagesbetweenlocalandgloballevelsthroughtop-downandbottom-upapproacheswerecalledfor:internationalorganizationswereaskedtoincludealocalagendainallinitiatives,andnationalgovernmentstoprovideincentivesfortheprivatesectortoworkwithlocalcommunities.

documentingandsharingbestpracticesandlessonslearnedwasconsid-eredessentialforpositiveexperiencestobereplicatedandscaledup.

Thefourthtransformativeshiftwhichtheconsultationcalledforregardededucation,whichwasseenasapowerfultooltodrivethechangesnecessaryforsustainabledevelopmentand,particularly,environmentalsustainability.educationcancontributetomakingindividualsandcommunitiesnotonlyresponsiveto,andpreparedfor,currentandemergingchal-lenges,butalsoatrulyproactiveforceintriggeringmarketandpoliticalpressurestomovethesustainabledevelopmentagendaforwardbyempoweringeveryonetomakeinformeddecisionsascitizens,workersandconsumers.educationsystemsneedtoberadicallychangedsothattheycanbeflexibleandculturallysensitiveandadaptedtobecomeatoolthatcontributestoenvironmentalsustain-ability,bychangingpeople’sattitudesandvalues,whetherdecisionmakers,consumersorproducers.educationforsustainabledevelopment(esd)shouldhelppeoplevaluetheenvironmentandbuildresiliencetoenvironmentalrisksand

climatechange.itwasrecommendedthateducationbetakenoutoftheclassroomtoincludeskillsrelevanttoeverydaylife—i.e.thatitshouldgobeyondformalsystemstoincludeinformalandnon-formal

education,andcontributetoeducating‘globalcitizens’.Teachinggoodcitizenshipwouldencouragestudentstoseethem-selvesaspartofthesolutiontolocalandglobalenvironmentalchallenges.

“APlAceliKeTAnZAniA,WhichoVerTheyeArshAsbeenKnoWnAs[An]oAsisoFPeAce,issTArTingToexPerienceclAshesoVerlAndAndresources.clAshesbeTWeenPeAsAnTsAndFArMershAVesTArTedToeVolVe,ThreATeningThePeAceAndsecuriTy...inAreAsWhereThereisscArciTyoFWATerresource[ATTribuTedTocliMATechAnge].”Contribution to enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

“inThecurrenTeconoMicModel…AnenTrePreneurWillgroWcArroTsrATherThAnPoTAToesiFThesAMeenergyuse…WillProduceTWiceThereTurn,regArdlessoFWheTherPeoPleneedPoTAToes.””PArtiCiPAnt, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

youngwomancallingforenvironmentaleducationduringthethematicconsultationonenvironmentalsustainability(Photo:undP)


looKinG ForWArd: A sTAnd-Alone GoAl And GreATer inTeGrATion

Althoughthepurposeoftheconsultationwasnottoshapefuturegoals(targetsandindicators),itishopedthatinputsreceivedthroughtheconsultationcanlaythegroundworkfortheintegrationofenvironmentaldimensionsasacross-cuttingissueandastand-alonegoal.Whatparticipantsagreedonwasthat the post-2015 agenda is a universal one: action will be needed in all countries, not just developing countries, and targets should be inclusive rather than exclusive. Toaddresstheglobalchallengesweface,allcountriesneedtoembraceresponsi-bilitiesandownership.

goalswillneedtoapplytoallcountries,whilereflectingdiversedevelopmentpathwaysandimplemen-tationcapacities.Thechallengeliesincontextualizingenvironmentalsustain-abilityandmakingthepost-2015agendaflexiblesothatitaddressestheneedsofdifferentregions.

“successFulAdVAncesinAnysusTAinAbledeVeloPMenTunderTAKingreQuiregoodgoVernAnce,ruleoFlAWAndTrAnsPArencyWiThengAgeMenToFciVilsocieTy.”PArtiCiPAnt, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

“inTheinTeresToFFAirnessAndeQuiTy,goVernMenTsneedToAgreeonAninTernATionAlregulAToryFrAMeWorKThATWouldesTAblishMiniMuMsociAlAndenVironMenTAlsTAndArds,ensureThATcorPorATionsPAyTheirFAirshAreoFTAxes,AndPreVenTcoMPAniesbecoMingsolArgeThATTheyhAVeAMonoPolyPosiTionAndAreMorePoWerFulThAngoVernMenTs,orToobigToFAil.”PArtiCiPAnt, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

youngwomenfromanethnicminorityinyenbai,Vietnam(Photo:un)


Finally,theshortcomingsoftargetsbasedonpartialachievementorincre-mentalachievementwerestressed:“Areprevailing‘10%’biodiversityconservationgoalsenough?ordosuch10%conser-vationgoalsactuallyrisk—orinvite—collapse?Thinkofthefunctioningaspectsofothercomplexandinteractingsystemsthatweknow,forexample…aspacevehicle.norationalastronautswouldremove,destroy,damage,oreradicate82%oftheirnavigationsystems,91%oftheirvehicle’selectricalsystems,87%ofitsheatshields,78%ofitsco2scrubbersandlife-supportsystems,and94%oftheirpropulsionandre-entrysystems.”—Participant,e-discussion.

goVernAnCerole oF GoVernAnce in AchieVinG The MdGs

discussionsinallthethematicconsul-tationshavepointedtotherolethattacklinggovernancedeficitscanplayinaddressingchallengesassociatedwithsocialandpoliticalviolence,inequality,statefragility,transitions,increaseddemandsonthenaturalenvironmentandaglobalcrisisofconfidenceintheintegrity,capacityandlegitimacyofthestatetodeliverhumandevelopmentandqualitypublicservices.in2005,initsfinalreport,theunMillenniumProjectidentifiedgovernancefailuresandpolicyneglectamongthefourreasonsforshortfallsinachievingtheMdgs.itrecommendedthatMdg-basedpovertyreductionstrategies“shouldalsoprovideaframeworkforstrengtheninggovern-ance,promotinghumanrights,engagingcivilsociety,andpromotingtheprivatesector.”12Morerecentfindingsfromthebrookingsinstitutionsuggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenthequalityofgovernanceandimprovementsinlivingstandards—indicatingthatinvestmentsinpublic-sectorinstitutions,civillibertiesandpressfreedoms,genderequalityandanti-corruptioncanpotentiallyyieldhighbenefitsinsustaineddevelopmentand

povertyreduction.13

intheMyWorldsurvey,‘anhonestandresponsivegovernment’wasconsistentlyvotedasoneofthetopthreeissueswhicharemostimportantforindividualsandtheirfamiliesacrosstheworld,regardlessofgenderandeconomicstanding.

overall,theexperienceoftheMdgshasdemonstratedthateffectivedemo-craticgovernanceformsabasisforachievingtheMdgsandhasadirectbearingonhowthegoalscanbetrans-latedintooutcomesandhowpeoplecanbeinvolvedinthedecisionsthataffecttheirownlives.Thisincludesensuringthatcommunitiesareabletofreelyparticipateindecision-makingprocesses,holdofficialstoaccountandpromotemoreaccountableandtransparentinstitutions.Mostimportantly,effectiveandhighlycapacitatedstateinstitutionsleadtobetterdevelopmentoutcomes.Promotingavibrant,diverseandinde-pendentmediacansupportgovernmentstotranslatecommitmentsintoaction.

looKinG ForWArd: GoVernAnce As A GoAl And enABler

discussioninallthethematicconsulta-tionsconfirmedthatthefuturedevelop-mentagendawillrequirerobustandwell-capacitatedinstitutionsinboth

theprivateandthepublicsectorstoberesponsivetotherealneedsofpeopleandcommunities.implementationofthepost-2015agendawillrequiregoodgovernanceandstrong,effective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutions.Participation,transparencyandaccount-abilityarepowerfultoolsforensuringcitizens’oversightoftheuseofpublicresources,includingthepreventionofwasteandcorruption.effectiveinstitu-tionsarealsocriticalfortheprovisionofpublicservicesonwhichallcitizensbutespeciallypoorpeopledepend.equallyimportantistheneedtobuildeffectiveruleoflaw.

Theconsultationconfirmedthatgovernanceisanenablerforsocio-economictransformationandtheimprovementoflivesthroughtheeradicationofstructuralinequality.sincethecausesofpovertyareoftendeeplyrootedinunjustpoliticalandeconomicsystems,thepost-2015frameworkneedstoanalysenotonlythesystemsthatgenerateinequalitybutalsothosethatpromoteinclusivenessandequality.Thisisaprerequisiteforsocialcohesionandresponsiveandeffectivegovernance.

coherenceamongpolicieswithinandacrossgovernancelevels,includingnationalownershipofaninternational

“nocounTrycAnTAcKleThesusTAinAbledeVeloPMenTchAllengesAlone.inTegrATedsoluTionsMusTbedeVeloPedATlocAl,nATionAl,regionAlAndglobAlleVels.eVerycounTryMusTriseToThechAllengesinceTheTrAdiTionAldisTincTionsbeTWeendeVeloPedAnddeVeloPingcounTriesorbeTWeendonorsAndreciPienTsnolongerdescribeThecoMPlexWorldinWhichWeliVe.”SuStAinAble DeVeloPMent SolutionS networK11


framework,isimperative. Anewglobalframeworkmustbealignedwithnationalpolicies,budgetsandlocaldelivery.Withoutsuchverticalalignment,itislikelythatanewframeworkwillremainaspirationalandunachievable.Thisentailstargetsandindicatorstailoredtothenationalcontext.Whileglobalgovernancetargetscanbeimportantdriversofsocialservicedeliveryandpolicyimplementa-tion,theymustbesufficientlyflexibletoprioritizeandaddresscontext-specificchallengesatthelocal,nationalandregionallevels.

Accountabilityandtransparency,underpinnedbyinternationalhumanrightsstandardsandprinciples,areessentialforensuringthatdevelopmentissustainableandresponsivetopeople’sneeds:transparencyandaccountability

areimportantelementsforensuringthatdevelopmentisresponsivetotheaspira-tionsofkeyconstituentsandstakeholdersandisbasedoneffectivemobilization,distributionandutilizationofpublicresources.Theinternationalhumanrightsframeworkcanhelpidentifywhoisresponsibleandaccountableforspecificprocessesandoutcomesofdevelopment,andprovidemechanismsofaccount-abilityandredressasneeded.

combatingcorruptionisessentialtosafeguardandpromotebetterdevelop-mentoutcomes. Asacross-cuttingdevel-opmentchallenge,corruptioncontributestopoverty,impedeseconomicgrowthandreducesthecapacityofgovernmentstorespondtotheneedsofthepeople,resultingingrowinginequalitiesandlowhumandevelopmentoutcomes.To

addressthischallenge,thepost-2015agendamustdecisivelyaddresscorrup-tionandpromotegreatertransparencyby,forexample,integratingcorruptionriskassessmentsasapreventativetooltoensurefundsarenotsiphonedoff.

Theempowermentandmean-ingfulparticipationofindividualsandcivilsocietyingovernancesystemsarenecessarytotackleinequalityandpromotesocialinclusion. Akeybuildingblockofgoodgovernanceisempower-ment,withenhancedandmeaningfulparticipationindecision-makingprocesses.inseekingtofosteractiveparticipationfromthegroundup,thepost-2015agendashouldensurethatmeaningfulcivilsocietyparticipationisfacilitatedviaarights-drivenframework,whichprotectsandpromotesfreedom

“goVernMenTsAreTheKeysTAKeholdersincollAborATionWiThglobAlorgAniZATionsToreducePoVerTyAndenVironMenTAldegrAdATion.hoWeVer,inMAnyinsTAncesTheyFAilToengAgeWiThThelArgePoPulATionsliVinginreMoTeAreAsinVulnerAbleecosysTeMs.…locAlPeoPleinreMoTeAndbiodiVersiTyrichAreAsoFTenhAVediFFerenTneeds,PrioriTies,culTurAlreQuireMenTs,ATTAchMenTToThelAndAndecosysTeMs.TheWelFArescheMesMAynoTbeAlignedWiThTheirneedsAsTheyAreoFTennoTATThediAlogueTAbleWiThThePolicyMAKers.TheydonoToFTenhAVeresourcesorMeAnsToArgueTheircAseForeQuiTAbleAndsusTAinAbledeVeloPMenT.”PArtiCiPAnt, enVironMentAl SuStAinAbility e-DiSCuSSion

“ourdirecTioninThePosT-2015AgendAMusTAiMTocreATecAPAbiliTy,inVesTinPeoPleAndreVerseineQuAliTy.WiThinclusiVedeMocrATicgoVernAnce,eFFecTiVeleAdershiPAndPoliTicAlWill,ThisisPossible.”ArChbiShoP nJongonKulu nDungAne, the AFriCAn Monitor. FinAl Meeting oF the goVernAnCe ConSultAtion, JohAnneSburg

“ForTheFirsTTiMe,APArliAMenTAriAnsAidheWAsAPProAchedbyMeMbersoFTheyouTh,AndhAdnooPTionbuTTocoMMiT.”roSeMAry Zulu, reStleSS DeVeloPMent ZAMbiA, reFerring to ProViDing reSourCeS For A rurAl VillAge. FinAl Meeting oF the goVernAnCe ConSultAtion, JohAnneSburg


ofinformation,expression,movement,associationandassembly,whilelimitingtrendstowardsincreasedstatesecuritization.

strengtheninglocalgovernmentsandlocaldevelopmentiscriticalforensuringempowerment,civicparticipationandbetterservicedelivery.local-levelindi-catorsmustbeincludedinanyfuturedevelopmentframework,becauselocalgovernmentsaretheprimarypointofinstitutionalcontactforthemajorityofindividuals.Fromservicedeliverytowiderprogrammesforcitizenempowermentandcivicparticipation,policiesneedtofocusonindividualsandcommunities,ratherthanmerelyongeographicareas.

Powerrelationshipsbetweenpublicandprivateactors,aswellascommuni-tiesneedrealignment. Thereisaneedtorealignthepowerrelationshipsbetweencorporations,statesandcommunitiesatthecountrylevelandtoshiftthepowerdynamicsatthemultilaterallevelsothat

therichandthestrongarenolongerprivilegedattheexpenseofthepoorandthemarginalized.institutionsmustbestrengthenedsoastochangetherela-tionshipsbetweenactors,thusrealigningpowerdynamicsforinclusiveconsultationandparticipatorymonitoring.

Participantsagreedthatyouthconcernsarecriticalforthepost-2015agenda: giventhatyoungpeoplearetheleadersofthefutureandtheprimarybeneficiariesandinheritorsofongoingintergenerationalchallenges,theymustbeinvolvedinthedesignandownershipofanewdevelopmentagenda.Theyneedtobeinvolvedinpolicyshiftstowardsgreentechnologiesandenvironmentallyefficientmodesofdevelopment,aswellasinagrowingfocusonopportunitiesforemployment,innovationandsharedwealthcreationforthenextandsucces-sivegenerations.

Theyalsorecognizedthatgender-responsiveandrights-basedgovernance

systemsarecentralforenablingthereali-zationofwomen’srightsandimplementa-tionofgenderequalitygoalswhichmustaddressstructuralissuesofdiscrimination:persistentgenderinequalityisagovern-ancefailure.integralineffectiveandresponsivegovernanceishowitachievesgenderequalityandwomen’sempower-mentandadvanceshumanrights.genderinequalityisbothstructuralandsystemic;hence,specificgenderanddevelopmentprioritiesarerequiredtoensurethatotherpublicpoliciesdonotunderminegender-relatedgoals.

Theroleandregulationoftheprivatesectorwasseenaspivotal,andbusinessesneedtobeaccountabletothepublic,especiallyforthemanagementofpublicgoodsandservices: itisimportanttorethinkpublic–privatepartnershipsas‘public–peoplepartnerships’,whichwouldencompassavibrantprivatesectorwithastakeincontributingtoenhancingdevel-opmentatnationalandlocallevels.TheunguidingPrinciplesonbusinessandhumanrights:implementingtheunitednations‘Protect,respectandremedy’Framework(2011)shouldbeincludedaspartofthenormative,policyandaccountabilityframeworkfortheprivatesectorinconnectionwiththepost-2015agenda.inthisframeworkpeoplewouldhavetherighttodecideforthemselveshownaturalresourcesshouldbeutilized,withouthavingtocontendwiththemonopoliesofafewpowerfulcompaniesorleaders.

Participantsagreedthataccesstojusticeandeffectivejusticeadministrationareenablersfordevelopmentandhumanrights:atpresent,institutionsandservicesoftendonotreachouttothemostdisad-vantagedpeopleeffectively.Apost-2015agendaneedstoensurethatjusticeinsti-tutionsandservicesaremoreinclusive,innovativeandaccessibletoall.

soMe oPTions For GoAls And TArGeTs

Theconsultationsconsideredarangeofcriteriatoprioritizeandselectgovernanceandhumanrightsvariablestobeincludedinanewglobalframeworkofgoals,

ensuringtheworldtheywantbytheinclusionofyounggirlsinthePost-2015developmentAgendanationalconsultationsinthe

dominicanrepublic.ThisstudentisfromapublicschooloftheprovincehermanasMirabal(Photo:sararomero/unV/undP)


targetsandindicators,drawingfromtherio+20criteriaagreedbymemberstates.

severaloptionswerediscussedforintegratinggovernanceandhumanrightsinthepost-2015agenda,eitherthroughadedicatedstand-alonegoal(orgoals)withtargetsandindicators,orrelevantgovernancetargetsandindicatorsacrossothergoals(‘mainstreaming’),orboth.Therewasconsensusaroundthenotionthatbothcountry-specificmeasurementsandinternationalstandardsareimportanttomeasureprogressingovernance,asinotherareas.Proposalssharedduringorinparallelwiththegovernanceconsultationwereasfollows:

• Thereshouldbeageneralgoalon‘governance’,withorwithoutsub-elements,suchas:

• participation;

• transparencyandaccesstoinformation;

• accountability,includingcorporateaccountability;

• politicalandcivilrights(e.g.freedomofspeech,therighttofreeassemblyorelections);and

• efficiencyandcapacityofinstitutions.

•orthereshouldbeseveralgovern-ance-relatedgoalson:

• justice;

• peace,conflict,violenceandhumansecurity;

• globalgovernance;and

• empowermentandcivilandpoliticalrights.

• severalproposalsalsoincludedastand-alonegoalonallhumanrights.

Adiscussiononpossibletargetsandindicatorssuggestedamongothers:a)transparentgovernance,withopenbudgeting,freedomofinformationandcomprehensivecorporatereporting;b)participatorygovernance,withgreaterfreedomofspeech,pressandpoliticalchoice;andc)accountablegovernance,withcommitmenttotheruleoflaw,moreequitableandeffectivepublicservicesandreducedcorruption.itwasfurthersuggestedthatproposedsector-specifictargetsonfiscaltransparencyandcitizenaccountabilityshouldbecomple-mentedbyembeddingtransparencyandaccountabilityacrossotherpossiblesector-specificgoalssothatassociatedaidprogrammesandprogresscanbemonitoredinrealtime.Therewerealsosuggestionstomeasurejudicialinde-pendenceandaccessibility,aswellastheprevalenceoffreeandfairelectionsandvoterempowerment.

ConFliCt, ViolenCe AnD DiSASter

ThecommitmentoftheMillenniumdeclarationtopreventandpeacefullyresolveconflicts,buildpeace,combatallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,andreducethenumberandeffectsofnaturalandhuman-induceddisasters,wasnotreflectedintheMdgsthem-selves.evidencenowavailableshowsthatconflict,violenceanddisastersfromnaturalhazardshave,insignificantareasoftheworld,severelylimitedthegainsoftheMdgs.Prolongedinsecurityandviolentconflictsimpedeordestroyliveli-hoodsanddiscourageinvestmentcriticaltojobcreation,povertyeradicationandeconomicgrowth.Thisrealityisexpectedtobecomeevenmoreacute.bytheyear2030,itispredictedthatthevastmajorityoftheworld’spoorestpeople,mainlychildrenandyoungpeople,willliveincountriesandregionsaffectedbychronicconflict,violenceanddisasters.Thereisevidencetosuggestthatthesepeoplewillexperienceadisproportionateshareofthesufferingcausedbyconflict,violenceanddisasters,inlargepartduetoweakinstitutionsandanabsenceofservicesandsocialprotection.Theirabsencewillconspiretosignificantlyunderminepeople’sabilitytoanticipate,prevent,prepareforandrecoverquicklyandeffec-tivelyfromshocks,stressesandcrises.itwillbeimpossibletoeradicatepovertyinourtimewithoutrespondingtothesechallenges.conflict,violenceanddisastershould,therefore,beseenasinherentdevelopmentchallengesandshould be addressed in the form of development outcomes,asopposedtopurelydevelop-mentenablers,andasanintegralpartofthepost-2015developmentframework.

Theconsultationrecognizedthattheimpactofconflict,violenceanddisasterondevelopmentisa universal issuethatshouldnotbeperceivedasaproblemonlyoffragileandconflict-affectedcountries.Thereisnosocietyinwhichsustainabledevelopmentisinvulnerabletoepisodesofinstability,violenceorthe

“ineQuAliTyAndPoVerTyArenoTAccidenTsoFFATe.TheyAreresulTsoFPolicydecisionsAndPoWerrelATionshiPsWhichArediscriMinATory,exclusionAryAndunJusT.”CeSr/beyonD 2015, goVernAnCe e-DiSCuSSion


adventofdisaster.Allcountrieshavethesamechallengestovaryingdegrees,andexperienceshowsthatcountriescansometimesrapidlymovefromstabilitytoinstability.inlightofthis,theconsulta-tionagreedwiththecallsmadebytheunsystemTaskTeamtoinclude‘peaceandsecurity’asafourthdimensionofthepost-2015developmentarchitecture.

AddressinG insecuriTies And MulTiPle risKs

Thereisacloselinkbetweentherootcausesofconflictandviolenceandthelevelsofvulnerabilityandexposuretodisasterriskthatareassociatedwithpoverty,weakgovernance,margin-alizationandsocialinsecurity.conflict,violenceanddisasterarealsoincreasinglylinkedwithothermultiplechallenges,includingclimatechange,unemploy-ment,naturalresourcemanagementandfinancialinstability.Theseriskfactorsareintertwinedandaffectoneanotherinunpredictableways.Anycommitmenttoaddressingconflictsanddisastersmust,therefore,becomprehensiveandmulti-dimensional.itmustfocusonthedriversofpeace,explicitlyensuringpeople’ssecurityandaccesstojustice;equalityandsocialcohesion;participationindecision-making;fair,responsiveandaccountablegovernance;theimportanceofinclusiveinstitutions;andequitableaccesstoservices,resourcesandeconomicoppor-tunitiesforallsocialgroups.inlightoftheemergingrisksassociatedwithclimatechange,economicstressesandurbaniza-tion,therewasacalltoensurethatthenextdevelopmentagendaunderstandsthesemultidimensionalrisksandcomplex

developmentchallenges,goesbeyondsectorsandensuresintegrateddevelop-mentsupport.Participantscalledonthedevelopmentcommunitytodesignanewdevelopmentmodelwhichaimsatanetreductioninallformsofriskinaflexibleandforward-lookingway.buildingresil-iencewasviewedbysomeasapossibleconceptthatcouldpromotebetterunder-standingofcomplexmultidimensionaldevelopmentchallengesandhowtoaddressthem.

erAdicATinG Violence BY AddressinG deVeloPMenT deFiciTs

AsshownfromtheresultsoftheMyWorldsurvey,oneofthemosturgentproblemspeoplearoundtheworldface

arepersonalsecurityandtheabilitytolivetheirlivesinpeace.driversofviolence,conflictandinsecuritycanbetracedtodevelopmentdeficits,suchasinequality,themarginalizationofwomen,thelackofeffectivepoliciesforchildrenandyouth,andthemisuseofnaturalandstateresources.Therefore,eradicatingviolencerequiresprimarilyadevelopmentresponse,notonlyasecurityresponse.Thisshouldincludeeffortstoincreaseaccesstoandtrustinsecurityandjusticeprovisionamongallsocialgroups,greaterfairnessinequityinopportunitiesforeconomicandpoliticalparticipation,andaccesstosocialservicesandresources,especiallyforyoungpeople,whosevulnerabilitytoexclusioncanquickly

“inTheAbsenceoFPeAceAndsecuriTy,TherecAnbenodeVeloPMenT.iniTsPresence,inVesTMenTsAreMAdePossible,deVeloPMenTProJecTscAnTAKePlAce,AndindiViduAls,grouPsAndcoMMuniTiescAnProgress.”CiVil SoCiety rePreSentAtiVe, ConFliCt AnD FrAgility Sub-theMAtiC ConSultAtion, MonroViA, liberiA, noVeMber 2012

youngparticipantattheyouthnationalconsultationonPost-2015andtheinternationalconferenceonPopulationanddevelopment,Amman,14March2013(Photo:y-PeerJordan)


translateintoparticipationinviolenceandcrime.

Womenandgirlsareparticularlyvulnerabletoalltypesofviolence,includinginterpersonalviolencewhichmostlytakesplaceintheirhomes.Femicideisoneofthemostfrequentandextremeformsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomensuffer.AlthoughtheMdgframeworkhasadedicatedgoalongender,itissilentonviolenceagainst

womenandgirls.Particularattentionshouldbepaidtowomen’sempower-mentandcombatingallformsofviolenceagainstwomenandgirls.Thereisnowmanifoldevidencetoprovethatwithoutgenderequity,theeradicationofgender-basedviolence,andtheempowermentofwomen,theworldwillneitherbeabletoaddressthedriversofconflictandviolencenorguaranteeacceleratedandsustainabledevelopment.

AddressinG disAsTer risKs As An inVesT-MenT in susTAinABle deVeloPMenT

disaster-insensitivedevelopmentovertheyearshasexposedmanycommunitiestodeeperformsofvulnerabilityandputdevelopmentgainsatrisk.however,thecontraryisalsotrue:evidenceshowsacontributiontotheachievementofsomedevelopmentgoalsduetoinvestmentsindisasterriskreduction,includingthecontinuedprovisionofeducationandhealthservices,andprotectionoflivesandlivelihoods.disasterriskreductionis,hence,notonlyanenablerfordevel-opment,buttheprimarydevelopmentobjectivethatprotectsotherdevelop-mentobjectives.disasterriskreductionmust,therefore,beseenasaninvestmentinsustainabledevelopment—andnotasanadditionalexpenditure.

itisalsowellunderstoodthatenvi-ronmentaldegradationincreasesdisasterrisksbymagnifyingthehazards,increasingexposureofpeopleandtheirassets,andreducingpeople’scapacitytocopewithandmanageextremeevents.Peacecannotbebuilt,anddisastervulnerabilityreduced,ifthenaturalresourcesandecosystemsonwhichlivelihoodsdependareleftoutoftheequation.

susTAinABle MAnAGeMenT oF resources

understandingtherelationshipbetweennaturalresources,conflict,violenceanddisastersiscriticaltoensuresustainabledevelopment.Atleast40percentofinternalconflictsoverthelast60yearshavealinktonaturalresources,andthe

“inAnincreAsinglyinTerconnecTedWorld,WiThrisingrisKleVels,risingineQuiTiesAndrisinguncerTAinTies,iTisiMPerATiVeThATbuildingresilienceoFPeoPleisATTheheArToFourdeVeloPMenTWorK.”PArtiCiPAnt, DiSASter riSK reDuCtion Sub-theMAtiC ConSultAtion, JAKArtA, inDoneSiA, FebruAry 2013

civilsocietyrepresentativeatthesub-thematicconsultationondisasterriskreductioninJakarta,indonesia,February2013.globalThematicconsultationonconflict,Violenceanddisaster.(Photo:undPindonesia)


risksofconflictrelapseareelevatedwhentheexploitationofnaturalresourcescauseenvironmentaldamageorwhentheirbenefitsareunequallydistributed.Thesustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesiscritical,bothonanationalleveltosupporteconomicgrowthandjobcreation,aswellasonalocalleveltosupportthelivelihoodsofconflict-affectedandvulnerablepeople.Whenmanagedsustainably,transparentlyandequitably,andwhentheinjusticesofresourcecontrolareaddressed,naturalresourcescanactnotonlyasanengineofeconomicwell-being,butalsoasaplatformtopursuesustainablepeace.

ProPosed TArGeTs And indicATors

Whileindicatorsforconflictprevention,violencepreventionanddisasterriskreductionarerelativelynewcomparedtoothersocio-economicindicators,significantprogresshasbeenmadeinthelast10years,andthereareanumberofongoinginitiativestodefineandopera-tionalizemetricsforthesethemesinthecontextofdevelopment.Theconsultationhighlightedthathorizontalinequali-tiesareasignificantdriverofconflictandviolence,andcanbeaddressedasacross-cuttingissueinvarioustargetsandbydisaggregatingdata—forexample,groupswithdisabilities,minorities,religious,gender,racial,ethnicandothergroupsthatareoverrepresentedamongpoorpeople.indicatorsshouldalsobesetatamoredisaggregatedgeographicalleveltoensuremoreinformationabouthowprogressisbeingdistributedandthatnogroupsareleftbehind.

Theconsultationproposedastand-alonegoaltoreduceviolence,promotefreedomfromfear,andencouragesustainablepeace.suchagoalcouldbeframedas:‘ensurestableandPeacefulsocieties’.however,anygoalonreducingviolenceandinsecuritymustgobeyondtheabsenceofviolencetoaddressthedriversofviolence(violenceprevention)andthedriversofpeace,tofosterpeople’ssecurityandbuildsustainablepeace.Targetsandindicatorscouldinclude:

a. reduceandpreventviolentdeathsper100,000peopleandeliminateallformsofviolenceagainstchildren,womenandothervulnerablegroups;

b. reduceexternaldriversofviolenceandconflict,includingillicitflowsofarms,drugs,finance,naturalresourcesandhumantrafficking;

c. ensurelawenforcementandjusticesystemsthatareaccessible,impartial,non-discriminatoryandresponsivetotheneedsandrightsofindividualsandsocialgroups;

d. strengthentrustinpublicdecision-makingbodiesthroughfairnessanddiversityofrepresentation;

e. eliminatebriberyandcorruption,andholdpublicandprivateperpetratorstoaccount;

f. enhancestatecapacity,transparency,andaccountabilityregardingcontrolofnationalresources;and

g. reduceinequalitiesacrosssocialgroupsandregionswithincountries.

Theconsultationfurtherproposedtheestablishmentofastand-alonegoalondisasterriskreduction.Thiswouldprovideanopportunitytoaddresstheinterface

betweenglobalframeworksforsustain-abledevelopment,disasterriskreduction,climatechangeandconflict.Alternatively,disasterriskreductioneffortscouldbemainstreamedintoothersectorgoals,particularlyinpovertyreduction,health,environment,governance,foodsecurity,genderequality,educationandwater.discussantscalledforanewdevelopmentapproachtobereflectedinthenextdevel-opmentagenda,onewhichintegratesaconsiderationofdisasterriskreductionintoalldevelopmentinterventions.

“WeMusTdecreAsesociAldisPAriTiesToreduceViolence.”35-yeAr-olD FeMAle PArtiCiPAnt, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, brAZil

“AsForMe,iWouldWAnTMyFuTureTobeAMuchMoresAFerAndMoreVibrAnTenVironMenT,MeAningyoungchildren,esPeciAllygirlsAndWoMencAnbeAbleToWorKAroundFreelyWiThouTbeinghArAssedbydrunKArds,rAscAlsAndolderMen.”girl, nAtionAl ConSultAtion, Port MoreSby, PAPuA new guineA

Afroecuadoriangirlinesmeraldas,ecuador(Photo:Mareikeeberz,undP)


ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieScross-cuTTinG, uniVersAl And MulTiFAceTed

Throughoutalltheconsultationscarriedoutbytheundg—thematicandnational—andmorebroadlyinmostpost-2015-relateddiscussionsandactivi-ties,addressinginequalitieshasemergedasacentralissueforthenextdevelop-mentagenda.Thesummariesoftheotherconsultationshaveshownthatthisgoesfarbeyondtacklingincomeinequalitiesandincomepoverty,whicharejustonesymptomorexpressionofmutuallyrein-forcingandmultipledeprivationsexistinginallcountriestodifferentextentsandindifferentconfigurations.

inequalitywasanissuethatwashigh-lightedintheMillenniumdeclarationbutnotsystematicallyaddressedintheMdgs.since2000,manytypesofinequalitieshaveworsened.evenwhereprogressinhuman

developmenthasbeenrapidinaggregateterms,particularinequalitieshaveoftenpersistedorbecomemoresevere.TheMdgs’focusonglobalandnationalaggregateindicators,andonaveragetrends,hasdivertedattentionfromthegapbetweenthosewhoareadvancingandthosewhoarebeingleftbehind.

inequalityisauniversalchallenge.itexistswithinandamongcountries.Althoughdifferentsocietiesexperiencedifferentdominantinequalitiesasaresultoftheirsocial,economicandpoliticalevolution,weheardfromalltheconsulta-tionsthatsimilarformsofinequalitiesarereplicatedacrosstheworld.insponta-neousprotestsinmanycountriespeoplehavevoicedtheirconcernthatthepersist-enceofinequalitiesunderminesfairnessandsocialjustice.

inequalitiesresultfromstructuralbarriersinseveraldomains—economic,social,environmentalandpolitical.These

barriersintersectandreinforceeachother.inequalitiesareoftencloselyassociatedwithandreinforcedbyspecificformsofdiscrimination,includinginthesocial,legalandculturalspheres.Weseethisindiscriminationrelatedtoage,sex,ethnicorindigenousidentity,disabilityetc.Whenthesestructuralbarriersandspecificformsofdiscriminationintersect,theyresultnotmerelyincumulativebutuniqueformsofdiscriminationandexclusion.

inequalitiespredominantlyaffectindi-vidualsandgroupswhichsuffermultiplehumanrightsdeprivations.Typically,marginalizedandexcludedgroupslagbehindintheenjoymentofoneparticularrightduetolackofaccesstootherrightssuchasdecentjobs,food,housing,health,sexualandreproductivehealthrights,information,education,participation,physicalintegrityorjudicialremedies.Multipledeprivationandinequalitiesareoftencloselyassociatedwithand

“WhiledeVeloPMenTshouldconTribuTeToreducingVulnerAbiliTy,ThedeVeloPMenTPATTernsWechooseoFTenconTribuTeToincreAsingdisAsTerrisKbyexPAndingexPosureoFPeoPleAndAsseTsTohAZArds.iFWellPlAnned,MeAsuresunderTAKeninTheeArlyPhAseoFeMergencyresPonsecAninsTeAdreduceFurTherrisKs.disAsTerrisKreducTionMeAsurescAnPlAyAniMPorTAnTroleinincreAsingTheeconoMicgroWThoFTheAreAAFFecTedbyAdisAsTer,ThusProMoTingThecAuseAndcoMMiTMenTTo‘buildingbAcKbeTTer’.”ChieF oF inDoneSiA’S nAtionAl AgenCy For DiSASter MAnAgeMent, DiSASter riSK reDuCtion Sub-theMAtiC ConSultAtion, JAKArtA, inDoneSiA, 19 FebruAry 2013

“WhennATurAlresourcesAreMisMAnAged,iTisnoTJusTAMissedoPPorTuniTy,buTiTFAciliTATesAndProlongsconFlicT.hoWeVer,cAreAndcoordinATioninMAnAgeMenTAndgoVernAncereForMscAnMAKenATurAlresourcesAsPringboArdForPeAcebuilding.ThiscAnbedonebybreAKingTheconFlicTFinAncelinKs,ensuringeQuiTy,PArTiciPATion,TrAnsPArency,AccounTAbiliTyAndeFFiciency.PosTconFlicTisAuniQueoPPorTuniTyTogoFroMnATurAlresourcesFuelingconFlicTTosuPPorTingPeAce.”MeMber oF the exPertS reFerenCe grouP For the ConFliCt, ViolenCe AnD DiSASter ConSultAtion, MonroViA, liberiA, noVeMber 2012


reinforcedbyspecificformsofdiscrimina-tionintheenjoymentofcivil,political,economic,socialandculturalrights.examplesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,discriminationrelatedto:gender,age,caste,race,ethnicandindigenousidentity,minoritystatus,(dis)ability,placeofresidence,maritalandfamilystatus,hiVstatus,andsexualorientation.

inequalityisnotjusttheproblemofthosemostaffectedorthosewhoaremostexcluded.itaffectseverybodyinseveralways.Thepeoplewhopartici-patedintheconsultationspointedoutthatasaresultofinequalityandexclusion,economicgrowthwasaffected;produc-tivepotentialwasdiminished;fragilitiesandvulnerabilitieswereaccentuated,includingtoconflictanddisasters;andsocialcohesionandsecurityweakened.

gender-baseddiscriminationemergedintheconsultationasthesinglemostwidespreaddriverofinequalities

“AcrossgenerATions,children’seducATionishighlyAFFecTedbyTheouTcoMesoFTheirPArenTs’educATion.ToooFTenTheincoMeoFAchild’sPArenTs,WheTherThechildisAgirlorboy,orTheeThnicgrouPThATTheybelongTodeTerMinesTheoPPorTuniTiesTheyhAVeToleArnAndThriVe.”SAVe the ChilDren, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion, FinAl rePort

“noindiViduAlAndnonATionMusTbedeniedTheoPPorTuniTyTobeneFiTFroMdeVeloPMenT.TheeQuAlrighTsAndoPPorTuniTiesoFWoMenAndMenMusTbeAssured.”MillenniuM DeClArAtion

high-levelMeetingoftheThematicconsultationonAddressinginequalities,copenhagen,denmark,February2013(Photo:uniceF)


today.itaffectsallsocieties,richandpoor.likeotherinequalities,genderinequalityisoftenassociatedwithandreinforcedbyspecificformsofdiscrimination,includinginthesocial,legalandculturalspheres.

inequalitiesamongcountriescurrentlyaccountforthedominantpartofglobaleconomicinequality.Theconcen-trationofglobalpowerovernaturalandeconomicresourcesandthestructureofmarketsandfinancecreateinequali-tiesinothercountries.Addressingtheseinequalitiesmustincludesupportingeffortsbypooranddevelopingcountriestodiversifytheireconomies,ensuringfairaccesstoresourcesandmarkets,justandeffectivetaxsystemsandcontrol-linginternationalfinancesothatstableeconomicenvironmentsaresecuredandsocialgoalscanbemet.

Thechallengesofunequalaccessto

naturalresources,andofvulnerabilitiestoenvironmentaldegradationandclimatechange,havealsobecomemoresevere.Theyhavebothexacerbatedexistinginequalitiesandraisednewandcriticalrisksforoftenalreadydisadvantagedgroupsofpeopleandcountries.

unlesstheinequalitiesanddiscrimi-nationthatholdbackthecurrentgenera-tionareovercome,thewell-beingoffuturegenerationscannotbesecured.childrenborntodayintoconditionsofdeprivationwillsuffersetbacksthattheymayneverrecoverfrom—andthesedeprivationsarelikelytoaffectthelivesoftheirchildreninturn.Accordingtoonestudybasedonevidencefrom32countries,achildintherichest10percentofhouseholdshadonaverage35timesmoreeffectiveincomeavailabletomeettheirneedsthantheincomeofachildinthepoorest10percent.

The need To Address sTrucTurAl issues

unlessstructuralissuesareaddressed,inequalitieswillpersistanddeepen.youngpeoplewerestrongonthispoint.increasedglobalaccesstotechnologyandsocialmediahashighlightedtheextentofinequalities,drivingawarenessandincreasingdemandforchange.Theperceptionthatsomeareprosperingwhilemanystruggleforaliving,withthecaptureofbotheconomicandpoliticalpowergoinghandinhand,isthesourceofmuchunrest.Politicalinequalitiesmaybuildupovertime,butchangecanberapid,aspeoplereachatippingpointintoleranceofinequalities.

lookingatwhatparticipantssaidneedstobedone,wecanidentifyfourstrandsofpolicyactiontoaddressthestructuraldriversofinequalities.First,entitlementstoequalityandnon-discrim-inationneedtobeestablishedinlawandimplementedthrougheconomicandsocialpolicy.second,statesneedtotakeactiontoprotectcitizensandothersfromdiscrimination,violence,exploitationandharmbyothers.Third,levellingmeasuresarerequiredtosupportindividualsandgroupswhosecapabilitieshavebeendiminishedorconstrainedbyinequalities.Andfourth,thecapacityofrightsholderstomakevalidclaimsonothersmustbestrengthened.

discussion oF GoAls, TArGeTs And The need To iMProVe AccounTABiliTY MechAnisMs

Therewasclearconsensusthatinequalitymustbeaddressedinafuturedevel-opmentframework.Thereweremanyapproachesandlevelsatwhichitwassuggestedthiscouldbedone.First,ifthereisaseparategoalforinequality,itmustcapturenotjusteconomicinequali-tiesbutarangeofsocial,environmentalandpoliticalinequalities.second,inequalitymustbeintegraltothesettingofallgoalsandtargets.Allgoalsandtargetsshouldbeframedintermsofuniversalcoverageoraccess,orofgettingtozero,althoughthisapproachdoeshavethedownsideofnotenablingusto

“currenTdecision-MAKingsTrucTuresexcludeTheMAJoriTyoFTheWorld’sPoPulATionAndreinForceTheMArginAliZATionoFThoseWhoseVieWsshouldbeMosTAPPreciATed.”PArtiCiPAnt, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion

“ineQuAliTygoesbeyondTheProbleMoFuneQuAlAccessToAbuilding,AninsTiTuTion,AsociAlsysTeM.iTisAlsodeePlyenTrenchedWiThinThehisToricAlTreATMenToFThegrouP.”PArtiCiPAnt, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion

“TheMosTdisAdVAnTAgedgirlsliVeWiThdisAbiliTies,liVeinThePooresTcoMMuniTies,orArePArToFindigenousorMinoriTygrouPs.”PArtiCiPAnt, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion

“inTAJiKisTAn,MAnychildrensTudyuPToThe9ThgrAde,buTTheirPArenTsdon’TleTTheMconTinueTheirsTudies.ThisAPPliesPArTiculArlyTogirls…dueTonoTbeingeducATed,WoMencAnnoTProTecTTheirrighTs.”tAJiKiStAn nAtionAl ConSultAtion


trackwhatishappeningtothepoorormostexcludedpopulations.Therefore,thelanguageineachtargetshouldrequirethatinequalitiesbeeliminatedinthecaseofabsolutetargets,orprogres-sivelyreducedforallothertargets.Third,disaggregationbydominantinequali-tiesisessentialacrosstheframeworkasappropriateforeachcountry.Andfourth,targetsandindicatorsshouldfocusonthepoorestofthepoor,notonlybydisag-gregatingbywealthquintile,butalsobyselectingtargetsandindicatorsthatarerelevanttothepoorestpeople.

Therecentreportofthesecretary-general’sPost-2015highlevelPanelalsopointedtotheneedfordisaggregateddata(bygender,geography,income,disability,ethnicity,ageandothercatego-ries)andstated“targetswillonlybeconsidered‘achieved’iftheyaremetforallrelevantincomeandsocialgroups.”Thisreflectsconclusionsfromtheconsultationonhowinequalitiescanbemeasuredandbetterunderstood.

noagreementwasreachedwithintheconsultationonhowthe‘headline’goal(s)couldbeframed.Forexample,therewasbroadagreementattheleadershipmeetingthatthereshouldbea‘headline’goaldedicatedsolelytotheissueofgenderequality.however,consensuswasnotreachedonwhetherthereshouldbea‘headline’goalonotherformsofinequalityorwhethertheseshouldbemainstreamedthroughouttheentiregoalsframework.

“oneoFTheMAinreAsonsForgenderineQuAliTyischildMArriAgeWhichdePriVesThegirlsoFeleMenTAryAndsecondAryeducATion.ThisleAdsTouneducATedMoThersAnduneducATedchildren.iTisAViciouscycle.”20-yeAr-olD woMAn FroM An urbAn AreA, nAtionAl youth

ConSultAtion, ShirVAn, AZerbAiJAn

“ThedisresPecTFuluseoFThelAndAndiTsresourcesisinexTricAblylinKedToThehuMAnrighTsAbusesoFWoMenAndThePerPeTuATionoFPoVerTy.”PArtiCiPAnt, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion

“ThegendernorMsinsPAinArenoTWriTTendoWnAssuch,TheyAre‘inTheAir’.”Contributor, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS e-DiSCuSSion

“econoMicineQuAliTiesArereinForcedbyoVerlAPPingcAusesliKeglobAl,PoliTicAlAndeconoMicdePendencies,unAccounTAbleFinAnciAlsysTeMsAndunFAirProVisionsoFnATurAlresourcesAndglobAlPublicgoods.”PArtiCiPAnt, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion

“WhenourrighTsAreguArAnTeed,includingoursexuAlAndreProducTiVerighTs,WeArebeTTerPosiTionedToMAKeFreeAndinForMeddecisionsregArdingourheAlTh,Well-beingAndFuTures.”PArtiCiPAnt, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion

“PreViousAPProAchesToiMProVeurbAnliFehAVeTreATedTheirrichAndTheirPoordiFFerenTly.ThereisAcerTAinMind-seTWhichhAsbecoMeThedeTerMiningFAcTorFordeVeloPMenTForPoorcoMMuniTies.TheAPPlicATionoFThisMind-seThAsnoWcreATedTWoWorlds:oneoFTherichAndTheoTheroFThePoor.”PArtiCiPAnt, ADDreSSing ineQuAlitieS ConSultAtion

recordinginterviewsduringnationalconsultationinbhutan(Photo:un)


Finally,addressinginequalitymustbeacoreelementoftheaccountabilityframework.Peoplewillnotbesatisfiedifreportingcontinuestobecapturedthroughbroadaveragesthatmaskinequalityandexclusion.Astheglobalframeworkistranslatedintonationalpolicyaction,particularattentionwillneedtobepaidtomonitoringwhatishappeningtothosewhoareburdenedbydominantandintersectinginequalities.

Publicaccountabilitywillrequirebuildingstrongmonitoringsystemsthroughsignif-icantimprovementsinstatisticalcapacityaswellasrelevanceandtransparencyofthedatathatarecollected.Participantsintheconsultationscalledforensuringvoice,justiceandrepresentationforthosewhohavebeenexcluded.strengtheningthecapacityofrightsholderstomakevalidclaimsonothersisintegraltoallactionstotackleinequalities.n

noTes

1 unesco,uisFactsheet–schoolingformillionsofchildrenjeopardizedbyreductionsinaid,unesco,Paris,2013.

2 unesco.educationforAllglobalMonitoringreport2011,unesco,Paris,2012.

3 unesco,educationforAllglobalMonitoringreport–youthandskills:puttingeducationtowork,unesco,Paris,2012.

4 http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?reportid=201.

5 http://www.uis.unesco.org/education/Pages/teachers-statistics.aspx.

6 unesco,educationforAllglobalMonitoringreport(estimate2013),unesco,Paris,2012.

7 unitednations,TheMillenniumdevelopmentgoalsreport2012,unitednations,newyork,2012.

8 ibid.

9 learningMetricsTaskForce,Towarduniversallearning:Whateverychildshouldlearn,2013.

10 Thee-discussionconductedbythegrowthandemploymentconsultationalsohadmanycontributionsonthissubject.

11 Asquotedinthefinalreportofthethematicconsultationonenvironmentalsustainability

12 unitednations,investingindevelopment–APracticalPlantoAchievetheMillenniumdevelopmentgoals,FinalreportoftheunitednationsMillenniumProject,unitednations,newyork,2005,http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htm.

13 http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2009/06/29-governance-indicators-kaufmann.

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/reports/2012-skills/

http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=201

http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/teachers-statistics.aspx

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf

http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/02/learning-metrics

http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/index.htm

http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2009/06/29-governance-indicators-kaufmann


Annexes

Annex 1. ProCeSS DeSCriPtion oF nAtionAl ConSultAtionS

AfricasiMilAr APProAches To nATionAl consulTATions

Thepost-2015consultationprocessesinAfricalargelybenefitedfromthelegacyofformulatinglong-termdevelopmentplans(visiondocuments)andshort-tomedium-termplans(povertyreductionstrategypapers,PrsPs,andnationaldevelopmentplans,ndPs)—processeswhichhavedemandedbroadconsultationswithdifferentstake-holders.Thepost-2015consultations,therefore,builtonthisfoundationandincludednewformsofconsultingstakeholdersandbringinginothergroupsthatwouldnotnormallyparticipateinnationalplanningprocesses.Themethodologiesusedwerelargelysimilar,withafewexceptions.MostoftheconsultationsinAfricawereorganizedbythevariousuncountryteams(uncTs),nationalgovernments(mainlyministries/departmentsofplanningorfinance)andkeyactorsofcivilsociety,includingwomenandyouthgroups,peoplewithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithhiV/Aids,academiaandtheprivatesector.Face-to-facemeetingsinvariousformatsdominatedconsultationmeth-odologiesinallthe30countriesconductingnationalconsultations.Toincreaseinclusionandaccountability,however,focusgroupdiscussions,stakeholderinterviews,radiophone-inprogrammes,televisionpanelinterviewsandspecificgroupandexpertgroupmeetingswereused.inaddition,on-andofflinesurveyswereusedinseveralcountriesincludingMyWorldsurveysandtheuseoftextmessaging,whichmanagedtoobtainfeedbackfrom17,000youngpeopleinuganda.intotal,closeto350,000stakeholderswereconsultedonthepost-2015agendainAfrica.Manyofthecountriesconductedconsultationsinselecteddistricts,regions,provincesorzonesasrepresentativesamplesofentirecountriesfollowedbyconsultationsandvalidationatthenationallevel.

inclusiVeness

Todeepenthefocusonthepost-2015developmentagenda,workshopswereorganizedwithshortpresentationstonotonlyintroducethemesofdiscussions,butalsoencouragemeaningfulcontributionsandabottom-upapproachtotheconsultations.Amongtheformsofconsultationenvisaged,themostusedweresemi-structuredinterviews,whichofferedparticipantsthefreedomtodiverttounforeseenissueswhileworkinginfocusgroupsthatanalysedanddiscussedtheproposedthemes.Theuseoflocallanguagesinthediscussionswasacommonfeatureformostcountries,whichremovedthebarriertoparticipationforthemajorityofthestakeholders.inaddition,specificstakeholderconsul-tationsforwomen,schoolchildren,elderlypeople,peoplewithdisabilitiesandpeoplelivingwithhiV/Aidswasanothercommonfeatureacrossthecountrieswhichenabledspecificconcernstobecapturedwhichwouldnothavebeenmentionedconsideringexistingculturalbarriers.

docuMenTATion And VAlidATion

inmostcountries,eachgroupdiscussionandpresentationwasfollowedbyaplenarydiscussiontoallowagreementandvalidationofkeythemesandissuesforeachcountry’spost-2015agenda,whetheratdistrict,regional,zonalprovincialornationallevel.Formost,individualgroupandsubnationalconsultationsproducedtheirownreportsand


documentationwhichweresynthe-sizedintothevariousnationalreports.Validationofthenationalreportstookdifferentforms.Whilemostcountriesheldnationalworkshopstovalidatethenationalreports,othersusednationalsteeringcommittees,uncTsornationalgovernmentstovalidatetheresultsofthenationalconsultations.

Arabstates,theMiddleeastandnorthernAfricaThe consulTATion chAllenGe

developingapost-2015developmentagendathatkeepsthespiritofinclusiveengagementandsustainedoutreachtoallsegmentsofsocietyisnotaneasytask.itiscontext-drivenandcanbehinderedbydistance,securityandsafetyconcerns,logisticalchallengesand,perhapsmostimportantly,byafailuretocreatecultur-allynuancedspacesandsettingsthatencouragestakeholderstoarticulatetheiropinionsandperspectives.

risingtothesechallenges,fromdecember2012toseptember2013,ninenationalconsultationsonthepost-2015developmentagendawerehostedintheArabstatesregioninthemidstofvaryingpolitical,humanitarianandeconomiccircumstances.TheconsultationshavebeenledbyuncTsincollaborationwithnationalpartners,keepingtheprinciplesofinclusiveness,opennessandtranspar-encyfirmlyinmind.

A diVersiTY oF APProAches

inanefforttoensurethewidestparticipa-tionpossible,thenationalconsultationshaveusedadiversityofapproachesunderdifferentformatsrelevanttolocalcontextsandtheabilityofstakeholderstoparticipate.outreachstrategieshavemadeuseofthemostsuitableavenuesandcommunicationapproaches,includingdedicatedthematicsessions,focusgroups,policydialogues,townhallmeetings,e-consultationsandsocialmedia,andexpertinterviews.

Partnershipswithkeyorganizations

havebeeninstrumentalinfacilitatingtheconsultationsandreachingouttowide-ranginggroupsofpeople.notincludingonlinecontributions,closeto6000personshaveparticipatedinopendialogues,withabroadspectrumofstake-holdersincludingrelevantnationalorgani-zations,representativesfromdifferentordersofgovernment,non-governmentalorganizations(ngos),civilsocietyandcommunity-basedorganizations,women’sandsocialmovements,youthandchildren,personslivingwithdisabili-ties,peoplelivingwithhiV,theprivatesector,vulnerablepeopleandminorities,refugees,internallydisplacedpersons,lesbian,gay,bisexualandtransgenderpeople(lgbT),themediaandacademics.

Alltheconsultationshaveacknowl-edgedthelimitsoftheprocessesandthattherepresentationofpeople’svoicesisnecessarilyasubsetandcross-cuttingsampleofacountry’sdiversity.Withinclusivenessinmind,effortshavebeenmadetoreachouttoruralareasandperipherallocalesremotefromcapitals,withspecialattentionpaidtoensuregender-balancedparticipationandtheinvolvementofpeoplefromdifferentsocio-economicstrata.

insomeoftheconsultations,commu-nicationandoutreachstrategieshavebeendeployed,makinguseofregularandsocialmediacampaignsandtoolstodisseminateinformationandtosurveyandengageawideraudiencethroughtraditionalandonlineplatforms.closeto11,000personshaveparticipatedinonlineforums,andatthetimeofreporting,thereareover25,000votesregisteredfromtheArabregionontheMyWorldsurvey.

cAPTurinG VieWs

Whiletheaimoftheconsultationsistoprovideclearrecommendationstogovernments,civilsocietyandotherstakeholdersonnationaldevelopmentpriorities,anemphasishasbeenplacedonrepresentingvariedviews,notarrivingataconsensus,andallowingcontradictorystatementstobeexpressedinthereports.

Thestrategicengagementofnationalfacilitatorshasensuredthatlocalcontextsandcustomsarenotmisrepresentedincapturingtheviewsemergingfromthediscussions.Appointedfacilitatorsledopen-endeddiscussionsorusedagreedguidingquestionstoconductthefacilita-tions.note-takerswerepresentinthevariousvenuestocollectopinions.

Atthesametimetheconsultationsprocesses,whenappropriate,referenceexistingnationaldevelopmentframeworksanddialoguesthatarealreadyunderway.

VAlidATinG The consulTATions

duringtheprogressionoftheconsul-tations,uncTshavereportedbacktotheconstituentsonthefindingsandinvitedthemtoreflectonthemessagesemergingfromtheprocesses.inseekingtheirimpressionsonhowthecapturedprioritiesalignedwithordifferedfromthediscussionsandviews,itwasnotedthatsomereservationshavebeenvoicedonwhattheimpactsoftheconsultationswillbe,butoverallparticipantshaveastrongsenseofownershipofthereportsandhavearticulatedtheirapprovalofthefaithfulnessofthecoverageoftherichdiscussionsandthediversityofthegroupsconsulted.

iMPAcTs

Acommonthemeamongtheconsulta-tionsisanoteddesiretohavefurtherconsultationsandavenuesforpeopletovoicetheiropinions—toshapepriori-tiesanddevelopcomprehensivereportstoincludecurrentchallenges,proposedpriorityactionsandpotentialmeanstowardsachievingnewnationalandglobaldevelopmentalagendas.

Theconsultativeprocessesinsomeinstancesaretriggeringnewalliancesandlinkagesbetweenstakeholdersandtheopportunitytocreatespacefornewinitia-tives,toactivelyconnectpolicymakerswithbothtraditionalandnon-traditionalstakeholders,andtoexploresuitablevenuesandstrategiestoinfluencefutureprogrammaticapproachesthatincludenewpartnersindevelopmentefforts.


AsiaandthePacific

inAsiaandthePacific,16 countries1undertookpopularconsultationswhichtookvariousformsandreachedacrossawiderangeofstakeholdersbybringinginmarginalizedandexcludedcommunitiesandgroupsthatdonotroutinelygetachancetocontributetopolicyformulationdebates.Theundginitiatedtheprocessofthesecountryconsultationsbyprovidingseedfundingtocountriesinterestedinorganizingthesepost-2015consulta-tions,whichwasoftensupplementedbyresourcesprovidedbynationalgovern-mentsandotherdevelopmentpartners.over340,000 people2haveparticipatedinandcontributedtothediscussions.

Theobjectiveofthesecountryconsultationswastostimulateaninclusivedebateonapost-2015develop-mentagendabyprovidingananalyticalbase,inputsandideasthat(a)buildasharedglobalvisionon‘TheWorldWeWant‘,withclearrecommendationsforgovernments,civilsocietyandbroadstakeholders;(b)amplifythevoicesofthepoorandothermarginalizedgroupsinformalnegotiationprocesses;and(c)influencetheintergovernmentalprocessessothattheyalignwiththeaspirationsofcivilsocietyforapost-2015agenda.Todothis,arangeofconsulta-tionformatswereexploredandadaptedtoensureinclusive,openandtransparentprocesseswithmultiplestakeholderparticipation.TheuncTsdesignedandsupportedinnovativeconsultationactivitiesandoutreach,toprovideoppor-tunitiesforeffectiveparticipationandmeaningfulcontributionfromdiversegroups.Thistechnicalandoperationalassistancehelpedcountriesdeveloptheirpost-2015consultationsmethodologyforidentifyingcommunities,sectionsorgroupsthatwereconsideredexcluded

1 bangladesh,bhutan,cambodia,china,india,indonesia,iran,Mongolia,Pakistan,Papuanewguinea,Philippines,samoa,solomonislands,Thailand,Timor-leste,Vietnam.

2 Thisincludesdirectparticipants(27,902)atconsultationevents,aswellasviavirtualconsulta-tionsthroughcountrywebsites,Facebook,Twitter(64,807)andthroughtheMyWorldsurvey—online,offlineandbysMs—(250,822).

orunderrepresentedinformalpolicyformulationdebates,providingananchorfordeeperandbroaderparticipatoryprocessesledbyvariousdevelopmentpartners,includingnationalgovern-ments,civilsociety,theprivatesector,academiaandotherstakeholders.

Themethodologiesforconsultationrangedfromtown-hall-typemeetings,toworkshops,tofocusgroupdiscus-sions,toopenmeetingswithschoolanduniversitystudents,toofflineandonlinesurveys,tovirtualconsultationsincludinge-discussionsorcountrywebsites.Thesewerefurthersupplementedbyarangeofoutreachmeasuresviapartnerorganizations,civilsociety,ngos,theMillenniumcampaignandothers,whoworkedtoraiseawarenessandengage-mentonthepost-2015agenda.Manyofthecountryconsultationsconcludedwithanationalvalidationmeetingtosummarizetheemergingthemesandcountryprioritiesasinputsintothepost-2015agendadialogue.

Thevariousstakeholdergroupsandsectionswereidentified,accessedorapproachedindifferentways,andonthebasisofdifferentcriteria.sometimesthemarginalizedgroupswereidentifiedonthebasisoftheirparticularcharacteristicsthatledtotheirexclusion(e.g.youngpeople;women;elderlypeople;children—particularlystreetchildren—schoolchildren;schooldropouts;peoplewithdisabili-ties;peoplelivingwithhiV/Aids;sexworkers;lesbian,gay,bisexualandtransgenderpeople(lgbT);drugusers;healthgroups;indigenouspeopleetc.).sometimesthegroupswereapproachedfortheirfunctionalroleorasrepresentingspecificoccupationalgroups(e.g.theprivatesector;chambersofcommerce;tradesunions;workers’associations;farmers’associations;youthassocia-tions/societies;studentunions;guildsandfederations;cooperativesandnon-profitorganizationsetc.).inothercontexts,existingthinktanks,issues-basednetworks(e.g.arounddisability,women’srightsetc.)andresearchinstitu-tions(e.g.socialworktraining-research

institutes)helpedbringinparticularconstituenciesandfocusgroups.Andinyetothercontexts,existingadministra-tiveclassificationswereusedtoaccessexcludedsections(e.g.beneficiariesofanti-povertyprogrammesorconditionalcashTransfers;refugees;poorpeopleinurbanareas;slum-dwellers;homelesspeople;informal-sectorworkers;internalmigrants;overseasmigrants;farmers;poorpeopleinruralareas;landlessagri-culturalworkersetc.).

Peoplewelcomedtheopportunitytocontributetheirviewswhentheyfeltthattheywouldbeheardbydecision-makers—andtheirengagementshowsthattheycareaboutdevelopmentissues.Thefeedbackdemonstratesthattheyareconcernedaboutsocietalproblemsthatgobeyondtheirimmediateandpersonalpriorities—theycareaboutthefuturetheywillleavebehindfortheirchildren,abouttheenvironmentandnature,aboutthewell-beingofthoselessfortunatethanthem,andabouttheeconomicandculturalprogressoftheircountriesintheglobalizedworld.Andwhilenoneofthisisasurprise,itisimportanttoseethatthesedevelopmentissuesarenotonlymattersofimportancetopolicymakersandtechnocrats.indeed,theseareissuesthatmembersofthegeneralpublicareseizedby,andhaveimportantlivedexpe-riencesandinsightstooffer.Whetheroneconsiderstheresponsesfromyoung,elderlyordisabledpeople,orethnicminoritiesingeographicallysecludedprovinces,thisexerciseisundoubtedlyafirstintermsofglobaleffortstoreachgroupsthatdonotusuallyparticipateinpolicydesignorglobaldebates.Andinsofarassuchglobalprocessesgo,theseconsultationshavebroughtalevelofpopularengagementandawarenessaroundacomplexmyriadofintercon-nectedissuesthatotherwiseremaininsilosoftechnicalpolicydiscussions.ithasalsoservedinraisingawarenessanddiscussionsofresponsibilityandaccount-abilityforbroaderdevelopmentgoalsandsocietalaspirations,whichaddressthenationalpolicyagendasandsometimesgobeyondthem.


latinAmericaandthecaribbean

nationalconsultationswereorganizedin16countriesacrosslatinAmericaandthecaribbean(lAc).Allaremiddle-incomecountries(Mics)accordingtotheoecddAc’slistofofficialdevelop-mentassistance(odA)recipients.sixofthembelongtoacategorycalledsmallislanddevelopingstates(sids),whichfacesparticularchallengeswhenconfrontingthechallengesofclimatechange,fragileenvironments,waterscarcityandenergydepend-ency.Althoughthisisaheterogeneousgroupintermsofincome,balanceandstructureofforeigntrade,andsizeandlocationofpopulation,thesecountries(Brazil, Bolivia, colombia, cuba, costa rica, ecuador, el salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, honduras, Jamaica, Peru, dominican republic, saint lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, uruguay)arerepresentativeofthemainregionalassetstocontributetotheshapingofthenextdevelopmentframework.

ThelAcnationalconsultationssupportedmanykindsofactivities,reachingouttoaverydiverseandextensiverangeofparticipantsandstake-holders.Atleast20,600peoplefromallbackgroundshaveparticipatedinandcontributedtotheongoingdiscussions,mostlythroughparticipatoryexercises,focusgroupsandwrittensurveys(someofthemonline).

Particularattentionhasbeenpaidtogroupsthataretraditionallyexcludedfromagenda-settingandplanningprocesses,suchaschildren,youngpeople,lgbT,andgrassrootsindigenousleaders.inel salvador,theactivitieshaveincludedthevoicesofgangmembers(marasinspanish).inecuadortheyincludedthemilitary,andincolombiainternallydisplacedpersons(therearebetween4.9millionand5.5millionoftheminthecountry).Brazil´suncT

receivedmorethan5000surveysinamultiplechoiceformatwhichincludedthe16prioritiesofMyWorldplusfouropenquestionsonthewayforward:‘Whatneedstochange?’,‘Whyarethesechangesimportant?’,‘howcantheybeimplemented?’,and‘Whocanhelpinthisprocess?’.Prisoninmatescompleted1448surveys.Thebrazilianconsultationincludedunionsandhomelesspeople,amongothers.

Justasimportantastheprospectiveanswersconcerningtheworldafter2015werethepreparatorydiscussionstoframethequestions.inGuatemala,opinionleaderswereconvenedtoaspecificmulti-stakeholdermeetingtodiscussthemainchallengesfacingthecountry.inPeru,asurveywasconductedamongdecisionmakersasafirststepintheconsultationprocess,helpingtogetafirstimpressionoftheperceptionsaroundtheMdgsandotherpost-2015items.Morethan100Peruvianleaders,primarilyfromthepublicsector,respondedtothequestionnaire.inMexico,aconsultationwithjournalistsgavebirthtoadeclarationfromthemediarequestingspecifictrainingtocovernewsrelatedtothenewdevelopmentagenda.ingeneral,consultationshavebeenanexcellentopportunitytocrystalizethevisionandgatherproposalsfromthesegroupsaswellasfromleadersandexpertsfromgovernment,civilsocietyorganiza-tionsandtheprivatesector.

inallcases,uncTspartneredwithnationalgovernmentsandoversawthewholeprocessthroughjointsteeringcommittees.incolombia,awell-knownnetworkofngos,theconfederacióncolombianadeorganizacionesnogubernamentales(ccong),joinedtheuncTandthecolombiangovernmentinleadingtheconsultation.inuruguay,astrategicalliancewascementedwiththenationalinstitutefortheyouth(institutonacionaldelaJuventud,inJu).inPeru,Guatemalaandhonduras,alliancesweremadewithsubnationalgovernments,

recognizingtheirimportanceintheimplementationofthenextagenda.

somenationalconsultationsinformedbroadernationalplanprocesses.inBolivia,uncTsystematizedtheconsulta-tion’sfindingsaccordingtothe13pillarsoftheAgendaPatrióticadelbicentenariobolivia2025.inel salvador,theuncTplanstopresenttheconsultationresultstoallthecandidateswhowillruninthepresidentialelectionscheduledtobeginnextyear.

subregionalmechanismswerealsoidentifiedasimportant.incentralAmerica,thepost-2015consultationinel salvadorwassharedwiththecentralAmericanintegrationsystem(sicA)atahighlevelForum—involvingsecretariatsandmemberstates’representatives—onAidefficiencyandregionalcooperationTrends.Thepost-2015generaldiscussionwaspresentedataseminaronyouthissuesorganizedforthebenefitofthemembercountriesoftheMercosur.

The conVerGence BeTWeen The sids And PosT-2015 Processes

inthecaribbean,nationalconsulta-tionsensuredthattheagendaofsidswasappropriatelyincorporatedintothepost-2015discussionasthecountriesprepareforthesids2014globalconference.sixoutofthe16post-2015nationalconsultationsconductedinthelAcregiontookplaceincountrieswithsidsfeatures(Grenada, saint lucia, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, cubaanddominican republic).

inJamaica,theconsultationwascarriedoutinpartnershipwiththeorganizingcommitteeandfacilitatorsofthenationalconsultationonsids.discussionsinst. luciaandGrenadaincludedexchangesbetweentheministriesoffinance,planningandforeignaffairs.ofparticularinterest,thelatterministrieshavestartedtobecomeinvolvedinthedefinitionofcountrypapersforthe2014globalsidsconference.


easterneuropeandcentralAsia

nationalconsultationsonthenewdevelopmentagendaineasterneuropeandcentralAsiaaretakingplacein15countriesreaching150000peopleintheregionthroughround-tablesandtownhallmeetings,aswellasviatheMyWorldsurvey.eachcountryhasanationalconsultationreport,validatedatcountrylevel,availableinprintandonlineatwww.worldwewant.org.Allcountriesusedmethodsofoutreachtoengagepeoplebeyondtheusualdevelopmentpolicyprocesses,withspecialefforttoconvenediscussionsinruralanddeprivedareas.stakeholdersincludedyouthandwomen,children,peoplewithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithhiV,internallydisplacedpersons,academics,internationaldevel-opmentpartners,thinktanks,theprivatesector,journalists,andnon-governmentalorganizationsamongothers.belowarebriefhighlightsofeachcountry’sconsul-tationprocess:

Albania:over2000peopleparticipatedin18districtsacrossthecountrythroughuniversityflashpolls,andtheMyWorldsurvey.Morethan60%werewomen,62%werepeoplefromurbanand38%fromruralareas.

Armenia:over3000peoplewereconsultedandover2000ideasandrecommendationsonthefuturedevel-opmentagendaweresharedthroughtownhallmeetings,Facebookpollsandsessionswithchildrenandyoungpeople.

Azerbaijan: Morethan2700peoplesharedtheirvoicesduringtheconsulta-tionsandthroughtheMyWorldsurvey.

Belarus: over7000belarusians—children,youth,elderlypeople,

minoritiesandvulnerablegroups—communicatedtheirprioritiesinareflectiveandinclusiveprocess.

Georgia: consultationsingeorgiaarebeginningnowandwillextendthroughoutseptember.youngpeopleingeorgiaaretakinganactiveroleinorgan-izingthematicmeetingsandinengagingthroughsocialmedia.georgia’sfullresultsarenotincludedinthisreportastheyarenotyetavailableandvalidated.

Kazakhstan: Morethan2000peopleengagedinvariousdiscussionsfromoctober2012toMarch2013,inthecitiesofAstana,Aktau,AlmatyandKyzylorda.Thepost-2015nationalconsultationinKazakhstanbenefitedfromtheguidanceofahigh-levelsteeringcommitteeco-chairedbythedeputyPrimeMinister.

Kyrgyzstan: 1685peopleengagedintheKyrgyzstannationalconsulta-tionmainlythroughdiscussionsfocusedon11themes,mirroringthosediscussedthroughtheglobalthematicconsultations.

Kosovo3: 7000peopleengagedinKosovo’spost-2015debate,52percentofwhomwerewomenand48%weremen,throughfocusgroups,universitydebates,voxpopsinterviewsandthroughonlinediscussions.

Moldova: 7000peopleparticipatedinMoldova’spost-2015consultationthroughmeetingsorganizedinthemostdeprivedpartsofthecountry,anationallyrepresentativesurveyandon-linesurveys.

Montenegro: 8023peopleinMontenegro,or1.3percentofthetotalpopulation,activelyparticipatedinthe

3 undersecuritycouncilresolution1244(1999)

nationalpost-2015consultationsintheperioddecember2012toMarch2013.

Tajikistan: ThenationalconsultationinTajikistanreached1050peoplethroughthematicdialoguesreflectingtheglobalthematicdiscussions,aswellasround-tablediscussionsandcirculationofquestionnairesforselectedgroups(parlia-ment,governmentandprivatesector).Thisprocessbuiltonongoingdiscus-sionsonspecifictopics(foodsecurityandnutrition,usingtheFoodsecurityclassificationconsultationsconductedbyWFP)andconsultationstoreviewtheinternationalconferenceonPopulationanddevelopment(icPd).

Turkey: Theconsultationprocessengaged9839peopleinTurkey,throughninethematicdialogues,regionaldiscus-sions,onlinesurveysandaninstagramphotocompetition.

serbia: Approximately28000peopleparticipatedintheconsultationsinserbiathroughfocuseddiscussions,surveysandsocialmedia.

Turkmenistan: 1818peopleparticipatedintheTurkmennationalconsultationrepresentingallregions.Theprocesswasguidedbyahigh-levelun–TurkmenistanJointTaskgroupchairedbythedeputyForeignMinister.

ukraine: over35000peopleparticipatedintheprocessofshapingthefuturedevelopmentagenda,including4568throughround-tablediscussions,inter-viewsandsurveys,20000peopleintheuncrowdsourcingprojectexpressingtheirviewsonwhatshouldbechangedtomaketheirlivesbetter,andover10,000peoplethoughvotingviatheMyWorldonlinesurvey.

http://www.worldwewant.org

http://www.worldwewant.org


The11themesforglobalconsultationsonthepost-2015developmentagendawereselectedbytheundevelopmentgroup(undg),withtheobjectiveofcoveringthedifferentareasofdevelop-mentchallengesontheground.TheseareconflictandFragility;education;energy;environmentalsustainability;Foodsecurity;governance;growthandemployment;health;Addressinginequalities;Populationdynamics;andWater.Thisdoesnotmeanthattheunsystemisnecessarilyexpectingthedefi-nitionofspecificgoalsoneachoftheseissues,butallofthemcontributetothecontextinwhichhumanprogresswillbepossible.Thethematicconsultationsarejointlyledbyspecializedunagenciesaccordingtotheirrespectivemandates,withthesupportofothercontributingagencies.Theyareco-hostedbyoneorseveralcountries,withrelativebalanceamongdifferentcontinents.Face-to-faceleadershipandengagementmeetingsforthethematicconsultationsarehappeninginAfrica,Asia,europeandlatinAmerica.

Thethematicconsultationsincludedawebconsultationphase,withacallforcontributionsandpapers,insomecasespreparatorymeetingswithrelevantstake-holdersorsub-themes,dependingonthethemes,andaglobalhigh-levelmeetingwhichsummarizedandendorsedtheconsensusachieved.belowisadescrip-tionofhoweachthematicconsultationisdesigned.

AddressinG inequAliTies

TheglobalthematicconsultationonAddressinginequalitiesinthepost-2015developmentagendawasheldundertheauspicesoftheundgfromseptember2012toJanuary2013.Theconsultationprocesswasjointlyledandfacilitated

byuniceFandunWomenandwassupportedbythegovernmentsofdenmarkandghana.ThemembersoftheAdvisorygroupfortheconsultation,drawnfromcivilsocietyorganizations,unagenciesandacademicinstitu-tions,providedongoingguidanceandextensivecontributions.

Theconsultationaimedatprovidinganopenandinclusiveprocessthatwouldincludeadiverserangeofvoicesandperspectives.itwasinformedbyatotalof175writtensubmissions(asoftheendofJanuary2013).Thesepaperscoverawiderangeofissuesrelatedtoinequalitiesandprovidemuchvaluableevidenceandanalysis.Theconsultationalsobenefitedgreatlyfromaseriesof10moderatede-discussionsonkeythemesthatemergedfromthewrittensubmissions.Thesee-discussions,eachheldoverthreetofourweeks,attractedlargenumbersofwritteninputsandcommentsfrommembersofthepublicandorganizationsworldwide,asfollows:

• genderequality(372inputsandcomments);

• gender-basedviolence(138);

• lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgenderandintersexpeople(101);

• personswithdisabilities(111);

• economicinequalities(84);

• indigenouspeoples(109);

• youngpeople(241);

• urbaninequalities(101);and

•minorities(118).

Thesummariesandconclusionsoftheindividuale-discussionsareincludedasannexestothethematicconsultation’sfinalreport.Therewasalsoanexpertdiscussionheldonthemeasurementand

assessmentofinequalities.some1375responseswerereceivedintotal.

Thethematicconsultationandrelatede-spacewillbetransformedintoanetwork/AllianceonAddressinginequalities.informationandthinkpieceswillcontinuetobepostedtothewww.worldwewant2015.orgwebsitethatwillalsohostoccasionalfollow-updiscus-sionsthatservetodeepenthediscussiononissuesthatwerediscussedduringthepreviousconsultationphaseortotouchonissuesnotpreviouslydiscussed.Thepurposeofthenetwork/Alliancewillbetoensurethattheissueofaddressinginequalitiesremainscentraltothedebate,especiallyasitmovestotheintergovern-mentalnegotiationsphase.

conFlicT, Violence And disAsTer

Thethematicconsultationonconflict,Violenceanddisasterwasco-facilitatedbyundP,Pbsoandisdr.Toensurethattheconsultativeprocessistrulyownedbypeoplefromaroundtheworld,theco-leadsinvestedinorganizingface-to-faceglobaldialoguesastheprimarymodeofengagement.sevendialogueswereorganizedandstand-alonereportsfromeachofthesessionsareavailableontheglobalwebsite.Whiletheface-to-faceconsultationswereglobal,theywerestra-tegicallyorganizedinregionswithmanylessonstoofferfromtheirownexperi-encesincombatingconflict,violence,insecurity,anddisasters.Theconsulta-tionswereasfollows:

• Aconsultationon‘conflictandFragilityandthePost-2015developmentAgenda’washeldinliberiaon28-30november2012.Theconsultationfocusedonpoliticalconflictsandinstability.over75

Annex 2: ProCeSS DeSCriPtion oF theMAtiC ConSultAtionS



http://www.worldwewant2015.org

http://www.worldwewant2015.org



individualsfrom22countries–drawnfromgovernments,civilsociety,theprivatesector,media,faith-basedorganizations,andthink-tanks–participatedintheconsultation.

• Aconsultationon‘ViolenceandPeople’ssecurityandthePost-2015developmentAgenda’tookplaceinPanamaon31Januaryto1February2013.ThegovernmentsofPanamaandFinlandco-hostedtheconsulta-tion,whichfocusedonorganizedandinterpersonalviolenceandpeople’ssecurity.Theconsultationbroughttogether160participantsfrom33countries.

• Theco-leadsorganizedtwoglobalconsultationsfocusingondisasterriskreduction.Thefirstconsulta-tiontookplaceon22-25october2012,atthemarginsoftheFifthAsianMinisterialconferencefordisasterriskreductionwhereover2000participantsfrom72countriesattended.over100participantsinstakeholdergroupsconsideredtheroleofdisastersinapost-2015developmentagenda.Thesecondconsultationwasheldon19-20February2013inJakarta,with150participants.bothconsultationswereunderthepatronageofthePresidentofindonesia,hisexcellencydr.susilobambangyudhoyono,theunitednations’firstglobalchampionfordisasterriskreductionandco-chairoftheunsecretary-general’shigh-levelPanelofeminentPersonsforthePost-2015developmentAgenda.

• Ahigh-levelconsultationwashostedbythegovernmentofFinlandinhelsinki,Finlandon13March2013.120worldleadersfromcivilsocietyorganizations,governments,inter-governmentalorganizations,theprivatesector,unagenciesandinter-nationalorganizationsparticipated.Thehelsinkimeetingdiscussedthesynthesisreportfromtheglobalsub-thematicconsultationsheldinindonesia,liberiaandPanama.

• Andfinally,on18-19June,asafollow-uptotheseconsultations,over60expertsonmeasuringdevelop-mentoutcomesincludingstatisti-cians,politicalanalysts,andmoni-toringandevaluationspecialistsmetinnewyorktoaddressthequestionofhowconflict,violence,governance,anddisasteroutcomescaneffec-tivelybemeasuredinthecontextofdevelopment.

Activitieshavealsoincludedonlinedialogues–oneon‘includingdisasterriskreductionandresilienceinpost-2015developmentgoals–whataretheoptions?’,moderatedjointlybyundPandunisdr,andtheotheron‘gender-basedviolenceinthepost-2015developmentframework’,moderatedjointlybyundP,uniceFandunWomen–aswellasover60evidence-basedresearchpapers,thinkpiecesandcivilsocietypositionpapers.

Theco-leadsalsomonitoredanumberofconsultationshostedbygovernmentsandotherinterestedgroupsoutsidetheundgproject.TheyincludethediliinternationalconferenceonPeacebuildingandstatebuilding;theinternationaldialogueonPeacebuildingandstatebuilding;the5thAsianMinisterialconferenceondisasterriskreduction;themeetingoftheexpertgrouponresponsiblebusinessandinvestmentinconflict-Affectedandhigh-riskAreas;andthePrinciplesforresponsibleinvestment(Pri)initiative.

educATion

Thethematicconsultationoneducationwasco-facilitatedbyunescoanduniceF.regionalmeetingsofMemberstatesgovernmentsandotherstakeholdersoneducationforAll(eFA)andeducationinthefuturedevelopmentagendawereheldfortheArabregion(sharmel-sheikh)andtheAfricaregion(Johannesburg)inoctober2012,forthelatinAmericanandcaribbeanregion(Mexico)inJanuary2013,andfortheAsiaandPacificregion(bangkok)inFebruary2013.Alsoin2012,ameetingofeducationngoswasheldin

Paris,andasideeventonthepost-2015agendawasheldattheglobaleFAMeetingwithrepresentativesofgovern-mentsandotherstakeholdersfromallregions.TwoAsiaandPacificregionalhigh-levelexpertmeetingsoneducationbeyond2015wereheldinbangkokinMayandnovember2012.Thisinvolved,allinall,430participants,including210governmentrepresentativesfrom91countriesandrepresentativesfrom90international,regionalandnationalngos.AMemberstatesbriefinginnewyork,involvingover40governments,washeldinMarch2013andfacilitatedbysenegalandcanada.

TheonlineeducationglobalthematicconsultationwebspaceontheWorldWeWantplatformwaslaunchedindecember2012.upuntiltodaytheplatform,includingfoure-discussionsandotherpubliconlinecommentingandconsultationswithcivilsociety,youthandacademiahasregisteredmorethan700contributionsandhasgarneredtheparticipationofover21,000peoplefromover100countriesandterritories,bothfromtheglobalsouthandnorth.

otherorganizationshavealsohostedanumberofeducationconsultations,includingaconsultationwithrepre-sentativesfromtheprivatesectorandfromdonoragencies,facilitatedbythebrookingsinstitutioninMarch2013inWashington,dc.

Theoutputsfromalltheseeventsinformedaglobalmeetingheldindakaron18–19March2013involvingover100participants,includingrepresentativesofMemberstates,multi-andbilateraldevel-opmentpartners,youthgroups,teacherunions,theprivatesector,civilsocietyandunagencies.

enerGY

ThemainactivitiesfortheglobalthematicconsultationonenergytookplacefromJanuarytoApril2013.duringthistime,theWorldWeWantweb-basedplatformwasactivewithaseriesofenergy-relateddiscussions,whileface-to-faceeventsweresimultaneouslycoordinatedaround




theworld.Theseactivitieswereaccom-plishedwiththeactivesupportofthegovernmentsofMexico,norway,andTanzaniaandco-ledbytheunindustrialdevelopmentorganization(unido),undepartmentofeconomicandsocialAffairs(un-desA),theWorldbankandtheundevelopmentProgramme(undP).Togethertheseentitiesformedasteeringcommitteethatguidedtheentireenergyconsultation,withcoordinationfromun-energyandthesecretary-general’ssustainableenergyforAllinitiative.

Web-basedenergyconsultation(approximateoutreach:3850partici-pants):Theonlinecomponentoftheenergyconsultationconsistedofthreesub-topicdiscussions,eachrespectivelysummarized,asfollows:discussion1:Whyenergymatters/mainchallenges&opportunities(16Janto8Feb2013);specialsessionontheenergynexusandPotentialsolutions(11Febto8March2013);discussion2:integrationofenergyintothepost-2015framework(11to29March2013).Asmallteamofexpertmoderators,afacilitator,andseveralguestcommentatorssupportedthediscussions.

some150commentswerepostedtotheplatform,manyofwhichincludedinputsfromlargeroutreachefforts.Thediversearrayofvoiceswereheard,including:asmallentrepreneurofsolartechnologyinsouthAfrica,anagricultur-alistinVietnam,aglobalthinktankbasedinWashington,dc,andanetworkofwomenworkingtosecureinclusiveaccess,tonamebutafew.Whilenotaconclusiverepresentationofglobalviewsontheroleofenergyinapost-2015world,theonlineconsultationoffersasnapshotofideasaboutenergyanditscentralitytodevelop-ment,ascapturedintheonlineenergyconsultationsummarycompilation.Theenergyconsultationplatformalsobecamearepositoryofresourcesandreportsonenergy,aswellasahubforwebcastsandotherinformationontheregionalface-to-facemeetings.

in-personregionalevents(estimatedoutreach:1000to1200participants):inadditiontotheweb-basedcomponent,

thefollowingeventssupportedthebroaderglobalconsultationonenergy:

•newdelhi,india(1Feb2013):Approximate100participantsfromtheAsiaregionconvenedatthedelhisustainabledevelopmentsummittodiscusstheimportanceofenergyandthepost-2015agenda.

•Merida,Mexico(20-21March2013):over150participantsfromMexico,central&latinAmericaandthecaribbeanmetovertwodaysintheyucatanstateofMexico.

•oslo,norway(12March2013):civilsocietyledaconsultationfornorwegiansocietyattendedbyapproximately100participants.

•daressalaam,Tanzania(19March):ThegovernmentofTanzaniaco-hostedandchairedtheAfricanregionalpost-2015energyconsultationattendedbyapproxi-mately150participantsfromacrosstheregion.

• saudiArabia(March2013):TheKingdomofsaudiArabiafacilitatedanonlineconsultationwithcitizensandorganizationsfromtheArabregionthroughoutMarch2013.

• PhnomPenh,cambodia(16-18March2013):Aninteractivepanelwasorganizedduringtheworkshop‘TowardsuniversalenergyAccess:AnAsianPerspective’bytheunFoundation,bringingtogetherapproximately120practitionersfromsouthAsiancountries.

•un-energyconductedtworoundsofconsultationsonenergyinFebruaryandMarch2013withitsmemberorganizations.

Asummaryoftheinputs collectedateachoftheseeventsisavailableontheWorldWeWantplatform.

Finally,ahigh-leveldialogueonenergyinthePost-2015developmentAgendatookplaceinoslo,norwayon9April2013.hostedbythegovernmentof

norway,inclosecollaborationwiththegovernmentsofMexicoandTanzania,thedialoguewasaculminationofthefourprecedingmonthsofglobalconsultations.outputsfromthemeetingarecapturedinthe summaryofKeyMessagesfromoslo (availableontheWorldWeWantplatform).Additionalcoverageoftheosloenergymeetingisavailableviathewebcast,aswellasthroughtheiisdreportingservicescoverage oftheenergyconsultation.

enVironMenTAl susTAinABiliTY

Theenvironmentalsustainabilitythematicconsultationwasco-hostedbythegovernmentsofFranceandcostarica,co-ledbytheunitednationsdevelopmentProgrammeandtheunitednationsenvironmentProgrammeandsupportedbyasteeringgroupcomposedofunagencies,WorldbankandtheclimateActionnetwork,representingthebeyond2015coalition.

Fromnovember2012toMay2013thisconsultationbroughttogetheramultitudeofvoicesfromaroundtheworldtodiscussenvironmentalsustain-abilityinthepost-2015agenda.duringtheperiodtheonlinediscussionplatformsaw:1100comments/submissions,11moderateddiscussions,5000membersand50000pageviewsfrom173countries.

Theenvironmentalsustainabilitythematicconsultationhashadtwophases–aninitialexploratoryphaseinwhichmanytopicswereprioritizedbystake-holdersforthedialoguethroughacallfordiscussionnotes,andasecondphasethatunpackedthosetopicsthroughaseriesofe-discussions.Theresultisadialoguefocusedoninterlinkagesofenvironmentalsustainability,andthecombinedeconomicandsocialconsidera-tionsfacingtheglobalcommunity.

AkeymilestoneoftheconsultationwastheleadershipMeetingheldinsanJosé,costarica,from18-19March2013.eighty-eightrepresentativesfromintergovernmentalorganizations,privatesector,andcivilsociety,aswell

http://www.worldwewant2015.org/node/338765



http://www.regjeringen.no/templates/videolightboxplayer.aspx?iid=71b88d4a-b0ff-474b-9ad3-772fc0912d04

http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/sd/crsvol208num10e.pdf



asgovernmentandunrepresentativesreviewedtheresultsofthefirstphaseto:

• buildconsensusonthekeyissuesthatshouldframeenvironmentalsustain-abilityinthepost-2015agenda,consideringkeyinterlinkages,driversandenablers;

• identifyareaswherefurtherdialogue,outreachandinnovativethinkingisneededtobuildconsensusandevolvethediscussionforthesecondphaseoftheconsultation;and

• developacohortofleadingandemergingthinkersfromaroundtheworldtocontinuetodialogueandraisevisibilityandawarenessaroundenvironmentalsustainabilityissueskeytoprogressonthefuturewewant.

basedontheoutcomesofthefirstphaseandtheleadershipMeeting,thesecondphaseincludedsixe-discussionscentredonlinkagesbetweenenvironmentalsustainabilityandkeyissuessuchaspovertyreduction,humanrights,peaceandsecurity,andequality.severalpartici-pantsfromtheleadershipMeetingvolun-teeredasguestmoderatorsforthesediscussions.

initialresultsfromtheconsultationwerepresentedatabriefinginnewyorkon19April2013tomemberstatesandcivilsociety.ThefinalresultswerethencompiledintothefinalreportwhichunderwentapublicconsultationperiodinJuly2013.

GoVernAnce

undPandohchr,withsupportfromtheFederalrepublicofgermany,co-facilitatedtheglobalthematicconsul-tationongovernanceandthepost-2015developmentagenda.Theconsultationprocesswasdesignedtocombineexpertcontributionsandperspectivesfromgrassrootsstakeholdersandconstituen-ciesthatmaynotordinarilyhaveaccesstointergovernmentalprocesses.inadditiontoself-selectionamongstakeholdergroups,participationwasfacilitatedandsupportedthroughanopencallforexpressionsofinterest.Theconsultation

generatedmeaningfulparticipationfromawiderangeofstakeholdersacrossregionsandconstituencies,includingfromgovernment,grassrootstointerna-tionalcivilsociety,nationalhumanrightsinstitutions,youthgroups,parliamentar-iansandrepresentativesofthemediaandtheprivatesector.Theconsultationprocesswasfurtherbolsteredbytheparticipationofareferencegroupofrepresentativesfromcivilsocietyandseveralunagencieswhomadesubstan-tivecontributionsthroughout.Theconsultationinvolvedaseriesofregionaldialoguesandatechnicalexpertmeeting:

• Africanregionaldialogue(hostedbythePan-AfricanParliament),Johannesburg,11–12october2012

• AsiaPacificsub-regionalParliamentarianandcivilsocietyFora:Manila,20–21november,anddhaka,10–11december2012–resultedintheManiladeclarationandthedhakadeclaration

• Post-2015WorkshopattheArabgovernanceWeek,cairo,26–29november2012

• Post-2015Workshopat15thAnnualAnti-corruptionconference,brasilia,7–10november2012

• Technicalexpertmeetingon‘Measuringgovernanceandhumanrightscommitmentsinapost-2015Agenda’(newyork,13–14november2012).Theparticipantsatthismeetingincludedrepresentativesformnationalstatisticsoffices.

inanefforttofurtherreachouttoawiderangeofstakeholders,theconsul-tationlaunchedane-discussionwhichelicitedactiveparticipationandover200contributionsfromover20govern-ments,100civilsocietyorganizationsand10private-sectororganizationsintwophasesbetweendecember2012andJanuary2013:

• Phase1:Whatshouldbethegovernancebuildingblocksforapost-2015agenda?

• Phase2:howcanweensureanaccountabilityframeworkthattakesintoaccounthumanrightsprinciplesandobligationstoassureeffectivedeliveryonthepost-2015develop-mentagenda?

Theseeffortsculminatedinthefinalglobalmulti-stakeholdermeetingongovernanceandthepost-2015agendahostedbythePan-AfricanParliamentinMidrand,Johannesburg,southAfricaon28Februaryand1March2013,whichbroughttogetherarangeofstake-holdersfromgrassrootsactiviststoglobalpolicyleaders.

GroWTh And eMPloYMenT

Thethematicconsultationongrowthandemploymentwasco-ledbyiloandundPandhostedbythegovernmentofJapan.undPandtheilohaveconvenedanAdvisorygroupongrowthandemploymentinthePost-2015developmentAgenda,comprisingrepresentativesfromFAo,uncdF,uncTAd,undesA,unido,unWoMen,MdgFund,ActionAid,internationalchambersofcommerce(icc),internationalorganizationofemployers(ioe)andtheinternationalTradeunionsconfederation(iTuc).Theconsultationswereorganizedthroughthreemeetings,foure-discussionsandvariousdiscussionsandinteractionsthroughtheWorldWeWant2015website.

ThefirstmeetingongrowthandemploymentwasorganizedinMay2012.Themeetingwasattendedbyacademia,civilsocietyorganizations,tradeunionandbusinessrepresentatives,andgovernmentrepresentatives.Thesecondmeetingtookplaceindecember2012,asabriefingtothePermanentMissionstotheunitednationsandbroadcastviatheinternetandsocialmedia.betweenJanuaryandMarch2013,foure-discus-sionswereorganizedthroughtheonlineplatformwww.worldwewant2015.org/employment,guidedbytheAdvisorygroupandmoderatedbyexpertsfromunagenciesandacademia.Thethemes


http://www.endpoverty2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Manila-Declaration-FINAL-1.pdf

http://www.whiteband.org/sites/default/files/Dhaka%20Declaration_Dec2012.pdf

http://www.whiteband.org/sites/default/files/Dhaka%20Declaration_Dec2012.pdf



ofthesefoure-discussionswere:jobsandlivelihoods(moderatedbyilo,83comments);growth,diversificationandstructuralchange(moderatedbyundP,undesA,uncdF,31comments);devel-opment-ledglobalization(moderatedbyuncTAd,46comments);sustain-abilityandgrowth(moderatedbyundPandundesA,99comments).ThethirdmeetingtookplaceinJune2013topresentthekeyoutcomesoftheconsul-tationsandseekfeedback.Afourthmeetingofexpertsisplannedduring2013toelaborateproposalsonindicators.

inadditiontotheseconsultations,thereportongrowthandemploymentincorporatedthemessagesofpost-2015nationalconsultationsfacilitatedbytheun,aswellasdebatesanddiscus-sionsthroughacademicpapers,officialspeeches,blogsandmediaarticles,encompassingtheperspectivesofawiderangeofstakeholders.

heAlTh

Thethematicconsultationonhealthwassupportedbythegovernmentsofbotswanaandsweden,andco-facilitatedbyuniceFandWho.Anumberofmechanismsandprocessesweresetuptofacilitateaneffective,participatoryconsultation.Fiveguidingquestionswereusedthroughouttheconsultation:

•Whatlessonshavebeenlearnedfromthehealth-relatedMdgs?

•Whatisthepriorityhealthagendaforthe15yearsafter2015?

•howdoeshealthfitintothepost-2015developmentagenda?

•Whatarethebestindicatorsandtargetsforhealth?

•howcanitbeensuredthattheprocessandoutcomearerelevanttothekeystakeholders?

TheconsultationwebsiteontheWorldWeWant2015platformregisteredover150000viewsfromallregions.over100

papersweresubmittedbyawiderangeoforganizationsandauthors,and14face-to-facemeetingsattractedover1600peopleinplacesasfarapartaslaPaz,daressalaam,Abuja,Amsterdam,newyork,beijing,andbangkok.Thepapersandmeetingreportsareavailableontheconsultationwebsite.Ane-consul-tationonhiVandhealthwiththreemoderateddebateswasheldover10daysinlateJanuary2013.duringthe132ndsessionoftheWhoexecutiveboard,apresentationabouttheconsultationwasgiven,includingpreliminaryresults.Thediscussionsconvergedontheissuesthatthereportraises.

Followingathree-weekpublicreviewofthefirstdraftofthereport,ahigh-levelmeetingwasconvenedingaborone,botswanainearlyMarch2013todiscussareviseddraft.Themeetingwashostedbythegovernmentofbotswana;the50participantsincludedministersofhealth,membersoftheunsecretarygeneral’shigh-levelPanelofeminentPersons,leadersofinternationalhealthorganiza-tions,representativesfromcivilsociety,youthandtheprivatesector,academicsandpublichealthexperts.

Thereportwassubmittedtothehigh-levelPanelandtheunsecretary-generalandpublishedonthewebsiteon19April2013,markingtheendpointofthisstageoftheglobalthematicconsulta-tiononhealth.

hunGer, Food securiTY And nuTriTion

FAoandWFPjointlyledtheglobalthematicconsultationonhunger,Foodsecurityandnutrition,togetherwithiFAdandbioversityinternational,withthesupportofthespecialrepresentativeofthesecretary-generalforFoodsecurityandnutritionandawiderangeofpartnersincludingcivilsociety,theprivatesector,undP,unido,undesA,uniceF,Who,thestandingcommitteeonnutrition(scn),andtheWorldbank.Thegovernmentsofspainandcolombiaprovidedactiveandmuchappreciatedsponsorshipthroughouttheconsultations.

Theoverallconsultationincludedthreephases,eachonebuildingonthepreviousdiscussionsheld:

(i) the online discussion, hostedandfacilitatedbytheglobalForumonFoodsecurityandnutrition(FsnForum),ranfromnovember2012toJanuary2013,focusingonlessonslearned,challengesandopportu-nitiesstemmingfromMdgs,andinputsonelementstobeenclosedinaPost-2015developmentAgenda.Thiselicitedover270contributionsfromadiversesetofrespondentsincludingviewsfromgovernments,ngosandcsos,academia,profes-sionalbodiesandinterestgroups,theprivatesectorandindividuals.Thegeographicalscopewaswide,drawingfromallcountriesinmostregions,northandsouth,developedanddeveloping.Theelementsweresummarizedinanissuespaper,whichwasdiscussedinthefollowingphaseoftheconsultation.

(ii) the informal consultation with stake-holders of the Committee on world Food Security (CFS)convenedbyFAoandWFPon11February2013,withtheaimtofacilitateexchangeanddialogueandtoidentifyprioritiesandkeyrecommendationsonelementsforapost-2015developmentframeworkonhunger,Foodsecurityandnutrition.The11Februarymeetingbroughttogethersome180partici-pants,includinggovernments,inter-nationalorganizations,civilsocietyandnon-governmentalorganizationsandnetworks,theprivatesector,researchinstitutionsandunagencies.Themulti-stakeholdersdiscussionhelpedinidentifyingbuildingblocksandavisiononfoodsecurityandnutrition.Majoroutcomesofthediscussion,aswellaskeyelementsoftheworkinggroupsformedduringthemeetingareavailableintheco-chairssummaryofthemeeting.

(iii) the high-level consultation on



http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/post2015/sites/post2015/files/files/Issues_Paper_for_CFS.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/post2015/sites/post2015/files/files/Chair%20Summary%20Informal%20consultation%20CFS%20FinalDraft.pdf


Food Security and nutrition,hostedbythegovernmentsofspainandcolombia,washeldinMadridon4April.itconvenedaround40highlevelpersonalitiesrepresentinggovernments,unagencies,researchinstitutions,non-governmentalorganizations,includingconsumersanddevelopmentngos,producersorganizations,indigenouspeoples’networks,theprivatesector,andfinancialinstitutions.Thehigh-leveldialoguewasfacilitatedbythespecialrepresentativeofthesecretary-generalforFoodsecurityandnutritiononthebasisoftheelementsincludedinthebrieffortheMadridconsultation.Thehigh-levelconsulta-tiondiscussedavisionandbuildingblocksforFoodsecurityandnutritioninthePost2015Agenda.Theresultsofthehigh-leveldialogueareincludedinthechairsandco-leadsreport(referredtoas“theMadridoutcomedocument”)andweresharedwiththeunsecretary-general,whodeliveredaspeechattheendoftheMadridmeeting.

TheparticipantsattheMadridhigh-levelconsultationfurtherdisseminatedthedocumenttotheirconstituencies,andshareditwithpartners.Thedocumenthasbeenreferencedbydifferentstakeholdersinseveralmeetings,anditsoutcomeswerepartiallyincludedinthereportofthehigh-levelPanelofeminentexperts.

PoPulATion dYnAMics

TheglobalthematicconsultationonPopulationdynamicssoughttoprovideanauthoritativepositiononhowpopulationdynamicsaffectdevelop-mentchallenges,andabroad-basedconsensusonhowpopulationdynamics

arebestaddressedinthepost-2015developmentagenda.Theconsulta-tion,whichbenefitedfromgenerousfinancialsupportfromthegovernmentofswitzerlandandthehewlettFoundation,wasledjointlybythegovernmentsofswitzerlandandbangladesh.onbehalfoftheinternationalagencies,theconsul-tationwasledbyunFPA,undesA,unhabitatandioMinclosecollaborationwithundP,unAids,un-Women,ohchr,ilo,FAoandWFP.

Theconsultationinvolvedane-consultationcomponent–includingfocuseddiscussionsonhighfertilityandpopulationgrowth,lowfertilityandpopulationageing,internalandinternationalmigration,andurbaniza-tion–aswellasaseriesofface-to-faceconsultationswithleadingacademics(19–20november2012,newyork),theprivatesector(23January2013,newyork)andcivilsociety(18–19February2013,geneva).discussionswithMemberstateswereheldinnewyork(22January2013)andgeneva(22February2013).AgloballeadershipmeetingwithMemberstates(11–12March2013,dhaka)concludedthisseriesofconsultations.

WATer

ThethematicconsultationonWater,launchedinnovember2012,wassupportedbythegovernmentsofJordan,liberia,Mozambique,Thenetherlandsandswitzerland,andco-facilitatedbyuniceF,un-desAandunWater.Thegeneralglobalconsultationreachedouttopeoplebroadlyinterestedinwaterandencouragedthemtosharetheirviews.Morespecifically,threesub-consultationsencouragedweeklyin-depthdiscus-sionsaroundthetopicalstreamsof:Water,sanitationandhygiene;WaterresourcesManagement;andWastewater

ManagementandWaterQuality.

Theconsultationconsistedofseveralcomplementaryapproaches.itexpandedoutwardthroughliveevents,socialmedia(withdedicatedTwitterandFacebookaccounts)andaninteractivewebsitetoengageandamplifythousandsofdiversevoices.TheWorldWeWant2015onlineconsultationspaceregistered57735uniqueuserswhogenerated201207totalpageviews,1306websitecomments,and2109pollresponses.newperspectivesfrompeoplein185Memberstatesrespondedtoweeklytopicsofwidespreadconcern.high-levelmeetingsabsorbedviewsofgovernment,businessandcivilsocietyfromThehaguetoMonrovia,liberia;geneva,switzerland;Tunis,Tunisia;Mumbai,india;andback.Face-to-facedialogueswerebolsteredandinformedthroughweb-basedforums,interactivepageviews,comments,pollresponses,livevideofeeds,e-discus-sions,surveys,reportsandmuchmore.combined,theconsultationprovedtobeanexpansiveinternationaloutreachprocess.overthecourseoffivemonthsofactiveparticipationofstakeholders,itemergedthatlinkagesexistbetweenseveraloftheconsultationthemes;butwaterunderpinseachandeveryone.

TheWaterthematicconsultationreachedapeakon21-22March2013atahigh-levelmeetingthatwasheldinThehagueinconjunctionwiththecele-brationsofWorldWaterday.There,thehigh-levelForumadoptedastatementwhichsetanewcourseforconcertedactionandglobaldirection,capturingwater’simportancetothepost-2015developmentframework.

Thesynthesisreportoftheconsulta-tion’sfindingswasavailableforpubliccommentbeforefinalization.

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/post2015/sites/post2015/files/files/Vision_and_Building_Blocks_for_Global_Agenda.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/post2015/sites/post2015/files/files/Vision_and_Building_Blocks_for_Global_Agenda.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/post2015/sites/post2015/files/files/Synthesis_Report_Madrid_EN.pdf




Annex 3: the uniteD nAtionS DeVeloPMent grouP

desA departmentofeconomicandsocialAffairs

FAo FoodandAgricultureorganizationoftheunitednations

iFAd internationalFundforAgriculturaldevelopment

ilo internationallabourorganization

iTu internationalTelecommunicationsunion

ohchr officeofthehighcommissionerforhumanrights

ohrlls officeofthehighrepresentativefortheleastdevelopedcountries,landlockeddevelopingcountriesandsmallislanddevelopingcountries

osAA officeofusg-specialAdvisoronAfrica

regionalcommissions (ecA,ece,eclAc,escAP,escWA–rotatingannually)

srsg/cAc specialrepresentativeofthesecretary-generalforchildrenandArmedconflict

unAids JointunitednationsProgrammeonhiV/Aids

uncTAd unitednationsconferenceonTradeanddevelopment

undP unitednationsdevelopmentProgramme

undPi unitednationsdepartmentofPublicinformation

uneP unitednationsenvironmentProgramme

unesco unitednationseducational,scientificandculturalorganization

unFPA unitednationsPopulationFund

unhabitat unitednationshumansettlementsProgramme

unhcr unitednationshighcommissionerforrefugees

uniceF unitednationschildren’sFund

unido unitednationsindustrialdevelopmentorganization

unodc unitednationsofficeondrugsandcrime

unoPs unitednationsofficeforProjectservices

unWomen unitednationsentityforgenderequalityandtheempowermentofWomen

unWTo unitednationsWorldTourismorganization

WFP WorldFoodProgramme

Who Worldhealthorganization

WMo WorldMeteorologicalorganization

oBserVers

director,officeofthedeputysecretarygeneral

officeforthecoordinationofhumanitarianAffairs(ochA)

spokesmanforthesecretary-general

unitednationsFundforinternationalPartnerships(unFiP)

Worldbank





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A Million Voices: The World We Want