A MARKET REPORT ONNATURAL HONEY IN

MALAYSIA

m

'<*>

July, 1980 Industrial Studies & Surveys Division

A MARKET REPORT ON NATURAL HONEYIN FENINSUUB MAUYSIA

USiis report is intended forpromotion of this idea. Thefigures presented here areindicative and in order toformulate more definiteconclusions, a detailedstu<% needs to be carried out

July, 1980 Industrial Studies & Surveys Division

Access. No.

Class No.

A Market Report on Natural Honey

SUMMARY Page1. Introduction 1

1.1 Product Description . x1.2 Uses of Honey X

2* Existing Status of Natural Honey Production 2in Peninsular Malaysia

3. Markets and Marketing of Natural Honey 33*1 Local Market for Natural Honey 3

3.1.1 Imports of Natural Honey k3-1*2 Exports of Natural Honey 53«1«3 Local Demand for Natural Honey 73*1»4 Prices of Natural Honey 83-1.5 Marketing Channels for Natural Honey 93.1.6 Competition 103.1.7 Quality of Natural Honey 10

3.2 IVorld Production, Supply and Demand for Natural Honey 113.2.1 World Production 113.2.2 World Exports (Supply) of Honey 133.2.3 World Imports (Demand) for Honey 14

4. Prospects for Natural Honey 174.1 Factors Favouring the Establishments of Honey 17

Industries4.2 Factors Affecting World Honey Production and Supply 18

5. Conclusions 18

SUMMARY

Honey is a sweet viscous liquid produced by honeybeesfrom nectar of plants. It has several used such as in food,medicine and cosmetic. In Peninsular Malaysia, beekeeping industryis still in an infant stage. It is mainly undertaken by farmersas a part-time business. Local demand for honey is largely met byimports from Australia, China and the United States, Imports ofhoney increased yearly at an average of 33*2$ from 197 - 19?8»The price of local honey is determined by the type, quality andsupply and it ie important that locally-produced honey is pure,clean and uniform in appearance in order to compete with importedhoney. Local honey competes also with artificial honey, syrup andjam. World major producers of honey are the United States, Mexicoand China. However, in terms of production exported Mexico,Argentina, China and Australia are the major exporters. The majorimporters of honey are West Germany, the United States, Japan andthe United Kingdom. «'orld production of honey was 665,000 metrictons in 1976, however, only 2 .9$ of it entered the internationalmarket. Since 1970, it was reported that there was a shortage asv/orld supply did not expand correspondingly with world demand. Inview of the world shortage and potential demand for honey in PeninsularMalaysia it is possible that the honey industry in Peninsular Malaysiacould be developed further.

A Market Heport on Natural Honey

1. Introduction

1.1 Produc-l; Description

Honey is a sweet viscous liquid produced byhoneybees from nectar of the plants. The nectar is ripenedinto honey by the inversion of sucrose sugar of nectar intolevuloee (fructose) ana dextrose (glucose) and by the removalof excess moisture. The honey is then stored in honey comb.

Honey contains rnainly sucrose sugar and othersubstances that occur in minute amounts such as minerals andaminc acids; vitamins; proteins and related compounds, aromaand flavour substances, enzymes &nd other trace substances.It is learnt that honey varies in composition of the abovesubstances according to the floral source, environmentalconditions (chiefly relative humidity), ripeness whenextracted, methods used in processing and conditions ofstorage* The composition of these substances will certainlyhave an effect on the quality of the product.

1.2 tJsee of Honey

Honey had been used as a food item in the oldendays as an available source of sugar. But today honey iscommonly used to sweeten and give special flavour to foodsuch as breakfast cereals, fruits, candies and baked focd.It had been reported in the Encyclopaedia Britannica thatthe tendency of honey to absorb mositure offers slightproblems to candies; but to baked food, this hygroscopicproperty of the honey causes these food to absorb and

retain moisture for a long time* As a result, thousandsof pounds of honey are being used annually in making breadsand cookies (biscuits). Honey has also been used in icecream manufacture to replace all or a part of the sugar.Honey has medicinal virtues* For example, some physicianshave recommended honey with milk for feeding infants,especially those suffering from rickets, scurvy, malnutrition,anemia, inflammation of the intestines and the effects ofprematurity. Honey provides an extended source of energy tothe athletes and others who are engaged in strenous physicallabour. It is interesting that honey is further used as afacial pack in the beauty parlour, in hand lotions, incuring pipe bowls, in cigarettes, chewing tobacco and gums,as a spray adherent and as a preservative for eggs in coldstorage.

2. Existing Status of Natural Honey Productionin Peninsular Malaysia

In Peninsular Malaysia, beekeeping for obtaining honeycan be considered to be in its infant stage. At present, honeyis obtained from small-scale beekeepers and from skilled honeycollectors who hunt for beehives from place to place. It hasbeen reported on a "Malaysia*! Panorama" article that beekeepingis generally being carried out by farmers as a part-time businessin rural areas and the honey obtained is mainly for their privateconsumption. The report further added that beekeeping is a viableand profitable business, and as such many farmers had indicatedinterest to go on a commercial scale. As beekeeping can contributeto the country in the diversification of its labour and economy,as well as augment the income of the farmers, a move to raisebeekeeping will fall in line with the Malaysiafs New Economic

Policy which is geared specially towards eradication of povertyin the country and raising of standard of living in the ruralsectors. On the basis of the above, honey production appears tohold a great potential to become a viable industry.

Beekeeping is an art of caring for and manipulating thecolonies of honeybees (Apis Species) so that they will produce andstore a quantity of honey above their own requirements. Bees areconsidered not harmful creatures provided that they are handledtactfully. Bees are easy to domesticate and no special skillsare required, except that a sound knowledge about their habits andnature is required. In practice keen observation and attentionto details are necessary* For example, it is important to producequeen bees vigorously at all times, so that the rate of egg layingenablee old queen bees to be replaced after one or two years.Another example is to gather the honey by using smoke to driveaway or drug the bees instead of burning the beehives. In thisway, the bee colonies can return and start honey production afresh.In general, beekeeping management is rather simple. On this basic,it is reported that the district of Bentong in Pahang and thedistrict of Lower Perak in Perak are the two leading honeyproducing states. It is expected that these two states willincrease their honey production as more farmers take keen interestin beekeeping.

3, Markets and Marketing, of Natural Honey

3.1 Local Market for Natural Honey

3.1.1 Imports of Natural Honey

The imports of natural honey for PeninsularMalaysia for the period 197 - 1978 are shown inTable 1 below:-

Table 1

Import of Natural Honey into Peninsular Malaysia(SITC 061600)

(Qty.: in Ibs.; Value in

1974

Australia

China

U.S.

Others

Total

Qty.

126,374

227, 44C

9,671

15,799

379,284

Value

185,595

282,977

17,539

12,637

498,748

1975

Qty.

92,303

149,666

3,720

966

246,655-

Value

128,675

158,301

7,870

1,938

296,784

1976

Qty.

165,357

211,578

14 (88o

2,657

394,472

Value

241,363

221,56?

23i959

5,725

492,614

1977

Qty.

354,056

531,914

1,440

10,800

898,210

Value

614,303

503,148

3,908

16,397

1,137,756i

1978

Qty.

8,843

297,237

1,485

14,288

721,853

Value

910,457

329,056

3,791

17,462

1,260,766j

Source: Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur.

From the above Table, it is seen thatthe quantity of imports of natural honey intopeninsular Malaysia had generally been on theupward trend, increasing at an average rate of33.2$ per annum over the period 197 - 19?S.It is noted that 1977 was the peak year duringxvhich Peninsular Malaysia had imported mere than850,000 Ibs. of natural honey valued at about$1.1 million. The substantial increase in the 1977imports was du& to the increase in imports fromAustralia and China. The above Table shows thatAustralia and China are the most important suppliersof natural honey, followed by the United States.Other countries also supply natural honey, but insmall quantities individually. These countries, forexample, are Formosa, Thailand, Indonesia and Indi-.

3.1.2 Exports of Natural Honey

The total exports of natural honey fromPeninsular Malaysia arc shown in the Table below:-

6 -

Table 2

Total Exports of Natural Honey FromPeninaular Malaysia (SITC 061600)

(Qty.: in Ibs.; Value in ft)

Countries

Pong KongSfcb-ahPhilippines

SingaporeOthers

Total Exports

Ho -Exports

197

Qty,

_

-•*

3 3

3*3

331

Val.

_

-

1,5*5

1,5*5

1,*51

1975 i

Qty.

211

-

"

698

909

26

Val.

971-

^

1,078

2,049

80

1976

Qty.

250415187

1,815-

2,66?

-

Val.

1,7331,776787

2,491-

6,787_

1977

Qty.

986735

2,646-

*,36?

2,646

Val.

3,8622,701

3,582-

10,145

3,582

1978

Qty.

_

Val.

_

6,084-

6,084

10,583-

10,583

5,376; 9,576

Source: Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur,

The above Table shows that total export ofnatural honey had generally be on the increase for theperiod 197* - 1978. Export markets of natural honeywere mainly Singapore, Hong Kong and Sabah during theperiod 197 - 1978, The Table shows that there appwrxsgood potential for exports of natural honey to Singapore,Hong Kong and Sabah. It is noted that re-exports wereexceptionally

3.1*3 Local Demand for Natural Honey

4s there is no official statistics on thelocal demand for natural honey, such demand has tobe estimated. It is noted that local production ofnatural honey is small and generally for privatehousehold consumption, the estimated local demandfor natural honey therefore needs to be derived fromthe imports and exports of natural honey, as shownin the Table below;-

Table 3

Apparent Consumption of Natural Honey___in Peninsular Malaysia______

(Qty.: in Ibs.)

Year

19741975197619771978

TotalImports

379,284

246,6 5394,472898,219721,853

TotalExports

343909

2,6674,3676,084

Apparent ..Consumption

378,941245,746391,805893,843715,769

I/ Apparent consumption is equivalent to totalimports minus total exports, since there isnegligible local production of natural honey.

Source: Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur.

From the above Table, it can be noted thatPeninsular Malaysia is a net importer of natural honey,and net imports, which are indicative for the localdemand for natural honey, having been increasing over

the yoars* As natural honey has several uses,particularly the use for medicinal and naturitionalvirtues, the potential local demand natural honeycan be great in the later years once more consumersbecome aware of the virtues of natural honey. Furtlu r-more, natural honey can be better substitutes toartificial honey syrups and concentrates*

Price of Natural Honey

The price of local honey in the local marketis determined by the type, quality ar,d supply. Whenthe supply is in abundance the price is reducedconsiderably. It is usually packed in a bottle/jar.The retail price is generally between S6.00 - £10,GCfor a pint.

On the other hand, honey imported fromAustralia, United States, New Zealand and China ispriced between &2.00 - $6.00 per bottle.

Import prices of honey are influenced by &number of factors ae follows:-

(i) Production conditions and domesticdemand in exporting countries;

(ii) Production conditions and nature ofdemand in importing countries;

(iii) Quality and type of honey availablefor export;

(iv) Availability of competitive productsand prevailing market prices of suchsubstitute.

9 -

Marketing Channel for Natural Honey

There is no organised marketing channel forlocal natural honey. Locally produced honey is generallysold by beekeepers direct to retailers or consumer.However, imported natural honey generally follow adistribution pattern as shown in a simplified diagrambelow;-

OvePro

4'Agent/Importer

bulk honeyi1

Industrial -User

rseaducei

iij

'S 'IAgent/ !Importer j._ „, , 1

1

bottle lioneyi

, .. ,;, Wholesaler/ jSetailer j

iiJr

Consumer :•w_ '

Agents/Importers normally have a verysound knowledge of prevailing market conditions.Kius they are able to follow market development inorder to exploit market possibilities to the benefitof the supplier and the buyer. Agents/Importersdeal mainly in bulk honey. Tboy supply bulk honeyto industrial users. Bulk honey is also sole direct

10

to industrial users from the overseas producer-Agents/Iraporters also sell bottled honey to wholo-salers or retailers. Bottled honey is also importeddirect from the overseas producers by the wholesoleraor retailers before it reaches the consumers.

3.1.6 Competition

Local honey competes with imported honey andwith other substitutes such as artificial honey, syrups,jams, jellies and preserves. For consumers who are veryprice conscious and who regard honey as merely anotherspread, without being aware of its nutritional valuesas natural health food, they would prefer the substitutesmentioned above. On the other hand, consumers who arewilling tc pay higher prices for honey, are less likelyto accept these substitutes. For industrial uses themajor substitutes for industrial honey are sugar, invertsugar syrup, corn syrup, and isomerized honey. It is •/,hi$i fructose corn syrup which is cheap and almostperfect substitute for honey, especially in productsin which flavour is unimportant. In the U.S. there isa trend among food processors to use small quantitiesof honey in their end-products in order to include theword 'honey1 among the ingredients listed on th-- lr-.col.

3*1.7 Quality of Natural Honey

The quality of natural honey varies froc-country to country but the usual criteria for thedetermination of quality required by consumers areas follows:-

LKPM

11

(a) pure (without adulteration)(b) clean i.e. free from filth and

foreign matters(c) uniform in appearance

In this country, locally produced honeyis produced in small quantities and therefore is noquality control over the product by the producers.It is important for local producers to meet the abovequality criteria in order to compete with importedhoney. Should local producers go on commercialproduction, and for export it is important to ensurethat the honey conforms to the honey legislation orfood regulation of the country of destination.

3ȣ World Production and Market for Natural Honey

3-2.1 «or3ld ProductionWorld production of natural honey had been

estimated by the U.S. Foreign Agriculture to be morethan 590,000 metric tons each year since 197 but FAOhad estimated it to be more than 800,000 metric tonnesbut FAO had admitted that this estimate is onlyindicative. 'The world production of natural honeyfor the period 197** - 1977 is shown in the Tablebelow:-

- 12 -

Table 4

World Production and Honey by Regions,. _ 3,974 - 1977

('000 metric tons)

Hegions

North & Central AmericaSouth AmericaWestern Europe a/

Eastern Europe b/AfricaAsia c/OceaniaUSSR

World Total

Average1968-1973

164.644.3,61.647.653-793.124,370.0

559.0

1974

160.049.964.451.459.9106.626.279.0

597.4

1975

162.048.255.644.861.0117.127.476.1

592.2

1976

173-954.185-749.264.3119.528.690.0

1977

168.344.563.952.064.4128.725.495.0

665.3 642.2

Source: U.S. Department of AgricultureForeign Agriculture Circular, October, 1977

a/ - c/ Excluded USSB

From the above table, it is seen that North& Central America, Asia and USSR regions are theleading producing regions of natural honey in theworld. In 1977* the North & Central America region,United States and Mexico are the most importantproducers, producing 27.9$ and 50.8$ respectively,of the total production in the region, and in Asianregion, China and Turkey produced 50.5$ and 15.5 'respectively. T&e details of other countries producing

13

natural honey are given in Appendix I.

3.2.2 World Exports (Supply) of Honey

World exports of natural honey indicatesthe available supplied of natural honey in theinternational markets. These world exports areshown in the Table below: -

Table

Exports of Natural Honeyby Regions, 1974-1976

1

Regions

Korth CentralAmericaSouth AmericaTuSSS".Aircpe a/

Asia b/Oceania c/

•,'iorid Total

Average1968-1972

Total

41,762

17,1703,7*022,67117,8508,091

111,284

% ofPro-ductionExported

25.*

38.95.320.819.033.3

19.9 .

1974

Total

33,835

15,7607,40023,58412,8625,739

99,180

% of

i1975

Pro- Totalduct ion jExported

24.1

31.69.420.412.021.9

16.6

46,214

27.6794,37628,27517,65210,164

13*, 360

% ofPro-ductionExported

28.5

57.*5.828.216.037-1

22.7

1976

Total% ofPro-ductionExported

64,791 37-3

36,552j 67.64,000; 4.4

27,374! 23- £20,429| 17.012,457 . 4>.6i >»• I... '- ,165,603! 24-9i

C/ & b/ Excludes USSR

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture"Foreign Agriculture Circular",Oct, 1977.

In 1976, though the estimated worldproduction of natural honey was 665iOOO metric tons,it is noted that only 2 .9 of it entered the inter-national markets. It had been noted that North &Central America, Asia and USSR had been leadingproducing regions, but in terms of percentage ofexports, only 37-3&1 17&» ^»k% of their productionrespectively entered the international trade. Theleading countries that export substantial quantitiesof their honey are Mexico, Argentina, China andAustralia as given in Appendix II, Although Chinaand Australia are the leading exporters but theyexport oaly 37«1$ and 53-5$ of their productionrespectively as shown in Appendix III* It had beenreported by the International Trade Centre that theproportion of production exported as a whole and byeach region depends not only on world demand but alsoon such factors as local demand, the quality of thehoney, market knowledge and marketing experience.

3.2.3 World Imports (Demand) for Honey

World imports of honey indicates the aggregatedemand for natural honey by international markets.These world imports are shown in the Table below:-

15

Table 6

Imports of Natural Honey by SpecifiedCountries - 1974 - 1976____

(Qty.: metric torus)

Countries

Uest GermanyUnited StatesJapanUnited KingdomNetherlandsFranceSwitzerlandAustriaBelgium & Luxemborg

n/Others

Total• ii i

Average1968-1972

45,4828,24615,47016,7712,9994,9603,7253,1022,2915,511

108,557

1974

42,25111,79314,92510,2723,2053,2645,1343,5172,4635,653

102,477

1975

50,76121,03818,09117,4794,3585,7714,2413,4733,1837,202

135,597

1

1976

50,07830,12023,7 913,6935,818 '5,618'+,7074,1314,1319.W

151,183

a/ Countries which import more than2,000 metric tons honey.

b/ Preliminary figures.Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

'Foreign Agricultural Circular1Oct., 1977.

From the table it is seen that there is aconsiderable increase in the world demand for naturalhoney as shown by the world imports. Although thereis a considerable world production of natural honey,but the increase in world exports from producingcountries are not able to meet the increase in worlddemand. The International Trade Centre reported thatthe expansion in world demand has not been followed bya corresponding expansion in supply, and there was infact been a shortage of honey since 1970. TheInternational Trade Centre added that high prices havenot led to significant slacking in demand, especiallyin the major importing countries, although demand forindustrial honey has dropped in some markets, forinstance, the United States and the Nettherlands.

The above table also shows that West Germany,the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom arethe leading importers are also the industrialisedcountries. It is reported that high increases inworld demand in the later years can bo expected on thebasis of the following factors, naraely:-

(i) high living standards inindustrialised countries;

(ii) greater consumer interest innatural and health food products;

(iii) the emergence of new importingcountries e.g. Japan which waspreviously a net exporter ofhoney;

1?

(iv) more aggressive marketing policieson the part of packers and retailorganizations in some major markets,

Prospects for Natural Honey

Factors ftyourjjfte the Jtetablishment of. HoneyIndustries in Peaiastilar Malaysia

The following factors favour the establishment ofhoney industries in Peninsular Malaysia.

(i) Peninsular Malaysia has extremely richfloral life which can support largenumber of bee colonies.

(ii) Being a non-perishable commodity honeyis easy to store.

(iii) Expansion in bakeries and biscuit manu-facturing give rise to great marketpotential for high quality honey.

(iv) Honey production requires very lowinvestment, mainly for the wooden boxesthat shelter beehives,

(v) Honey production requires little labourand maintenance.

On the basis of the above factors, it is possiblethe honey industry can be developed in the future as asmall-scale industry.

18

Factors Affecting World Hoaey Production and Supply

factors affecting world honey production andsupply are as follows i-

(i) Most of tho honey currently produced isof a quality and flavour unsuited forexport.

(ii) There are problems of collection, transportand storage*

(iii) Hiere is a shortage of trained beekeepingmanagement and personnel.

(iv) There is insufficient knowledge of marketsand insufficient marketing training andexperience.

(v) Facilities for extraction and processing ofhoney are generally inadequate.

(vi) Although substantial amounts of honey has beenproduced, a large proportion of it is concumodlocally. Only a relatively small proportion ofthe honey is exported.

On the basis of the above factors, it is expected ther-.

would still be an enormous export potential for natural hcnoyin the future*

Conclusion

1. The honey industry in this country is still under- developedbut there is a great potential for the development of small-scale industry. Each year Peninsular Malaysia imports sub-stantial quantities of natural honey amounting to more than

19 -

SI million since 1977? and the apparent consumption ofthis product is noted to be increasing ever the period1974 - 1978. This represents a potential for import-substitution and the development of this small-scaleindustry would supplement farmers income and raise it toa higher standard of living.

2. However, it is important for honey producers to observethe quality of the product, especially local producers needto compete with the imported natural honey and with artificialhoney. Given the ri$it quality of the product, and the rightprice together with effective marketing promotional strategyit is possible for local producers to penetrate into thelocal market.

3. World production of honey is substantial amounting to morethan 590,000 metric tons each year since 197*U However, itis noted that comparatively very small proportion of theproduction is exported by these producers into the inter-national market. It is reported by the International TradeCentre that a shortage/shortfall for honey will continue tooccur as world demand exceeds world supply. On this basis,one will expect that the prospect for honey in the inter-national trade scene is good, given the condition thatexports of honey meet the required quality by the inter-national markets.

*f. From the above view point, it is possible for local producersto expand the honey industry to meet local demand, and laterto explore the international markets.

Appendix I

Production in Specified Countries(Average 1968-72, Annual 1974-1977)

(Quantity in '000 metric tons)

Ss^ior, & Country

North AmericaGs.n£i.cia,

Mexico

U.S.Others

Total

South America>irgentinaColombiaBrazilChileOthers

Total

Western Europeg;eet GermanyjJVancs

opainOth ars

Total

Eastern EuropePolandRomania

ilungaryOthers

Total

Average1968 - 1972

21.833.C99.09.9

164.6

19.89.07.06.32.0

44.1

14.410.2

9.227.8

61.6

9.07-77.0

23-9

47.6

1974 1975

20.8 21.142.0 38.084.013.2

160.0

27.09.74.16.42.7

49.9

16.59.79.5

28.7

64.4

10.98.68,6

23.3

51.4

89.113.8

162.0

23.610.05.06.92.7

48.2

8.89.0

10.527.3

55.6

7.49.27.8

20.4

44.8

1976

25.444.090.613.9

173.9

28,010.2

5.57.52.9

54.1

22.020.011.032.7

85.7

9.69.87.6

22.2

1977

22.047.0

85.513.3

168.3

18.210.55.5$.02.3

44.5

16.05.5

12.030.4

63.9

10.010.0

8.024.0

49.2 52.0

Region & Company

AfricaEthiopiaMalagasy RepublicTanzaniaOthers

Total

Asia

•China, f.R. of

Turkey! India

Others

Total

!Oc's-unia

•iuetralicNew Zealand

?ot; a

IPSR

t*orltl Total

Average1968-1972

17-510.17.518.6

53.7

45,014. 10,033-7

93.1

18.95.

24.3

70.0

559-0

1974

18.811.06.2

23.9

59.9

50.017.213-026.4

106.6

21.25.0

26.2

79.0

597.4

1975

19.211.27.123.5

61.0

60.017.114.026,0

117.1

20.66.8

27.4

76.1

! 592.2

1976

19.411.47.526.0

64.3——————

55.019.018.027.5

119.5

21.47.2

28.6

90.0

665.3

1977 j

!

18.511.58.026.4

64.4

!

65.020.017.026.7

128.7

17.97.5

25.4

95.0

642.2

Source: US Department of AgricultureForeign Agriculture Circular, October,1977

Appendix II

Honey: imports by Specified Countries

(Qty: In Metric tofc)

Countries «*•

,1

Mexico 25,484

-irgantina ; 16,447China, Peoples ^^Kep.

Australia 7,147rlui^ry 5,200opain i 4.7O2&:iiada 5,167

'U.*.i;.a. 3,740.tonfii-a* 3,851

J * i» • j? , 42o

Others ! 18,268

I-ot.'il 111,284

Percentageof Kxport

22.914.8

16

6.44.74.24.53.43.53.1

16.5

100

1974

22,16814,452

12,862

4,7135,4746,3113,1717,4003,6322,073

16,924

99,180

Percentageof Export

22.414.6

12.9

4.85.56,43.27.4

• 3.22

17.1

100

1975

30,09722,639

17,652

9,6107,8885,6954,7024,3764,5171,810

25,374

134,360

Per c en tagof Export

22.416.8

7.25-94.23.53.33.41.4

18.8

100

3 1976

47,83730,352

20,429

11,4577,5036,0004,7434,0002,4892,125

28,459

"165,603

Par cent a $of &xporl

28.918.3

12.4

74.53.62.92.41.51.3

17.2

100

Source: US Department of Agriculture Foroignagriculture Circular1 October, 1977

Honey: Report by Specified Countries in1_________1976_____________

Appendix III

(Qty: la Metric tons)

Countries

fiexicc*jrgentinaHungry-Spain-^ustraliaChina, People's H«p.jricnaniaCanada

U.S.S.R.U.S.

Others b/

! ToteJ.

Production

44,00028,0007,600

11,000

21, to)55,0009,800

25,40090,00090,600

282,500

665,300

iibcport

^7,837>0,3527,5086,000

11,45720,429

2,4894,74^4,0002,129

28,459

165,603

Percentage of 'Production %ported

a/ 108.7a/ 108.4

98.854.553.537.125.418.74.42.4

10.1

24.9

These figures are very odd because exports are greaterthan production.

b/ Includes countries such as West Germany, France, ITurky,Colmabie that export in very small quantities.