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Mesoamerica: Late Postclassic Sites;ANTH 325; Fall 2013
A map of the layout of the archaeological site of Tula, Hidalgo
Tula Panorama
Tula Panorama
Columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula
• Tarascan or Purépecha state rivaled Aztec
empire in territory.
• Tzintzuntzan was capital with 35,000
people.
• Aztec attempts to conquer Tarascans were
met with stiff resistance, well-trained
military and forts along their borders.
• Produced copper, bronze, and gold objects.
Oaxaca had the Post Classic town of Mitla.
Intricate mosaic veneer on facades of buildings and murals.
A Zapotec religious center.
Yucatan Peninsula
Chichén Itza: dominant Maya center during early Postclassic - A.D.1000
Toltec period of Chichén Itza: A.D.1000 - 1250.
Chichén Itzá, 900 – 1100ADYucatán Peninsula, Mexico
Chichén Itzá, Panorama
Chichén Itzá: El Castillo/Templo de Kukulkán
Red Jaguar Throne Inside El Castillo
Chichén Itzá: Serpent Columns at Temple of 1000 Warriors
Chichén Itzá: Chac Mool and Serpent Columns at Temple of 1000 Warriors
Chichén Itza:
The Observatory
Mayan calendars and astronomy
Solar calendar:
• 356 days: 18 months by 20 days each with five additional unlucky days
• Agriculture and marketing
Lunar calendar:
• 260 days: 13 months by 20 days each, • astrology, fate of individuals and the
empire.
Causes of the Rise of Mayan Civilization
• Trade Networks: Trade in obsidian, salt, stone; Cobá
• Hydraulic Theory: Irrigation; Campeche
• Social-environmental circumscription:• limited water resources• forced to population to congregate around cenotes• administrators that controlled water became the elite• works for Chichén Itzá
Chichén Itzá’s Cenote
Chichén Itzá Sacbe
1) Aztec City States, Ethnic Groups, and Polities2) “Aztec” refers to Nahuatl-speaking peoples of highland Central Mexico. Aztec-people from Aztlan, “White Land”, a mythical place to the NW.3) Mexica, an ethnic group-people from Metzliapán, “Moon Lake” their name for Lake Texcoco.
4) Mexica, Acolhua, Tepanec, and Tlahuica are ethnic groups, all of who speak Nahuatl5) In 1428, Aztecs established alliance of three polities;
a) Tenochtitlán (Mexica), b) Texcoco (Acolhua), and c) Tlacopan (dissident Tepanec polity).
6) Tenochtitlán’s site where eagle seated on a cactus eating a snake was spotted.7) Population of around 200,000 people.8) Great marketplace of Tlatelolco was attended by over 60,000 people daily.9) Chinampas produced 7 crops per year and provided over half of the basic food needs of Tenochtitlán.