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A Manual on Pesticides Used in Cocoa
RPB 2013; Cocoa_Pesticides_Abidjan13 v. 1.0
Roy Bateman,
International Pesticide Application Research Consortium (IPARC), UK
Abidjan, 11 December 2013
Achieving sustainable intensification?
Pesticides subject of debate …
Controversy, various stakeholders
Why a manual?
Specific advice requested from ICCO member countriesNeglected subject, no existing manual focusing on pesticide issues in cocoa1st edition (August 2008) - focus on W. Africa and new EU/Japan regulations2nd edition: finalised March 2010
… emphasis on Africa and EU, because:
http://www.icco.org/statistics/cocoamap.pdf
3rd Edition : update 2013
Free to down-load on www.icco.org/SPS
Regular online updates (especially pesticide lists) –3-4 times /year
Complicated and inter-disciplinary, so…
3rd Edition (end 2013)
Updates (and corrections!)
New section on pesticide application
Re-organisation with main sections on
– The major pesticide groups
– Other quality issues
More on Latin American issues
Finalised version for translation: French (and other languages?)
Contents1. Introduction (regulatory)
2. Pesticides and their properties
3. Safety, residues (and how to manage them)
4. Application methods
5. Good agricultural practices
6. Good warehouse practices
7. Recommendations
Appendices including:
– Active substance (AI) lists - not products – based on literature, CABI surveys, etc.
– National regulatory responsibilities
Background
“How to do?”
Recommendations
Principal management issues:
• phytosanitation
• (limited) efficacy of control
agents
The Moniliophthora diseases
• Witches’ broom
Moniliophthora (Crinipellis)
perniciosa
• Frosty pod rot (FPR)
Moniliophthora roreri
Regular updates (especially pesticide lists) on: http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/cocoa_SPS_blog.htm
Pesticide lists: Appendix 3 becoming more complicated: global scope, 1st Edition had 2 categories (useful / do not use)
A. ‘Strategic list’ for key pests (effectively recommendations, EU/Japanese/US import tolerances and evidence of efficacy)
B. Compounds to be used with great CAUTION (major issues, limited time remaining, etc)
C. Lists of experimental control agents for possible future inclusion in category ‘A’
D. Pesticides that MUST NOT BE USED for cocoa
Continuously, issues arise …Neo-nicotinoidcontroversy then EU moratorium in 2013
Bee hives commonly encountered in cocoa gardens
… but bees not the most important natural pollinators …
Pollinators
Entwistle (1972):
“It is doubtful if the effects of insecticides on insect pollination of cocoa or on the pollination mechanism have been adequately investigated”
Since 2010
***
Source: Kenji Kaminaga, Kuala Lumpur, 2011
… so would it be appropriate to place some NNI insecticides (e.g.imidacloprid) in category B: ‘Recommend/use with great caution’?
For discussion this afternoon.!
Certification
“… conserve biodiversity and ensure sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use practices, business practices and consumer behaviour.”
Code of Conduct covering GAP, social and environmental criteria; certification.
Labour, economic, environmental and phytosanitary standards: GAP, maintenance of soil fertility and water resources; no GMOs
• putting farmers “at the centre”; improving incomes; transparency; traceability for consumers
Quality and food safety in CertificationHow the different codes address quality
Industry UTZ Rainforest
Alliance
FAIR
TRADE
Physical quality
Flavour quality
Mitigation of FFAs
Mitigation of
pesticide residues
Minimising PAH
Minimising Ota
Traceability/lot
integrity/fumigation
Courtesy Martin Gilmour
Responsible Pesticide Use (RPU)a sub-set of GAP and IPM:
How to apply?
What to apply?
When to
apply?
targeting …
Application issues
Minimum requirements,‘Intermediate technology’ needed?
A reference
The Manual now covers techniques for cocoa
Hitting the target …
How much spray lands on the biological target?
Extension message: “spray run-off”?
Smallholders: variable cone nozzles>90% of sprayers use these in some countries …
… are impossible to calibrate reliably !!
‘squirting’ - extremely inefficient …
… and makes poor canopy management appear legitimate …
Extension message No 1 ...... pods must be accesible
Tall trees are difficult:
to monitor
to harvest
to spray !
cou
rtes
y J.
Co
op
er, N
RI
Double rateLabel rateHalf rate
time after applicationPHI
MRL
(axes are linear)
Pesticide breakdownAvoiding illegal residues:
Pre-Harvest Intervals
Application → dosage
Do
se o
n ‘t
arge
t’ (e.g
. po
d)
If farmers can’t calibrate their sprayers, how do they know if they are under/over dosing?
Variable cone nozzles:
designed-in Bad Agricultural Practice?
Variable nozzle variability:
What not to recommend to a farmer !
Output from 3 variable cone nozzles
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
number of turns
flo
w r
ate
L.m
in-1
0
150
300
450
600
750
VM
D, -D
v,0
.1 +
Dv,0
.9 (
µm
)
flow A flow B flow C VMD - nozzle A VMD - nozzle B VMD - nozzle C
Sprayer standards: FAO minimum guidelines
“Nozzles supplied with or recommended for a sprayer should be manufactured to international standards (ISO).“The sprayer manufacturer should include in the sprayer manual, information on: nozzle flow rates, characteristic spray patterns and spray angles … ”
http://www.dropdata.org
2x - 3x dose transfer
efficiency?
Bateman (2004) Crop
Protection, 23: 989 - 999
The ‘Cocoa Nozzle’ conceptA recipe not a product
Narrow cone
Fixed setting
Optimised droplet size
Application with motorised mistblowers
Spray projected up taller trees
Small droplets to maximise coverage …
… but settings not optimised in practice.
Ph
oto
s:
Nic
k J
esso
p
RecommendationsStrategic cocoa pesticides– Regional recommendations?
Capacity building for applied R&D in crucial areas (e.g. alternatives to phostoxin?)Communication: putting rational pesticide use “on the agenda” (FFS etc.)National responsibilities and “re-skilling”– Pesticide knowledge– Application techniques
Harmonisation of standards byimporting countries
www.dropdata.org/cocoa/cocoa_SPS_blog.htm
‘Next generation’ of pesticide scientists?
SAS ↔ T o T o T?
Final revision for January 2013
Many thanks (in advance) for your attention, help, ideas and comments
Download from:http://www.icco.org/SPS
