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Senior Design 2010-2011

A low-cost point-of-care diagnostic device for analysis of CD4/CD8 ratio in HIV patients

Lina M. AboulmounaPeter F. DelNeroParker A. GouldRosalynne R. KormanChristopher M. Madison Stephen R. SchumacherDr. Kevin T. Seale

Abstract:The goal of this project is to design a point-of-care device and procedure to quickly and cost-effectively determine whether an HIV patient is a suitable candidate for antiretroviral treatment. To accomplish this, we propose lab-on-chip device for quantifying the CD4/CD8 ratio in patient blood samples. The device will comprise a microfluidic platform for immunology and membrane-separation of white blood cells, coupled with a CCD camera to capture and quantify fluorescent signals. If successful, this device will facilitate the prescription and management of antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings. The primary objectives of this proposal are:

- Develop a lymphocyte capture membrane by polishing the bottom of microfabricated pyramidal wells to precise dimensions for blood separation.

- Design and fabricate a prototype microfluidic platform for mixing antibodies with blood samples and filtering lymphocytes through a membrane.

- Couple the microfluidic platform with a CCD imaging system to quantify the fluorescent signal from CD4/CD8 antibodies.

The design parameters include a per-test cost of under $2, low-consumption battery power, simple operation by minimally-trained technicians, and same-day test results. The motivation for this project stems from the Gates Foundation CD4 Initiative for a low-cost, point-of-care device to replace flow cytometry for accurate CD4+ cell counting in under-developed regions.

IntroductionAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Not everyone who has HIV has AIDS; only when HIV has depleted CD4+ T helper lymphocytes to a certain degree does the patient have AIDS. There is an inverse relationship between the replication of HIV-1 and the destruction of lymphocytes. The further along that HIV disease has progressed, the more HIV-1 RNA will circulate in the bloodstream and the fewer CD4+ cells will be left. CD4+ lymphocyte counts are predictive of progression to AIDS and death1.

The World Health Organization has declared finding an affordable and effective way to obtain CD4 lymphocyte counts in resource poor areas a high priority2. CD4 counts provide important information on when to initiate treatment, to which stage the disease has progressed, how the patient is responding to treatment, and the consideration of switching treatment. CD4 counts are obtained where flow cytometry is available. However, this is generally limited to developed countries where the expensive equipment and trained staff are located3. Without this clinical data, the treatment in poor countries may be started too soon or too late resulting in poor clinical outcomes, unnecessary burdens on the patient, and imprudent use of limited resources.

1 O’Brien, WA, Hartigan, PM, Daar, ES, Simberkoff, MS, and Hamilton, JD. Changes in plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4þ lymphocyte counts predict both response to antiretroviral therapy and therapeutic failure, VA Cooperative Study Group on AIDS. Ann Intern Med 126: 939–945 (1997).2 http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf3 Rodriguez, WR, et al. A Microchip CD4 Counting Method for HIV Monitoring in Resource-Poor Settings, PLoS Medicine, July 2005, Volume 2, Issue 7.

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Along with other signs and symptoms, CD4+ lymphocyte counts are used to stage the progression of HIV disease according to standards set by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Patients with HIV who have CD4+ counts above 500cells/uL are in stage 1, CD4+ counts between 500cells/uL and 200cells/uL are in stage 2, and CD4+ counts of 200cells/uL and below are in stage 3 and are classified as having AIDS4.

Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recognize the importance of CD4 counts in deciding when to initiate ART and when to switch treatments. These organizations have provided guidelines for making these decisions based on the CD4 counts5.

There are other ways to measure the CD4 lymphocytes other than an absolute count. The CD4/CD8 ratio has been shown to be of more clinical use as a one-time measurement. This ratio is a better predictor of whether asymptomatic HIV patients will progress to AIDS and what treatment is appropriate6. For point-of-care use in resource poor areas, the CD4/CD8 ratio has the advantage that it relies less on trending over time and gives more information from that one measurement.

History and Context

Previous workRodriguez et al. previously fabricated a microchip similar to our proposed device3. However our device differs significantly in the type of microfilter used. Also, due to the pumping mechanism we will utilize, our device will be significantly less expensive to fabricate and use.

Current ProgressOur design team has initiated the process of obtaining access into the microfabrication laboratories. We are currently training in photolithographic and microfluidic fabrication methods. We have outlined a fabrication method for the microfilter, and are currently working on the design for the microfluidic device. A schematic drawing of the current device concept can be found in Appendix C.

Early customersOnce a working prototype has been fabricated, we plan on testing its capability to measure the CD4/CD8 ratio. Initially we will test blood that is not infected with HIV, comparing our observed CD4/CD8 ratio with the ratio obtained from flow cytometry (i.e. flow cytometry will be the gold standard for the CD4/CD8 ratio). Once we have determined that our diagnostic device is accurate in determining the CD4/CD8 ratio, we will bring our device to local clinics in Nashville to test it on HIV-infected blood.

When we have established that our device can accurately measure the CD4/CD8 ratio of HIV-infected blood, we plan on bringing our device to non-profit groups such as the Gates 4 http://www.aids-ed.org/aidsetc?page=cm-105_disease#S1X5 http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf6 Taylor, J, et al. CD4 Percentage, CD4 Number, and CD4: CD8 Ratio in HIV Infection: Which to Choose and How to Use, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: REVIEW, April 1989, Volume 2, Issue 2.

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Foundation in order to make it accessible to areas in need of a low cost CD4/CD8 analytic device.

Team membersOur team consists of six members. Every member will contribute to the design, fabrication, and troubleshooting of the device, while bringing particular expertise to various aspects of the project. Three members of the team (Gould, DelNero, Korman) are particularly qualified for the microfabrication strategies due to long-term involvement with the Searle Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience (SyBBURE). Other members (DelNero, Korman, Aboulmouna) have practiced cell culture and immunology in previous research, which will be necessary for testing this device. Parker Gould (EE) designed the hand-cranked micro-pump that will be used for this device. In cooperation with Chris Madison (EE/BME), his background in electrical engineering will be beneficial for interfacing the device with the CCD camera. Although unfamiliar with microfluidics and cellular biology, Stephen Schumacher (ChE/Physics) is an adept problem solving and dependable worker. After training in photolithography and microfabrication, he will assist in making the lymphocyte capture membrane. In addition to technical skills, several team members (Aboulmouna, Korman, Madison, DelNero) have worked in low-resource healthcare settings in Guatemala and Honduras, which will provide valuable insight for the implementation parameters.

The team is working under the supervision of Dr. Kevin Seale, an Assistant Professor of the Practice in the Biomedical Engineering department. As current director of the SyBBURE, Dr. Seale has extensive knowledge of the research field of bioMEMS and access to valuable resources throughout the engineering school, physical science departments, and the Vanderbilt Medical Center.

Work plan and outcomesUpon the successful completion of our project goals, we will have sufficiently created a working prototype of our device. With this in mind, we intend on obtaining a patent of our design. Once the device design is fabricated, we intend to continue working on the cost efficiency of the device in order to make it more affordable given that the prototype will be more expensive than the target value range. The primary intent of this design project is to be able to create at least one properly functioning prototype within the allotted budget for use in third world countries experiencing underdeveloped health care. We plan to present our device to the Gates Foundation and provide them with all our findings as well as testing the device in the clinic.

Evaluation and sustainability planThe success of our project will be determined based on a number of factors each essentially providing a checkpoint in the design process. The overall success of the design is initially dependent on the separation process which must properly filter the red and white blood cells. The device must also illuminate the white blood cells as well as be able to detect the amount of

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cells contained in the well. If an accurate CD4/CD8 ratio is determined based on the known ratio of the solution, the device standards are sufficiently met.

Appendices

A. Gantt ChartThis Gantt Chart shown in the following pages contains approximate times for completion of each of the tasks needed to produce a working prototype of the CD4/CD8 counting device. The process lengths and dependencies are accurate, but the associated dates are subject to significant change based on member availability, course workload, and the repetition of tasks following unsuccessful trials.

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B. Budget template and justificationWe anticipate we will use the following materials to perform our experimental design and prototype testing. Estimated amounts are noted along with estimated costs based on previous design work and research experience.

Item Amount CostPDMS base and curing agent Sylgard 184

500 g $52

Silicon wafers (test grade) 10 $60Anti-CD4 and -CD8 antibodies 1 unit, 50 tests $290Fluorescent labeling agent (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate)

1 unit, 0.1-g FITC $52

Glass Slides 100 $18Finger sticks 50 $40Capillary tubing 5 m $11Pump 1 $30Total -- $553

C. Group member résumésSee attached documents in the following pages.

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LINA ABOULMOUNA VU Station B 3700 931-434-2935 Nashville, TN 37235 lina.m.aboulmouna@vanderbilt.edu

EDUCATION

Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Mathematics with a Biotechnology concentration and a minor in Chemistry, May 2011

RESEARCH PROJECT

Novel Isotope Tracer Method for Quantifying Glucose Metabolism in Type-2 Diabetes, Dr. Jamey Young, Vanderbilt Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Spring 2009-present • Presented work at the National AIChE Conference obtaining 1st place at the undergraduate student poster session

in the category: Food, Pharmaceutical, and Biotechnology, Fall 2009 • Conducted a co-curricular research project through Vanderbilt Undergraduate Summer Research Program (VUSRP)

and Chemical Engineering Projects for summers of 2009 and 2010. • Independently designed and performed experiments to develop a novel isotope tracer method • Completed background research in metabolic flux analysis, mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography • Mentored and trained other undergraduates in appropriate laboratory techniques

EXPERIENCE

Aerospace Testing Alliance, Tullahoma, TN, Summer 2008

Engineering Technician I • Studied the different systems and units on base while becoming familiar with the equipment and refrigeration

cycles • Led analysis project of the inlet water temperature—the primary function of most of the equipment is geared

toward accomplishing one goal: safely testing and simulating engine flight situations. Providing the proper test conditions depends on a very cold inlet air stream

• Worked to control and correct the water cooling before the next downtime period prior to testing which led to cost savings

• Verified schematics of base equipment to pass regulation standards

ACTIVITIES

Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science (VSVS), Co-President, 2010-present, Member, Fall 2007-present, Team Leader, 2007-present,Publicity Chair-responsible for recruiting the nearly 500 members needed for the teams, 2009-present, Executive Board Committee Member, 2008-present, Working on expanding the program to incorporate mathematics lessons for after school programs, participated in school science activities and other outreach programs, 2009-present

Students Promoting Environmental Awareness and Responsibility (SPEAR), Member, Fall 2007-present, Vice President/Publicity Chair, 2009-present

Soccer Referee, Fall 2002-present, certified for both state and recreational leagues: FIFA, TSSAA, FUTSAL

Society of Women Engineers (SWE), Member, Fall 2007-present

American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Society, Member, 2008-present

Camp Sugar Falls Summer Staff, Part of the Medical Staff at day camp for diabetic children, Summer 2009 & 2010

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Peter F. DelNero peter.f.delnero@vanderbilt.edu

913-271-2229 Home Address Campus Address 12821 Briar 2301 Vanderbilt Pl. Leawood, KS 66209 PMB 729 Nashville, TN 37235

EDUCATION

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Bachelor of Engineering, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, May 2011 GPA: Major 3.89/4.0, Overall 3.89/4.0, Tau Beta Pi honor society, Dean's List ACT: 36, SAT: 2390

RESEARCH PROJECT

Geometrical effects of flow chamber on tumor cell migration, Dr. Melody Swartz Undergraduate researcher, EPFL Institute of Bioengineering, Summer 2010 – present

Designed 3D microfluidic flow chambers to evaluate the influence of chamber dimensions on signal distribution of soluble, cell-secreted chemokines

Evaluated the effect of chamber height on the mechanism of autologous chemotaxis by observing migration behavior of tumor cells on a live-cell imaging platform

Studied the importance of interstitial flow in lymphatic homing of tumor cells Will present work at VUSRP and BMES poster sessions, Fall 2010

Integrated omics on small cell populations, Dr. John McLean Undergraduate researcher, Vanderbilt Department of Chemistry, 2009 - present

Conducted a co-curricular research project through Chemical Engineering Projects and SyBBURE internship to optimize a fabrication protocol for a microfluidic enzymatic reactor

Immobilized trypsin within PDMS microchannels to obtain rapid, online digestion of effluent from microfluidic cell traps for analysis by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS)

Completed background research in IM-MS, metabolomics, and immobilized microfluidic enzymatic reactors

Will apply the enzymatic reactor to monitor cell effluent in response to toxins, therapeutics and other biological stress on small cell populations in microfluidic traps

Presented work at the BMES and VUSRP poster sessions, Fall 2009

INTERN EXPERIENCE

Systems Biology & Bio-engineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Nashville, TN Undergraduate researcher, Vanderbilt University, 2009 - present

Developed independent research project to design and fabricate a microfluidic enzymatic reactor in PDMS for rapid digestion of proteins in cell effluent

Trained 15 new participants in microfabrication techniques Participated in weekly journal article discussions and critiques Attended grant writing sessions, technical workshops and university lectures

ACTIVITIES

Vanderbilt Catholic Community, Chairman 2010, Vice Chairman 2009 Assisted campus chaplain in managing over 20 social, service and spiritual ministries with

about 200 active student members Organized annual leadership retreat and regular committee meetings Coordinated biannual lecture series with 10 major speakers and events

Varsity cross country, SEC Academic Honor Roll, 2007-08 AIChE Society of Chemical Engineers, Junior class representative, Fall 2009 Society of Physics Students, Member, 2007-08 Vanderbilt Knights of Columbus, Service Chair, 2008

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Matlab, ASPEN, Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Ion mobility-mass spectrometry, photolithography, soft lithography, gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, UV grafting, layer-by-layer deposition, semiconductor processing

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Parker Gould School Address parker.a.gould@vanderbilt.edu Home Address VU Station B #0886 Phone: (281) 660-9076 11 Arbor Bend Dr. 2301 Vanderbilt Place Houston, TX 77070 Nashville, TN 37235

EDUCATION Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Bachelor’s Degree, May 2011, Electrical Engineering, Political Science Minor: Engineering Management GPA: 3.98/4.00 GRE: 1490 (800 Quantitative, 690 Verbal) SAT: 2330 (800 Math, 800 Reading, 730 Writing) HONORS AND AWARDS Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship Fall 2010 - 2011 Full Academic Scholarship Fall 2007 - 2011 Dean’s List Fall 2007 - Present Tau Beta Pi ( ) ΤΒΠ National Engineering Honor Society 11/2009 – Present Eta Kappa Nu ( ) ΗΚΝ Electrical and Computer Engineering Honor Society – Vice President 11/2009 – Present Phi Sigma Pi ( ) ΦΣΠ National Honor Fraternity – Chairman, Scholarship Committee 10/2009 – Present National Merit Scholar February 2007 WORK EXPERIENCE Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 02/2008 – Present http://www.vanderbilt.edu/viibre/SyBBURE.html Researcher Created novel algorithm for synthesizing hybrid periodic/aperiodic/Penrose patterns in AutoCAD/ImageJ/MATLAB Fabricated the patterns using photolithography and PDMS soft lithography Explored techniques including microcontact printing to pattern biomaterials onto various substrates Worked on incorporating porous silicon into protein stamps to increase printing efficiency Fabricated and tested a novel peristaltic pump for delivering controlled volumes of biomaterials and cells to microfluidic devices Trained other lab users in AutoCAD design, photolithography, microfabrication, and other MEMS processes

Lee Anderson, Inc., Houston, TX Summers 2007, 2008 Oil and Gas Consultant Ran chain-of-title and leasehold status checks Compiled and published mineral and surface ownership reports Prepared leases, purchase reports, memorandums, bank drafts Trained three new consultants Integrated new client database system with a mail merge system to expedite creation of legal documents

SKILLSProficient in: Platforms Windows, Linux, OS X Processes Photolithography, Microfabrication (soft lithography), SEM, AFM, RIE/ICP/Wet etching Design Tools Cadence, AutoCAD, SketchUp Programming Assembly, C, VHDL, MATLAB, Java, Visual Basic

ACTIVITIES Vanderbilt University Club Ultimate Team 08/2007 – Present Attend practice four times per week, and play in 7-8 tournaments yearly, all over the nation

SyBBURE Research Program and Journal Club 02/2008 – Present Participate in weekly discussions and presentations of scientific publications Present personal research projects at various scientific conferences

Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science – Team Leader 08/2009 – Present Help elementary school children develop solid understandings of and passions for math and science Use fun, interactive demonstrations and activities to teach and reinforce concepts in an entertaining fashion

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Rosalynne Rabayev Korman

Permanent Address Current Address 8512 Foxcroft Drive rosalynne.r.korman@vanderbilt.edu ? 513-238-8003 VU Station B 3664 Cincinnati, OH 45231 Nashville, TN 37235 EDUCATION

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Bachelor of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, May 2011 Cumulative GPA 3.99 / 4.00 Selected courses: Biomaterials, Biotransport, Chemical Process Principles, Circuits I and

II, Nanobiotechnology, Organic Chemistry I and II, Rehabilitation Engineering

HONORS Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship Recipient Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society Member Dean's List: Fall 2007 - present Capstone Poster Symposium Third place: wrote and presented a poster that was awarded

third place out of over eighty participants Howard Hughes ExSEL Program Most Outstanding Student Award

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE May 2009 - Present

Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Design and fabricate microfluidic devices to hold and study hematopoietic stem cells and

heart muscle cells Study effects of hematopoietic stem cell – derived factors on heart muscle cells

J an. 2009 – April 2009, and J an. 2009 – April 2008

Comparative Genomics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Researched the cell adhesion protein domains of early-branching metazoans to help

unravel the events that led to the transition from unicellularity to multicellularity that occurred over 600 million years ago

Calculated and created a phylogenetic tree hypothesizing the evolutionary relationship of several organisms

Investigated the evolutionary relationship of fungal allergens

J une 2006 – Aug. 2006

Environmental Genetics Research, Univ. of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH Extracted the aryl hydrocarbon receptor from mouse cells in order to study its structure

ACTIVITIES/ VOLUNTEER WORK

Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science Teacher and Board Member (2007-10): Currently teaching seventh semester of hands-on science projects to local elementary

and middle school students in order to help foster a love and interest for science Duties as Training Chair include training over 700 volunteers Service Learning Trip to Guatemala (2009,10): Repaired medical equipment in a state hospital, and performed other community service

in Guatemala City and Antigua Chabad Member (2007-10): Active participant in religious activities and member of Executive Board; organized

menorah candle lighting in dormitory building Biomedical Engineers Society Member and Newsletter Contributor (2007-09) Rehabilitation Engineering Project Volunteer (2007-08): Adapted toys so that severely handicapped children were able to play with them Russian Hall Resident (2008-09): Third semester resident in the Russian-immersion hall of the International dorm; active

participant in cultural activities Shadetree Free Medical Clinic Volunteer (2007-08): Assisted in drawing blood, patient interviews and diagnosis, taking and interpreting ECG

readings, and translating Spanish

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Chris Madison

Current Address: Permanent Address: Vanderbilt University, Station B Box 352642 24475 Gale Rd Nashville, TN 37235 Pueblo, CO 81006 (719) 250-4761 (719) 545-8097 chris.madison@vanderbilt.edu Education Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN

Bachelor of Engineering, Biomedical/Electrical Engineering May 2011

Research Vanderbilt Undergraduate Summer Research Program (VUSRP): Experience V.U. Institute of Imaging Science Lab of Dr. Adam Anderson, Summer of 2009

Wrote Matlab program to quantify neural fiber orientation in 3D from confocal microscopy images of brain tissue for comparison with diffusion MRI measurements of same tissue

Vanderbilt University Medical Center: Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Lab of Dr. Vivien Casagrande, Academic Years 2006, 2007

Analyzed and presented data using Excel and Matlab Wrote Matlab program that streamlined analysis of data Observed and assisted in in vivo electrode array placement experiments in visual cortex

of bush babies (Otolemur garnetti) Internship The Water Company, LLC, Pueblo, CO Experience Summer Intern, Summers 2006, 2007, 2008

Monitored performance of prototype water treatment devices, presented data in reports Maintained prototype water treatment devices Troubleshot and repaired failing devices Conducted experiments to better understand device performance Facilitated analysis of data by developing program using Visual Basic Designed and modeled electrical enclosures using Inventor Created and detailed drawings of parts and assemblies

Service Biomedical Engineering Service/Learning Trip to Guatemala Experience Led by Dr. Cynthia Paschal, Spring Break 2009,2010

o Communicated effectively with Spanish-speaking coworkers o Headed group effort to raise $450 through book sales o Inspected, troubleshot, and repaired medical equipment in underserved

hospitals At church: lead songs and give sermons On campus: involved in bible studies, a prayer group, VSVS, and VEMS

Skills

MATLAB, Microsoft Office Suite, Autodesk Inventor NREMT-Basic certified and EMT-Basic certified in Colorado Proficient in Spanish

Publications W.J. Jermakowicz III, X. Chen, I. Khaytin, C. Madison, Z. Zhou, M. Bernard, A. B. Bonds, V.A. Casagrande; "Is Synchrony a reasonable coding strategy for visual areas beyond V1 in primates?" Vision Sciences

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Stephen Schumacher Current Contact Information: Permanent Contact Information: PMB 357274 15 Wingfield Road 2301 Vanderbilt Place Saint Louis, MO 63122-1919 Nashville, TN 37235-7274 314.961.4383 (home) 314.640.9823 (cell) 314.640.9823 (cell)

stephen.r.schumacher@vanderbilt.edu

Education: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Bachelor of Engineering, May 2012 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering GPA: 3.78 / 4.00, Honors: Cornelius Vanderbilt Scholarship (four-year scholarship)

Dean’s List (Fall 2008, Spring 2009, Fall 2009, Spring 2010) Selected Organic Chemistry Modeling and Simulation in Chemical Eng. Courses: Physical Chemistry Math: through Diff. Eqns. and Linear Algebra

Thermodynamics Bioprocess Engineering Fluid Mechanics Chemical Engineering Lab Stage-Based Separations Chemical Process Design Mass Transfer and Rate-Based Separations Technical Communications

Experience: Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN Tutor, fall 2010

Assist students in math and science courses with coursework Missouri History Museum, Saint Louis, MO Exhibits Intern, summer 2010

Optimized scheduling for over 150 volunteers while the museum hosted “Vatican Splendors” Introduced tour groups of 20 to 80 guests to the exhibit

O.J. Laughlin Plumbing Company, Valley Park, MO Web Design Consultant, summer 2009

Completed overhaul of website for charitable organization o Reformatted entire site with more accessible information and more intuitive layout o Improved user interface for donations and information inquiries

Wrote manual for corporate website updates Trained full-time employees to make website updates

Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO Lab Technical Assistant, summer 2007

Gathered absorption spectra of diatomic molecules using Intra-Cavity Laser Spectroscopy Discovered evidence of vibrational bands in copper nitride gas Presented Analysis of Emission and Absorption Spectra of Diatomic Molecules to Students and

Teachers As Research Scientists (STARS) Program Skills: Proficient in MATLAB, ASPEN; Knowledge of Pro/Engineer, LABVIEW Signal Express; Consistently earned highest marks in technical communication courses Activities: Students Promoting Environmental Awareness and Recycling Volunteer, spring 2010 – present

Recycled 7.5 tons of cardboard during move-in weekend Recycled all plastic and aluminum waste after Rites of Spring concerts and Vanderbilt football games

Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science

Volunteer, fall 2009 Demonstrated introductory physical and chemical explorations to middle school students

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C. Schematic of DeviceThe diagram below is a basic schematic of the device and its major components.

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