A Light for Science

Slide: 1 A. WAGNER 3 April 2009 W.G. Stirling

Farewell Colloquium for Albrecht Wagner

A Light for Science



Science with Photons:lightsources

and illustrative examples

W.G. Stirling, ESRF/CEA-G

Why build light sources?

Light sources around the world

Some science

DESY and ESRF



Why build light sources?

Because they are VERY useful!



Synchrotron Light Science

Fe hcp: 22 and 112 GPaA B

C

cluster

Advanced (nano)materials, palaeontology, cultural heritage …

Biology/life sciences Medicine Engineering

Materials Planetary sciences

Chemistry Physics



SR Sources Worldwide

• Large number (> 50) SR sources worldwide

• Storage Ring sources, and now Free Electron Laser (FEL) sources



SR Sources Worldwide

• New European sources: SLS, SOLEIL, Diamond, Alba, PETRA III …

• New sources in Australia, Singapore, Canada, Taiwan, Middle East,…

• The Big Rings ESRF, Grenoble (6 GeV) APS, Chicago (7 GeV) SPring-8, Hyogo (8 GeV) PETRA III, Hamburg (6 GeV)



The Big Rings ESRF

• European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble

• User operation: 1994

• 6 GeV storage ring

• 844 m circumference

• ~ 45 operating beamlines



The Big Rings APS

• Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, USA




• > 60 operating beamlines



The Big Rings SPring-8

• Super Photon ring-8, Hyogo, Japan




• > 60 operating beamlines



The Big Rings PETRA III

• PETRA III, DESY, Hamburg




• 14 beamlines planned (30 stations)



• From X-ray tubes

• Parasitic use of SR from particle accelerators (“1st generation”)

• Custom-built SR sources using bending magnet radiation (“2nd generation”)

• Insertion-device-based SR sources (“3rd generation”)

• X-ray FELs (2010 - ?)

• Faster than Moore’s Law ?

Increase of X-ray intensity with time

W. STIRLING



Comparisons of XFEL brilliances with current sources

FLASH FEL (DESY)

European XFEL (DESY)

Huge increases in brilliance

Very short pulses

FLASH: ~10 - 50 fsec

XFEL: < 100 fsec

New science; overlaps with both current SR sources and high-power lasers

FLASH and XFEL (DESY, Hamburg)



The XFEL (DESY, Hamburg)

Facility length ~ 3.4 km

Tunnel length ~ 2.1km

Tunnel depth ~ 6 – 38 m

User operation: 2015



Some science with photons

Examples from Imaging with X-rays Of increasing importance in nano-science,

nano-materials, nano-technology, nano-bio, …



X-ray imaging: the first steps

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923)Nobel Prize for Physics, 1901

The first "röntgenogram" 8 November 1895



Life, a hundred million years ago



Insects trapped in (opaque) amber

X-ray imaging → interior of the amber → fossilised insects

Opaque amber so impossible with (visible light) microscopy

Amber (from the Charentes): Cretaceous (~100 million years)

Wasps, flies, ants … (~0.5 – 5 mm)

Université de Rennes, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, ESRF (Lak, Tafforeau et al)



“… the first time that we can study fossils inside amber.”

Lak et al, Microscopy and Microanalysis, to be published

Insects trapped in (opaque) amber



A feather in amber

Bird or dinosaur? Intermediate form – but capable of flight Perrichot et al, Proc Roy Soc B275, 1197, 2008







Egg, Thailand;

Cretaceous, ~ 100 million years

Courtesy of P. Tafforeau, V. Fernandez (ESRF),

E. Buffetaut (CNRS)

Fossil egg: dinosaur or bird or …?

Archaeopteryx





E. Buffetaut (CNRS)





E. Buffetaut (CNRS)





E. Buffetaut (CNRS)







Very high resolution imaging – 100nm gold particle

Single Au nanoparticle on Si3N4 membrane

Located by fluorescence mapping

TU Dresden, ESRF, DESY

ID13, 15.25 keV Crossed refractive nanofocusing lenses

focal spot ~ 100 x 100 nm2

Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging (CXDI)

Focused hard X-ray beam

Sample on membrane

Diffraction image FreloN camera

Beamstop

Schroer et al, PRL 101, 090801, 2008



CXDI: object illuminated with coherent beam

Far-field diffraction image – no optics

Reconstructions used hybrid input-output method

Spatial resolution ~ 5 nm from 600 sec exposure

Ultimate resolution possible < 1 nm ?

Schroer et al, PRL 101, 090801, 2008

Very high resolution imaging – 100nm gold particle



Barty et al, Nature Photonics 2, 415, 2008

FLASH soft X-ray FEL Ultrafast X-ray science Single-shot dynamic coherent

diffraction imaging 10 fs pulses, 13.5 nm Nanofabricated (etched) test

sample; laser pulse ablation

Ex of single-shot diffraction pattern

40ps after laser pulse

FLASH (DESY, Hamburg)




Evolution of sample via diffraction images

a: -5 ps, just before laser pulse

b:10 ps

c: 15 ps

d: 20 ps

e: 40 ps

f: 140 ps

a

c

e

b

d

f




Evolution of nonofabricated test object

Images reconstructed using iterative phase retrieval techniques

a: SEM image b: -5ps c: 10ps (little change) d: 15ps (begins to disintegrate) Opening new windows on fast

dynamics in condensed matter, biological systems …

a

c

b

d

Spatial resolution ~ 50 nm, temporal resolution ~ 10 ps





Collaboration between DESY and ESRF

DESY has made many, many contributions to the ESRF: As Member of ESRF, designated by German Government As valuable source of scientific and technical advice

during preparation, construction, commissioning and operational phases (e.g. DESY-ESRF Directorate meetings)

As “supplier” of: Directors, scientists, engineers … Committee members: Council, SAC, AFC, BL reviews,

BT reviews … … … …

Recently, important collaboration on ID06 beamline



Collaboration between DESY and ESRF:the ID06 instrumentation development beamline



OH

EH1EH2

Source: CPMUWhite beam test station

Detector test bench

Oxford mono (PETRA III)

Pulsed magnetic fields

Cinel mono (ESRF)

Microoptics test bench

Large Volume Press

The ID06 instrumentation development beamline



White beam test station:- Diamond higher power attenuators- Calorimeter- Optical table for variable installations

Oxford monochromator(PETRA III)

Cinel monochromator(ESRF)

Slot for future development- CRL for vertical focusing- Phase plate




Development of high-heatload components

Calorimeter for characterisation of beam

Diamond high power attenuators

Monochromator PETRA III (H.C. Wille): Oxford Danfysik ESRF (C. Detlefs, P. Marion): Cinel

White beam position monitors

Residual gas based: PETRA III (P. Ilinsky) and ESRF (Th. Martin)

Diamond based: PETRA III (M. Degenhardt) and ESRF (Th. Martin)


The white-beam test station



Photon science is alive and well, with new sources and upgrade/renewal programmes at: DESY (PETRA III, FLASH, XFEL)

ESRF: the Upgrade Programme

APS: renewal project

SPring-8: XFEL, renewal projects

SLAC: LCLS

… … …



Thank you, Albrecht, for your many contributions to European, and World, science.

Very best wishes from everyone at the ESRF. We very much

appreciate your support and collaboration.



Many thanks to Paul Tafforeau and Carsten Detlefs for their help in preparing

this talk.

Documents

A Light for Science