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A Level History

OCR History A H505

Unit Y318. Thematic Study and Interpretations

Russia and its Rulers, 1855-1964 Booklet 2: The impact of War and

Revolution and the development of the Russian Empire and the USSR

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Topic Booklet section completed

Assessment marks/ grades

Revision materials created

Confidence?

The Nature of Government

Autocracy, dictatorship and totalitarianism

Developments in central administration

Methods of repression and enforcement

The extent and impact of reform

The nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition before 1917

The nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition after 1917

Changes in local government

Attitude of the Tsars to political change

Attitude of the provisional government to political change

Attitude of the Communists to political change

The extent of political change

The impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy and society of the Russian Empire and the USSR

Changes to living and working conditions of rural people: impact on the peasants of Emancipation, peasant land banks, famines, the NEP, collectivisation and the Virgin Land scheme.

Changes to living and working conditions of urban people: impact of industrial growth under the Tsars, War communism, NEP and the Five Year Plans on industrial workers; limitations on personal, political and religious freedom; reasons for and extent of economic and social changes.

The impact of war and revolution on the development of the Russian Empire and the USSR

The effects of the Crimean war on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the Japanese war on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the 1905 revolution on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the 1917 Revolutions on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the First World War on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the Second World War on government, society, nationalities and the economy.

The effects of the Cold War on government, society, nationalities and the economy

Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states

The Polish Revolt 1863

Expansion in Asia

Journey Through Russia and its

Rulers, 1855-1964

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Russification

Finland

The Baltic provinces

Impact of the First World War and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russo-Polish War

Communist advance into Eastern and Central Europe after the Second World War

Depth Study 1: Alexander II’s Domestic Reforms

The effects of the Crimean War

The aims of Alexander II’s domestic policies

The nature of his government

Changes in central administration

The extent and impact of domestic reform

The extent and effectiveness of opposition

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions

Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom

Extent of economic and social change

Depth Study 2: The Provisional Government

Main domestic policies of the Provisional Government

The nature of the government- methods of repression and enforcement; the extent and effectiveness of opposition; limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.

Extent of economic and social changes.

The impact of the continuing war.

Reasons for the overthrow of the Provisional government.

Depth Study 3: Khrushchev in Power 1956-1964

The aims of Khrushchev

The nature of his government; opposition, methods and enforcement of repression in Russia and its satellites; the extent and impact of reform.

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.

Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Extent of economic and social changes including economic planning and the Virgin Lands Scheme.

The impact of the Cold War

Khrushchev’s fall

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War and Russian Government Section 1: The Crimean War

Task 1: The Causes of the Crimean War You have some brief notes about the long and short term causes of the Crimean war. Add some detail to these notes from pages 129-132 of the Access to History: Russia and its Rulers text book. You also need to show: a) where Russia has reservations about taking on the other powers (due to a lack of preparedness for war) b) where there is a desire to show that Russia is as good as the other great powers. Extension- how does this link with the preservation of autocracy?

Long Term Causes • The decline of the Ottoman Empire gave rise to the

Eastern Question which the Great Powers were

anxious to solve, whilst still preserving their economic

and political interests.

• A number of events demonstrated how worried

Russia was about the Eastern Question. These were;

1. 1827: Agreements with Britain and France allowing

the Greeks to govern themselves, leading to the

Battle of Navarino Bay, war with Turkey and the

Treaty of Adrianople (1829).

2. 1833: Help for the Ottomans against the Egyptian

rebels led by Mehmet Ali.

3. 1833: Treaty of Unkiar Skelesi.

4. 1841: Straits Convention.

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Task 2: The course of the Crimean War Complete the following table detailing the events of the Crimean War. Any boxes that you don’t have any information for- leave blank.

Event How did this event go for Russia? What potential impact might it have on autocracy?

November 1853: Russians destroyed the Turkish fleet at Sinope, killing over 4000 Turks. The sinking of part of the Turkish fleet was a response to a major Russian attack on Russian forces in Wallachia. Sparked intense protest from Britain and France.

January 1854: both the British and French navies positioned in the Black Sea. However, British politicians were still trying to avert war.

February 1854: Britain and France sent Russia an ultimatum to withdraw which was ignored. They were now obliged to commit to war.

Short Term Origins A dispute between Russian and France arose over Orthodox Christian and Catholic rights and duties in the Holy Lands (part of the Ottoman Empire). Arguments escalated, sparking the Crimean War. This was as much about standing up to the French (and British, who stood up on France’s side) and the Turks (who were concerned about how much territory Russia was attempting to take control of) as about these disputes.

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Event How did this event go for Russia?

What potential impact might it have on autocracy?

March 1854: British and French declared war on Russia and gave support to the Turks.

August 1854: Under pressure from the threat that Austria might join the war on the side of the British and French, Russia pull out of the principalities. Austria made peace proposals (“The Four Points”), but these were not accepted by the tsar until November 1854. Britain was now intent on prolonging the war to impose further damage on Russia and force the tsar to make greater concessions over access to the Black Sea.

September 1854: Britain and France invaded the Crimea, but were slow to attack the key Crimean port of Sevastopol. This allowed Russian forces to regroup within the port, which inevitably led to a siege. The Battle of Alma was the first major confrontation. The Russians lost 6000 troops due to using outmoded weaponry (some of the guns captured dated back to 1799) and there were no breakthroughs in the battles at Inkerman and Balaclava.

February 1855: Nicholas I died of pneumonia and was replaced by his son, Alexander II.

October 1854-September 1855: the siege of Sevastopol. This was a long drawn out affair, due to adverse winter weather conditions, the fortifications of Sevastopol and the resilience of the Russian defenders. However, by August 1856, the Russians were suffering from 2000 to 3000 casualties daily. After a series of severe artillery bombardments in the late summer of 1856, the Russians eventually surrendered. This was a major setback for the Russians, as this port was strategically important.

September 1855-January 1856: The war petered out during this period. Austria renewed threats to join the war and Russia agreed to peace talks on the “Four Points”.

March 1856: Treaty of Paris was agreed.

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Task 3: The impact of the war on Russia Use page 132-135 of your textbook to complete the following tasks a) Which country lost the most casualties?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

b) What do the terms of the Treaty of Paris reveal about Russia’s position in Europe?

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) How did the Crimean war lead to the emancipation of the serfs?

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d) CHALLENGE: Was the Crimean war the only reason for the emancipation of the serfs?

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e) How did it lead to reform of local government?

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f) Annotate this dashing military figure with the details of the military reforms made after Crimea. g) What other reforms followed the Crimean war?

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Task 4: Conclusions How far do these reforms demonstrate that Alexander II was acting as a reformer in order to preserve autocracy?

Why were reforms

necessary? What were the military

reforms?

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What does this have to do with Russia? How and why do they get involved?

Why?

War and Russian Government Section 2: The Russo-Turkish War

Task 1: Tensions with Austria-Hungary (long term cause) Explain in two sentences why Russia had tensions with Austria-Hungary. You must use the key term Pan-Slavism and refer to the Balkans. Use page 136 of your textbook.

1.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Task 2: Short Term Causes of WWI Complete chart with the events that led to the short term causes of the Russo-Turkish war. Same page, same book!

There was a truce, so how did Alexander II get to declare war on Turkey?

Middle of 1875: Herzegovina, closely followed by Bosnia rebelled against the Ottomans. Joined by Bulgaria in 1876. Serbia and Montenegro declared war on Turkey.

The British and other Western powers were not keen on the Russian’s actions.

The Russians continued to provide support for the Slavs, and the Tsar was under increasing pressure to get tough with the Turks. The Ignatiev initiative confirmed Russian military support, and Russia threatened to attack Turkey unless there was a truce.

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Task 3: The Events of the Russo-Turkish War “The Russo-Turkish war did not go as badly for Russia as the Crimean War”. a) What evidence can you find on page 137 to support/ challenge those stations?

Support Challenge

b) Had Russia learned its lessons from the Crimean War?

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Task 4: The Impact of the War The impact of the war is summarised in the table below. You need to assess the level of change and significance of each impact. Page 137-138 of Access to History

Impact of the War on Russia Level of change/ significance (positive, negative, does it lead to further actions or issues)

Similar or different to what happened after Crimea?

Russia was victorious and was seen as standing up for Christian orthodoxy against their traditional enemy (the Turks). It was also seen as a victory for Pan-Slavism, boosting the prestige of the Tsar.

The Treaty of San Stefano (1979)- a treaty that gave Russia a substantial amount of money (war indemnity) and territory, plus independence for Serbia, Montenegro and Romania and reforms for Herzegovina and Bosnia. A ‘large’ Bulgaria was established.

The Tsar’s concerns that the Treaty of San Stefano would upset the British and Austria-Hungarians led him to accept the offer of a bigger peace conference in Berlin. Russia kept its territorial gains, but Austria-Hungary got to govern

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Herzegovina and Bosnia, and Britain took over the administration of Cyprus. Bulgaria became smaller. This upset some Russian nationalists, leading to unrest.

The war did bring a financial crisis and the collapse of the rouble, and with a run of bad harvests in 1878-81 led to further unrest, and the end of the Free Trade Era (where Russian industry under Reutern was doing quite well, building on foreign expertise and machinery, increased exports, and the improvement of the Russian railway industry). However, there were some increases in the need for industrialisation- in order to protect the Slavic nations, Russia needed a modern army and modern economy and it had neither yet.

Pan-Slavism, and the nationalism following the Russo-Turkish war was another reason for Russification. Those non-Russian Orthodox minority groups needed to be brought into line.

Task 4: How does this link across the themes. Use this space to create a tiny spider diagram linking the Russo-Turkish War AND the Crimean War to a) each other, b) changes in the nature of government and c) economic and social changes.

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War and Russian Government Section 3: The Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and the 1905 Revolution

Task 1: The Long Term Causes of the War Task 2: The Short Term Causes of the War (page 140) Note what happened, but consider the effect that this would have on the Russian people’s morale. Task 3: a) The impact of the war and the Russian Revolution of 1905

Read Access to History: Russia and its Rulers pages 139-140 and make a note of the causes in this box. Is everyone in Russia fully behind this war? Why? Why not?

THE SANDS RUNNING OUT The Tsardom was badly shaken by its war with Japan Punch Cartoon, January 4th 1905 (The hourglass says “prestige”) What does the above source indicate about Russian reasons for getting involved in the war? Look at page 137 of the Heinemann book for other, related motives).

Russia’s broken promises

Japanese Retaliation

Japanese Blockade

The Outcome of the War Battle of Yalu Siege of Port Arthur Tsushima Straits Mukden

Use pages 140 of the Access to History book to write your notes here about the general impact of the war, Treaty of Portsmouth and the problems that the Tsar now had. Use page 140-141 to remind yourself of the reforms following the Russian Revolution

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b) Reading on the 1905 Revolution Read this information so that you have the story of the Russian Revolution clear.

The 1905 Russian Revolution

The 1905 Russian Revolution was sparked off by a peaceful protest held on January

22nd. This protest may well have been the turning point in the relationship the

tsar, Nicholas II, enjoyed with his people. Led by a Russian Orthodox priest, Father

Gapon, 150,000 people took to the cold and snow covered streets of St Petersburg

to protest about their lifestyle. They were not intent on making any form of political

protest in the sense of calling for the overthrow of the government or royal family.

The petition they carried clearly shows that they wanted Nicholas to help them.

The petition they carried stated:

"Oh Sire, we working men and inhabitants of St. Petersburg, our wives, our children

and our parents, helpless and aged women and men, have come to You our ruler,

in search of justice and protection. We are beggars, we are oppressed and

overburdened with work, we are insulted, we are not looked on as human beings

but as slaves. The moment has come for us when death would be better than the

prolongation of our intolerable sufferings.

We are seeking here our last salvation. Do not refuse to help Your people. Destroy

the wall between Yourself and Your people."

None of this could be considered to be a call for a political overhaul, merely a plea

for Nicholas to hear their call for help.

As the huge crowd marched through St Petersburg to the Winter Palace, they were

confronted by troops who were understandably nervous having to face such a

large crowd. The evidence as to why the soldiers fired on the peaceful crowd is

patchy - such as who gave the command (if one was ever given) - but after the

firing had finished several hundred protestors lay dead. The tragedy was quickly

called "Bloody Sunday". Revolutionary parties inflated the number of deaths to

thousands. Rumours were spread that there were so many deaths, that soldiers

disposed of the bodies in the night to disguise the real number killed. The

government figure was less than 100 deaths.

The American consul in Odessa had this to say: “The present ruler has lost absolutely

the affection of the Russian people, and whatever the future may have in store for

the dynasty, the present tsar will never again be safe in the midst of his people."

c) What were the reasons for the 1905 Revolution?

Use the reading above, and the reading you will be given from the Heinemann book Russia and its Rulers to create your notes in a spider diagram.

The causes of the 1905 Revolution

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d) Why was the Russo-Japanese War more significant in bringing about change than earlier wars? Complete the table below, using pages 61-62 of the Heinemann Russia and its Rulers book.

e) Why did the 1905 revolution fail? (page 61 of your reading) Make sure that you add notes explaining each reason. Task 4: Similarities and Differences between the previous wars and their impact on Russian Government. Use page 142 of your textbook to help you develop your notes on this.

Similarities Differences

Educated elites split Civil disobedience ineffective

Organisation of revolutionary groups ineffective

Soviets weren’t ready to take over

Military Unrest not across all units.

Different aims of the peasants.

Nationalism could not unite the nation.

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War and Russian Government Section 4: The First World War

Task 1: Relations between the Great Powers (and some uppity upstarts) Draw a map of the relations between the powers. Try to add the events that have affected these relationships with hearts to represent good relations and unhappy faces to represent bad relations. Use pages 142-143 of your textbook to create your map. Task 2: How was Russia drawn into the wars? a) Look at the cartoon (called A Chain of Friendship, from an American publication). Why does Russia enter the war?

........................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

Prussia (later Germany)

Austria-Hungary

Imperial Russia Great Britain

Serbia (and the Balkan League) France

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b) Why did Russia have to get involved in the First World War?

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) What was the dilemma over Russian mobilisation?

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... d) How did Russia’s mobilisation escalate into war?

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Task 3: The course of the Russian War The First World War was a very dramatic conflict. Add to these drama masks any victories and losses briefly, from page 144. (Note, these are the creepiest masks I could find).

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Task 3: The Impact of the War. We already know that the First World War led to the abdication of the Tsar and the February Revolution of 1917 where a Provisional Government took over Russia until the establishment of democracy (which never happened, due to the October Revolution of 1917). The failures of the First World War made a significant contribution to the February Revolution but there were many layers of effect of the First World War that led to the downfall of the Tsar. Like a mille-feuille, there were many different layers compressed together to cause change. Create your own mille-feuille diagram explaining how all of these layers led to the strawberry on the top- the abdication of the Tsar. Use your textbook (page 145-148).

Layer 5: A lack of confidence in Nicholas II’s leadership

Layer 4: Political issues

Layer 3: Social Factors as a Result

Layer 2: Economic Problems at Home

Layer 1: Military Failures

The abdication of the Tsar

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Task 4: Different views on the impact of the First World War a) In your textbook, on page 145 and page 149, there are two different view of the impact of the war on the Russian Empire. Summarise them below.

The Optimists The Pessimists

b) Which view do you agree with the most?

..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) How significant do you think the First World War was as a turning point in Russian History? Answer the question below:

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Revolution and Russian Government Section 5: The Russian Revolution 1917

We have actually gone over the Russian Revolution of 1917 (both February and October) before, so we won’t go over the details here. However, it is worth making sure that you know them. Go back to your Nature of Government Booklet for more details. Task 1: The Impact of the First World War- was it a major turning point? Read the reading below and complete the task that follows.

The Crimean War had led to a major social development and the creation of the

first elected councils; the Russo-Japanese war had led to the Tsar adopting major

new principles and a national parliament, but neither had led to the end of

monarchy itself. So it might seem that it is obvious that the very much larger scale

war from 1914-18 must have had a very much larger effect on Russian government.

A few statistics might seem to confirm that this war must be the greatest turning

point.

Out of a population of 181 million, Russia raised forces of 14.6 million and

suffered 5.5 million casualties, including 2 million prisoners and over 3 million

dead, sick and wounded by the end of 1916.

Wartime inflation ran at some 300%.

Number of strikes increased from 211 in 1915 to 684 in 1916.

The Inspector General of Artillery, the Grand Duke Sergei, estimated in

January 1917 that 1 million soldiers had deserted.

So it seems that this war must be the one which is the greater turning point. However,

there are some points to consider.

1. If the Tsar had managed to incorporate the Duma into government, then it

would have shared the responsibility for war. In England, for example, when

the war was being badly run, the political parties made a change and

brought in a tougher leader, Lloyd George. In Russia, the Tsar failed to take

responsibility. This was because of a pre-war failure to develop a

constitutional monarchy.

2. The failures of the Tsarist economy to meet the needs for a modern war has a

lot to do with the persistence of old fashioned bureaucracy and the relatively

limited industrial development of Russia. There had been huge rates of growth

before 1914, but in terms of the proportion of industrial to urban population,

Russia was still relatively backward.

3. Russia’s allies were a lot more successful in mobilising public opinion behind

war, by modern propaganda. Traditional loyalties to the Tsar, to the

motherland were invoked, but there was nothing like the more sophisticated

appeal of, say, British propaganda or post-war promises. For the vast mass of

poorly educated and remote rural dwellers, the war was just another

demand from the ‘high ups’.

The First World War made huge demands on all countries and it was often the long

term limitations of the Russian state and culture that were exposed by the war that

were the crucial areas of weakness. There is an argument that even had the war not

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taken place; these long-term failings would have resulted in some sort of major

change.

The First World War and the Provisional Government

The Duma committee which tried to run Russia until its overthrow by the Bolsheviks in

the October Revolution made what seems to be a tragic decision to continue the

war, yet at the time it was popular. Apart from Lenin’s Bolsheviks who adopted the

famous ‘Peace, Bread and Land’ slogan in the April Theses, all political groups

supported the war. Russia’s reputation with its allies was at stake; Germans were

intensely unpopular and there was little desire for previous sacrifice to be in vain. Too

often demonstrations in the Summer are shown in documentaries and even

textbooks to be against the war, while their banners actually read not ‘Mir’ (peace)

but ‘Voina’ (war)- and remember, a significant reason for the rebellions was that

Nicholas II had gone off to the front, leaving the Tsarina Alexandra, his German wife,

in charge at home. Lenin was careful not to say too much about peace while the

June offensive was being prepared and rumours of his association with the Germans

made him unpopular with the troops. However, the failure of the Kerensky attacks in

June ended this period of renewed war fever. It did not however, bring Lenin into

power. The July Days1 failed; revolutionary soldiers were disarmed by loyal troops.

The bulk of the forces were still loyal to the Provisional Government by August 1917.

So did the war bring the Bolsheviks to power?

It is true that peasant soldiers were rapidly deserting, eager to get into the

countryside for a major repartition of land. When Riga fell to Germany in August,

General Kornilov regarded it as his duty to stop the rot in the army. It was the Kornilov

affair of September when he launched army units on Petrograd following Kerensky’s

dismissal of him as Commander-in-Chief of the army that was a major turning point

and revived the Bolsheviks. The political failures of the Provisional Government to

establish a constitution to end the problems of the dual role of the Soviet now came

home to roost. The attempted coup by Kornilov and the failure of Kerensky at a vital

moment to establish clear leadership coupled with the failures in war and the

organisational ability of the Bolsheviks all came together. However it is doubtful if the

war alone was the key factor.

Once Lenin had taken power he was determined that world revolution would make

any temporary territorial losses irrelevant and so signed away huge amounts of

Russia to Germany in the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty. This view was not shared by

many for whom peace at any price was not acceptable. Had peace been such a

priority then the waves of opposition to this treaty would not have been so

tremendous. For many Lenin, the German spy, had betrayed the memories of the

war dead. There is an argument that war was more significant a factor in the

February Revolution than it was in October.

a) Complete the table on the following page.

1 the series of workers’ and soldiers’ strikes that were supported by the Bolsheviks and led to

the arrest of Lenin. It is at this point that the Bolsheviks looked like they had lost all power and

influence and it seemed unlikely that they would take power until the Kornilov affair changed

things for them.

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a) Complete the following table. You will need to go back through all your notes and it may be helpful to look back at the previous chapters. You may not have information in each box.

Changes caused by the following wars and revolutions

The Crimean War The Russo-Turkish War

The Russo-Japanese War and 1905 Revolution

The First World War and the February Revolution

The First World War and the October Revolution

Government reforms- including participation of the people in government

Military reforms

Industrial reforms

Living and working conditions of peasants and urban workers

Increases in rights and freedoms.

How significant a turning point in Russian history was each of these wars?

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Civil War and Russian Government Section 6: The Russian Civil War

For this section of work you will need the SHP reading on the Civil War/ Task 1: The Different Sides a) Who is on each side: colour in the gingerbread men the appropriate colour (as they represent the armies) and annotate them with who was in which group.

b) Why was it so complicated about knowing which was which?

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Task 2: The Course of the Civil War Read the course of the Civil War information. Enjoy this information. Highlight anything significant in the Red Army’s actions but don’t worry too much about anything else. Task 3: The Results of the Civil War a) Why did the White Army Lose? (use page 88)

The Reds The Whites The Greens

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b) Why did the Red Army win? (page 90-91) Task 4: The Impact of the Civil War This is the key piece of information to make sure that you have correct. a) Complete the table below with the information on the impact of the Civil War on these various aspects of Russian life (using page 94-99) of your reading.

Atrocities committed Economic problems

The Use of the Red Terror to enforce War Communism

The effect of War Communism on people’s lives (using page 100-101)

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b) Was War Communism caused by the Civil War and subsequent economic crisis? (page 99 will help you).

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c) The Impact of the Polish campaign on the Bolsheviks

In April 1921, Polish armed forces attacked Russia and reached as far as Kiev in the east. Russian forces counter-attacked and pushed the Poles back to Warsaw. Poland (in August) counter-attacked and forced the Red Army to retreat. The Russo-Polish conflict eventually came to a halt in October 1920 when the Treaty of Riga was signed which was a setback for Lenin as it halted his plans to move the revolution westwards. What impact did this have on the Bolsheviks? (you could use your textbook, page 151-152)

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d) How did the war change Lenin’s international relations?

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e) How did the war affect the nature of Russian government?

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War and Russian Government Section 7: The Second World War/ The Great Patriotic War

Task 1: The Second World War, 1939-45 a) A timeline of relationships between Germany and Russia. Use page 153-156 in your textbook to complete the timeline. b) What relations did Russia have with other countries?

Spain

Poland

The Baltic States

Finland

Task 2: The course of the Second World War (page 155) What events might lead to a surge in Russian patriotism? List them in the box below.

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

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Task 3: The Social Effects of WWII (page 156) a) What was the human cost of the war?

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. b) What evidence was there that not all Russians were behind the war effort?

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c) How did the Soviets behave towards the enemy? What was Stalin’s attitude towards them?

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d) What were the consequences of these actions?

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Task 4: The Economic effects of the War (pages 156-157) a) What caused the physical damage to the industrial and rural infrastructure in Russia?

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b) What was damaged? List it below in the box.

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c) What else caused problems for Russian industry?

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d) How did the Soviet government plan to reconstruct Russian industry?

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e) The fourth Five-Year Plan was completed ahead of schedule. What were the strengths and weaknesses in Stalin’s post war economic strategy?

Strengths Weaknesses

e) Looking at the social and economic effects, what would you expect to happen to Stalin’s government? Speculate in this box.

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Task 5: The Political Effects (pages 157-158) a) The impact on the structure of government Identify the similarities and differences between Stalin and Nicholas II’s role in the government during the Second World War. b) Any changes to the Politburo, Party membership and the NKVD? Record them below. Task 6: Foreign Policy and changes to the composition of the USSR (pages 158-160) a) How did joining the Grand Alliance affect Russia’s foreign policy?

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b) How did the war against Japan affect Russia’s foreign policy?

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) How did post war Germany affect Russia’s foreign policy?

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. d) On lined paper, how significant a turning point is the Second World War in Russian history?

Similarities Differences

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War and Russian Government Section 8: The Cold War 1947-64

Task 1: The Long Term Causes of the Cold War The main difference was the conflicting political ideology- but why did it lead to tension? For each conflict of ideology, try to explain how one group would feel threatened by the other. You can use page 161 of your textbook for some help.

The Conflict The Difference Why did it lead to tension?

Who owns what? Russia: State control of the means of distribution, production and exchange. USA (West): Private ownership and free market capitalism.

How is it governed? Russia: Dictatorship. USA (West): Democracy.

The Blame for the First/ Second World War

Russia: Monopoly capitalism, the profit motive. USA: did not blame their way of life.

The Effect of the Second World War

Russia: Proved their system of government etc. was best because without their discipline and collaboration (natural to a Communist State) the Nazis would never have been defeated. USA: Yeah, whatever.

Hopes for the post WWII world

Russia: Hoping its sphere of influence in the East would be respected (needed it for economic growth, and in order to compete with the USA in the developing world free market). USA: Did not support or seem to understand that.

Task 2: Who was to blame for the Cold War?

It’s all their fault

They are blameless

Use page 162-163 to create this graph on how far each is to blame for the Cold War. Put the evidence on the graph.

The USSR The USA The UK

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Task 3: The Events of the Cold War and their Impact on Russian Government Task 3: The Events of the Cold War On this timeline of the events of the Cold War: highlight 1) things that would have been expensive for Russia, 2) things that showed Russia’s system of government to be working well, 3) things that showed Russia’s system of government to not be working well, 4) things that showed Russian government changing and developing.

Date Event

March 1947 Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan announced.

September 1947

Cominform set up.

June 1948 Start of the Berlin Blockade

April 1949 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) founded. Members of this group were anti-communist and it was obvious that NATO was designed to combat the perceived threat from the USSR.

May 1949 End of the Berlin Blockade.

June 1950 Korean War started.

November 1952 USA exploded its first hydrogen bomb.

August 1953 The USSR announced the explosion of its first hydrogen bomb.

May 1955 Warsaw Pact formed- signing of peace and security treaty by the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia.

April 1956 Cominform disbanded.

October 1956 The Hungarian Revolution. Following Khrushchev’s critique of Stalin and the creation of freedoms of debate and criticisms, there was unrest in Hungary. Rebels won, Imre Nagy became PM, agreed to establish and multiparty system and in November, declared Hungarian neutrality and appealed to the UN for support. Western Powers failed to respond, and on the 4th November, the Soviets invaded and brutally crushed the Hungarians.

November 1956 Soviet Union cut off diplomatic relations with Israel and warned France and Britain about the consequences of their behaviour during the Suez Crisis. Russia warned off a possible missile attack.

October 1957 Sputnik 1 was launched by Russia and signalled the start of the Space Race. Led to new political, military, technological and scientific developments.

September 1959

Khrushchev flew to the USA for the first time and held negotiations with President Eisenhower; demands over Berlin were withdrawn.

May 1962 A US U2 spy plane piloted by Gary Powers was shot down while flying over Russia. Khrushchev demanded an apology from Eisenhower.

June 1961 Khrushchev demanded the demilitarisation of Berlin during negotiations with US president Kennedy in Vienna.

August 1961 Construction of the Berlin Wall was started.

September 1962- January 1963

Cuban Missile Crisis. USA and USSR came close to conflict. Khrushchev had ballistic missiles in Cuba, US (President Kennedy) denounced these actions and imposed a naval blockade on Cuba- saying any missile launched at the US would be met with a full scale retaliatory attack on the USSR. Soviet ships turned back to Russia. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile sites. US ended its blockade, but untold damage done to Khrushchev’s political standing.

June-July 1963 Rapid deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations after China accused Soviet leaders of ‘restoring capitalism’ and abandoning Marxism.

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Workers’ lives

Peasants’ lives

Task 4: The impact of the Cold War The Cold War had very little direct effect on the structure and function of Russia’s government- even after Khrushchev falls in part as a result of his humiliation over the Cuban Missile Crisis. Use page 163-165 to write a summary of the impact of the Cold War.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Final Section Was War the Locomotive of Change? Use your notes across all of the wars and revolutions and assess the level of change that has happened for each one. Can you find one war/ revolution that caused the most significant level of change?

Political

Economic

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