1.) An indifferent act become morally good 1.) An indifferent act become morally good or morally evil depending on the or morally evil depending on the circumstances. circumstances.

For artist Ana Rosas to be standing nude For artist Ana Rosas to be standing nude showings her naked breast and genitals in showings her naked breast and genitals in front of a mirror and purposes of checking to front of a mirror and purposes of checking to improve the shape of the body means morally improve the shape of the body means morally good. good.

Her act becomes morally evil, however, if she stands Her act becomes morally evil, however, if she stands in front on national television to simply show public in front on national television to simply show public her nude body. The place and audience as her nude body. The place and audience as circumstance change the amorally of the act to moral circumstance change the amorally of the act to moral evilness.evilness.

22).).An act that is evil in itself be An act that is evil in itself be converted good by circum converted good by circum

stances. The evil act of stances. The evil act of murder, for intake, can be murder, for intake, can be

justified to become good by justified to become good by any circumstancesany circumstances..

33 ). ).A circumstance which is not gravely A circumstance which is not gravely evil does not totally damage the evil does not totally damage the

goodness of an objectively good act. goodness of an objectively good act. Attending Holy Mass without paying Attending Holy Mass without paying attention to the bible readings and attention to the bible readings and Eucharistic Celebration does not Eucharistic Celebration does not entirely demerit the Christian. His entirely demerit the Christian. His

presence in the mass is still of value presence in the mass is still of value to himto him..

THE NORMS OF MORALITYTHE NORMS OF MORALITY

The second factor by which The second factor by which the morality of human act is the morality of human act is

measured is the norms.measured is the norms.

What is norms?What is norms?

Ignacio defines it as a rule, Ignacio defines it as a rule, standard, or measured. It is standard, or measured. It is something by which we gauge something by which we gauge the goodness or evilness of an the goodness or evilness of an act. It is something with an act act. It is something with an act conforms to be morally good: conforms to be morally good: or a violate to be morally evil; or a violate to be morally evil; and neutral to be morally and neutral to be morally indifferent.indifferent.

There are two norms of There are two norms of moralitymorality::

The law of God and human reason of man )barbor:180).God's The law of God and human reason of man )barbor:180).God's eternal law is the norm of human acts. This ultimate in eternal law is the norm of human acts. This ultimate in independent of any measure, hence called objective.independent of any measure, hence called objective.

On the other hand human reason is the conscience of a On the other hand human reason is the conscience of a person telling him internally what ought he to do. This person telling him internally what ought he to do. This norms called subjectivenorms called subjective..

LAWLAW

What is Law?

In the words of Babor, Is a rule of action or a principle of conduct )Babor: 165). It is best defined by St. Thomas Aquinas )1225-1247). The Angelic Doctor of the Church, as "an ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by one who has charge of

society".

11“ ).“ ).A LAW In An OrdinanceA LAW In An Ordinance””

Is an order coming from a Is an order coming from a legitimate authority. As an legitimate authority. As an order. As an order, it is order. As an order, it is binding upon the subject binding upon the subject to obey. A law is not a to obey. A law is not a requires but a commandrequires but a command..

2.) "A law is an ordinance of reason." A law is not a product of the whims of the lawmakers, but the result of intellectual and rational study. As a product of reason, the law saw to it that the following qualities are present )Ignacio: 46-48).

A. A law must be just.A. A law must be just.

B. A law must be honest. B. A law must be honest.

C. It is possible to be fulfilled. C. It is possible to be fulfilled.

D. It is useful as guide to attain a goalD. It is useful as guide to attain a goal

E. It must be relatively permanent.E. It must be relatively permanent. F. It must be promulgated.F. It must be promulgated.

3. "A law must be 3. "A law must be promulgated." promulgated."

This means that the law must This means that the law must be publicized in order to be be publicized in order to be make known to the people who make known to the people who will be subjected to it. The law will be subjected to it. The law takes effect only when the takes effect only when the subjects are aware of it.subjects are aware of it.

4. "A law must be for the common good." 4. "A law must be for the common good."

In the first place, a law which covers not In the first place, a law which covers not a mere single individual but a group of a mere single individual but a group of people or society, must serve the public people or society, must serve the public good. A law should be a "liberating good. A law should be a "liberating agency and not an enslaving one" agency and not an enslaving one" )Glenn: 75). A true law directs men )Glenn: 75). A true law directs men towards the attainment of their goals, towards the attainment of their goals, temporary and ultimate.temporary and ultimate.

5."A law must be promulgated in 5."A law must be promulgated in society." Unlike a precept to both society." Unlike a precept to both individuals and society, a law is a individuals and society, a law is a applicable only. Senate or in applicable only. Senate or in Conventions or Malacnang Palace Conventions or Malacnang Palace and are promulgated nationwide for and are promulgated nationwide for the people to know. So with the the people to know. So with the Church law for its members, like the Church law for its members, like the Ten Commandments.Ten Commandments.

6.)" A law must be promulgated one who 6.)" A law must be promulgated one who has charged of society." The," one" has charged of society." The," one"

refers to the legitimate lawgivers, must refers to the legitimate lawgivers, must be it a one-person or group of persons, be it a one-person or group of persons,

like a President or the senate or like a President or the senate or Congress for the state in the church, this Congress for the state in the church, this

may be the Pope or Bishop, or Church may be the Pope or Bishop, or Church Council )ex. Vatican II, PCP II). Whether it Council )ex. Vatican II, PCP II). Whether it

be a single official or a council or be a single official or a council or leaders, these are the ones who have leaders, these are the ones who have

charge and care of society.charge and care of society.

TO BE ContinueTO BE Continue>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

St. Augustine defines it as “the Divine Reason and will St. Augustine defines it as “the Divine Reason and will commanding that the natural order of things be preserved and commanding that the natural order of things be preserved and forbidding that it be disturbed.” St. Thomas Aquinas defines it as forbidding that it be disturbed.” St. Thomas Aquinas defines it as God’s eternal plan and providence for all created things. God’s eternal plan and providence for all created things. Directing them towards their ultimate and )Summa Theological Directing them towards their ultimate and )Summa Theological 1-11, 93,1)1-11, 93,1) In the words of Glenn, “the Eternal Law extends to all In the words of Glenn, “the Eternal Law extends to all acts and movements in the universe. Thus, bodies obey the acts and movements in the universe. Thus, bodies obey the tendencies of their nature and follow the laws of cohesion, tendencies of their nature and follow the laws of cohesion, gravity, inertia, etc.; animals follow the guidance of instinct; the gravity, inertia, etc.; animals follow the guidance of instinct; the earth turns upon its axis; the heavenly bodies swing through earth turns upon its axis; the heavenly bodies swing through their mighty orbit; all in accordance with the Eternal Law, power-their mighty orbit; all in accordance with the Eternal Law, power-less to reject its influence, or to disobey.” Glenn: 79)less to reject its influence, or to disobey.” Glenn: 79)

There are various ways of classifying laws. But we shall There are various ways of classifying laws. But we shall present and discuss first the important classes. The Eternal present and discuss first the important classes. The Eternal Law, the Natural Law, and Human Positive Law. Divine Positive Law, the Natural Law, and Human Positive Law. Divine Positive Law, being theological in nature shall not be included in this Law, being theological in nature shall not be included in this course )Glenn: 78)course )Glenn: 78)

CLASSIFICATION OF LAWCLASSIFICATION OF LAW

11 . .THE ETERNAL LAWTHE ETERNAL LAW

What is Eternal Law?What is Eternal Law?

Man’s body, as member of creation in the universe, also obey the eternal law in so far as physical law is concerned. But man alone can disobey the same law in terms of free choice. This is due to the fact that man is endowed with FREE WILL. So in his human acts, he can reject the direction of the eternal law. His body obeys the law of gravity, for instance, but he may refuse to obey the Ten Commandments. Man is given the free choice in doing human acts.

2. THE NATURAL LAW The conscience of man silently dictates. “Do good and avoid evil” This is an innate universal command engraved in the very heart of every man and woman regardless of time and place.