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A Landowner’s Guide to
Managing and Controlling Invasive Plants in OntarioAppendix
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
2 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Appendix 1: Invasive Species Lists and Fact Sheets
Found in this Appendix:• Invasive Species Education and Outreach: Compendium of Resources
Invasive Species
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Plants - Aquatic
Eurasian Water-milfoil ● ●European Frog-bit ● ●Fanwort ●Invasive Phragmites ● ● ●Purple Loosetrife ● ● ● ●Water Chestnut ● ●WaterLettuce ●Water Soldier ● ● ●Yellow Iris ●
Plants - Terrestrial
AfricanRue ●BittersweetNightshade ●BlackLocust ●Buckthorn(Common,Glossy) ● ●Chinese Yam ●Common Crupina ●DallisGrass ●Devil’s-tail Tearthumb ●Dog-strangling Vine ● ● ● ●English or One Seeded Hawthorn ●EuropeanLilyoftheValley ●European White Poplar ●False Spirea ●Field Bindweed ●GarlicMustard ●GiantHogweed ● ● ●GreaterCelandine ●Iberian Starthistle ●
3A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Invasive Species
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JapaneseBarberry ●JapaneseStiltgrass ●JointedGoatgrass ●Kudzu ●MadagascarRagwortandSouthAfricanRagwort
●
ManitobaMaple ●NorwayMaple ●Paterson’s Curse ●Periwinkle ●SerratedTussock ●SessileJoyweed ●SilverleafNightshade ●Slender Foxtail ●SyrianBean-caper ●TartarianHoneysuckle ●Wild Chervil ●WoollyCupGrass ●YellowArchangel ●Yellow Bluestem ●Yellow Starthistle ●
4 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
TheoriginalSEROntarioInvasiveSpecieslist.InvasiveExoticSpeciesRankingforSouthernOntario(directlybelow).Thislistratesthespeciesin4 categories fromthemostinvasive(Category 1)topotentiallyinvasiveplants(Category 4)andawatchlistofspecies.Youwillusethislisttorankplantaggressivenessbasedonthecategoryrank.Youwillneedthisnumberinsection4.2ofthemanualwhendevelopingyourprioritiesforimplementingcontrolofthesespeciesonyourproperty.
OntarioPriorityInvasivePlantSpeciesList
Legend
Most Common Habitats
FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoistsoils
MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannahandprairie
UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofreshsoils
W-Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities
*Somespecies listedbeloware found in isolated locationswithinOntario.Due to theaggressivenessof thesespeciesintermsofcontrollingtheirspread,theyhavealsobeenincludedinthewatchlistforspeciesnotcurrentlyfoundinOntario.
**Notethatscientificnomenclatureandcommonnamesmayvaryacrossliterature.Tocompoundthissituationmanyspecieshavehorticulturevariantswhichcausefurtherconfusionforreadersofthislist.Forthisreasonreadersshouldbeawareofthesecautionsandspeaktoaknowledgeableprofessionalwhendealingwithanyspeciesthatshareseitherthesamegeneraasaspecieslistedhereorasimilarcommonname.
ListbasedontheoriginalSEROntarioInvasivespecieslist.InvasiveExoticSpeciesRankingforSouthernOntario
©UrbanForestAssociationInc. January2002
5A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
SCIEnTIFIC nAME COMMOn nAME MOST COMMOn HABITATS
Category 1Aggressiveinvasiveexoticspeciesthatcandominateasitetoexcludeallotherspeciesandremaindominantonthesiteindefinitely.Theseareathreattonaturalareaswherevertheyoccurbecausetheycanreproducebymeansthatallowthemtomovelongdistances.Manyofthesearedisplacedbybirds,wind,water,orvegetativereproduction.
Thesearetoppriorityforcontrol,butcontrolmaybedifficult.Eradicationmaybetheonlyoptionforlong-termsuccess.
Acer negundo* Manitobamaple FF UF MS
Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed FF UF MS
Alliaria petiolata Garlicmustard UF FF MS
Alnus glutinosa Blackalder W FF
Betula pendula Europeanbirch W
Butomus umbellatus Flowering rush W
Cabomba caroliniana* Fanwort W
Cirsium arvense Canada thistle MS
Coronilla varia Crownvetch MS
Cynanchum nigrum Blackswallow-wort FF MS UF
Cynanchum rossicum Pale swallow-wort FF MS UF
Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive MS
Egeria densa* Waterweed W
Glyceria maxima Roughmanna FF W
Heracleum mantegazzianum GiantHogweed FF W
Hesperis matronalis Damesrocket FF MS
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae European frog-bit W
Impatiens glandulifera Himalayanbalsam FF W
Lonicera japonica Japanesehoneysuckle FF MS UF
Lonicera maackii Amurhoneysuckle FF MS UF
Lonicera morrowi Morrow’shoneysuckle FF MS UF
Lonicera tatarica Tartarianhoneysuckle FF MS UF
Lonicera xylosteum Eur.flyhoneysuckle FF MS UF
Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife W
Morus alba Whitemulberry FF MS UF
Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian water milfoil W
Nymphoides peltata Floatingheart W
Phragmites australis* Common reed W
Potamogeton crispus Curlypondweed W
Pueraria lobata* Kudzu FF MS UF
Rhamnus cathartica CommonBuckthorn FF MS UF
Rhamnus frangula Glossybuckthorn FF UF W
Rosa multiflora Multiflorarose FF MS UF
Most Common Habitats Legend
FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoist soils
MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannah and prairie
UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofresh soils
W-Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities
6 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
SCIEnTIFIC nAME COMMOn nAME MOST COMMOn HABITATS
Stratiotes aloides* Water Soldier W
Trapa natans* Water-chestnut W
Category 2Exoticspeciesthatarehighlyinvasivebuttendtoonlydominatecertainnichesordonotspreadrapidlyfrommajorconcentrations.Manyofthesespreadvegetativelyorbyseedsthatdropclosetotheparentplant.Theymayhavebeendeliberatelyplantedandpersistindensepopulationsforlongperiods.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.
Acer platanoides Norwaymaple FF MS UF
Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamoremaple FF MS UF
Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven FF MS UF
Celastrus orbiculatus Orientalbittersweet FF MS UF
Galium mollugo White bedstraw FF MS UF
Lotus corniculatus Bird-foot trefoil MS
Lysimachia nummularia Moneywort FF
Melilotus alba Whitesweetclover MS
Melilotus officinalis Yellowsweet-clover MS
Pinus sylvestris Scotspine MS
Poa pratensis Kentuckybluegrass MS
Polygonum cuspidatum Japaneseknotweed FF MS
Populus alba White poplar MS
Robinia pseudo-acacia Blacklocust MS
Scilla siberica Scilla FF UF
Sedum acre Mossystonecrop FF UF
Syringa vulgaris Lilac MS
Ulmus pumila Siberian elm FF MS UF
Vicia cracca Cowvetch MS
Vinca minor Periwinkle FF MS UF
Category 3Exoticspeciesthataremoderatelyinvasivebutcanbecomelocallydominantwhentheproperconditionsexist.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.
Abutilon theophrasti Velvet-leaf MS
Acinos arvensis Mother-of-thyme MS
Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut FF UF
Artemisia absinthum Absinth sage MS
Barbarea vulgaris Yellowrocket MS
Berberis vulgaris Commonbarberry FF UF
Berberis thunbergii Japanesebarberry FF UF
Berteroa incana Hoary-alyssum MS
Most Common Habitats Legend
FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoist soils
MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannah and prairie
UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofresh soils
W-Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities
7A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
SCIEnTIFIC nAME COMMOn nAME MOST COMMOn HABITATS
Carduus nutans Noddingthistle MS
Centaurea maculosa Spottedknapweed MS
Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley FF UF
Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed MS
Crataegus monogyna Singleseed hawthorn MS
Dactylis glomerata Orchardgrass MS
Dipsacus sylvestris Teasel MS
Elaeagnus angustifolia Russianolive MS
Elymus repens Quackgrass MS
Euonymus alata Wingedeuonymus FF UF
Euonymus europaeus Spindle-tree FF UF
Euphorbia cyparissias Cypressspurge MS
Festuca arundinacea Tallfescue MS
Galium verum Yellow bedstraw MS
Hedera helix Englishivy FF UF
Hieracium aurantiacum Orangehawkweed MS
Hieracium caespitosum Yellowhawkweed MS
Hieracium vulgatum Commonhawkweed MS
Hieracium x floribundum Palehawkweed MS
Humulus japonicus Japanese hop FF MS W
Kochia scoparia Summercypress MS
Lycopus europaeus Bugleweed W
Miscanthus sinensis Eulalia W
Pastinaca sativa Wild parsnip MS
Ranunculus repens Creepingbuttercup MS
Rorippa amphibia Marshcress FF W
Salix alba White willow FF W
Salix fragilis Crackwillow FF W
Salix x rubens Hybridwillow FF W
Saponaria officinalis Bouncingbet MS
Solanum dulcamara Bittersweetnightshade FF W
Sorbaria sorbifolia False spiraea FF MS UF
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy MS
Thymus praecox Creepingthyme MS
Urtica dioica ssp. dioica EuropeanStingingNettle FF MS UF
Vicia sativa Commonvetch MS
Vicia tetrasperma Slendervetch MS
Most Common Habitats Legend
FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoist soils
MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannah and prairie
UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofresh soils
W-Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities
8 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
SCIEnTIFIC nAME COMMOn nAME MOST COMMOn HABITATS
Category 4Exoticspeciesthatdonotposeaseriousthreattonaturalareasunlesstheyarecompetingdirectlywithmoredesirablevegetation.Thesecanoftenbetoleratedinrestorationprojectsiftheyarealreadypresent.Theymayeventuallybereplacedthroughnaturalsuccessionormanagement.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.
Acer ginnala Amur maple FF MS UF
Alnus incana ssp. incana European white alder FF W
Ajuga reptans Creeping bugleweed FF MS UF
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Porcelain-berry MS
Artemisia vulgaris Common mugwort FF W
Bromus inermis Smooth brome MS
Campanula rapunculoides Creepingbellflower FF MS UF
Daphne mezereum Mezer’sDaphne FF UF
Euphorbia esula Leafyspurge MS
Fraxinus excelsior European ash MS
Glechoma hederacea Groundivy FF MS
Hemerocallis fulva OrangeDaylily MS
Humulus lupulus Common hop MS FF UF
Hypericum perforatum St.John’s-wort MS
Inula helenium Elecampane MS
Iris pseudacorus Yellowflag W
Isatis tinctoria Dyer’swoad MS
Lapsana communis Nipplewort MS
Ligustrum vulgare Privet FF MS F
Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs MS
Lolium perenne Perennialryegrass MS
Malva moschata Muskmallow MS
Medicago lupulina Blackmedick MS
Medicago sativa Alfalfa MS
Myosotis scorpioides True forget-me-not W
Mentha x piperita Peppermint MS
Najas minor Minornaiad W
Nepeta cataria Catnip MS
Origanum vulgare Wildmarjoram MS
Pachysandra terminalis Japanese spurge FF MS
Populus x canadensis Carolina poplar FF UF
Populus tremula European aspen FF MS
Prunus avium Birdcherry FF MS
Most Common Habitats Legend
FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoist soils
MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannah and prairie
UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofresh soils
W-Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities
9A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
SCIEnTIFIC nAME COMMOn nAME MOST COMMOn HABITATS
Prunus mahaleb Perfumedcherry FF MS
Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel MS
Salix caprea Goatwillow FF W
Salix purpurea Purple willow W
Sambucus racemosa European red elder FF MS UF
Senecio jacobaea Tansygroundsel MS
Setaria sp. Foxtail grasses MS
Sorbus aucuparia EuropeanMountain-ash FF UF
Symphoricarpus albus var Westernsnowberry FF UF
Tilia cordata European linden FF UF
Trifolium arvense Rabbit-footclover MS
Trifolium pratense Redclover MS
Trifolium repens Whiteclover MS
Tussilago farfara Sweetcoltsfoot MS W
Typha sp. Exoticcattail W
Ulmus glabra Scotchelm FF UF
Viburnum opulus ssp. opulus Guelderrose FF UF W
Viola odorata Sweet violet FF UF
Watch ListTheseareinvasivespeciesknowntohavesignificanteconomic,healthorenvironmentimpactsifintroducedorspreadthroughoutOntario.Awarenessandmonitoringofthesespeciesandimmediateremovalupondetectionistherecommendedaction.
Cabomba caroliniana* Fanwort W
Egeria densa* Waterweed W
Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla W
Microstegium vimineum Japanesestiltgrass FF UF
Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrotfeather W
Pistia stratiotes Waterlettuce W
Polygonum x bohemicum Bohemian Knotweed FF MS UF
Polygonum sachalinense GaintKnotweed W
Polygonum polystachyum HimalayanKnotweed FF W
Pueraria lobata* Kudzu FF W
Stratiotes aloides* Water Soldier FF W
Trapa natans* Water-chestnut W
Most Common Habitats Legend
FF-Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoist soils
MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannah and prairie
UF-Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofresh soils
W-Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities
10 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Appendix 2: Mapping and Data Forms
MAPPIng DATA FORM - TRAnSECT SAMPLIng METHOD
Transect number
Occurrence ID number Invasive species name numbers
(population) Extent Comments
11A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
MAPPIng DATA FORM - POLygOn SAMPLIng METHOD
Polygon number Invasive species name numbers (population) Extent Comments
A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix12
DETERMInIng PROjECT PRIORITy - SuMMARy METHOD APPROACH WORkSHEET
Project number
Removal method to be used
Cost of method
Time required
Biodiversity value (High) (Low) Comments
Summary and assigned priority
(1) High to (5) Low
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1 7
A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix 13
DETERMInIng PROjECT PRIORITy- SCORIng METHOD APPROACH WORkSHEET
1. How many invasive plants do I have?
1 point - Just a small amount but it’s spreading
2 points - A fair amount and it’s spreading
3 points - A lot! It’s all over the area
2. Are there features within the area I want to protect?
1 point - Therearemanyrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea
2 points -Thereareafewrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea
3 points - The invasion is happening near disturbed edges or areas I don’t reallycareabout
3. What impact is it having and how aggressive is the plant?
PleaseseetheOntariopriorityinvasiveplantspecieslisttohelpyourankplantaggressivenessifyouareunfamiliarwiththeplant.
Category 1 - 1 point - Itissoaggressiveanditchangestheareasomuchthatfewotherspeciessurvive.
Category 2 - 2 points -Itinvadesundisturbedareasandoutcompetesnativespecies.
Category 3 - 3 points - Itdoesn’tout-competenativespeciesbutnativesdon’tregenerate.
Category 4 - 4 points - Itonlyinvadesdisturbedareassuchasedges.
4. How hard is it to control?
1 point - Fairyeasy,onetreatmentandit’sprettymuchgone
2 points -Takesmultipletreatments,buteventuallyit’sgoneandnativespecieswillreplaceit
3 points - Takesmultipletreatments,butnativeplantswon’tregenerate,andwillneedreplanting
4 points - Noeffectivetreatmenthasbeenfoundforthisspecies.
* Total all scores. The lower the score, the higher the priority rating the project should receive.
Project# 1.Howmanyplants? 2.Featuretoprotect? 3.Howaggressiveistheplant? 4.Howhardistheplanttocontrol? Finalscore
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
14 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Appendix 3: Rare Vegetation Communities of Ontario
ThisappendixprovidesalookatsomeoftherarecommunitytypesinOntariobrokendownbetweensouthernOntario(southoftheCanadianShield,page16)andnorthernOntario(CanadianShieldandnorth,page33)andadescriptionofeach.Ashortlistisprovidedattheendonpg.41.
Inthedescriptionofsomeoftherareplantcommunitiesinthisdocumentyoumayseesoilmoistureregimeisoftenincludedwithinthedescriptionasitcansometimesdifferentiatebetweenararecommunitytypeandasimilaronethatismorecommon.Soilmoistureregimeidentifiestheamountofmoisturetypicallypresentwithinthesoil.Asoil’smoistureregimeisaproductofthephysicalpropertiesandarrangementofitssoilparticles,whichinturndefinethecapacityofittoretainordrainwater.
You will also see in this document “Provincial Ranks” associated with each rare plant community type. Below is adescriptionoftheseranks.
S1 Critically Imperiled-Criticallyimperiledinthenation or state/province because of extremerarity(often5orfeweroccurrences)orbecauseof some factor(s) such as very steep declinesmaking it especially vulnerable to extirpationfromthestate/province.
S2 Imperiled - Imperiled in the nation or state/provincebecauseofrarityduetoveryrestrictedrange,veryfewpopulations(often20orfewer),steep declines, or other factorsmaking it veryvulnerable to extirpation from the nation orstate/province.
S3 Vulnerable-Vulnerableinthenationorstate/province due to a restricted range, relativelyfewpopulations(often80orfewer),recentandwidespreaddeclines,orotherfactorsmaking itvulnerabletoextirpation.
S? not Ranked yet; or if following a ranking, Rank uncertain (e.g. S3?).
S#S# Range Rank - Anumericrangerank(e.g.,S2S3)isusedtoindicateanyrangeofuncertaintyaboutthestatusofthespeciesorcommunity.Rangescannotskipmorethanonerank(e.g.,SUisusedratherthanS1S4).
A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix 15
Quick Look-up Table of Contents
Aquatic Communities (p. 16) Marshes (p. 16) Treed Swamps (p. 17 Thicket Swamps (p. 17) Bogs (p. 19)
Shorelines/Beaches (p. 20) Sand Dunes (p. 21) Cliffs (p. 22) Talus (p. 23) Crevices and Caves (p. 24)
Rock Barrens (p. 25) Alvars (p. 27) Sand Barrens (p. 28) Tallgrass Prairies (p. 29) Tallgrass Savannahs (p. 29)
Tallgrass Woodlands (p. 30) Forest (p. 30)
16 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Southern Ontario
I) AquaticDefinition: Shallow to deep open water (>2 metres) without emergent vegetation dominance (standing wateralwayspresent)
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Floating-leaved Shallow Aquatic
a) Floating-leaved Shallow Aquatic
i) Dominated by American Lotus S1
II) WetlandsDefinition: Communities that are seasonally or permanently flooded by shallow water, or the water table isclose to the surface; The resultingwet soils favour the dominance of plants that growwholly or partially in water (NHIC,2009http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MnR/nhic/communities/comm_list_wetland.cfm)
Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andareprovidedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.
1) Marshes
Definition:Frequentlyorcontinuallyfloodedwetlandscharacterizedbyemergentherbaceousvegetationadaptedtowetsoilconditionsandchangingwaterflows.Treeandshrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;dominatedbyemergentwetlandplants;Waterdepth<2m. (2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR1998ELCGuide).
RareMarshesTheonlyraretypesofmarshesidentifiedinsouthernOntarioareclassifiedasMeadow Marshes.Thesemarshesaregenerallyonlyfloodedinthespring,butaremoisttodrybysummer.Thevegetationthatoccurswithinthesemarshesis less tolerant of prolonged flooding. Meadow Marshes are described as the area where aquatic and terrestrialecosystemsmeet.
A) Meadow Marsh:
a) great Lakes Coastal Meadow Marsh
Occursinnear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;containssandy,gravellyorcobblysurfacematerials
i) Dominated by grasses S2
ii) Dominated by Shrubby Cinquefoil S1
17A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
b) Tallgrass Meadow Marsh
A community type dominated by typical prairie grasses including Indian Grass, Little Bluestem, BigBluestemetcetera.
i) Dominated by Bluejoint and Prairie Slough grass S3
c) Mineral Meadow Marsh
Usually dominated by grasses or sedges; richer areas are dominated by colonial species; wave swept, icescouredareasaresparselyvegetated,containmineralsurfacematerialsofsand,gravelorcobble.Theseareoftenareasexposedbyshorelineenergiesanddisturbance,suchaswindandwaveaction.
i) Dominated by Prairie Slough grass S3
d) Organic Meadow Marsh
Areasdominatedbygrassesandsedgesandothercolonialspecies.Organicsoils(>40cmdepthoforganic/peatymaterial)whereshorelineenergiesanddisturbanceislow.
i) Dominated by Prairie Slough grass S3
2) Swamps
Definition: Often confusedwithmarshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover,most growingwholly orpartlyinwater.Swampsoccuronwetsoilsandarefloodedformost,ifnotallthegrowingseason;>2mstandingwaterorvernalpoolingcomprising>20%ofgroundcoverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Thicket Swamp
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%withgreaterthan25%shrubsgrowingwhollyorpartiallyinwater
a) Mineral Thicket Swamp
Wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.
i) Dominated by Buttonbush S3
ii) Dominated by Southern Arrow-wood S3
iii) Dominated by Paw-paw S3
b) Organic Thicket Swamp
Organicsoilmaterials>40cm
i) Dominated by Buttonbush S3
ii) Dominated by Spicebush S3
iii) Dominated by Poison Sumac S3
iv) Dominated by Huckleberry S1
18 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
c) Oak Deciduous Mineral Swamp
Treeorshrubcover>25%withtreesthatare>5minheight.Deciduoustreespecies>75%ofcanopycover;Typicallyfernandsedgerich;wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.
i) Dominated by Swamp White Oak S2S3
ii) Dominated by Bur Oak S3
iii) Dominated by Pin Oak S2S3
3) Fens
Definition:Atypeofpeatlandresemblingabogwithsaturatedpeat/organicsoils>40cm,rarelyflooded,dominatedbysedges,grassesandlowshrubs(<2minheight),containlessthanorequalto25%treecover(>2minheight).(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Fen
Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%andshrubcoverlessthanorequalto20%.
a) Open Fen
i) Dominated by Twig-rush S3?
ii) Perched Mineral Prairie Fen S1
Dominatedbyfenandprairiegrasses
B) Shrub Fen
Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%andshrubcovergreaterthan25%
b) Shrub Fen
i) Dominated by Highbush Blueberry-Leatherleaf S2S3
C) Treed Fen
Treecoverbetween10%and25%
c) Treed Fen
i) Dominated by gray Birch S2S3
19A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
4) Bogs
Definition:Characterizedby>40cmorganicpeataccumulation,highwater table (saturatedsoils)withacidic-lovingvegetation,trees(>2mhigh)arelessthanorequalto25%ofcover,rarelyflooded;stagnant,nutrientpoorenvironments(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Shrub Bog
Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover
a) Shrub Bog
i) Dominated by Leatherleaf S3
b) Shrub kettle Bog
i) Dominated by Leatherleaf S3
ii) Dominated by Highbush Blueberry S1S2B
B) Treed Bog
Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover
a) Treed kettle Bog
i) Dominated by Tamarack and Leatherleaf S3
20 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
III) Terrestrial
1) Shoreline
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Beach / Bar
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;subjecttoactiveshorelineprocesses:icescour,waveenergy,erosionanddeposition;coarseparentsurfacematerialsuchasrock,sandorbedrockabovetheseasonalhigh-watermark;subjecttoextremesinmoistureandtemperature.
a) Mineral Open Sand Beach / Bar
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;opennessmaintainedbyactiveshorelineprocesses;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;sandysurfacematerial.
i) Dominated by Sea Rocket S2S3
b) Mineral Open gravel / Shingle / Cobble Beach / Bar
i) gravel Beach dominated by Wormwood S2S3
c) Limestone Bedrock Open Beach / Bar
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm;exposedbedrocksurfacescover>50%ofarea.
i) Dominated by Shrubby Cinquefoil S2
B) Shrub Beach / Bar
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%andshrubcovergreaterthan25%.
d) Mineral Shrub Beach / Bar
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm,exposedsandstonesurfacescover>50%ofarea.
i) Shingle Beach dominated by Red Cedar – Common juniper S1
21A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
2) Sand Dune
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerollingsandhillsformedbywaveandwindprocesses;restrictedtothenear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;stabilityofsurfacematerialsarevariablewithlittletonoaccumulationoforganicmaterialsandlownutrientavailability;subjecttodroughtandtemperatureextremes.
A) Open Sand Dune
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%andshrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.
a) Open Sand Dune
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;dominatedbygrasses;restrictedtomostactive,leaststablesand.
i) Dominated by Little Bluestem, Switchgrass S2
ii) Dominated by Little Bluestem, Long-leaved Reed grass, great Lakes Wheat grass S2
B) Shrub Sand Dune
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%andshrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.
a) Shrub Sand Dune
Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket.Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;morestable,lessdisturbedsand.
i) Dominated by Sand Cherry S2
ii) Dominated by juniper S2
iii) Dominated by Hop-tree S1
C) Treed Sand Dune
Treecovergreaterthan25%butlessthanorequalto60%.
a) Treed Sand Dune
Cover varies from savannah to woodland, usually variably treed with understory dominated by grasses;relativelystablesand.
i) Dominated by Cottonwood S1
ii) Dominated by Red Cedar S1
iii) Dominated by Balsam Poplar S1
22 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
3) Cliff
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;Treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesandrims;averagesoildepth<15cm,highlyexposedandsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Cliff
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;typicallyfoundonverticalornear-verticalbarebedrockfaces.
a) Limestone / Dolostone Open Cliff
Coverpatchyandbarren;carbonatebedrock.
i) unshaded cliff face dominated by Cliffbrake, Lichen S3
ii) Shaded cliff face dominated by Bulblet Fern, Herb Robert S3
iii) unshaded cliff face dominated by Canada Bluegrass S3
iv) Open Limestone/Dolostone Seepage Cliff S3
Excessmoistureduetowaterseepage
v) Open Limestone/Dolostone Cliff Rim S2
B) Shrub Cliff
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%butshrubcovergreaterthan25%.Dependentonhowbrokenandfracturedthecliffrimandfaceare.
a) Limestone / Dolostone Shrub Cliff
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;carbonatebedrock
i) Cliff rim dominated by Common juniper S2S3
ii) Cliff rim dominated by Round-leaved Dogwood S3
C) Treed Cliff
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;typicallyrestrictedtonarrowcliffrim,dependentonhowbrokenandfracturedthecliffrimandfaceare.
a) Limestone / Dolostone Treed Cliff
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland);carbonatebedrock
i) Dominated by White Cedar S3
ii) Dominated by Sugar Maple, Ironwood, White Ash S3
23A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
4) Talus
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Slopesof rock rubbleat thebaseofcliffs;coarse rockydebris>50%ofgroundsurface;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrocktypeimportant.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Talus
Tree cover less than or equal to 25%; shrub cover less than or equal to 25%; bare rock surfaces predominate; soilavailabilitylimited.
a) Limestone / Dolostone Open Talus
i) Dry Herbaceous Limestone / Dolostone Talus S2
HerbRobert,PoisonIvy,CanadaBluegrassandMaidenhairSpleenwort;drytofreshsoilmoistureregimes
ii) Wet Herbaceous Limestone / Dolostone Talus S2
HerbRobert,SpottedTouch-me-notandWhiteSnakeroot,moisttofreshsoilmoistureregimes.
b) Open Sandstone Talus
i) Open Sandstone Talus S1
B) Shrub Talus
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%butshrubcoverisgreaterthan25%;bouldersstrewnwithpocketsofsoil.
a) Limestone / Dolostone Shrub Talus
i) Dominated by Round-leaved Dogwood S2S3
ii) Dominated by Mountain Maple S3
b) Shrub Sandstone Talus
i) Shrub Sandstone Talus S1
C) Treed Talus
Tree cover >25%but less than or equal to 60%; cover varies frompatchy and barren tomore closed in nature (i.e.savannahorwoodland);greateravailabilityofsoilaccumulatedbetweenrocks;carbonaterock.
a) Limestone / Dolostone Treed Talus
i) Dry Talus dominated by White Birch S3
ii) Dry Talus dominated by White Cedar S3
iii) Moist Talus dominated by Sugar Maples S3
v) Basswood, White Ash, Butternut Moist Tree Limestone Talus S2
iv) Hemlock, Sugar Maple Moist Limestone Talus S2
b) Treed Sandstone Talus
i) Treed Sandstone Talus S1
24 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
5) Crevice and Cave
Vegetationcoverpatchyandbarren,influencedbyextremeshading;treesandshrubsabsent;sheltered,mostlyenclosedcavitiesandcrevicesinbedrock;extremeshadingandcooltemperatures;rocktypeimportant.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Crevice
Vegetationvarieswithlightavailability
a) Limestone / Dolostone Crevice
Formedinareaswherethebedrockhassplitandpulledaway,suchasontheedgeofacliff,creatingacrackorcrevice.
i) Dominated by Moist Liverwort – Moss – Fern S1
B) Cave
a) Limestone / Dolostone Solution Cave
Caves formed by a chemical process whereby the calcium carbonate in limestone or calciummagnesiumcarbonateindolomiteisdissolvedbyrainwatertoformchambersandexcavationpassages;tube-likeformationareformedbycompletelyfloodedconditions,andcanyon-likeformationsarearesultofanundergroundstreaminanair-filledpassage.
25A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
6) Rock Barren
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;variablebedrock fromundulatingbare rockwithmoundsandpits, tobroken rockwithfissures; rock type important; patchysoildevelopment;soildepth<15cmandvariable;extremesinmoistureandtemperatures;possibleunderstoreyspeciesincludeHarebell,EarlySaxifrage,Bristle-leavedSedge,PovertyGrass,andEbonySpleenwort.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Rock Barren
a) Limestone / Dolostone Open Rock Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.
i) Dry Limestone / Dolostone Barren S2S3
Coverpatchyandbarren;carbonaterock.
B) Shrub Rock Barren
a) Limestone / Dolostone Shrub Rock Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorEqualto25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.
i) Dominated by Common juniper S3
ii) Dominated by Round-leaved Dogwood S3
C) Treed Rock Barren
a) Limestone / Dolostone Treed Rock Barren
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated;carbonateBedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).
i) Dominated by Red Cedar S1
ii) Dominated by Hackberry S1
iii) Dominated by Oak trees S1
D) Sandstone Barren
a) Open Sandstone Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;Barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.
i) Dry Sandstone Barren S1
Coverpatchyandbarren;Sandstonerock.
26 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
b) Shrub Sandstone Barren
i) Shrub Sandstone Barren S1
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcovergreaterthan25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.
c) Treed Sandstone Barren
i) Treed Sandstone Barren S1
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated;sandstonebedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).
E) granite Barren
a) Shrub granite Barren
Treecover<25%,shrubcover<25%Foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextremewhererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated;coverpatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket.
i) Dominated by Chokeberry S2
b) Treed granite Barren
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).
i) Dominated by Red Cedar S1
ii) Dominated by Pitch Pine S1
27A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
7) Alvar
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed,treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%.Level,unfracturedlimestone(carbonate)bedrock,patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock,soildepth15cmmseasonalalternationbetweeninundationanddrought.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Alvar
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%,typicallyrestrictedtobarerockpavementandpatchyshallowsoils
a) Open Alvar Pavement Type
Vegetationpatchyandbarren;drymoistureregime.
i) Dominated by Shrubby Cinquefoil, Creeping juniper, Scirpus-like Sedge (Carex scirpoidea) S2
ii) Dominated by Philadelphia Panic grass, False Pennyroyal S1
b) Open Alvar grassland Type
Vegetationmorecontinuousmeadow;drytofreshmoistureregime.
i) Dominated by northern Dropseed, Little Bluestem, Scirpus-like Sedge S2S3
ii) Dominated by Tufted Hairgrass, Canada Bluegrass, Philadelphia Panic grass S2S3
iii) Dominated by Canada Bluegrass, nodding Onion S1
B) Shrub Alvar
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcover>25%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures.
a) Shrub Alvar
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket
i) Dominated by Common juniper, Creeping juniper, Shrubby Cinquefoil S2
ii) Dominated by Common juniper, Fragrant Sumac, Hairy Beardtongue S2
28 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
C) Treed Alvar
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland);bedrockmorefracturedorgreatersoilaccumulation.
a) Treed Alvar
i) Dominated by White Cedar, jack Pine, Shrubby Cinquefoil S1
ii) Dominated by jack Pine, White Cedar, Low Calamint S1
iii) Dominated by White Cedar, White Spruce, Philadelphia Panic grass S3
iv) Dominated by Red Cedar, Early Buttercup S2
v) Dominated by Chinquapin Oak, nodding Onion S1
vi) Dominated by Shagbark Hickory, Prickly Ash, Philadelphia Panic grass S1
vii) Dominated by jack Pine, White Cedar, Common juniper S2
8) Sand Barren
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresandsurfacematerialsnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtanddisturbances(e.g.fire).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Sand Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.
a) Open Sand Barren
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;extremelydry;disturbedsands.
i) Dominated by Bracken Fern S2
ii) Dominated by Sedge S1
iii) Dominated by Wheat-grass S1
29A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
9) Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland
GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass;variablecoveroropen-growntrees;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;onunconsolidatedmineralsoil,soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands, loamsand sometimesclay; subject to seasonalextremes inmoisture conditions; springfloodingand summerdrought;frequentdisturbancebyfire.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Tallgrass Prairie
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.
a) Dry Tallgrass Prairie
Prolongedperiodsofdrought.
i) Dominated by prairie grasses S1
Associated species include Cylindric Anemone, Rock Sandwort, Pinweed, Scribner’s Panic GrassandBluets.
b) Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie
Seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.
i) Dominated by prairie grasses and forbs (herbaceous flowering plants) S1
Associated species include Dense Blazing Star, Gray Coneflower, Ohio Spiderwort, Prairie DockandIronweed.
B) Tallgrass Savannah
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto25%;seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation.
a) Dry Tallgrass Savannah
Widelyspaced,open-growntreeswithanunderstoryofprairiegrassesandforbs;prolongedperiodsofdrought.
i) Dominated by Black Oak S1
ii) Dominated by Black Oak and Pine S1
b) Moist Tallgrass Savannah
Widelyspaced,open-growntreeswithanunderstoryofprairiegrassesandforbs;seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.
i) Dominated by Pin Oak and Bur Oak S1
ii) Dominated by Black Oak S1
30 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
C) Tallgrass Woodland
Treecover>35%butlessthanorequalto60%;(seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation).
a) Dry Tallgrass Woodland
Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;PennsylvaniaSedgecommon;drytofreshmoistureregimes;prolongedperiodsofdrought.
i) Dominated by Black Oak, White Oak S1
ii) Dominated by Bur Oak, Shagbark Hickory S1
Shallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock.
b) Moist Tallgrass Woodland
Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.
i) Dominated by Black Oak, White Oak S1
ii) Dominated by Pin Oak S1
10) Forest
Treecover>60%,siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Deciduous Forest
Deciduoustreespecies>75%ofcanopycover.
a) Dry Oak Deciduous Forest
RedOak,WhiteOakandBlackOakseparatelydominantorinvariablemixtureswithRedMaple,WhitePineandBlackCherryascommonassociates;canopycovervariable;oftenrelativelyopen(60to80%canopyclosure);subjecttosomeextremesinconditionsordisturbance(e.g.fire,historicallanduse).
i) Dominated by Black Oak S3
BrackenFernpresent.
b) Dry-Fresh Deciduous Forest
Treespeciesassociationsthatareeitherrelativelyuncommonoraresultofdisturbanceormanagement;SugarMaple is absentor comprises less than10%of canopy cover; sandsand loams;upper tomiddle slopesortablelandtopographicpositions.
i) Dominated by Hackberry S2
AssociatedwithRedOak,Basswood,ChinquapinOak,WhiteAshandGreenAsh; long-styled Sweet-cicely,HerbRobert,Jumpseed;usuallyoncarbonatesandsorshallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock;onlyfoundinextremesouthwesternOntario.
31A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
c) Moist-Fresh Sugar Maple Deciduous Forest
SugarMaplewithGreenAsh,BlackAsh,RedMaple,WhiteElm,YellowBirch,BasswoodandBeechassociates;dominantspeciesvary;occursonmiddletolowerslopeswithpotentiallypoordrainage;mixofterrestrialandwetlandspecies.
i) Dominated by Sugar Maple and Black Maple Mix S3
Moistyetwelldrainedsites,oftenalongfloodplains
d) Moist-Fresh Lowland Deciduous Forest
WhiteElm,Willow,BlackWalnut,BlackMaple,Basswood,GreenAshandBlackAshdominateseparatelyorinvariablemixtureswithotherhardwoodassociates;typicallymoreopencanopies,maybe<60%treecover;someshrubswithgreaterpresenceofvinesandamixofherbaceousspeciescommontowetsites.
i) Dominated by Black Walnut S2S3
Typicallyassociatedwithriparianzonesandterraces;streamandriverbanksandfloodplains.
e) Moist-Fresh Hackberry Deciduous Forest S2
B) Mixed Forest
Conifertreespecies>25%anddeciduoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover.
a) Dry Oak-Pine Mixed Forest
RedOak,WhiteOak,ChinquapinOak,PitchPine,WhitePineandRedPineinvariablemixtures;Canopytypicallyopeninnature;LowSweetBlueberry,BuffaloBerryandCommonJuniper.BrackenFern.
i) Dominated by Oak and Pitch Pine S1
Pitch Pine, Red Oak and, to a lesser extent, White Oak in variable mixtures; Restricted to shallowsoilsandbarerocksurfacesassociatedwithrockoutcrops(knobsandridges)ontheCanadianShield(FrontenacCounty).
ii) Dominated by Chinquapin Oak and Pine S2
ChinquapinOakwithRedPineandWhitePine;AssociatesofPricklyAshandFragrantSumac;BrackenFern;Ondroughty,well-drainedsandsandshallowsoilsovercarbonate,basicoracidicbedrock.
32 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Northern Ontario
I) WetlandsDefinition: Wetlandsarelandsthatareseasonallyorpermanentlyfloodedbyshallowwateraswellaslandswherethewatertableisclosetothesurface;ineithercasethepresenceofabundantwaterhascausedtheformationofwetsoilsthatfavourthedominanceofplantsthatgrowwhollyorpartiallyinwater(NHIC,2009http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/communities/comm_list_wetland.cfm)
Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andareprovidedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.
1) Marshes
Definition: Frequentlyorcontinuallyfloodedwetlandscharacterizedbyemergentherbaceousvegetationadaptedtowetsoilconditions,andchangingwaterflows.Treeandshrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%,dominatedbyemergentwetland plants, water depth <2m. (2002 CyberNatural Software, http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ and OMNR 1998ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Shallow Marsh
a) Atlantic Coastal Plain Shallow Marsh S3
ThesecommunitiesoccurinlandbutexemplifycharacteristicsofcommunitiesfoundalongtheAtlanticcoast.Thetypesofspeciesthatcomprisethesecoastalmarshesincludethefollowing(pleasenotethatitmaytakeanexpertforaccurateidentification):Small-headedBeaked-rush(Rhynchospora capitellata),CommonMeadow-beauty(Rhexia virginica),LongbeakBeaksedge(Rhynchospora scirpoides),Hall’sbulrush(Scirpus hallii).Alsocontainsotherherbaceousvegetation.
b) Bulrush - Stiff Arrowhead - Pondweed Shallow Marsh S4
Dominated by Hard-stemmed Bulrush (Scirpus acutus), River Bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis), Stiff Arrowhead(Sagittaria rigida),andPondweed(Potamogeton spp.)
33A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
2) Swamps
Definition: Often confusedwithmarshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover,most growingwholly orpartlyinwater.Swampsoccuronwetsoilsandarefloodedformost,ifnotallthegrowingseason;>2mstandingwaterorvernalpoolingcomprising>20%ofgroundcoverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Mixed Swamp
a) White Pine - White Birch Mineral Mixed Swamp S3
Treecover>25%(oftrees>5minheight);Deciduoustreespecies>25%andconiferoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover;vegetationisamixtureofconiferswampanddeciduousswampspecies;typicallyfernrichanddominatedbyEasternWhitePine(Pinus strobus),Alderspecies(Alnus spp.)andRoyalFern(Osmunda regalis).
3) Fens
Definition: Atypeofpeatlandresemblingabogwithsaturatedpeat/organicsoils>40cm,rarelyflooded,dominatedbysedges,grassesandlowshrubs(>2m),containlessthanorequalto25%treecover(oftrees>2m)(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Fen
a) Boreal Open Seepage Fen S2S3
Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.Contains:SlenderSedge(Carex lasiocarpa), Cespitose Bulrush (Scirpus cespitosus), Capillary Beaked-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea), BogRosemary(Andromeda glaucophylla).
b) grassy Open Poor Fen S5
Treecover less thanorequal to10%;shrubcover less thanorequal to25%.Contains:RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma), Slender Sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), Peat moss species (Sphagnum spp), Moss species(Polytrichum spp).
c) Black Spruce - Tamarack - Leatherleaf Patterned Fen S5
Between 10-25% tree cover. Dominated by Swamp Birch (Betula pumila), Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata),BogRosemary(Andromeda glaucophylla),RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma).
34 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
4) Bogs
Definition: Characterizedby>40cmorganicpeataccumulation,highwater table (saturatedsoils)withacidic-lovingvegetation, tree cover (>2m) less than or equal to 25%, rarely flooded; stagnant, nutrient poor environments (2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Bog
a) Virginia Chain Fern Open Bog S3
Tree cover less than or equal to 10%, shrub cover less than or equal to 25%; ground cover dominated bySphagnumspeciesandsedges;dominatedbyVirginiaChainFern(Woodwardia virginica).
II) Terrestrial
1) Shoreline
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Bedrock Shoreline
a) Acidic Open Bedrock Shoreline S5
GreatLakesGranite/MetamorphicLakeshore
b) great Lakes Arctic-Alpine Basic Open Bedrock Shoreline S3
Basalt(Conglomerate)BedrockLakeshoreSparseVegetation
B) Sand Dune
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerollingsandhillsformedbyshorelineandwindprocesses;restrictedtothenear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;stabilityof soil variable; little to no accumulation of organic materials, low nutrient availability, subjected to drought andtemperatureextremes.
a) Sand Cherry - Wormwood - Canada Wild Rye Shrub Dune S1
Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;DominatedbySandCherryandWormwood.
b) American Dune grass - Beach Pea - Sand Cherry Dune grassland S2
Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;DominatedbyBeachPea(Strophostyles helvola),SandCherry(Prunus pumila)andcontainsAmericanBeachGrass(Ammophila breviligulata).
35A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
2) Cliff
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;bedrocktypeimportant;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesadrims;averagesoildepth<15cm,highlyexposedandsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.
RareCliffsTheonlyraretypesofcliffsidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasOpen Cliffs.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatislessthanorequalto25%.Thevegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren,andtheyaretypicallyfoundontheverticalornear-verticalbarebedrockfaces.Therearefourdifferenttypes,eachwithdifferentgroundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Cliff
a) Basic Open Cliff S3S4
Diabase/Basalt
b) Boreal Carbonate Open Cliff S1S2
Limestone
c) Boreal Acidic Sandstone Open Cliff S2
Sandstone
d) Acidic granite Open Cliff S3S4
Granite/Metamorphic
36 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
3) Talus
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;slopesofrockrubbleatthebaseofcliffs;coarserockydebrisgreaterthan50%ofsurfacegroundmaterials;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrocktypeimportant.
RareTalusTheonlyraretypesoftalusidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasOpenTalus.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatislessthanorequalto25%.Vegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren.Therearethreedifferenttypesoftalus,eachwithdifferentgroundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Talus
a) Basic Open Talus S3S4
Diabase/Basalt
b) Acidic Open granite Talus S3S4
Granite/Metamorphic
c) Basic Open glacier Talus S1
GlacierTalus.Containsmoreherbaceousvegetation.
4) Rock Barren
RareRockBarrenTheonlyraretypesofRockBarrenidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareTreedRockBarrencommunities.Thesepossessbetween25-60%treecoverage,andarefoundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Treed Rock Barren
a) Hill’s Oak - White Pine - Poplar Acidic Treed Rock Barren S3
Dominated by Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus), Red Pine (Pinus resinosa), Northern Pin Oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis),NorthernRedOak(Quercus rubra),andEasternRedCedar(Juniperus communis).
b) Bur Oak Acidic Treed Rock Barren Type S2S3
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),andNorthernPinOak(Quercus ellipsoidalis)
37A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
5) Alvar
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%;level,unfracturedlimestone(carbonate)bedrock;patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock;soildepth<15cm;seasonalalternationbetweeninundationbywateranddrought.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Treed Alvar
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(ie.savannahorwoodland);bedrockismorefracturedorthereisagreateraccumulationofsoilthanopenandshrubalvarcommunities.
a) Bur Oak Treed Alvar S1S2
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),PovertyOatGrass(Danthonia spicata), PrairieSmoke(Geum triflorum).
6) Sand Barren
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresandygroundmaterialnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtanddisturbances(e.g.fire).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Sand Barren
a) Dry Hay Sedge Sand Barren S1
DominatedbyHaySedge(Carex foenea),BrackenFern(Pteridium aquilinum),Kalm’sBrome(Bromus kalmii)
b) Dry Sweet Fern - Carex lucorum Sand Barren S1
Dominated by Sweet Fern (Comptonia peregrine), Bracken Fern. (Pteridium aquilinum), and Kalm’s Brome(Bromus kalmii).
38 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
7) Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland
GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass.Variablecoveroropen-growntrees;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Onunconsolidatedmineralsoils,soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands, loamsand sometimesclay. Subject to seasonalextremes inmoisture conditions; springfloodingand summerdrought;frequentdisturbancebyfire.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Open Tallgrass Prairie
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.
a) Dry Fescue Mixed-grass Prairie S1
Contains:RoughFescue(Festuca scabrella),Stipa(grass)species
b) northern Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie S1
Contains:BigBluestem(Andropogon gerardii),PorcupineBunchgrass/Needlegrass (Stipa spartea),NorthernDropseed(Sporobolus heterolepis)
B) Tallgrass Savannah
Treecovergreaterthan25%butlessthanorequalto25%;(seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforunderstoryvegetation).
a) northern Fresh – Moist Bur Oak Tallgrass Savannah S1
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa)
8) Forest
Treecover>60%;siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.
RareForestsTheonlyrareforesttypesidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasDeciduous Forestcommunities.Greaterthan75%ofthecanopyoftheseforestsiscomprisedofdeciduousspecies.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Deciduous Forest
a) Moist -Fresh Bur Oak-green Ash-Trembling Aspen Deciduous Forest S2S3
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),GreenAsh(Fraxinus pennsylvanica),TremblingAspen(Populus tremuloides);ContainsSaskatoonBerry(Amelanchier alnifolia),WildSarsaparilla(Aralia nudicaulis),AssiniboiaSedge(Carex assiniboinensis)
b) Bur Oak - Saskatoon Berry Dry Deciduous Woodland S2
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),andSaskatoonBerry(Amelanchier alnifolia).ContainsHazelnut(Corylus americana).
39A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Summary of Rare Plant Communities:
Description (from nHIC) Prov. Rank ELC *
Southern
Aquatic
Floating-leavedShallowAquaticEcosite S1
AmericanLotusFloating-leavedShallowAquaticType SAF1-2
Wetland
Marsh
MeadowMarsh
GreatLakesCoastalMeadowMarshEcosite
GraminoidCoastalMeadowMarshType S2 MAM4-1
ShrubbyCinquefoilCoastalMeadowMarshType S1 MAM4-2
Wet-MoistTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshEcosite
WetBluejoint-PrairieSloughGrassTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshType S3 MAM6-1
MineralMeadowMarshEcosite
PrairieSloughGrassMineralMeadowMarshType S3 MAM2-8
OrganicMeadowMarshEcosite
PrairieSloughGrassOrganicMeadowMarshType S3 MAM3-7
Swamp
ThicketSwamp
MineralThicketSwampEcosite
ButtonbushMineralThicketSwampType S3 SWT2-4
SouthernArrow-woodMineralThicketSwamp S3 SWT2-11
Paw-pawMineralThicketSwampType S1 SWT2-12
OrganicThicketSwampEcosite
ButtonbushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-4
SpicebushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-11
PoisonSumacOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-13
HuckleberryOrganicThicketSwampType S1 SWT3-14
40 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
DeciduousMineralSwamp
OakDeciduousMineralSwampEcosite
SwampWhiteOakMineralDeciduousSwamp S2S3 SWD1-1
BurOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S3 SWD1-2
PinOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S2S3 SWD1-3
*ELCisanacronynfortheEcologicalLandsClassificationSystemforSouthernOntario.1998. HaroldLee,WasylBakowsky,JohnRiley,JaneBowles,MikePuddister,PeterUhlig,SeanMcMurray.
Fen
Open Fen
GraminoidFenEcosite
Twig-rushGraminoidFenType S3? FEO1-1
PerchedMineralPrairieFenType S1
Shrub Fen
ShrubFenEcosite
HighbushBlueberry-LeatherleafShrubFenType S2S3
Treed Fen
TreedFenEcosite
GrayBirchTreenFedType S2S3
Bog
OpenKettlePeatland
ShrubKettlePeatlandEcosite
LeatherleafShrubKettlePeatlandType S3
HighbushBlueberryShrubKettlePeatlandType S1S2
TreedKettlePeatland
TreedKettlePeatlandEcosite
Tamarack-LeatherleafTreedKettlePeatlandType S3
41A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Terrestrial
Shoreline
Beach/Bar OpenSandBeach/BarEcosite
SeaRocketSandBeachType S2S3 BBO1-1
Gravel/Shingle/CobbleBeach/BarEcosite
WormwoodGravelBeachType S2S3 BBO1-2
RedCedar-CommonJuniperShingleBeachType S1 BBS1-1
LimestoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite
ShrubbyCinquefoilLimestoneBeachType S2 BBO2-1
SandstoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite
Sand Dune
DuneGrasslandEcosite
LittleBluestem-Switchgrass-BeachgrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-1
LittleBluestem-Long-leavedReedGrass-GreatLakes
WheatGrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-2
DuneShrublandEcosite
SandCherryDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-1
JuniperDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-3
Hop-treeDuneShrublandType S1 SDS1-2
DuneSavannahEcosite
CottonwoodDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-1
RedCedarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-3
BalsalmPoplarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-2
42 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Cliff
OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite
Cliffbrake-LichenOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-1
BulbletFern-HerbRobertOpenShadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-2
CanadaBluegrassOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-3
OpenLimestone/DolostoneSeepageCliffType S3 CLO1-4
OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimType S2 CLO1-5
Limestone/DolostoneCliffShrublandEcosite
CommonJuniperOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S2S3 CLS1-1
Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S3 CLS1-2
TreedLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite
WhiteCedarTreedLimestoneCliffType S3 CLT1-1
SugarMaple-Ironwood-WhiteAshTreedLimestoneCliff S3 CLT1-2
OpenSandstoneCliffEcosite S1
SandstoneCliffShrublandEcosite S1
TreedSandstoneCliffEcosite
Talus
OpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite
DryHerbaceousLimestone/DolostoneTalus S2
WetHerbaceousLimesone/DolostoneTalus S2
Limestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandEcosite
Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandType S2S3 TAS1-1
MountainMapleOpenLimestoneTalusShrublandType S3 TAS1-2
TreedLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite
WhiteBirchDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-2
WhiteCedarDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-3
SugarMapleMoistTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-4
Basswood-WhiteAsh-ButternutMoistTreedLimestoneTalus S2
Hemlock-SugarMapleMoistLimestoneTalusType S2 TAT1-6
OpenSandstoneTalusEcosite S1
SandstoneTalusShrublandEcosite S1
TreedSandstoneTalusEcosite S1
43A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Crevice and Cave
Limestone/DolostoneSolutionCaveEcosite S1
Limestone/DolostoneCreviceCaveEcosite S1
Rock Barren
OpenandTreedRockBarren
OpenLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite
DryLimestone/DolostoneBarrenType S2S3 RBO1-1
Limestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenEcosite
CommonJuniperLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS1-1
Round-leavedDogwoodLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarren S3 RBS1-2
TreedLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite
RedCedarTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-1
HackberryTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-2
OakTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-3
OpenSandstoneBarrenEcosite
DrySandstoneBarrenType S1
SandstoneBarrenShrublandEcosite S1
TreedSandstoneBarrenEcosite S1
GraniteShrublandBarrenEcosite
ChokeberryGraniteShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS2-1
TreedGraniteBarrenEcosite
RedCedarTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT2-2
PitchPineTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT3-1
Alvar
OpenAlvarEcosite
ShrubbyCinquefoil-CreepingJuniper-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarPavementType S2
PhiladelphiaPanicGrass-FalsePennyroyalAlvarPavementType S1
NorthernDropseed-LittleBluestem-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarGrasslandType S2S3
TuftedHairgrass-CanadaBluegrass-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassAlvarGrasslandType S2S3
CanadaBluegrass-NoddingOnionAlvarGrasslandType S1
AlvarShrublandEcosite
CommonJuniper-CreepingJuniper-ShrubbyCinquefoilAlvarShrublandType S2
CommonJuniper-FragrantSuman-HairyBeardtongueAlvarShrublandType S2
44 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
TreedAlvarEcosite
WhiteCedar-JackPine-ShrubbyCinquefoilTreedAlvarShrublandType S1
JackPine-WhiteCedar-LowCalamintTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1
WhiteCedar-WhiteSpruce-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S3
RedCedar-EarlyButtercupTreedAlvarGrasslandType S2 ALT1-5
ChinquapinOak-NoddingOnionTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-1
ShagbarkHickory-PricklyAsh-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-2
JackPine-WhiteCedar-CommonJuniperTreedAlvarShrublandType S2
Sand Barren
SandBarrenEcosite
BrackenFernSandBarrenType S2 SBO1-1
HaySedgeSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-2
SlenderWheat-grassSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-3
Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland
DryTallgrassPrairieEcosite
DryTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO1-1
Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieEcosite
Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO2-1
DryTallgrassSavannahEcosite
DryBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS1-1
DryBlackOak-PineTallgrassSaannahType S1 TPS1-2
Moist-FreshTallgrassSavannahEcosite
Moist-FreshPinOak-BurOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS2-1
Moist-FreshBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1
DryTallgrassWoodlandEcosite
DryBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-1
DryButOak-ShagbarkHickoryTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-2
Moist-FreshOakTallgrassWoodlandEcosite
Moist-FreshBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodland S1 TPW2-1
Moist-FreshPinoakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW2-2
45A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Forest
DeciduousForest
DryDeciduousForestEcosite
DryBlackoakDeciduousForestType FOD1-3
Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite
Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2 FOD4-3
Moist-FreshSugarmaple-MixedDeciduousForestEcosite
Moist-FreshSugarmaple-BlackmapleDeciduousForest S3 FOD6-2
Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestEcosite
Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestType S2S3 FOD7-4
Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite
Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2
Mixed Forest
DryOak-PineMixedForestEcosite
DryOak-PitchPineMixedForestType S1 FOM1-1
DryChinquapinOak-PineMixedForestType S2 FOM1-2
46 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Northern
Wetland
Marsh
AtlanticCoastalPlainShallowMarshType
Bulrush-StiffArrowhead-PondweedShallowMarshType
Swamp
WhitePine-WhiteBirchMineralMixedSwampType
Fen
BorealOpenSeepageFenType
GraminoidOpenPoorFenType
BlackSpruce-Tamarack-LeatherleafPatternedFenType
Bog
VirginiaChainFernOpenBogType
Terrestrial
Shoreline
GreatLakesArctic-AlpineBasicOpenBedrockShorelineType
AcidicOpenBedrockShorelineType
Sand Dune
AmericanDuneGrass-BeachPea-SandCherryDuneGrasslandType
SandCherry-Wormwood-CanadaWildRyeShrubDuneType
Cliff
BasicOpenCliffType
AcidicGraniteOpenCliffType
BorealCarbonateOpenCliffType
BorealAcidicSandstoneOpenCliffType
47A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Talus
BasicOpenGlaciereTalusType
BasicOpenTalusType
AcidicOpenGraniteTalusType
Rock Barren
Hill’sOak-WhitePine-PoplarAcidicTreedRockBarrenType
BurOakAcidicTreedRockBarrenType
Alvar
BurOakTreedAlvarType
Sand Barren
DrySweetFern-CarexlucorumSandBarrenType
DryHaySedgeSandBarrenType
Tallgrass paririe, Savannah and Woodland
NorthernMoist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType
DryFescueMixedgrassPrairieType
NorthernMoist-FreshBurOakTallgrassSavannah
Forest
BurOak-SaskatoonBerryDryDeciduousWoodlandType
Moist-FreshBurOak-GreenAsh-TremblingAspenDeciduousForestType
48 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Appendix 4: Control MethodsDocument below reproduced from CVC control methods document
Thefollowingisalistofthemostcurrentprescriptivemethodsofcontrolforaselectnumberofinvasiveplantspecies.TherecommendationsareacombinationofmethodssuppliedbyToveChristensenandSilviaStrobloftheMNR,theCityofTorontoParks,ForestryandRecreationdepartment(CaraWebsterpers.comm.),GregBalesoftheMNRandCVCstaff(RodKrickandFreyjaForsyth).Othersourcesusedarelistedthroughoutthetext.ThislistwillberefinedbyCVCovertimeasnewinformationbecomesavailable.SpeciesareorganizedbyUplandShrubs,UplandFlora,WetlandFloraandtheappendixconcludeswithTrees.
Choiceofmethodsmayvarydependingonanumberofcriteria,e.g.whetheryouareoptingfornon-chemical(pesticide)methods,thesizeandintensityoftheinfestationyouaredealingwith,andwhethertherearenon-targetplantsinthevicinitythatyoumustpreserve,adjacencyofwaterorpublicsafetyconcerns.Thetablesbelowattempttoprovidesomeguidanceinthisregard.
DISCLAIMER:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiledfrommanysources.BeforeusinganypesticidethereadermustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPestControlProductsActregistrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthepesticidecanbeused,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.Itisanoffencetouseanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.LicencesandadditionalrequirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.
Infestation Level definitions:
Light Apatchorpatchesofplantsthatissmall.Isolatedclustersofplantscanbeeasilycountedordistinguishedacrossanareaofhabitat.Patchesgenerallydonotexceedmorethan5metresindiameterandareremotefromotherpatchesoftheinvasiveplant.
Moderate Isolatedsmallpatchesarebeginningtoblendintoeachother,butarenotyetonecohesive‘infestation’. Patches canbeanywhere from5metres to50metres (e.g. the sizeof twotenniscourtsplacedendtoend)indiameterandmaybeassociatedwithothernodesofinfestation. Theplants inquestionarenot yet apartof thedominant community form;whetherintheground,shrub,orcanopylayer.
Heavy Theplantspeciesinquestionarealmostconsistentlyfoundinabundanceacrossthehabitat.Theplantspeciesformsadominantorco-dominantcomponentofthehabitateitherintheground,shruborcanopylayer.
49A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Upland Shrubs
Autumn olive• Seemethodsforbuckthornandhoneysuckles
Other notes:Handwrenchingnotrecommendedasthisshrubwillheavilysuckerfromun-removedrootsfragments.
Buckthorns, common and glossy(Rhamnus cathartica, R. frangula)
Habitat• Openareas,disturbedforestedges,ravines,forests,thickets,wetlands.
• Willgerminateinfullsunorshade.
• Shadetolerantunderforestcanopy.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Prolificseedproduction,seeddispersedbybirds.
• Producesseedatveryyoungage.
• Rootsuckers,resproutsvigorouslyfromcutstumps.
• Formsapersistentseedbank.Seedcanremainviablefor2-3years(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
Suggested Method of Control • 4-5yearsofcontrolcanberequiredtocontrolseedbank.
• Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.
50 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Infestation level Method/Management
Light (pioneer) non-herbicideHandwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimizedasthismaybringtheseedbanktothesurface.Girdlingalonenoteffective.
Light to heavy and large areas
ChemicalItissuggestedthatanover-the-counteraceticacid(vinegar)product(amixtureofaceticacidandcitrusoils)(e.g.EcoSenseorEcoClear)couldbeeffectiveatsmallerscales.Thestumpiscutabout2or3inchesabovethegroundandthenmashedupwithanaxe.Stumpisthenthoroughlysoakedwiththesolution.Anearlysummerapplicationfollowedbyasecondapplication(stumpmustbere-woundedagain)3or4weekslatercanbehighlyeffective.
Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrieris the most effective.Coata5cmorsobandonbarktotallyaroundeachstem,orusea5%foliarsprayinlatesummer,earlyfall.Asalessexpensivebutalsoslightlylesseffectivealternative,apply100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withapaintbrushafterpeakflowering(May-July)tocut/girdledstems.Bothmethodswillrequirefollow-uptreatmentsasnomethodis100%effective.
Other notes: Whilebuckthorndoesnotresproutfromundergroundroots,itcanresproutfrombudsatthebaseofthetreestemandherbicidetreatmentofthestumpisstronglyrecommended.Roundupisnon-selectiveandsurroundingdesirable vegetation can be damaged. Autumn is the preferred time to cut and stump-treat buckthorn, because 1)buckthornsretaingreenleaveslateintothefall,makingiteasytofindallplantsand2)mostnativevegetationisdormant,minimizing thepotentialharmtonon-targetplants.Tobeeffective, theherbicidementionedabovemustbeappliedimmediatelyaftercutting.Herbicidechemicalscanbeappliedeitherbysprayingindividualcutstumpswithalowpressurehandsprayerorelsebywipingtheherbicideoneachcutstumpwithaspongeapplicator(sponge-typepaintapplicatorscanbeused).
Buckthornleaflitterincreasesthesoilnitrogencontent,whichcreatesconditionsfavourableforbuckthorngrowthandwhichmayharmnativeplantsadaptedtooriginalsoilconditions(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
Triclopyrapplicationduringthedormantseasonreducesthepotentialfordrift injury.UseofTriclopyr isbestdoneinthedormantseasontolessendamagetonon-targetspecies.Greatcareshouldbeexercisedtoavoidgettinganyofthemixturesonthegroundnearthetargetplantsincesomenon-targetspeciesmaybeharmed.AvoidusingTriclopyrifrainisforecastforthefollowing1-4days;otherwiserunoffwillharmnon-targetspecies(Heidorn,1990)
51A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Honeysuckles (Non-native)(Lonicera tartarica, L. mackii, L. morrowii, L. bella)
Habitat• Disturbedsuccessionalcommunities,wetlands,woodlandedges,woodlands.
• Moderatelyshadetolerant,canopygaps.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Prolificseedproductionberrieshighlyattractivetobirds,whichdisseminateseedswidelyacrossthelandscape.
• Seedsremainviablefor4-5ormoreyears.
• Sproutingoccursinestablishedpopulations.
Suggested Method of Control• Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to moderate non-herbicideHandwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.
Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.
Light to heavy ChemicalGirdling/cuttingtogroundandapplicationof100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting).Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrierisalsoveryeffectiveifdoneinearlyorlatespring.Laterseasonapplicationsoftriclopyrhavehadmixedsuccess
Other notes:Winterclippingshouldbeavoidedasitencouragesvigorousre-sproutingofthenon-nativehoneysuckles.Recent studies have shown that some honeysuckles can have allelopathic effects similar to those of garlicmustard(Dorningetal.,2007)
52 A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Upland Flora
Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense)
Habitat• Cultivatedfields,pastures,roadsides,disturbedsites,forestopenings,shorelines,savannahs,prairies.
• Growsbestinopen,disturbedsunnysitesonwell-drained,deepmoistloamyclaysoils.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Reproducesprimarilybyvegetativegrowthofrootsystem.
• Verticalrootscangrowasdeepas6.8m,horizontalrootscanspreadasmuchas6minoneseason,patchescanspread1-2m/year.Readilypropagatesfromstemandrootfragments.
• Producesseed,almostexclusivelyinsectpollinated.
Suggested Method of Control• Beststrategyistoshadethisspeciesoutbyestablishingtrees.
• Latespringburningcanbehighlyeffective,althoughitmaybenecessarytocontinueforseveralyears.
• Stemweevil,budweevilandstemgallflyarecommerciallyavailablebiologicalcontrols.
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicideDeeprootsystemmakeshandpullingdifficult.Repeatedmowing,justasflowersareabouttoopencontinuedoverseveralyearscanbeeffective.
ChemicalSpotapplicationwithGlyphosateorwithselectiveherbicideClopyralid,orMetsulfuron.Sprayingatfloweringtime(mid-JunetoearlyJuly)withGlyphosatecanbequiteeffective.
53A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix
Dog-strangling vines (DSV)(or Swallow-worts)(Cynanchum rossicum, C. nigrum)
Habitat• Fields,hydrocorridors,disturbedforestedges,ravines.
• Nottolerantofheavyshade,butiscapableoftransforminghealthyforestovertimeintomoreopenwoodlands.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Prolificseedproduction,seedwind-dispersedoverlong-distances.
• Abletoregeneratefromrootcrownpieces.
Suggested Method of Control• Burningineffectiveandcanencouragepopulations.
Infestation level Method/Management
Light non - herbicideCanbecontrolledbyremovingplants,includingrootsystems.Onlyeffectiveinloosesoilswhenplantsarestillyoung.Solarisationforupto2yearsanoptioninsmallmonoculturepatches.
ChemicalWickwithglove(carwashmitt)–spray22%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)(mixedwithdye)–carefullywipeontoleavestoavoiddamagetootherplants;2treatmentsperseason,follow-uprequired.
Heavy infestations in isolated colonies or woodlot edges
non-herbicideSolarisationforupto2years,followedbyreplantingofnativeaggressivespecies.MowingandcuttingisineffectivebutcanreducebiomassandcontainpopulationbypreventingseedproductionMowatleasttwotimesperseasonandtargetthefirsttimejustastheseedpodsareforming.
ChemicalSpraywith3-5%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup),appliedbybackpacksprayeratonsetofflowering(mid-June);minimum2treatmentsperseasonfor2-3years.Secondtreatment2to3weekslater.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)andimazapyr(e.g.Arsenal)alsoeffective.Dichlorpropalsoshowssomepromiseinefficacytrials.
Heavy infestations in linked corridors
ChemicalPesticideapplicationcannotbejustifiedonthisbasis–toomuchlabourandherbicideproductwouldberequired–notsustainable;possiblestrategy-introducingcompetitivevegetationingradualphasesovertimeandcuttingDSVmanuallytoallowvegetationtoestablish&eventuallyshadeoutDSV.
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Other notes:SomerecentinformationhasshownthatDSVtreatedinshadedareaswithglyphosphatedoesnotrespondwell.Mayneedtoconsideralternativesorhigherconcentrationsthanthoselistedabove.Dog-stranglingvineisaplantthatisdifficulttocontrolwithnosinglemethodorcombinationofmethodsabletoeradicatethisforestinvader.CooperationwithsurroundinglandownersisrequiredtopreventestablishedDog-stranglingvinecoloniesfromspreadingintonewareas.LimityourtravelthroughareasinfestedwithDog-stranglingvineduringseeddispersaltopreventseedspreadingintonewareas.Takethetroubletoremoveseedsfromyourbootsandclothes,pets,bicycleandotherequipmentwhencomingoutofinfestedareas.
Garlic mustard(Alliaria petiolata)
Habitat
• Riverfloodplains,forests,roadsides,woodededgesandforestopenings.
• Toleratesfullsuntofullshade,preferspartialcanopy.
• Oneofafewnon-nativeherbsthatdominatetheunderstoryofforestedareas.
Reproduction and Dispersal • Biennial,arosetteofleavesformedduringfirsthalfofatwo-yearcycle.
• Insecondspring,rosettesdeveloprapidlyintomatureplantsthatflower,produceseedanddiebylateJune.
• Asingleplantcanproducethousandsofseedsthatscatterasmuchasseveralmetersfromtheparentplant.
• Long-distancedispersalismostlikelyaidedbyhumansandwildlife(e.g.,deer).
• Spreadsrapidly,candisplacenativeplantswithin10yearsofbecomingestablished.
Suggested Method of Control • Therearetwobasicmonitor/controlmeasuresthatareeffectiveforgarlicmustard.Thefirstistofocuson
identifyinganderadicatingnew(orsatellite)infestationsbeforeaseedbankisestablished,andthemoredifficulttaskoferadicatinglonger,established‘invasionfronts’.Garlicmustardcaneasilyinvadedisturbedsitesthereforereducedisturbancestosoilandvegetationfoundneartheseinvasionfronts.
• 2-5yearsoftreatmentswillbenecessarytodepleteseedbanks.
• Burningstimulatesgerminationofstoredseedsandseedlinggrowth,andmustbeconductedannuallyfor3to5yearstoachieveeffectivecontrol.
• Fourbeetlesarecurrentlybeinginvestigatedasbiocontrols,maybeavailableinthenearfuture.
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Infestation level Method/ Management
Light non-herbicidePulloutplantsattimeoffloweringpriortoseedpoddevelopment(earlyMay);pullingmaynotbefeasibleonerosion-pronesites.Soilsdisturbancemustbeminimized.Inlongestablishedpopulations,pullingmaysimplyunearthburiedseeds.Pullingcanonlybeeffectiveifsitecanberevisitedanumberoftimesayearoveranextendednumberofyearssufficienttoexhausttheseedbank.
Moderate-heavy in large patches/ woodlot edges etc. ; monocultures
non-herbicideGoodcontrolrequiresremovalofthisplantbeforeitsetsseed.Cutatthetimeoffloweringwithweedwhippertypeequipmentandensuretheplantsarecutdowntogroundlevel.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Whereascuttingto10cmabovethegroundallowssomeoftheplantstosurviveandreleaseseed.
Cuttingwithbrushcuttersormanuallyattimeofflowering(earlytomid-June)iseffectiveonlyifrepeatcuttingperformed2-4weekslater;plantshavetobecutasclosetobaseaspossibleotherwisetheywillresprout.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Takecarenottodamagenearbynativespeciesandinsteadpullthegarlicmustardfoundneardesirableplantspecies.Mustrepeatoverseveralyears.
Solarisation-placementoftarp/plasticoverselectareas.Replantingwithaggressivenativespeciesandmulchingaroundplantingstocounterdisturbanceofseedbed.Proceedinaphasedapproach.
ChemicalGlyphosate(amitroleortriclopyrmaybemoreeffective)provideseffectivecontrolofheavyinfestationswhenappliedinmid-spring;inthefallandearlyspringGlyphosate(3%solution)canbeappliedtorosettes(firstyearplants).
WherelackofsnowcoverprovidestheopportunitysprayingthreetimesbetweenNovemberandMarchcanbeveryeffectiveprovidedtemperatureisabove10°C.
Moderate-heavy in large patches in highly significant areas
ChemicalDuetothewidespreaddistributionofGarlicmustard–controlwithherbicideisnotrecommendedonalargescale;selectivepatchescouldbesprayedwith3%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)inlatefallwhileplantsareintherosettestage–shouldonlybeconsideredafterothermethodshavebeenattempted.
Other notes: Garlicmustard has knownallelopathic effects that prevent the successful germination and growthofnativespecies.Considerthisinrestoration.Pulledflowerstemscanstillformviableseedsifleftlyingonthegroundandthereforemustberemovedfromthesiteandproperlydisposedof.
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Giant hogweed(Heracleum mantegazzianum)
Habitat• Commonlyfoundalongriverbanks,streamsandwetplaceswithsoildeepenoughfortaprootdevelopment.
• Targetpopulationsalongriversandstreamsandurbanstormwatersystems.Coordinatethroughouttheentiredrainagesystem.Sitesupstreamshouldbecontrolledfirst,sinceseedswillbedisperseddownstream.
• Germinationofseedsrequiresmoisture.
• Gianthogweedthrivesonavarietyofsitesandcantoleratewelldrainedandsaturatedsiteswithsiltyandsandysoils.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Oneplantcanproducebetween27000-50000seeds.
• Seedsdispersalmayoccurshortdistancesbywindorbywatercourse.
• Seedlongevityisabout3-5years.
• Inadditiontoreproductionbyseedsindividualscanreproducebybudgrowthonbothcrownandstalk.
Suggested Method of Control• Managementprogramsshouldspanbetween3-5yearstoaccountfortheplantscapabilityofstoring
carbohydratesbelowgroundaswellastheplantsabilitytoproducethousandsofseeds.Non-herbicide,chemicalandbiocontrolmethodsmayallbeimplementedingianthogweedcontrol.
Infestation level Method/Management
Light non-HerbicidePullingmaybeeffectiveaslongasitisensuredthatallrootsareremoved.Itisalsoeffectivetocutroots3-4inchesbeneathsoilsurfaceinearlyspring.Greatcareandprecautionmustbetakentoavoidskincontactwithclearsapwhichcausesphotodermititis.Follow-uprequiredinmid-seasontodealwithresproutsandoversubsequentyears.
Solarisationwithablacktarporplasticcanbeeffectiveoverseveralyearsofapplication.
ChemicalEarlyapplicationof2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeappliedtoplantsleavesduringbuddingandtheperiodofactiveplantgrowth.EarlyMay-Juneisthebesttimebeforetheplantbecomestootall.Cuttingthestem(oruseofaninjectiontool)andinjecting5-6mlofglyphosphateintothehollowstemalsoeffective.
Follow-upateachapplicationsitenecessarytodealwithanyresproutsormissedplants.
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Moderate-Heavy non-herbicideConsistentmowingmaydepleteenergystoresintheroots.
ChemicalSeeasabove,howevercutandinjectmaynotbepracticalatthislevel,ratheruseafoliar/sprayapplication.Foliarsprayapplicationgenerallythefasteractingandmosteffectiveapproach.
Other notes: This species causes phototoxic burnswhen skin comes into contactwith any sap. Itmay even causeblindnessifsapenterstheeye.Whenworkingaroundthisspecieswearallappropriateprotectiveequipment[gloves,non-absorbent clothing (e.g. PVC suit), and eye protection] andwash down all equipment and clothingwhenworkiscompleted.
Goutweed(Aegopodium podagraria)
Habitat• Commonlyfoundalongroadsides,forestunderstoriesandforestedges.
• Moistsoilsandshadedareasareeasilyinvadedbygoutweed.
• Goutweedisknowntocarpettheforestgroundcoverwhereitoutcompetesnativewildflowers(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
Reproduction and Dispersal• Whenshadedgoutweedcanspreadviaundergroundstems.Seedsdonotgerminateintheshade.
• Seedsaregenerallynotlonglivedandgerminatewithintheirfirstyear(PlantConservationAlliance,2009).
• Populationscommonlyescapegardenboundariesintonaturalareas.
• Seedshavenospecialadaptationtofacilitatedispersalthroughanimalsorwind.
Suggested Method of Control• Whenpulling,careshouldbetakentoensurethatrhizomeshavebeenremoved.
• ThereisnoknownbiologicalcontrolinNorthAmerica(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
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Infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicideMaybepulledwiththeremovalofallrhizomes.Pullingmaydisturbthesoilinawaythatencouragesseedrecruitment.Willneedtorevisitinsubsequentyearstodealwithresprouts.
SolarisationPatchescanbecoveredwithadarkplasticsheetinthespring(Kaufmanetal.,2007).Leaveplasticdownforupto2years.
Moderate-heavy ChemicalSprayingwithGlyphosateherbicidesmosteffectiveinearlyspring.Repeatedapplicationswillbenecessaryoverthecourseofoneseason.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)ina1-2%solutioncanalsobehighlyeffective
Contactherbicidesareineffectivesincegoutweedreadilyrecoversfromdefoliation.
non-herbicideMaybemowedfrequentlyormowedandthencoveredwithlandscapefabricandheavymulch(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
Other notes:Seedlingsneedstronglighttoestablish,inwoodyareaspopulationgrowthismainlyduetorhizomes(PlantConservationAlliance,2009).Mosttypesofeasterndeciduousforestsarevulnerabletogoutweedinvasion.Infestationscanusuallybetracedtoabandonedorill-keptgardens.
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Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis)
Habitat• Meadows,openwoodlands,disturbedsites.
• Favoursmoistconditions,avoidsacidsoilsandheavyshade.
Reproduction and Dispersal • Reproducesbyseedandrhizomes.
• Germinationprimarilyoccursinearlyspring,butcanalsooccurinearlyautumnifsoilmoistureisadequate.
• Readilyexpandspopulationbasevegetativelyandaggressively;sod-forming.
Suggested Method of Control• Springburningisthemostwidelyusedtooltocontrolcoolseasongrasses.However,itmaybenecessaryto
burnannuallyforseveralyears.Burningmostlikelytobeeffectiveat“boot”stage,whenfloweringheadstillenclosedinsheath.
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicideDifficulttoeradicatewithnonchemicalcontrols.Smallpatchescanbehandgrubbed,makingsureallrootsareremoved.
ChemicalGlyphosate(e.g.Roundup)hasbeeneffectivelyusedtoshiftdominancefromnon-nativetonativegrasses.Applyinearlyspringwhilenativespeciesaredormant.
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Periwinkle(Vinca minor)
Habitat• Richmoistsoils
• Doesnottoleratefullsunlight,isshadetolerantandoftenfoundinopenforests(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
Reproduction and Dispersal• Undergroundrunnersandrootletsthatformatleafnodesallowperiwinkletoquicklyspread(Kaufmanet
al.,2007).
• Periwinkleproducesseedbutprimarilyspreadsthroughrunners.
Suggested Method of Control• IthasbeenfoundthattheeffectivenessofGlyphosatehasbeencompromisedduetotheplantswaxyleaves.
Thereisnoknownbiocontrolmethodforperiwinklecontrol.
Infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicideIfpulledbyhandensurethatrootfragmentsarecompletelyremoved.Sinceperiwinklehardlyspreadsthroughseeds,recruitmentofnewseedsthroughpulling is not an issue (Kaufman et al., 2007).
Moderate-Heavy ChemicalBecauseoftheplantswaxycuticleherbicideuptakeisachallenge.Suggestwoundingorcuttingtheplantwithaweedwhipperfirst.Aftercutting/wounding,plantsmaybesprayedwitha3%solutionofglyphosphate(e.g.Roundup).
Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)hasbeenfoundtobelesseffectivethenGlyphosate.
Other notes:Nobiologicalcontrolsareknown.Periwinkleisaveryrobustplantandmanyoftheherbicidesthatareusedtocontrolitmayhaveimpactsonsurroundingnativeplants.
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Wetland Flora
Himalayan balsam(Impatiens glandulifera)
Habitat• Moistriverbanks,dampwoods.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Annual,singleplantcanproduceupto800seeds,whichareexplosivelyreleasedseveralmetresfromadult
plant.
• Seedscansurvivelongperiodsinwater,andcanfloatdownstreamtoinvadenewareas.
Suggested Method of Control
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy and small/large patches
non-herbicideCutonceinfullflowerJulytoAugusttodepleteseedbank;interplantwithtreesandshrubsandslowlyoutshadeovertime.Repeatinsuccessiveyearstoaddressresprouts.Solarisationanoptioninsmallpatches.
ChemicalFoliartreatmentwith2-3%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup).
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Japanese knotweed(Polygonum cuspidatum)
Habitat • Damptodrysoils,alongstreamsandrivers,inlow-lyingareas,wasteplaces,oldhomesteads.
• Foundprimarilyinmoist,unshadedhabitats.
• Doesnotappeartoinvadeforestunderstories.
Reproduction and Dispersal• InNorthAmerica,seedsdonotappeartobeasignificantmodeofreproduction.
• Mainlyreproducethroughextensiverhizomesthatreach15-20minlength.
• Rhizomefragmentsarewasheddownstreamortransportedinfill.
• Rhizomescanregeneratefromsmallfragmentsandwhenburiedupto1mdeep.
Suggested Method of Control
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to moderate - small patches
non-herbicideMowingandcuttingmaybeeffectiveifdoneclosetotheground,twicepermonthbetweenAprilandAugust,thenmonthlyuntilthefirstfrost.Repeatthistreatmentforatleast5yearstoexhaustrootreserves.
Mechanicallycontrolledareasshouldbemonitoredthroughoutthegrowingseasontoensurenewinfestationsdonotdevelopfromrootfragments.
Light to heavy and small/large patches
Solarisationcanalsobeused,beawarethattarpmustextendateast3or4metresbeyondouterboundarytopreventrhizomesescapingunderthetarp.Leaveinplace2years.
ChemicalEffectiveherbicidesinclude:imazapyr,Glyphosate,andtriclopyr.
Cut1-2timesoverseason;sprayresproutinearlyfallandfollowingspringwith1.34%glyphosphate.Willneedtotreatinsubsequentyears.
Steminjections/cutsurfacetreatmentsaremosteffectiveinthesummerorfall,whilefoliarapplicationsaremosteffectiveatthelatebudstage.
Other notes:Recentstudieshaveshownthatiftreatedandtopkilled,therhizomescanpersistforupto2yearsbeforeresprouting.Thisstressestheneedformonitoringandlongtermcontrol(Holmenetal.,2007).
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Purple loosestrife(Lythrum salicaria)
Habitat• Wetlands,streamandriverbanks,lakeshores,ditchesandotherdisturbedwetareas.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Perennial,singleplantcanproducehundredsofthousandsofseeds,seedshavehighviability;rapidbuildupof
seedlingspossible.
• Dispersalmainlybywind,butseedsalsotransportedonfeetofwaterfowlandotherwetlandanimals,alsodispersedbywatercurrents.
• Canspreadvegetativelybyresproutingfromcutstemsandregenerationfrompiecesofrootstock.
Suggested Method of Control• UniversityofGuelphstudiedandpilotedtheuseofseveralEuropeanbeetlesasacontrolagent.Resultswere
successful.Beetlescanbepurchasedasaveryeffectivecontrolagentwhendealingwithlargepopulations.
Infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicideCanberemovedbyhand;entirerootstockmustbepulledout.
Light to heavy non-herbicideBiologicalcontrol:Commerciallyavailable(Galerucellaspp.)beetles.
ChemicalMostcommonlycontrolledwithGlyphosateinareaswithnostandingwater);treatmentshouldoccurafterpeakbloomingperiod(July-August).
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Invasive Common reed(Phragmites australis)
Habitat• Readilyinvadesopenwetlands,especiallythosewithdisturbance.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Produceswindbornseeds,butmovesmostrapidlythroughastoloniferousrootsystem.
Suggested Method of Control
Infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicideHandwrenchingmakingsureallportionsoftherhizomeareremoved.Disposeofplantpartsoffsite.Willneedtomonitorrepeatoverseveralyears.
Moderate to heavy non-herbicideSolarisationover1yearwheninmonocultures.Methodworksbestindirectsunlight.Mayneedtocombinewithtouchupsprayswithaherbicidetocontrolanyplantsthathavemanagedtopokethroughthetarpingmaterialoratedges.
*Mowing2timesaseasonwithfollowupspotsprayingisthebestintegratedapproach.
ChemicalAnticipatehavingtodotwoapplicationsinoneseasontogainhighlevelsofcontrol.Latespringapplicationfollowedbylatesummerorearlyfall(nolaterthanmid-September.)Apply2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-upUltra2orWeathermax).ImazapyratsimilarconcentrationsmoreeffectivethanGlyphosphatebutalsoamoreexpensiveproduct.After2or3weeksfollowingapplicationofGlyphosate,cutormowdownthestalkstostimulatetheemergenceandgrowthofotherplantspreviouslysuppressed.
Inareaswithsensitivespecies:Afoliarspraycanbeappliedorinjectedwithahandheldorbackpacksprayerwithanozzleintothecutstem.StemscanalsobewickedwithawashglovesoakedinGlyphosphate
Other notes: Has known allelopathic effects on other wetland plants. OntarioMinistry of Natural Resources hascompletedaPhragmitesBestManagementPracticesdocumentwhichcanbeconsultedforgreaterdetail.
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Reed canary grass(Phalaris arundinacea)
• Seemethodsforcommonreed.
Other notes:Posttreatmentrestorationrecommendations–somesuccessintheUnitedStateshasbeenhadwithlivestakingareastreatedbyGlyphosatewithaggressivenativewillowspecies2to3feetaparte.g.Salixexigua,S.discolor.Thismethodreducedreedcanarygrassbiomassby56to68%respectively(Kimetal.2007).
Rough manna grass(Glyceria maxima)
Habitat• Nutrientrich,moistsoils.
• Glyceriamaximaisawetlandplantanddoesbestalongriverbanksandinfreshwater(GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase,2009).
Reproduction and Dispersal• Flowingwateristhemainseeddispersalmethodbutlivestockalsoplayalesserrole.
• Densepopulationsusevegetativereproductiontospreadintoadjacentareas.
• Seedproductionoccursinsummerandautumn.
• Mostseedstendtogerminateimmediatelybutsomeremaindormantforafewyears(GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase,2009).
Suggested Method of Control• SinceGlyceriamaximagrowsinandaroundwaterherbicidesshouldbeusedwithprecautiontoensurethat
impactonnontargetplantsandorganismsisminimal.Differentsurfactantsinmanydifferentherbicideproductshavebeenshowntocausedamagetofishandamphibians.
Infestation Level Method/Management
Light non-herbicideIfremovalisdonebyhandensurethattherootsareremovedtoavoidresprouting.Revisittodealwithresprouts.
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Moderate-Heavy SolarisationDarkplastictarpsorsheetingmaybeplacedoverpatches.Leaveinplacefor2seasons.
non-herbicideCuttingmaybedoneinthefalltodepletecarbohydratestoresutilizedinspringgrowth.Cutareasmayalsobefloodedtodiscourageregrowth(NatureConservancy,2009b)
HerbicideslikeGlyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeusedwithcareata2%concentration.
Other notes:Grazingisnotencouragedsinceyoungshootshavehighconcentrationsofcyanide(NatureConservancy,2009b).Mostmethodscallforimmediaterevegetationwithnativespeciesuponremovalofglyceriamaxima.
Trees
Siberian elm(Ulmus pumila)
Habitat• Disturbedwoods,roadsides,pastures,alongsidestreams.
• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandlowmoisture.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Produces1-seededsamarasthatarewinddispersed.
• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formsthicketsofhundredsofseedlingsinbareground.
Suggested Method of Control
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicideSmallseedlingcanberemovedbyhandorwithweedwrench.Girdlinginlatespringtomidsummereffectiveiffollowupoccurstodealwithresprouting.
ChemicalCanalsobecontrolledusingcutstemapplicationsof20%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)inthefall.
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Manitoba maple(Acer negundo)
Habitat• Disturbedwoods(moreoftenfloodplains),roadsides,pastures.
• Tolerantofpoorsoils.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.
• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formingmonoculturewoodlands.
Suggested Method of Control
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicideHandwrenchingiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Girdlingmostlyineffectiveasitresproutsheavily,followupoverseveralyearsneededtodealwithresprouts.
ChemicalGirdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate9E.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.
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Norway maple(Acer platanoides)
Habitat• Disturbedforestsoftenassociatedinareasofdevelopment.
• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandformsadensecanopy.
Reproduction and Dispersal• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.
• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidlyoftenreplacingnativemaplesasthedominanttreespecies.
Suggested Method of Control
Infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicideHandwrenchingoruseofaweedwrenchhighlyeffectiveiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.
Girdlingcanbeeffectiveonlargetrees(>25cmDBH).Treesmaytakeseveralyearstodie.Monitoroverthisperiodandre-girdleifneeded.
ChemicalGirdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)atthestumpwithpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)alsoeffective.Withlargetreesasecondapplicationmaybeneeded.
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Tree-of-heaven(Ailanthus altissima)
• SeemethodsforNorwaymaple.
Other notes: Post treatment restoration recommendations- studies have shown that in low light conditions shadetolerantspeciessuchasredmaplecanout-competethisspecies.Similarlyinopenconditionsstaghornsumachasprovento out-compete tree-of-heaven (Huebner, 2007). This species is also known for its ability to sucker from root stock.Anymethod that allows for the cuttingof the trunk seems to encourage root suckering. TheCityof Toronto is nowexperimentingwithnickingthebarkandapplyingaherbicidethroughthesecutstokillboththetreeandsuppressthebiologicaltriggersforrootsuckering.
notes when using a basal bark application for Triclopyr (e.g. garlon)
Basalbarktreatmentswithtriclopyr(e.g.Garlon)shouldnotbeusedintemperaturesover80°Faschemicalwillvolatizeanddrift.
Stem diameter Species Treatment
<15 mm Buckthorn,Norwaymaple,Tree-ofheaven Paint10inchesofstem,oneside
15mm-50mm Paint10inchesofstem,bothsides
>50 mm Paintfullcircumferenceofstem
Any Thickerbarkedspecies:Honeysuckle,Multiflorarose,Barberry,Orientalbittersweet
Cut stump and paint
(Table.NatureConservancy.2007)
A LAndowner’s Guide | MAnAGinG And ControLLinG invAsive PLAnts | APPendix70
HERBICIDE TIMIng CHART - TRICLOPyR AnD gLyPHOSPHATE
Species j F M A M j j A S O n D Comments
BuckthornGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)
Triclopyrtrialsrequiredovercorewintermonths
garlic mustardGlyphosphate(spray)
Wherenosnowcoverandtemperaturesreachabove10°Capplicationscanbeeffective
DSVGlyphosphate(spray)
2applicationsspacedapartoverseason
Bush honeysucklesGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)
WinterapplicationnotevaluatedasyetwithTriclopyr.Suspectitmaynotbeeffective
j. knotweedGlyphosphate(spray/inject)
Manitoba mapleGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)
Awaitingresultsof2011trialswithTriclopyr.
norway mapleGlyphosphate(cutstump)Triclopyr(basal)
May need 2nd application in year 2 with Triclopyr.Latefallandwinterbasalapplicationresultsunknownasyet(2012)
Common reedGlyphosphate (spray/ hand-wicking)
2applications required inone season.Need furthertrials within the suggested window
Winged euonymusTriclopyr(basal)
Wintertrialsrequired
goutweedGlyphosphate(spray)Triclopyr(spray)
2applicationswithintimingwindowforGlyphosphate.
n Winterapplications(seecomments) nOptimaltimingnPartlyeffective,butnotoptimaltimingnNotenoughdata,trialsrequired
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ReferencesDorning,M.andD.Cipollini.Leaf and root extracts of the invasive shrub, lonicera maackii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs with no autotoxic effects.EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#3,September2007.
GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase.
Available online: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?fr=1&si=891&sts=
(AccessedAugust8th,2009).
Heidorn, Randy. 1990.Vegetation Management Guideline, Exotic Buckthorns, Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.), Glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.) and Dahurian buckthorn (Rhamnus davurica Pall.), Vol. 1, No. 5.Approved02/06/90byIllinoisDepartmentofConservation,110JamesRoad,SpringGrove,Illinois60081
Holman,M.L.,Dunwiddie,P.W.andR.G.Carey.Investigating the rapid spread of invasive knotweed in a riparian setting. Ecological Restoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.
Huebner,C.D.2007. Competitive ability of ailanthus altissima and an overview of other RWU-4557 invasive plant studies.EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.
Kaufman,S.R.andW.Kaufman.2007.Invasive plants: a guide to identification and the impacts and control of common North American Species.Mechanicsburg,PA.Stackpolebooks.
Kim,K.D.,andK.Ewing.Controlling phalaris arundinacea with live willow stakes: a density dependent response. EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.
NatureConservancy.2007.http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/tools/painter.html.(AccessedDecember18,2007).
TheNatureConservancy. 2009b.Availableonline:http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtglyc.html (AccessedAugust7th,2009)
Plant Conservation Alliance’s Alien Plant Working Group. Available online: http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/aepo1.htm(AccessedAugust7th,2009).
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Appendix 5: Tools and Equipment for Invasive Species Removal
Unlessotherwisenotedthisappendix(textandphotos)drawsuponthefollowingresource:
Miller, JamesH.2003.Nonnative invasiveplantsofsouthernforests:afieldguidefor identificationandcontrol.Gen.Tech. Rep. SRS-62. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 93p. http://www.invasive.org/eastern/srs/control.html
DISCLAIMER:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiledfrommanysources.
BeforeusinganypesticideyoumustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPestControlProductsActregistrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthepesticidecanbeused,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.Itisanoffencetouseanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.LicencesandadditionalrequirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.
ToolsshownbelowareprovidedwithbriefdescriptionsandexamplesofsomesupplierinOntario/Canada.Thismanualisinnowayendorsingspecificproducts;theyarelistedasexamplesonly.
Herbicide applicationAlthoughtreatingextensiveinaccessibleinfestationsmayrequirebroadcasttreatmentsofherbicidespraysorpelletsbyhelicopterortractormountedapplicationsystems,thebestapproachisusuallyselectiveapplicationsofherbicidestotargetinvasiveplantswhileavoidingorminimizingapplicationtodesirableplants.
Theselectivemethodsdescribedare
• directedfoliarsprays,
• steminjection,
• cut-treat,
• basalsprays,and
Directed Foliar Sprays
Directedfoliarspraysareherbicide-waterspraysaimedattargetplantfoliagetocoverall leavestothepointof runoff,usuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayer(uselowpressure,driftretardants,andsprayshieldstoavoiddrift).Herbicide application by directed foliar spray is the most cost effectivemethodfortreatingmosttypesofinvasiveplantspecies.Withthismethod,herbicidesarethoroughlymixedinwater,oftenwithanon-ionicsurfactant,andappliedtothefoliageandgrowingtipsofwoodyplantsortocompletelycover herbaceous plants. Foliar sprays are usually most effective whenappliedfrommidsummertolatefall,althoughspringandwinterapplicationshaveuse on specific plants and situations. Selective treatment is possiblebecausetheapplicatordirectsthespraytowardstargetplantsandawayfrom
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desirableplants.Theadditionofawater-solubledyecanassistintrackingtreatmentanddetectingspraydriftondesirableplants. Althoughdyes aremessy and short-lived as a visiblemarker, they arehelpful in training and tracking criticalapplications.Anothersafeguardistoonlyusefoliaractiveherbicides,becausedirectedspraysofsoil-activeherbicidescandamageorkillsurroundingplantswhentheirrootsarewithinthetreatmentzone.Neveruseherbicideswithsoilactivitytotreatinvasiveplantsunderdesirabletreesorshrubs.
Directedspraysareusuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayerandaspraywandequippedwitha full cone,flat fan,oradjustableconespraytip.Thesetipsandsprayingpressuresof20to30poundspersquareinchcanensureproductivitywithonlya fewfinedroplets thatmaydrift to surroundingplants.To safeguard surroundingplants fromdamagebyspraydrift,suspendapplicationsduringwindyconditions.Asprayshieldthatattachestotheendofthewandcanfurtherminimizedrift.Addingadriftretardanttothespraymixturecaneliminatedriftalthougheffectivenessmaybediminished.
Plantsupto6feettallcanbetreatedwiththisequipment,whiletheadditionofacommerciallyavailablewandextensioncanslightlyincreaseheightcapabilities.Totreatplantsuptoabout18feettall,usehigherspraypressureswithastraight-streamornarrowflatfantip.
Directedfoliarspraysarealsoappliedusingwandsonhosesattachedtosprayingsystemsmountedonall-terrainvehicles,trucks,ortractors.Also,aspraygunwithanarrowflatfantipcanreplaceawandforsomeapplications.Anotherusefulalternativefortreatingdifferentsizedwoodyplantsisaspraygunwithaswivelthatholdstwotips—narrowandwide-angled—thatcanbequicklychangedduringapplication.
Stem Injection
Steminjection(includinghack-and-squirt)involvesherbicideconcentrateorherbicide-watermixturesappliedintodownwardincisioncutsspacedaroundwoodystemsmadebyanaxe,hatchet,machete,brushax,ortreeinjector.Treeinjection,includingthehack-and-squirttechnique,isaselectivemethodofcontrollinglargertreesandshrubs(morethan2inchesindiameter)with
minimum damage to surrounding plants. It requirescuplike downward incisionsspacedaround the stemwithameasured amount of herbicideapplied into each of theincisions. Special tree injectorsare available to perform this operation, or a narrow-bit axe,hatchet,ormachetealongwitha spray bottle can be used in
sequence to perform the hack-and-squirt method. Completely filling thestemwithedge-to-edgecutsorinjectionsisrequiredforverylargestemsordifficult-tocontrolspecies.Theherbicideshouldremainintheinjectioncuttoavoidwastingherbicideonthebarkandtopreventdamageofsurroundingplants.Avoidinjectiontreatmentsifrainfallispredictedwithin48hours.
Treeinjectiontreatmentsaremosteffectivewhenappliedinlatewinterandthroughoutthesummer.Heavyspringsapflowinspringcanwashherbicidefromincisioncuts,makingthisanineffectivetimetousethismethod.
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Cut-Treat
Cut-treat involves herbicideconcentratesorherbicide-watermixtures applied to the outer circumference of freshly cutstumpsortheentiretopsurfaceof cut stems, applied with abackpack sprayer, spray bottle,wick, or paint brush. Freshlycutstemsandstumpsofwoodystems, including canes andbamboo, can be treated withherbicide mixtures to prevent
resproutingandtokillroots.Cuttingisusuallybychainsaworbrushsaw,butcanbeaccomplishedbyhandsawsorcuttingblades.Tominimizedeactivationoftheherbicide,removesawdustfromstumpsbeforetreatment.Treatstemsandstumpsasquicklyaspossibleaftercuttingwithabackpacksprayerorutilityspraybottleforsprayapplicationsorawickapplicator,labwashbottle,orpaintbrushforsmallstems.
Forstumpsover3inchesindiameter,completelywettheouteredgewiththeherbicideorherbicidemixture.Completelywetthetopsofsmallerstumpsandallcutstemsinaclump.
Themosteffectivetimeforthestumpspraymethodislatewinterandsummer.Althoughwintertreatmentsareslightlyless effective than growing season applications, the absence of foliage on cut stems and branches produces someoffsettinggainsinapplicationefficiency.
Basal Sprays
Basal spraysareherbicide-oil-penetrantmixturessprayedordaubedontothe lowerportionofwoodystems,usuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayerorwickapplicator.Fullbasaltreatmentsrequirethatthelower12to20inchesoftargetwoodystemsbecompletelywettedonallsideswithanoil-basedspraymixture.Applicationistosmoothjuvenilebark.Fullbasalspraysareusuallyeffectiveincontrollingwoodystemslessthanabout6inchesindiameterorlargerdiametersofsusceptiblespecies,beforebarkbecomesthick,corky,andfurrowed.Theappropriateequipmentforthistreatmentisabackpacksprayerwithawandorspraygunfittedwithanarrow-angleflatfan,cone,oradjustabletip.Awickapplicatorcanalsobeused.
Herbicides that are soluble in oil (e.g. Garlon 4) are mixed with acommerciallyavailablebasaloil,vegetableoilorcropoil(avoiddieselfuel,orkerosene)Someherbicidesaresoldreadytousewiththeseingredients.
Amodifiedmethod,streamlinebasalsprays,iseffectiveformanywoodyspeciesupto2inchesindiameter,aswellastreesandshrubsupto6inchesindiameterifthespeciesissusceptible.Equipmentforthistreatmentisa backpack sprayerwith a spray gun and a low-flow straight-streamornarrow-angle spray tip. To prevent waste, maintain pressure below 30pounds per square inchwith a pressure regulator. At this pressure, aneffective reachof 9 feet is possiblewhile bark splash isminimized. For Streamlinebasalspray(CVC)
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treatingstemslessthan2inchesindiameter,applythestreamofsprayup-anddownsinglestemsforabout6to8inches,orapplyacrossmultiplestemscreating2-to3-inch-widebands.Thissamemultiplebandtreatmentcanbeeffectiveonlargerstems.Directthespraystreamtosmoothjuvenilebarkatapointabout4to18inchesfromtheground.Stemsthatarethickbarkedornear3inchesindiameterrequiretreatmentonallsides.
Avoidesterherbicideformulationsonhotdaystopreventvapordriftinjurytonon-targetplants.
Weed-wickers/Applicators
This is a great tool for herbicide application in situationswhere youneedtoavoidherbicidedriftorareworkingaround sensitivenon-targetplants.Mostmodelshaveballvalvestocontrolherbicideflowandvarioussizedandshapedapplicationspongesorfabricsleeves.
RittenhouseisthesupplieroftheWickweeder 1402FourthAve.,R.R.#3 St.Catharines,ON,CanadaL2R6P9 1-877-488-1914,email:[email protected]
Order online www.rittenhouse.ca
Mechanical Removal
Weed Wrenches
Thesetoolsaregreatforpullingoutlargeshrubsupto2to21/2inchesindiameter.Thereareavarietyofthemoutthere.BelowarelistedacoupleofcompaniesthatsupplysuchtoolsinCanada.
TheExtractigator-http://www.extractigator.com/
The Pullerbear - http://www.pullerbear.com/
Tree girdlers
These tools remove a strip of barkawayfromatreeorshrub.Thecutmustbedeepenoughtoremovethevascularcambiumofthe tree/shrub (a spongy innerlayerofthebark).Dependingonthe species this will eventually
starveitofnutrientsanditwilldieoveraperiodofayearortwo.ThistypeofwoundingmayallowalsofortheuptakeofaherbicidethroughthewoundthatwouldnotpenetratethebarksuchasaGlyphosphateproduct.
CommercialSolutions-www.csinet.ca/field-forestry-mining-supply.php
TrueNorthSpecialtyProducts-www.truenorthspecialty.com/english/Equipment/barkblaster.htm
Basalbarkapplicationwithaweed-wicker(CVC)
Variousweedwrenches(CVC)
Treegirdlers(CVC)
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Appendix 6: Resources and ContactsInformation Categories:
1.Restorationadviceandassistance
2.Potentialfunding
3.Informationonprovinciallyorregionallyrarespecies
4.Invasivespeciesinformation
5.Reportinginvasivespecies
6.Nativeplantspeciesinformation(plantidentification,specieslists,specieshabitatconditions,etc)
7.Potentialremovalassistance
Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
COnSuLTAnTS/nuRSERIES
1,6 Acorus Restoration
7226thConc.Rd RR#1 Walsingham,ONN0E1X0 Tel:519-586-2603 Email:[email protected]
Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice:
http://www.ecologyart.com/
1 Ecological Outlook and Ontario Parks Association
Authors:D.HavingaandJ.M.Daigle
Publishers:EcologicalOutlookandOntarioParksAssociation
Restoring Natures Place -
AguidetonaturalizingOntarioparksandgreenspace.
1,6 grow Wild 3784Hwy#7 Omemee,ONK0L2W0
NurseryAddress: 4735Durham/York30 Claremont,ONL1Y1A3
Phone:705-799-2619 Cell:416-735-7490
Noemail–onlinecontactform:
http://www.grow-wild.com/contact.php
Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice:
http://www.grow-wild.com/
7 Lands & Forests Consulting
HeadOffice-Hanover DaveTaylor 421608Con6NDR.R.R.#1, Elmwood,ON.N0G1S0
Tel:1-519-364-tree(8733) Tollfree:1-888-923-9995 Fax:1-519-364-8736
Email:[email protected]
Forestryandprofessionalprescribedburncontractor:
http://www.landsandforests.com/
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
nOn-gOVERnMEnT ORgAnIZATIOnS
4,6 Canadian Wildlife Federation (CWF)
350MichaelCowplandDrive Kanata,ONK2M2W1
Tel:1-800-563-9453 Fax:613-599-4428
Noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/contact-us/contact-us.html
Invasivespeciesencyclopaediawhichprovidesinformationaboutnativeandinvasiveranges,invasionpathway,status,impactsandcontrolmeasures: www.cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/invasive-species/
WildAboutGardening-Alistofnativeplant suppliers for Ontario: www.wildaboutgardening.org/en/gab/section3/ontario/index.htm
ListofplantsnativetoeachregionofCanada: old.wildaboutgardening.org/en/growing/section4/encyclopedia/index.asp
1,3 Eastern Ontario Model Forest
P.O.Bag2111 KemptvilleONK0G1J0
Tel.:(613)258-8241 Fax.:(613)258-8363
Email: [email protected]
TheEnhancingSpeciesatRiskHabitatinYourEasternOntarioWoodlotbookletisintended as a tool to assist landowners inenhancingspeciesatriskhabitat:
http://www.eomf.on.ca/en/information-reports/publications/information-reports/page-2-10
(Scrolldownthepageandclickon“Clickheretoview”)
1,4,6 Evergreen 355AdelaideStreetWest,5thFloor Toronto,ONM5V1S2
Tel:416-596-1495 Tollfree:1-888-426-3138 Fax:416-596-1443
email: [email protected]
Nativeplantdatabase: nativeplants.evergreen.ca/
Invasivespeciesfactsheetsandprofiles: www.evergreen.ca/en/resources/native-plants/fact-sheets.sn
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
1,3,4,6 Federation of Ontario naturalists (FOn)
HeadOffice 366AdelaideStreetWest,Suite201 Toronto,ONM5V1R9
Tel:416-444-8419 Tollfree:1-800-440-2366 Fax:416-444-9866
Email: [email protected]
OntarioNature-Anorganizationthatprotectswildspeciesandwildspacesthroughconservation,educationandpublicengagement: www.ontarionature.org/index.php
Avarietyofdownloadablefactsheetsare also available: www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/publications.php
HabitatCreationwithNativePlants www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/misc/habitat_creation.pdf
BackyardHabitats www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/id_guides/backyard.pdf
WetlandRestorationandRehabilitation www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/misc/wetland_restoration.pdf
NaturalInvaders www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/id_guides/natural_invaders.pdf
SpeciesatRiskinOntario www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PDFs/id_guides/SAR_brochure.pdf
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
nOn-gOVERnMEnT ORgAnIZATIOnS
4,6 Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation
P.O.Box178, Blyth,ONN0M1H0
Phone:(519)523-4478
Email: [email protected]
Informationoninvasivespecies,withafocusonspeciesthatarehavingseriousimpactonLakeHuron’secology: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=invasive-species
Importanceofnativeplants: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=importance-of-native-plants
1 Landscape Ontario
7856FifthLineSouth Milton,ONL9T2X8
Tel:(905)875-1805 Fax:(905)875-3942
ListslandscapingcompaniesinOntariowhoprovideprofessionalserviceandwhoseprinciplesincludetorespectandimprove the environment: www.landscapeontario.com
3,4 nature Canada Tel:1-800-267-4088
Email: [email protected]
DiscussesendangeredspeciesandspeciesatriskinCanada,withselectprofilesonsomespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/endangered.asp
Briefgeneralinformationaboutinvasivespeciesmentionedasathreattoparksandnaturalareas.Doeshighlightafewinvasivespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/parks_cons_invasive.asp
4 natureServe N/A Invasivespeciesdatabase–Asearchengineforinvasivespecies: www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/natureServe
1,6 north American native Plant Society (nAnPS)
POBox84,StationD Etobicoke,ONM9A4X1
Voicemail:(416)631-4438
Email: [email protected]
Informationaboutwhynativeplantsshould be used and how to start gardeningwithnativeplants: www.nanps.org
Avarietyoffactsheetsaboutnativeplantspeciesandgardening: www.nanps.org/index.php/resources/publications
ButterflyGardening:AttractingButterfliestoGardensintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/butterfact.pdf
NativePlantGardening:AnIntroductiontotheBenefitsofLandscapingwithNature www.nanps.org/pdfs/nativefact.pdf
NativeTrees:ForGardenersintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/treefact.pdf
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
nOn-gOVERnMEnT ORgAnIZATIOnS
4,6 Ontario Invasive Plant Council (OIPC)
P.O.Box2800 4601GuthrieDrive Peterborough,ONK9J8L5
Tel:705-748-6324ext243 Fax:1-705-748-9577
Anon-profit,multi-agencyorganizationin response to the threat of invasive plantsprovidinginformationregardinginvasiveplantsandlinkstootherwebsites related to invasive plants and nativeplants: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca
Avarietyoffactsheetsregardinginvasivespecies: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/index.php/publications
QuickreferenceGuidetoInvasivePlantSpecies-Aselectionofcommoninvasiveplants,withdetailsonhowtoidentifythem.ThisisalsoavailablefromCreditValleyConservation’sinvasivewebsite. www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/Invasive speciespeciesCards_CVC_HR_sm.pdf
ALandowner’sGuidetoControllingInvasive Woodland Plants- A guide detailinghowtodealwithaselectiononinvasivespecies(inpartnershipwith:OntarioFederationofAngler’sandHunters,OakRidgesMoraineFoundation,VictoriaLandandWaterStewardshipCouncilandtheGovernmentofOntario): www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/LandownerguideInvasive species_web.pdf
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
1,4,6 Ontario Society for Ecological Restoration (SERO)
N/A NativePlantResourceGuidesavailableforpurchase: www.serontario.org/publications.htm
Arankedlistofinvasivespeciesinsouthern Ontario based on the degree of invasiveness: serontario.org/pdfs/exotics.pdf
Compendium of Invasive Plant ManagementinOntario
www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/Management_Compendium_Final_web.pdf
GiantHogweedManagementProfessionals List
www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/gHManagementwebsitelist6.pdf
1 Society for Ecological Restoration International
Authors:S.PackardandC.F.Mutel
Publisher: Island Press
TheTallgrassRestorationHandbookforPrairies,Savannas,andWoodlands. -Providespracticalandcomprehensiveinformationonrestorationofprairies,savannasandwoodlands.
PuBLIC InSTITuTIOnS
4,6 Canadian Biodiversity Web Site
N/A Providesgeneralinformationonnativeandinvasivespecies: http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/index.htm
4 Canadian Botanical Conservation network, Royal Botanical gardens
RoyalBotanicalGardens Attention:Dr.DavidGalbraith P.O.Box399 Hamilton,ONL8N3H8
Tel:1-905-527-1158,ext.309 Fax:1-905-577-0375
HaslistsofinvasiveplantsinCanada,providinginformationonsuchthingsasspeciesdescription,habitat,provinciallocations,controlmethods: http://www.rbg.ca/cbcn/en/projects/invasive species/i_list.html
4,6 Canadian Museum of nature
240McLeodStreet Ottawa,ONK1P6P4
(613)566-4700 Tel:613.566.47001.800.263.4433
Email: [email protected]
OntheirNativePlantCrossroadswebsitethereisinformationnativeandinvasiveplants: http://nature.ca/plnt/index_e.cfm
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
PuBLIC InSTITuTIOnS
1,6 Centre for Land and Water Stewardship, university of guelph
RichardsBuilding,UniversityofGuelph Guelph,ONN1G2W1
Tel:519-824-4120ext.58329
Email: [email protected]
Publicationsfortheidentificationandmanagement of woodland plants: www.uoguelph.ca/~claws/newsite/publications.html
4 university of georgia, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
TheUniversityofGeorgia P.O.Box748 4601ResearchWayCPES 113AdministrationBuilding Tifton,Georgia31793
Phone:229-386-3298 Fax:229-386-3352
Therearemanyemailslistedonline,thereforecheckthislinkforcontacts:http://www.bugwood.org/Contactus.html
Informationonhowtoidentify,controlandreportinvasivespecies(althoughreportingisfortheUS),aswellasvideosanddistributionmaps(alsooftheUSonly): http://www.invasive.org/
BOOkS/MAnuALS/FACT SHEETS
1,4 DCnR Invasive Exotic Plant Tutorial for natural Land Managers, Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council
Steve Young 56175thSt.S. Arlington,VA22204
Email: steveyoung[at]aol.com
Providesfactsheets,managementandcontrolinformationonlistedinvasivespecies: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/invasivetutorial/List.htm
6 N/A Authors:D.BennetandT.Tiner Publisher:McClelland&StewartLtd.
Wild City: A guide to nature in urban Ontario, from termites to coyotes - Provides natural histories of most of thecommonplantsandwildlifefoundinOntario’scities.
6 N/A Authors:J.DiekelmannandR.Schuster. Publisher:TheUniversityofWisconsinPress
Natural Landscaping: Designing with Native Plant Communities -Providesbasicguidanceinusingnativeplantsinlandscaping,fromplanningandlandscapingtoplanting.
6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:WhitecapBooks
100 Easy-to-grow Native Plants for Canadian Gardeners -Nativespeciesinformationandlistofnativenurseries.
6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:RandomHouseof Canada
Grow Wild -Providesinformationonlow-maintenanceandsure-successgardeningwithnativeplants
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
6 N/A Author:D.W.Tallamy Publisher: Timber Press
Bringing Nature Home -Providesinformationonhowtosustainwildlifewithnativeplants.Italsoincludeslistsofnativeplantsforregionhabitats.
4 N/A Authors:S.R.KaufmanandW.Kaufman Publisher:StackpoleBooks
Invasive Plants -AguidetoidentificationandtheimpactsandcontrolofcommonNorthAmericanspecies.
4 N/A Authors:R.K.Kohli,H.P.SinghandD.R.Batish
Publisher:CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup
Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystem -Providesafoundationininvasiveecology,discussestheimpactsoninvasivespeciesonnaturalsystemsandmanagementtoolsforcontrollinginvasivespecies.
MunICIPAL LEVEL ORgAnIZATIOnS
1,4,6,7 City of Toronto – urban Forestry Services
Tel(Torontocitylimits):311 Tel(outsidecitylimits): 416-392-2489 Fax:416-338-0685
Email: [email protected]
UrbanForestryServicessiteprovidesinformationonnative,invasiveandendangeredspecies,treeplanting,bi-lawsandpolicies:http://www.toronto.ca/trees/
Factsheetoncontrollinginvasiveplants: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_3_Controlling_Invasive_Plants.pdf
Factsheetonhowtoselectandbuynativeplants,aswellasplantsoilandlightrequirements: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_2_How_to_Select_and_Buy_native_Plants.pdf
1,3,4,5,6 Conservation Halton
2596BritanniaRoadWest Burlington,ONL7P0G3
Tel:905-336-1158 Fax:905-336-7014
Lands and Forestry - Provides informationontheirtreeplantingprogram,aswellasinformationonEmeraldAshBorerandGypsyMoth: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/ShowCategory.cfm?subCatID=787
Species at Risk-Informationonspeciesatrisk,includingaspecieslistandreportingform: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/ShowCategory.cfm?subCatID=1328
Invasive Exotics-Informationoninvasivespecies,includingnativeandinvasivespecieslistsandagianthogweedfactsheet: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/ShowCategory.cfm?subCatID=1114
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
1,4,5,6,7 Credit Valley Conservation (CVC)
1255OldDerryRoad Mississauga,ONL5N6R4
Tel:905-670-1615or 1-800-668-5557
Fax:905-670-2210
Stewardship programs and services -Informationonthedifferentprogramsandservicesprovided,includingtreeplanting,ecologicallandscaping/gardeningandrestorationresources: http://www.creditvalleyca.ca/your-land-water/
Informationaboutwhatinvasivespeciesare,listsoftypesofinvasiveplants,andmethodsofcontrolforinvasiveplants: www.creditvalleyca.ca/invasives
Listofecological/landscapecompaniesthatcanhelplandownersplanwhattheywantfortheirproperty: www.creditvalleyca.ca/ecoproviders
Listofnativeplantnurseriesforsouthern Ontario: www.creditvalleyca.ca/nurseries
MunICIPAL LEVEL ORgAnIZATIOnS
1,4 grand River Conservation Authority (gRCA)
400ClydeRoad,POBox729 Cambridge,ONN1R5W6
Tel:519-621-2761 Tollfree:1-866-900-4722 Fax:519-621-4844
Email: [email protected]
Tree Planting - Provide support for tree plantingprojectsonprivatelands. http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=4
Invasive Species-Informationoninvasivespecies,andGRCA’sforestmanagementofinvasivespecies: http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=6&Sub2=0
1,6 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA)
5ShorehamDrive Downsview,ONM3N1S4
Tel:(416)661-6600 Fax:(416)661-6898
Email: [email protected]
Community Stewardship Program - Providesprogramsincludinghands-ondemonstrations,workshops,naturewalks,plantingandclean-upactivities: http://trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/index.dot
Healthy Yards Program–Providesinformationandresourcestohelplandownerscreatenaturalgardensusingnativeplants: www.trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/healthy-yards-program
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
1,4,6 upper Thames River Conservation
1424ClarkeRoad London,ONN5V5B9
Tel:519-451-2800 Fax:519-451-1188
Informationoninvasivespecies: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/invasive_species/Invasive_species.htm
Treeplantingprogram: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/Stewardship_grants/forestry.htm
Informationonnativespecies,includingwhatspeciestoplantandgardeningwithnatives: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/native_species/nativespecies.htm
PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES
1,2,3,4,5,6 Conservation Ontario
Box11,120BayviewParkway Newmarket,ONL3Y4W3
Tel:905-895-0716 Fax:905-895-0751
Email: [email protected]
AlistofallofOntario’s36conservationauthoritiesbasedonthewatershed.Thisprovideslinkstoalltheconservationareasthatcanprovidesupportforlandownersinprotectingandenhancingthenaturalareasoftheirproperties.Theyalsoprovideworkshops,educationalprogramsandvolunteerevents throughout their watersheds: www.conservation-ontario.on.ca/about/cas.html
2,3,4,6 great Lakes Information network
N/A Informationonvarioustopics: Endangered species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/endanger.html
Invasive species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/invasive.html
Plants of the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/plants.html
Funding and Grants in the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/infocenter/news/funding.html
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES
1,2,3,4,6 Ontario Ministry of natural Resources (OMnR)
MainOffice 300WaterStreet,P.O.Box7000 Peterborough,ONK9J8M5
Tel:1-800-667-1940
Noemail-onlinecontactform: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Contactus/index.html
AlistoftheMNRDistrictOffices: http://tinyurl.com/cnyjvh8
Downloadablefactsheetscoveringavarietyofrestorationrelatedtopicsincludingpreservingnaturalshorelines,managingforestsandnaturalizingyourbackyard: http://tinyurl.com/brxosto
Tax incentive programs:
Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP) http://tinyurl.com/c5oqkg8
Conservation Lands Tax Incentive Program http://tinyurl.com/c5rtozs
Managed Forest Tax Incentive Program http://tinyurl.com/covlnt3
Species at Risk Farm Incentive Program http://tinyurl.com/cvhgm49
Descriptionofwhataspeciesatrisk(SAR)is,aswellasalistoftheSARinOntario: http://tinyurl.com/62wqmo
Alistofspeciesatrisk(SAR)inOntario: http://tinyurl.com/23kvjyt
ListsofSARinOntariobyregion*: http://tinyurl.com/n474ye
Invading Species Program(InpartnershipwiththeOntarioFederationofAnglersandHunters)seeOntario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
3,6 natural Heritage Information Centre (nHIC)
Email: [email protected] Compiles,maintainsanddistributesinformationonnaturalspecies,plantcommunitiesandspacesofconservationconcerninOntario: nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MnR/nhic/nhic.cfm
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
4,5 Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters (OFAH)
4601GuthrieDrive, P.O.Box2800 Peterborough,ONK9J8L5
Tel:705-748-6324 Fax:705-748-9577
Email: [email protected]
Invading Species Awareness Program (InpartnershipwiththeMinistryofNaturalResources)–Informationaboutvarioustypesofinvasivespecies,downloadablefactsheets,aninvasivespeciesonlinereportingsystemandhotline: (ReportingHotline:1-800-563-7711) www.invadingspecies.com
PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES
1,2,4 Ontario Stewardship
P.O.Box7000 300WaterStreet4thfloor, South Tower Peterborough,ONK9J8M5
Provides a list of all of the stewardship councilsinOntario: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/local_council
Species at Risk Stewardship Fund–Afund open to individuals and groups insupportofstewardshipactivitiesthatwillimprovethestatusofSARandtheir habitats: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/financial_suport_incentives
4 Stewardship network of Ontario
Email: [email protected]
Avarietyofinformationaboutinvasivespeciesandwaystocontributetofightingthem: www.stewardshipcentre.on.ca
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
FEDERAL AgEnCIES
4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
NationalHeadquarters 1400MerivaleRoad Ottawa,ONK1A0Y9
Tel:1-800-442-2342
noemail-onlinecontactform:www.inspection.gc.ca/english/tools/feedback/commene.shtml
Southwest
1200CommissionersRdE,Unit19 London,ONN5Z4R3
Tel:519-691-1300 Fax:519-691-1314
Central
259WoodlawnRoad,WestSuiteA Guelph,ONN1H8J1
Tel:519-837-5817 Fax:519-837-9774
Toronto
1124FinchAvenueWest,Unit2 Downsview,ONM3J2E2
Tel:416-665-5055 Fax:416-665-5069and 416-667-4965
north East
Unit7-38AurigaDr. Nepean,ONK2E8A5
Tel:613-946-7897 Fax:613-946-7902
Informationaboutinvasiveplantsaswellasactsandregulationspertainingtoinvasivespecies: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/invenve.shtml
Asummaryreportprovidinginformationsuchasthehistoryofinvasiveplants,theeconomic,environmentalandsocialimpactsofinvasiveplants,andCanada’sresponse to invasive plants: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/techrpt/summrese.shtml
Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(AdministeredbyEnvironmentCanada and in partnership with FisheriesandOceansCanada):seeEnvironment Canada
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Information Category
Organization Contact Information Description and Website Information (if applicable)
PROVInCIAL AgEnCIES
2,4 Environment Canada
InquiryCentre 351St.JosephBoulevard PlaceVincentMassey,8thFloor Gatineau,QuebecK1A0H3
Tel:1-800-668-6767
Email: [email protected]
GeneralinformationaboutwhatalienspeciesareandCanada’sresponsetothem: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/
Invasive Species Web Portal–informationaboutinvasivespecies,whatpeoplecandotohelpaswellasameansofbrowsingorsearchingvariousinvasivespeciesrelatedtopics:www.invasive speciespecies.gc.ca
Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(inpartnershipwithCanadianFoodInspectionAgencyandFisheriesandOceansCanada)-Thestrategyforcombatingalienspeciesprovidingfundingforprovinces,municipalities,educationalinstitutions,non-governmentorganizationsandothergroupswhoareworkingtoprevent,detectandmanageinvasivealienspecies: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/Default.asp?lang=En&n=A49893BC-1
Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada - A review of wetland and uplandspeciesandthelegislationgoverningtheircontrol: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/78D62AA2-55A4-4E2F-AA08-538E1051A893/invasive species.pdf
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Appendix 7: Conservation Authorities of OntarioA
ppen
dix
3M
ap i
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Appendix 8: Ontario Ministry of the Environment – Regional Offices
REgIOn County/Township
REgIOnAL OFFICE Mailing Address
Telephone/Toll Free/Fax
Central Region: Toronto,Halton,Peel,York,Durham,SimcoeandMuskoka
5775YongeSt,8thFloor Toronto,ONM2M4J1
Tel(416)326-6700
TollFree1-800-810-8048 Fax(416)325-6347
West-Central Region: Haldimand,Norfolk,Niagara,Hamilton-Wentworth,Dufferin,Wellington,Waterloo and Brant
119KingSt.W.,12thFloorHamilton,ONL8P4Y7
Tel(905)521-7640 TollFree1-800-668-4557 Fax(905)521-7820
Eastern Region: Frontenac,Hastings,Lennox& Addington,PrinceEdward,Leeds&Grenville,Prescott&Russell,Stormont/Dundas&Glengarry,Peterborough,KawarthaLakes,Northumberland,Renfrew,Ottawa,Lanark,DistrictofNipissing(Twp.ofSouthAlgonquin)andHaliburton
1259GardinersRoad,Unit3 KingstonONK7P3J6
Tel(613)549-4000 TollFree1-800-267-0974 Fax(613)548-6908
Southwestern Region: Elgin,Middlesex,Oxford,Essex,Kent,Lambton,Bruce,Grey,HuronandPerth
733ExeterRd. London,ONN6E1L3
Tel(519)873-5000 TollFree1-800-265-7672 Fax(519)873-5020
northern Region (east): Manitoulin,Nipissing,ParrySound,Sudbury,Algoma(East),TimiskamingandSaultSte.Marie
199LarchStreet, Ste1101 Sudbury,ONP3E5P9
Tel(705)564-3237 TollFree1-800-890-8516 Fax(705)564-4180
northern Region (west): Algoma(West),Cochrane,Kenora,RainyRiver,TimminsandThunderBay
435JamesSt.S., Suite 331 ThunderBayONP7E6S7
Tel(807)475-1205 TollFree1-800-875-7772 Fax(807)475-1754